UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 40-F	

o	 	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
OR	
x	 	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13(a) OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
 
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015
 
Commission file number: 001-31522	

 

ELDORADO GOLD CORPORATION	
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)	
 	
CANADA	
(Province or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	
   	
1040	
(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code)	
 	
N/A	
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)	
   
Suite 1188 – 550 Burrard Street	
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 2B5	
(604) 687-4018	
(Address and Telephone Number of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)
 	
CT Corporation System
11 Eighth Avenue, 13 th Floor
New York, New York 10011
(212) 894-8940	Copies to:
Kenneth G. Sam
Dorsey & Whitney LLP
1400 Wewatta Street, Suite 400
Denver, Colorado 80202
(303) 629-3400	
(Name, address (including zip code) and telephone number (including area code)  
of agent for service in the United States)		

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 	 	
Title of Each Class:	Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered:	
Common Shares, no par value	NYSE	
 
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: N/A

 
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: N/A

 
For annual reports, indicate by check mark the information filed with this form:
 
x Annual Information Form            x Audited Annual Financial Statements

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: As at December 31, 2015, 716,587,134   common shares of the Registrant were issued and outstanding.

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Sec.232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). o Yes o No

 

 

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company” or the “Registrant”) is a Canadian issuer eligible to file its annual report pursuant to Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), on Form 40-F pursuant to the multi-jurisdictional disclosure system of the Exchange Act. The Company is a “foreign private issuer” as defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act. The equity securities of the Company are accordingly exempt from Sections 14(a), 14(b), 14(c), 14(f) and 16 of the Exchange Act pursuant to Rule 3a12-3 of the Exchange Act.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 40-F and the exhibits attached hereto contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward looking statements concern the Company’s anticipated results and developments in the Company’s operations in future periods, planned exploration and development of its properties, plans related to its business and other matters that may occur in the future. These statements relate to analyses and other information that are based on forecasts of future results, estimates of amounts not yet determinable and assumptions of management.

Statements concerning reserves and mineral resource estimates may also be deemed to constitute forward-looking statements to the extent that they involve estimates of the mineralization that will be encountered if our properties are developed, and in the case of mineral reserves, such statements reflect the conclusion based on certain assumptions that a mineral deposit can be economically exploited. Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance (often, but not always, using words or phrases such as “expects” or “does not expect”, “is expected”, “anticipates” or “does not anticipate”, “plans”, “estimates” or “intends”, or stating that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “might” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved) are not statements of historical fact and may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which could cause actual events or results to differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation:

 	●	regulatory restrictions, including environmental regulatory restrictions and liability, including actual costs of reclamation;	

 	●	risks of operating in foreign countries, including controls, regulations, changes in mining regimes or governments and political or economic developments in the countries in which we currently or may in the future conduct business;	

 	●	changes in law and regulatory requirements, including permitting, foreign investment, environmental, tax and health and safety laws and regulations;	

 	●	title, permitting and licensing risks, including the risks of obtaining and maintaining the validity and enforceability of necessary permits and licenses, the timing of obtaining and renewing such permits and licenses, and risks of defective title to mineral property;	

 	●	competition for mineral properties and merger and acquisition targets;	

 	●	environmental risks, including use and transport of regulated substances;	

 	●	infrastructure, water, energy, equipment and other input availability and durability, and their cost and impact on capital and operating costs, exploration, development and production schedules;	

 	●	volatility of global and local economic climate;	

 	●	community and non-governmental actions and regulatory risks, including the possibility of a shutdown at any of our operations;	

 	●	ability to maintain positive relationships with the communities we operate in and loss of reputation;	

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 	●	gold and other metal price volatility and the impact of any related hedging activities;	

 	●	subjectivity of estimating mineral reserves and resources and the reliance on available data and assumptions and judgments used in interpretation of such data and depletion of grades or quantities of reserves;	

 	●	discrepancies between actual and estimated production, mineral reserves and resources and metallurgical recoveries;	

 	●	speculative and uncertain nature of gold and other mineral exploration;	
 
 	●	development, mining and operational risks, including timing, hazards and losses which are uninsured or uninsurable;	
 
 	●	risks of not meeting production and cost targets or estimates;	

 	●	the loss of key employees and our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel and labour disputes;	
 
 	●	prices for energy inputs, labour, material costs, supplies and services (including shipping) remaining consistent with expectations;	

 	●	risk associated with joint ventures;	

 	●	increased capital requirements and the ability to obtain financing;	
 
 	●	currency exchange fluctuations and the impact of any related hedging activities;	

 	●	risks associated with maintaining substantial levels of indebtedness including potential financial constraints on operations;	

 	●	the risks that the integration of acquired businesses may take longer than expected, the anticipated benefits of the integration may be less than estimated or the costs of acquisition may be higher than anticipated;	
 
 	●	the impact of acquisitions, including expanded portfolio of projects on our operations, capital requirements, and financial condition and ability to complete acquisitions;	
 
 	●	litigation risks, including the uncertainties inherent in current and future legal challenges we are, or may become, a party to;	

 	●	share capital dilution and share price volatility;	
 
 	●	taxation, including change in tax laws and interpretations of tax laws;	

 	●	failure, security breaches or disruption of our information technology systems; and	

 	●	risks related to natural disasters and climate change.	

This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect our forward-looking statements. Some of the important risks and uncertainties that could affect forward-looking statements are described further in the exhibits attached to this annual report on Form 40-F, including those described in the Annual Information Form (“AIF”) of the Company filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this annual report on Form 40-F and incorporated by reference herein. Should one or more of these risks and uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are made based on management’s beliefs, estimates and opinions on the date the statements are made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements if these beliefs, estimates and opinions or other circumstances should change, except as required by law. Investors are cautioned against attributing undue certainty to forward-looking statements.

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NOTE TO UNITED STATES READERS -
DIFFERENCES IN UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN REPORTING PRACTICES

The Company is permitted, under the multi-jurisdictional disclosure system adopted by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), to prepare this annual report on Form 40-F in accordance with Canadian disclosure requirements, which differ from those of the United States. The Company has prepared its financial statements, which are filed as Exhibit 99.2 to this annual report on Form 40-F, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board and they are not comparable to financial statements of United States companies.
RESOURCE AND RESERVE ESTIMATES

The Company’s AIF filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this annual report on Form 40-F and management’s discussion and analysis for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 filed as Exhibit 99.3 to this annual report on Form 40-F have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada, which differ from the requirements of United States securities laws. The terms “mineral reserve”, “proven mineral reserve” and “probable mineral reserve” are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the “CIM”) - CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves , adopted by the CIM Council, as amended. These definitions differ from the definitions in SEC Industry Guide 7 under the United States Securities Act of 1993, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Under SEC Industry Guide 7 standards, a “final” or “bankable” feasibility study is required to report reserves, the three-year historical average price is used in any reserve or cash flow analysis to designate reserves and the primary environmental analysis or report must be filed with the appropriate governmental authority.

In addition, the terms “mineral resource”, “measured mineral resource”, “indicated mineral resource” and “inferred mineral resource” are defined in and required to be disclosed by NI 43-101; however, these terms are not defined terms under SEC Industry Guide 7 and are normally not permitted to be used in reports and registration statements filed with the SEC. Investors are cautioned not to assume that any part or all of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into reserves. “Inferred mineral resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and great uncertainty as to their economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian rules, estimates of inferred mineral resources may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies, except in rare cases. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an inferred mineral resource exists or is economically or legally mineable. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC Industry Guide 7 standards as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures.

Accordingly, information contained in this annual report and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain descriptions of our mineral deposits that may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

CURRENCY

Unless otherwise indicated, all dollar amounts in this annual report on Form 40-F are in United States dollars. The exchange rate of Canadian dollars into United States dollars, on December 31, 2015, based upon the noon rate of exchange as quoted by the Bank of Canada, was U.S.$1.00 = Cdn.$1.3840.

ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM
 
The Company’s AIF for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 is filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this annual report on Form 40-F, and is incorporated by reference herein.
 
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AUDITED ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The audited consolidated financial statements of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, including the report of the independent auditor thereon, are filed as Exhibit 99.2 to this annual report on Form 40-F, and are incorporated by reference herein.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

The Company’s management’s discussion and analysis for the year ended December 31, 2015 (“MD&A”), is filed as Exhibit 99.3 to this annual report on Form 40-F, and is incorporated by reference herein.

TAX MATTERS

Purchasing, holding, or disposing of the Company’s securities may have tax consequences under the laws of the United States and Canada that are not described in this annual report on Form 40-F.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

At the end of the period covered by this annual report on Form 40-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision of, and the with the participation of, the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s CEO and CFO have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were designed and effective to give reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) gathered and reported to senior management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding public disclosure.
 
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s management has employed a framework consistent with Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(c), to evaluate the Company’s internal control over financial reporting described below. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. It should be noted that a control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can only provide reasonable assurance, not absolute assurance, that the objectives of the control system are met. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate.

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Management, including the CEO and CFO, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, and used the framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013)(COSO) to evaluate the effectiveness of our controls in 2015. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as at December 31, 2015 and provided a reasonable assurance of the reliability of our financial reporting and preparation of financial statements.

The Company is required to provide an auditor’s attestation report on its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In this annual report on Form 40-F, the Company’s independent registered auditor, KPMG LLP, states its opinion as to the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. KPMG LLP has audited the Company’s financial statements included in this annual report on Form 40-F and has issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

The attestation report of KPMG LLP on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is included in the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, which are filed as Exhibit 99.2 and incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 40-F.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during its fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management used appropriate procedures to ensure internal controls were in place during and after the implementation.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors”) is responsible for the Company’s corporate governance and has a separately designated standing Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee, established in accordance with Section 303A.04 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, and a Compensation Committee, established in accordance with Section 303A.05 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. The Board of Directors has determined that all the members of the Compensation Committee and the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee are independent, based on the criteria for independence prescribed by Section 303A.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual.

Compensation Committee

Compensation of the Company’s CEO and all other executive officers is recommended to the Board of Directors for determination by the Compensation Committee. The Company’s Compensation Committee is comprised of Jonathan A. Rubenstein (chair), Robert R. Gilmore, Geoffrey A. Handley and Steven P. Reid. The Compensation Committee is responsible for: assisting management in developing the Company’s compensation structure, including the compensation policies and compensation programs for the Company’s directors and executives; reviewing the results of the annual Say on Pay advisory vote when considering future executive and director compensation programs; determining where there is a need to engage with shareholders on compensation and related matters and conduct such engagement in coordination with Management, as appropriate; and assessing the performance of the Company’s CEO every year and recommending the compensation of the Company’s CEO and the Company’s other executive officers to the Board of Directors for review and approval. The Compensation Committee conducts a thorough compensation review every year to assess: the competitiveness of the Company’s cash and stock-based compensation for the Company’s directors and executives; whether overall executive compensation continues to support the Company’s goals of attracting, motivating and retaining executives with exceptional leadership and management skills; and the overall compensation packages for the Company’s senior executives and whether the components are applied appropriately. The Compensation Committee also reviews and approves the terms of employment annually and evaluates the performance of the CEO for the prior year. The Company’s CEO cannot be present during the Compensation Committee’s deliberations or vote. The Company’s Compensation Committee’s Terms of Reference is available on the Company’s website at www.eldoradogold.com.
 
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Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee

Nominees for the election to the Board of Directors are recommended by the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee is comprised of K. Ross Cory (chair), Pamela M. Gibson, Jonathan A. Rubenstein, and Donald M. Shumka. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee’s responsibilities include: regularly reviewing the Company’s corporate governance policies and practices; monitoring the Company’s risk management program; reviewing the size and composition of the Board of Directors annually; facilitating the succession and nomination of directors to the Board of Directors; identifying new directors and managing the Board of Directors’ nomination process, Board of Directors’ committee appointments and assessment process; and evaluating the Board of Directors’ competencies and defining the skills and experience necessary for an effective Board of Directors. The Company’s Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Terms of Reference is available on the Company’s website at www.eldoradogold.com .

AUDIT COMMITTEE

The Company’s Board of Directors has a separately designated standing Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act and Section 303A.06 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. The Company’s Audit Committee is comprised of John Webster (chair), K. Ross Cory, Michael A. Price, Donald M. Shumka, and Robert R. Gilmore all of whom, in the opinion of the Company’s Board of Directors, are independent (as determined under Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and Section 303A.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual). All five members of the Audit Committee are financially literate, meaning they are able to read and understand the Company’s financial statements and to understand the breadth and level of complexity of the issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by the Company’s financial statements. The Audit Committee meets the composition requirements set forth by Section 303A.07 of NYSE Listed Company Manual.

The members of the Audit Committee do not have fixed terms and are appointed and replaced from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors.

The Audit Committee meets with the CEO and the CFO of the Company and the Company’s independent auditors to review and inquire into matters affecting financial reporting, the system of internal accounting and financial controls, as well as audit procedures and audit plans. The Audit Committee also recommends to the Board of Directors which independent registered public auditing firm should be appointed by the Company. In addition, the Audit Committee reviews and recommends to the Board of Directors for approval the annual and interim financial statements, the MD&A, and undertakes other activities required by exchanges on which the Company’s securities are listed and by regulatory authorities to which the Company is held responsible.

The full text of the Audit Committee Terms of Reference is attached as Schedule A to the Company’s AIF, which is filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this annual report on Form 40-F.

Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Company’s Board of Directors has determined that both Robert R. Gilmore and John Webster qualify as financial experts (as defined in Item 407(d)(5)(ii) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act) and that each are independent (as determined under Exchange Act Rule 10A-3 and Section 303A.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual).

PRE-APPROVAL OF AUDIT AND NON-AUDIT SERVICES PROVIDED BY
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR

The Audit Committee pre-approves all audit and non-audit services to be provided to the Company by its independent auditor. Non-audit services that are prohibited to be provided to the Company by its independent auditors may not be pre-approved. In addition, prior to the granting of any pre-approval, the Audit Committee must be satisfied that the performance of the services in question will not compromise the independence of the independent auditor. Since the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, all non-audit services performed by the Company’s auditor have been pre-approved by the Audit Committee of the Company. In 2005, the Company’s Audit Committee determined that non-audit services can only be provided by the Company’s independent registered public auditing firm if it has been pre-approved by the Audit Committee. Generally, these services are provided by other firms and management has established agreements with other service providers for such non-audit services. All audit and non-audit fees paid to  KPMG LLP, for the financial year ended December 31, 2015, were pre-approved by the Audit Committee and none were approved on the basis of the de minimis exemption set forth in Rule 2-01(c)(7)(i)(C) of Regulation S-X. 

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PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES – INDEPENDENT AUDITOR

For fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 KPMG LLP was the Company’s appointed auditor.  The aggregate fees billed by the Company’s principal accountant in each of the last two fiscal years for professional services rendered are as follows:

Financial Year Ending	Audit Fees (1)	Audit Related Fees (2)	Tax Fees (3)	All Other Fees (4)	
December 31, 2015	$1,452,783	$122,322	-	-	
December 31, 2014	$1,513,499	$84,193	-	-	

(1) Total fees for audit services
(2) Majority of fees relate to French translation
(3) Total fees for tax advice, tax planning and tax compliance
(4) The aggregate fees billed for products and services other than as set out under the headings “Audit Fees”, “Audit Related Fees” and “Tax Fees”.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET TRANSACTIONS

The Company does not have any off-balance sheet financing arrangements or relationships with unconsolidated special purpose entities.

CODE OF ETHICS

The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”) for all its directors, executive officers and employees, which is posted on the Company’s website, www.eldoradogold.com. The Code is also available to any person, without charge, by written request to the Company at its principal executive office, located at Suite 1188 – 550, Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 2B5. The Code meets the requirements for a “code of ethics” within the meaning of that term in General Instruction 9(b) of the Form 40-F.

All amendments to the Code, and all waivers of the Code with respect to any of the officers covered by it, will be posted on the Company’s website, www.eldoradogold.com within five business days of the amendment or waiver and provided in print to any shareholder who requests them. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, the Company did not substantively amend, waive or implicitly waive any provision of the Code with respect to any of the directors, executive officers or employees subject to it.

TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The required tabular disclosure is included under the heading “Capital Resources – Contractual Obligations” in the Company’s MD&A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, filed as Exhibit 99.3 to this annual report on Form 40-F and is incorporated herein by reference.

NOTICES PURSUANT TO REGULATION BTR

There were no notices required by Rule 104 of Regulation BTR that the Company sent during the year ended December 31, 2015 concerning any equity security subject to a blackout period under Rule 101 of Regulation BTR.

NYSE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The Company’s common shares are listed on the NYSE. Section 303A.11 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual permits foreign private issuers to follow home country practices in lieu of certain provisions of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. A foreign private issuer that follows home country practices in lieu of certain provisions of the NYSE Listed Company Manual must disclose any significant ways in which its corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies either on its website or in the annual report that it distributes to shareholders in the United States. A description of the significant ways in which the Company’s governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies pursuant to NYSE standards is set forth on the Company’s website at www.eldoradogold.com .
 
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In addition, the Company may from time-to-time seek relief from NYSE corporate governance requirements on specific transactions under Section 303A.11 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, in which case, the Company shall make the disclosure of such transactions available on its website at www.eldoradogold.com. Information contained on the Company’s website is not part of this annual report on Form 40-F.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.

UNDERTAKING

The Company undertakes to make available, in person or by telephone, representatives to respond to inquiries made by the SEC staff, and to furnish promptly, when requested to do so by the SEC staff, information relating to: the securities registered pursuant to Form 40-F; the securities in relation to which the obligation to file an annual report on Form 40-F arises; or transactions in said securities.

CONSENT TO SERVICE OF PROCESS

The Company filed an Appointment of Agent for Service of Process and Undertaking on Form F-X with the SEC on March 30, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference, with respect to the class of securities in relation to which the obligation to file this annual report on Form 40-F arises. Any change to the name or address of the agent for service of process will be communicated promptly to the SEC by amendment to Form F-X referencing the Company’s file number.

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 40-F and has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized.

 	ELDORADO GOLD CORPORATION	
 	 	
 	By:	/s/ Paul N. Wright            	
 	Name:	Paul N. Wright	
 	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer	
 	Date:	March 30, 2016	

 
 
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EXHIBIT INDEX
 
Annual
Information
 	 	
99.1.	Annual Information Form of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2015	
99.2.	The following audited consolidated financial statements of the Company, are exhibits to and form a part of this Report:	
 	Independent Auditors’ Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Consolidated Financial Statements	
 	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	
 	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014	
 	Consolidated Income Statements for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014	
 	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014	
 	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014	
 	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014	
99.3.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the year ended December 31, 2015	
 	 	
Certifications	 	
99.4.	Certificate of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act	
99.5.	Certificate of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act	
99.6.	Certificate of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	
99.7.	Certificate of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	
 	 	
Consents	 	
99.8.	Consent of KPMG LLP	
99.9.	Consent of Mr. Antony Francis, FIMMM	
99.10.	Consent of Mr. Colm Keogh, P.Eng., AMC Mining Consultants (Canada) Ltd.	
99.11.	Consent of Mr. Patrick Forward, FIMMM	
99.12.	Consent of Mr. Norman Pitcher, P.Geo.	
99.13.	Consent of Mr. Richard Miller, P.Eng.. General Manager, Kisladag Mine, Eldorado Gold Corporation	
99.14.	Consent of Mr. Paul Skayman, FAusIMM Chief Operating Officer of Eldorado Gold Corporation	
99.15.	Consent of Mr. Stephen Juras, P. Geo. Director of Technical Services of Eldorado Gold Corporation	
99.16	Consent of Mr. Douglas Jones, Senior Vice President, Operations of Eldorado Gold Corporation	
99.17	Consent of Mr. John Nilsson, P.Eng., Nilsson Mine Services Ltd.	
99.18	Consent of Mr. Peter   Lewis, P.Geo., Vice President, Exploration for Eldorado Gold Corporation	

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EXHIBIT 99.1

 

 

 

 
Eldorado Gold Corporation

 
Annual information form
 
for the year ended December 31, 2015

 

March 30, 2016

 

 
ELD (TSX)                                                      EGO (NYSE)

 

 

About this annual information form

Throughout this annual information form (AIF), references to “we”, “us”, “our”, “Eldorado” “and the “Company” mean Eldorado Gold Corporation and its subsidiaries. References to “Eldorado Gold” mean Eldorado Gold Corporation only. References to “this year” means 2015.
 
All dollar amounts are in United States dollars unless stated otherwise.
 
Except as otherwise noted, the information in this AIF is as of December 31, 2015. We prepare the financial statements referred to in the AIF in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and file the AIF with appropriate regulatory authorities in Canada and the United States. Information on our website is not part of this AIF, or incorporated by reference. Filings on SEDAR are also not part of this AIF or incorporated by reference, except as specifically stated.
 
You can find more information about Eldorado Gold, including information about executive and director compensation, principal holders of our securities, and securities authorized for issue under equity compensation plans (such as our incentive stock option plan and performance share unit plan), in our most recent management proxy circular. For additional financial information you should also read our audited consolidated financial statements and management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) for the year ended December 31, 2015. These are filed under our name on SEDAR (www.sedar.com), or you can ask us for a copy by writing to:
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Executive VP, Administration and Corporate Secretary
1188 – 550 Burrard Street
Vancouver, BC V6C 2B5

 	What’s inside	 	
 	 	 	
 	About Eldorado   	5	
 	 	 	
 	Key milestones in our recent history 	8	
 	 	 	
 	About our business 	10	
 	 	 	
 	Environmental Policy  	19	
 	 	 	
 	Material Properties 	21	
 	      Kisladag  	21	
 	      Efemcukuru 	28	
 	      Jinfeng	35	
 	      Olympias	41	
 	      Skouries	  49 	
 	 	 	
 	Other Operating Mines And Development Projects	55	
 	    Tanjianshan  	55	
 	      White Mountain	58	
 	      Stratoni 	60	
 	      Eastern Dragon 	62	
 	      Tocantinzinho	64	
 	      Pe rama Hill	66	
 	       Certej	69	

 

 
 
 	      Sapes Project	72	
 	      Vila Nova   	74	
 	 	 	
 	Mineral reserves and resources	75	
 	 	 	
 	Risk factors in our business 	87	
 	 	 	
 	Investor information  	123	
 	 	 	
 	Governance 	128	
 	 	 	
 	Audit Committee Terms Of Reference  	140	
 	 	 	
 	Glossary 	147	

 Forward-looking information and risks
 
This document includes statements and information about what we expect to happen in the future. When we discuss our strategy, plans, outlook, future financial and operating performance, price of gold and other commodities, cash flow, cash costs, targets, production and expenditures, our mineral reserve and resource estimates, our proposed mine development, exploration and acquisitions, our expectation as to future performance at our mines, or other events and developments that have not yet happened, we are making statements considered to be forward-looking information or forward-looking statements under Canadian and United States securities laws. We refer to them in this AIF as forward-looking information.
 
Key things to understand about the forward-looking information in this AIF:
 
·	It typically includes words and phrases about the future, such as plan, expect, forecast, intend, anticipate, believe, estimate, budget, scheduled, may, could, would, might, will, as well as the negative of these words and phrases.	
·	It is provided to help you understand our current views and can change significantly; it may not be appropriate for other purposes.	
·	It is based on a number of assumptions, estimates and opinions that may prove to be incorrect , including things like the future price of gold and other commodities, the political and economic environment in which we operate, currency exchange ratios, anticipated costs and spending, production, mineral reserves and resources and metallurgical recoveries, impact of acquisitions, dispositions, suspensions, or delays on our business, and our ability to achieve our goals.	
·	It is inherently subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors.  Actual results and events may be significantly different from what we currently expect due to the risks detailed on pages  87 to 122 of this AIF, which includes a discussion of material and other risks that could cause actual results to differ significantly from our current expectations and risks associated with our business, including the risks listed below:	
 
 	·	regulatory restrictions, including environmental regulatory restrictions and liability, including actual costs of reclamation;	
 	·	risks of operating in foreign countries, including controls, regulations, changes in mining regimes or governments and political or economic developments in the countries in which we currently or may in the future conduct business;	
 	·	changes in law and regulatory requirements, including permitting, foreign investment, environmental, tax and health and safety laws and regulations;	
 	·	title, permitting and licensing risks, including the risks of obtaining and maintaining the validity and enforceability of necessary permits and licenses, the timing of obtaining and renewing such permits and licenses,	
 
2

 
 
 	·	environmental risks, including use and transport of regulated substances;	
 	·	infrastructure, water, energy, equipment and other input availability and durability, and their cost and impact on capital and operating costs, exploration, development and production schedules;	
 	·	volatility of global and local economic climate;	
 	·	community and non-governmental actions and regulatory risks, including the possibility of a shutdown at any of our operations;	
 	·	ability to maintain positive relationships with the communities we operate in and loss of reputation;	
 	·	gold and other metal price volatility and the impact of any related hedging activities;	
 	·	subjectivity of estimating mineral reserves and resources and the reliance on available data and assumptions and judgments used in interpretation of such data and depletion of grades or quantities of reserves;	
 	·	discrepancies between actual and estimated production, mineral reserves and resources and metallurgical recoveries;	
 	·	speculative and uncertain nature of gold and other mineral exploration;	
 	·	development, mining and operational risk, including timing, hazards and losses that are uninsured or uninsurable;	
 	·	risks of not meeting production and cost targets or estimates;	
 	·	the loss of key employees and our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel and labour disputes;	
 	·	prices for energy inputs, labour, material costs, supplies and services (including shipping) remaining consistent with expectations;	
 	·	risk associated with joint ventures;	
 	·	increased capital requirements and the ability to obtain financing;	
 	·	currency exchange fluctuations and the impact of any related hedging activities;	
 	·	risks associated with maintaining substantial levels of indebtedness, including potential financial constraints on operations, interest rate risk and credit rating risk;	
 	·	the risks that the integration of acquired businesses may take longer than expected, the anticipated benefits of the integration may be less than estimated or the costs of acquisition may be higher than anticipated;	
 	·	the impact of acquisitions and dispositions, monetization, mergers, other business combinations or transactions, including effect of changes in our portfolio of projects on our operations, capital requirements, and financial condition and ability to complete acquisitions;	
 	·	litigation risks, including the uncertainties inherent in current and future legal challenges we are, or may become, a party to;	
 	·	share capital dilution and share price volatility;	
 	·	taxation, including change in tax laws and interpretations of tax laws;	
 	·	failure, security breaches or disruption of our information technology systems; and	
 	·	risks related to natural disasters and climate change.	

3

 
 
Although we have attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking information, there may be other factors that cause actual results to differ materially from those which are anticipated, estimated or intended.
 
Forward-looking information is not a guarantee of future performance and actual results and future events could materially differ from those anticipated in such statements and information.
 
We will not necessarily update this information unless we are required to do so by applicable securities laws.
 
All forward-looking information in this AIF is qualified by these cautionary statements.
 
Reporting reserves and resources
 
There are material differences between the standards and terms used for reporting reserves and resources in Canada and the US. While the terms mineral resource , measured mineral resource , indicated mineral resource and inferred mineral resource are defined by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM), and the CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves adopted by the CIM Council, and must be disclosed according to Canadian securities regulations, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) does not recognize them under SEC Industry Guide 7 and they are not normally permitted to be used in reports and registration statements filed with the SEC.
 
Investors should not assume that:
 
·	any or all of a measured, indicated or inferred resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category or to mineral reserves; or	
·	any or all of an indicated or inferred mineral resource exists or is economically feasible to mine.	
 
Under the securities regulations adopted by the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA), estimates of inferred mineral resources cannot be used as the basis of feasibility or prefeasibility studies.
 
Other information about our mineral deposits may not be comparable to similar information made public by US domestic mining companies, including information prepared according to SEC Industry Guide 7.
 
 Production outlook, guidance and estimates are forward-looking information
 
We made certain assumptions when these outlooks, guidance and estimates were developed and actual results and events may be significantly different from what we currently expect due to the risks associated with our business.
 
Assumptions:
 
·	future events;	
·	economic, competitive and regulatory conditions;	
·	financial market conditions; and	
·	future business decisions, including, without limitation, a continuation of existing business operations as they currently exist.	
 
Risks:
 
·	global and local economic conditions;	
·	pricing and cost factors;	
·	unanticipated events or changes in current development plans, execution of development plans, future operating results, financial conditions or other aspects of our business;	
·	unfavorable regulatory developments; and	
·	these and other risks could cause actual events and results to vary significantly from what we expect.	

4

 
 
Please see Forward-looking information and risks on page 2 and Risk factors in our business on pages  87 to 122 for a more comprehensive listing of Risk Factors.
 
About Eldorado
 
Eldorado owns and operates mines around the world, primarily gold mines but also a silver-lead-zinc mine. Its activities involve all facets of the mining industry, including exploration, discovery, acquisition, financing, development, production and reclamation. Our business is currently focused in Brazil, China, Greece, Turkey and Romania.  Eldorado Gold is governed by the Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA) and is based in Vancouver, BC.
 
Each operation has its own general manager and operates as a decentralized business unit within the Company. We manage exploration properties, merger and acquisition strategies, corporate financing, global tax planning, regulatory compliance, commodity price and currency risk management programs, investor relations, engineering for capital projects and general corporate matters centrally, at our head office in Vancouver. Our risk management program is developed by senior management and monitored by the board of directors.
 
Properties as of March 30, 2016
 
Operating gold mines	Other Operating Mines and Development projects	
·  Kisladag, in Turkey (100%)
·  Efemcukuru, in Turkey (100%)
·  Jinfeng, in China (82%)
·  White Mountain, in China (95%)
·  Tanjianshan, in China (90%)
 	·  Stratoni, in Greece (95%), Silver-Lead-Zinc mine,
·  Skouries, in Greece (95%) development project, currently on care and maintenance status
·  Perama Hill, in Greece (100%) development project, currently on care and maintenance status
·  Olympias, in Greece (95%) development project
·  Eastern Dragon, in China (75%) development project
·  Certej, in Romania (80.5%) development project
·  Tocantinzinho, in Brazil (100%) development project
·  Sapes, in Greece (100%) development project, currently on care and maintenance status
·  Vila Nova, in Brazil (100%), currently on care and maintenance status

Kisladag, Efemcukuru, Jinfeng, Olympias, and Skouries, are material properties for the purposes of NI 43-101.
 
Head office
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
Suite 1188 – 550 Burrard Street
Vancouver, British Columbia, V6C 2B5
 
Telephone:                   604.687.4018
Facsimile:                      604.687.4026
 
Website:                      www.eldoradogold.com
 
Registered office
 
Suite 2900 – 550 Burrard Street
Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 0A3
 
5

 

Other offices

Turkey	China	Brazil	Greece	Romania	Barbados	Netherlands	
· Ankara
· Usak
· Izmir
· Canakkale	· Beijing
· Xining, Qinghai Province
· Qianxinan Prefecture, Guizhou Province
· Baishan, Jilin Province
· Heihe, Heilongjiang Province	· Belo Horizonte
· Macapa
 
 	· Athens
· Alexandropoulos
· Stratoni
· Sapes	· Deva
 	· Bridgetown	· Amsterdam	

 

6

 
As of the date of this AIF, we control our development and operating assets through 32 subsidiaries as illustrated in the chart below.  We do not include our subsidiaries that control our exploration projects, none of which exceed 10% of our consolidated assets.

 
Subsidiaries
 
We abbreviate and refer to our subsidiaries as follows:
Brazauro Recursos Minerais S.A. (Brazauro)
Deva Gold S.A. (Deva Gold)
Glory Resources Limited (Glory)
Heihe Rockmining Industry Development Limited (Heihe Rockmining)
Hellas Gold S.A. (Hellas Gold)
Qinghai Dachaidan Mining Limited (QDML)
SG Resources B.V. (SG)
Sino Guizhou Jinfeng Mining Limited (Sino Jinfeng Mining)
Sino Gold Mining Limited (SGML)
Sino Gold Jilin BMZ Limited (Sino Jilin BMZ)
Thracean Gold Mining S.A. (Thracean)
Thrace Minerals S.A. (Thrace Minerals)
Tuprag Metal Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret AS (Tuprag)

7

 

 Key milestones in our recent history
2013	2014	2015	
·  announced the acquisition of the outstanding shares of Glory that were not already owned by Eldorado for a consideration of $A30.5 million. Glory owns the high grade Sapes project in Thrace, Greece	·  completed the acquisition of Glory Resources, which held the Sapes project in Greece
·  announced acquisition by CDH Investments of an indirect 20% interest in the Eastern Dragon Project, China
·  published a Preliminary Feasibility Study on Certej project in Romania
·  received the EIA expansion permit to expand Kisladag mine production
·  placed Vila Nova Iron Ore project in Brazil on care and maintenance at the end of the year due to low iron ore prices
 	·  published the Feasibility Study on Certej Project, Romania
·  published the Feasibility Study on Tocantinzinho Project, Brazil
·  received the Project Permit Approval for the Eastern Dragon Project, China
·  amended Stratoni silver stream agreement with Silver Wheaton
·  suspended operations at the Kassandra Mines for 6 weeks due to permitting issues with the government	
2016 Updates

Greece
In early 2016, we implemented significant changes to our investment plans in Greece going forward.  In order to complete the construction and development of the Kassandra Mines we require the approval of various routine permits and licenses from a number of government agencies, predominantly under the direction of the MOE.
 
Based on the actions, or lack of action of the MOE and other agencies regarding the timely issuance of routine permits and licenses Eldorado is unable to complete all of its investment plans in Greece.
 
As a result, we suspended construction and development activities at Skouries. Subsequently, we received the building permit for the Skouries processing plant. Skouries, however, remains on care and maintenance as we await the issuance of routine permits and licenses which are necessary for the project to recommence.
 
On March 22, 2016, the Company was granted the installation permit in order to complete construction of the metallurgical plant required for Phase II of Olympias.
 
China
In 2014 the Company announced that it was evaluating the merits of a potential listing of its China assets on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Subsequent to that announcement the Company has been approached by a number of China based mining companies with an interest in acquiring some or all of the assets. The Company continues to advance its assessment all of these options.
 
Senior Credit Facility
The Company currently has a $375 million credit facility which expires on November 23, 2016. The Company anticipates renewing this facility during 2016.

8

 
Corporate

Senior Credit Facility
On October 12, 2011, we entered into a $280 million revolving credit facility maturing October 12, 2015, with a syndicate of five lenders. The credit facility (Senior Credit Facility) was amended and restated as of November 23, 2012, with a syndicate of five lenders and subsequently amended by the first amendment made April 30, 2013 and a second amendment made August 25, 2015. The principal amount of the credit facility was increased by $95 million to $375 million and the maturity was extended from October 12, 2015 to November 23, 2016. The credit facility is secured by the shares of SG and Tuprag, indirectly wholly owned subsidiaries of Eldorado Gold, which hold our assets in Turkey. Loan interest is set at the Canadian Prime Rate, Base Rate or LIBOR Rate, in each case plus the applicable margin, which margin is dependent on the leverage ratio as defined. The credit facility contains covenants that restrict, among other things, the ability of Eldorado Gold and its material subsidiaries to incur unsecured indebtedness exceeding $850 million, incur secured indebtedness exceeding $200 million except in compliance with certain conditions, make distributions except in compliance with certain conditions, sell material assets and carry on a business other than one related to mining.  Significant financial covenants limit us to a maximum debt to Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA) ratio of 3.5:1 and a minimum EBITDA to interest ratio of 3:1.
 
The senior credit facility is intended to be used for growth opportunities and for general corporate purposes .   No amounts were drawn down under the senior credit facility as at December 31, 2015. The Company anticipates renewing this facility during 2016.

Acquisition of European Goldfields Limited (European Goldfields)
On February 24, 2012, we completed a Plan of Arrangement (EG Arrangement) with European Goldfields.

Under the terms of the EG Arrangement, we:
·	acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of European Goldfields;	
·	paid 0.85 Shares and Cdn$0.0001 cash for each European Goldfields share;	
·	exchanged outstanding options of European Goldfields for options of Eldorado to acquire Shares, adjusted with reference to the 0.85 exchange ratio and otherwise subject to the same terms and conditions as the original European Goldfields options; and	
·	issued a total of 157,959,316 Shares to former European Goldfields shareholders.	

Following the EG Arrangement, we amalgamated European Goldfields with Eldorado Gold Yukon Corp. We subsequently continued the amalgamated company to British Columbia under the name Eldorado Gold (B.C.) Corp.

Under the EG Arrangement, holders of European Goldfields deferred phantom units (DPUs) under European Goldfields deferred phantom unit plan (EU DPU Plan) that elected to receive European Goldfields DPU Election consideration (as defined in the EG arrangement) received 0.85 of a Share for each DPU as satisfaction for any payment entitlements on the applicable Separation Date (as defined in the EU DPU Plan).

The Business Acquisition Report was filed on May 4, 2012 and is available on SEDAR under Eldorado Gold’s name at www.sedar.com and EDGAR at www.sec.gov .

The acquisition gave us ownership in four properties:
Stratoni                  95%
Skouries                 95%
Olympias                95%
Certej                      80%
 
Offering of $600 million principal amount of Senior Unsecured Notes
On December 13, 2012, Eldorado completed an offering of $600 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% senior unsecured notes (Notes). The Notes mature on December 15, 2020 and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Eldorado’s wholly-owned subsidiaries SG and Tuprag and will be guaranteed by each of Eldorado Gold’s wholly-owned subsidiaries that become a borrower or guarantor under debt facilities of Eldorado Gold, subject to certain exceptions. The net proceeds from the note offering will be used for general corporate purposes.  See the sections entitled Senior Unsecured Notes and Indenture, below, for further information with respect to the offering.
 
Acquisition of Glory Resources Limited
On October 30, 2013, we announced the acquisition of Glory.  Pursuant to a friendly takeover bid which closed on February 21, 2014 we completed compulsory acquisition procedures on March 14, 2014 to acquire the remaining securities.

Pursuant to the Glory takeover bid and compulsory acquisition, we:
·	acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Glory; and	
·	paid $A 0.17 cash for each Glory share.	
 
The acquisition gives us ownership in one gold and copper property:
Sapes – 100%

During 2015 , the Greek company holding the Sapes property was internally reorganized within Eldorado and Glory is currently in the final stages of dissolution.

Partnering with CDH Investments on Eastern Dragon Project
During 2014 , Eldorado sold a 21.05% interest in Sino Gold Tenya (HK) Ltd, which in turn owns an indirect 95% interest in the Eastern Dragon project, to CDH for cash consideration of US$40M.  CDH is a leading Chinese private equity firm. This transaction reduced Eldorado’s ownership of the Eastern Dragon project to 75%, with CDH owning 20% and the local Chinese partner holding 5%.

Under the terms of the sale agreement, CDH has the right to require Eldorado to purchase CDH’s shares in Sino Gold Tenya (HK) Ltd. at a fixed price for 90 days following the second anniversary of the sale agreement. The sale agreement includes other rights and obligations of the Company and CDH associated with the advancement of the Eastern Dragon Project.

9

 
About our business
 
Eldorado is one of the world’s lowest cost gold producers, with relatively young mines, robust margins and a strong balance sheet. Our international expertise in mining, finance and project development places us in a strong position to grow in value and deliver strong returns for our shareholders as we create and pursue new opportunities.
 
We are focused on building a successful and profitable, intermediate gold company.  Our strategy is to actively manage our portfolio of properties, including pursuing growth opportunities by discovering deposits through grassroots exploration and acquiring advanced exploration, development or low-cost production assets with a focus on the regions where we already have a presence.
 
From time to time, we may evaluate and re-align our business objectives, including considering suspension or delay of projects or disposition of assets.
 
Industry factors that affect our results
 
Gold market and price
 
Gold is used mainly for product fabrication and investment. It is traded on international markets. The London AM price fixing for gold on December 31, 2015 was $US 1062.75 per ounce.
 
Foreign currency exposure
 
All of our revenues from gold sales are denominated in US dollars, while the majority of our operating costs are denominated in the local currencies of the countries we operate in. We monitor the economic environment, including foreign exchange rates, in these countries on an ongoing basis.
 
The table below shows the foreign exchange (gains)/losses recorded in the last three financial years:
 
As at December 31	
2015	$16,794,000	
2014	$7,176,000	
2013	$6,799,000	
 
Gold hedging
 
We monitor and consider the use of a variety of hedging techniques to mitigate the impact of downturns in the gold market.
 
As of the date of this AIF, we do not have any long term gold or currency hedges. Our future hedging activities will depend on an ongoing assessment of the gold market, our hedging strategy, financing restrictions and other factors.

10

 
 
An overview of our business
 
Exploration
 	Our exploration programs include mine site drilling, advanced stage projects and grassroots programs. Our exploration programs are focused primarily in the countries in which we operate, Brazil, China, Greece, Romania, and Turkey, and are conducted through our regional exploration offices.
Our exploration and business development teams also actively pursue new early-stage project opportunities both within our focus jurisdictions and new regions.	
Mining and milling
 	Ore and waste are removed from deposits by underground and open pit mining methods. The ore is then treated to extract metals. The waste is placed on an engineered dump for subsequent rehabilitation and reclamation or placed back underground as engineered backfill.
The ore is treated using different methods depending on its metallurgy and grade. This may include heap leaching, crushing, milling, flotation, roasting, bacterial leaching and carbon-in-leach (CIL) methods for gold extraction.  Flotation concentrates containing various metals are also produced for sale.	
Refining and sales
 	The gold dore produced at Kisladag is refined to market delivery standards at gold refineries in Turkey and sold at the spot price on the Istanbul Gold Exchange.
Sales of gold dore from our Chinese operations are controlled by the Chinese government and sold to a variety of local refineries.  The prices received for the dore are based on spot price at the Shanghai Gold Exchange.  There is no assurance that these prices will continue to reflect international market prices.
Contracts are also in place for the sale of concentrates from Greece and Turkey.
These include gold concentrates from Efemcukuru and Olympias as well as lead/silver and zinc concentrates from Stratoni in Greece. These concentrates are sold under contract and are paid for at prevailing spot prices for the contained metals.	

Except as otherwise noted, Paul Skayman, FAusIMM, our Chief Operating Officer, is the Qualified Person under NI 43-101 responsible for preparing or supervising the preparation of, or approving the scientific or technical information contained in this AIF for all the properties described here and for verifying the technical data disclosed in this document relating to Kisladag, Efemcukuru, Jinfeng, Olympias and Skouries.

 
11

 
 
Production and costs
 
 	 	 	 	2015	
 	2015	2014	change	First 
      quarter	Second
quarter	Third
quarter	Fourth
quarter	
Total	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced (including gold from tailings retreatment at Olympias)	723,532	789,224	(65,692)	189,414	181,160	183,226	169,732	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	552	500	52	522	569	552	567	
Total cash cost ($ per ounce)	606	557	49	578	618	609	620	
All in sustaining cost ($ per ounce)	842	779	63	729	900	835	914	
Realized price ($ per ounce sold)	1,168	1,266	(98)	1,232	1,201	1,132	1,105	
Kisladag	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	281,280	311,233	(29,953)	79,256	67,778	69,672	64,574	
Tonnes to pad	19,146,685	15,501,790	3,644,895	4,226,113	4,873,089	5,291,983	4,755,500	
Grade (grams per tonne)	0.70	1.01	(0.31)	0.70	0.66	0.75	0.68	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	543	443	100	522	596	548	510	
Total cash cost ($ per ounce)	558	461	97	539	611	558	526	
Efemcukuru	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	100,482	98,829	1,653	21,220	27,705	27,123	24,434	
Tonnes milled	454,863	436,852	18,011	105,419	113,851	116,723	118.870	
Grade (grams per tonne)	7.82	8.34	(0.52)	7.32	8.53	8.18	7.21	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	521	573	(52)	604	477	472	559	
Total cash cost ($ per ounce)	540	595	(55)	619	494	487	588	
Tanjianshan	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	97,563	107,614	(10,051)	26,626	25,074	29,055	16,808	
Tonnes milled	1,060,176	1,045,440	14,736	257,297	274,194	272,314	256,371	
Grade (grams per tonne)	3.14	3.69	(0.55)	3.57	3.29	3.28	2.41	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	473	389	84	407	449	450	656	
Total cash cost ($ per ounce)	646	559	87	573	626	612	855	
Jinfeng	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	149,655	168,503	(18,848)	36,686	38,234	38,028	36,707	
Tonnes milled	1,303,863	1,470,824	(166,961)	321,706	329,738	339,300	313,119	
Grade (grams per tonne)	4.13	3.99	0.14	4.10	4.21	4.09	4.13	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	587	575	12	518	551	639	641	
Total cash cost ($ per ounce)	669	658	11	611	632	719	716	
White Mountain	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	78,156	85,308	(7,152)	20,883	18,683	16,359	22,231	
Tonnes milled	849,335	850,782	(1,447)	206,607	210,753	214,025	217,950	
Grade (grams per tonne)	3.30	3.47	(0.17)	3.55	2.97	2.85	3.83	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	652	617	35	600	757	761	536	
Total cash cost ($ per ounce)	691	657	34	638	796	799	573	

 
12

 

 	 	 	 	2015	
 	2015	2014	Change	First
quarter	Second
quarter	Third
quarter	Fourth
quarter	
Olympias	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced from tailings retreatment	16,396	17,737	(1,341)	4,743	3,686	2,989	4,978	
Tailings retreated (tonnes)	589,675	625,345	(35,670)	157,040	146,893	119,315	166,427	
Grade (grams per tonne)	1.99	2.70	(0.71)	2.23	1.81	1.52	2.25	
Stratoni	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Lead/zinc concentrate tonnes sold	46,502	57,719	(11,217)	15,708	11,188	5,599	14,007	
Cash operating costs ($ per tonne)	774	714	30	738	799	997	713	
Vila Nova	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Iron ore tonnes sold	47,815	524,645	(476,830)	47,797	0	0	18	
Cash operating costs
($ per tonne sold)	33	55	(22)	31	0	0	0	

·	We calculate cash operating costs according to the Gold Institute standard.	
·	Total cash cost is cash operating costs plus royalties, production taxes and off-site administration costs.	
·	Cash operating costs and total cash cost and all-in sustaining costs are non-IFRS measures. See page 11 of the MD&A for more information.	
·	All-in sustaining costs are calculated by taking total cash costs and adding sustaining capital expenditure, corporate administrative expenses, exploration and evaluation costs, and reclamation cost accretion. Eldorado Gold began reporting All-in sustaining costs in 2014.	

 

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How we measure our costs
 
The following are non-IFRS measures, which we believe provide a better indication of our cash flow from operations and may be meaningful in evaluating our past performance or future prospects. It is not meant to be a substitute for cash flow from operations (or operating activities), which we calculate according to IFRS.
 
Since there is no standard method for calculating non-IFRS measures, they are not a reliable way to compare us against other companies. Non-IFRS measures should be used with other performance measures prepared in accordance with IFRS.
 
Costs are calculated using the standard developed by The Gold Institute, a worldwide association of suppliers of gold and gold products including leading North American gold producers.
 
The Gold Institute stopped operating in 2002, but its standard is still widely used in North America to report cash costs of production. Adoption of the standard is voluntary, so you may not be able to compare the costs reported here to those reported by other companies.
 
Cash operating costs (C1)
 
Cash operating costs include the costs of operating the site, including mining, processing and administration. They do not include royalties and production taxes, amortization, reclamation costs, financing costs or capital development (initial and sustaining) or exploration costs.
 
Cash operating costs are divided by ounces sold to arrive at cash operating cost per ounce of production.
 
Total cash cost
 
Total cash cost is cash operating costs, plus royalties and production taxes and off-site administration costs.
 
 All-in sustaining cash cost
 
Effective January 1, 2014, we adopted an all-in sustaining cost performance measure. All-in sustaining costs are calculated by taking total cash costs and adding sustaining capital expenditure, corporate administrative expenses, exploration and evaluation costs, and reclamation cost accretion. Certain other cash expenditures, including tax payments, dividends and financing costs are also not included. We believe that this measure represents the total costs of producing gold from current operations and provides us and our stakeholders with additional information of our operational performance and ability to generate cash flows. We report this measure on a gold ounces sold basis.
 
 Sustaining Capital
 
Sustaining capital expenditures are defined as those expenditures which do not increase annual gold ounce production at a mine site and exclude all expenditures at our projects and certain expenditures at our operating sites which are deemed expansionary in nature.

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Corporate Responsibility
 
For us, being a responsible corporate citizen means making a positive impact in the areas we operate by protecting the environment, providing a safe workplace for our employees and contractors, and investing in infrastructure, economic development and health and education in the communities where we operate so that we can enhance the lives of those who work and live there beyond the life of the mine.
 
Over the past two decades, we have operated mines in Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Greece and China. We continue to grow our operations in Turkey, China, Brazil, Greece and Romania. We are proud of our record of implementing industry best practices that minimize environmental impacts while maximizing long-term social and economic benefits.
 
Employees
 
At the end of 2015, we employed 7,381 employees directly and through contractors worldwide, with the majority of employees residing in local communities near our operations. We invest in education programs and we partner with local communities to create new opportunities for long-term economic development.
 
We have permanent employees and contractors in eight countries. We also engage a number of contractors to work on specific projects. The table shows the number of personnel working at our operations by country at December 31, 2015.
 
Turkey	2,103	
China	2,681	
Brazil	137	
Greece*	2,151	
Canada	46	
Romania	254	
Barbados	3	
Netherlands	6	
Total	7,381	
*In early 2016 we suspended construction and development activity at Skouries. As a result, the number
of employees and contractors in Greece has been reduced. For updated number of employees, please see
Skouries section on page 49 .
 
The majority of our employees are unionized with employment terms and conditions negotiated through collective bargaining agreements. We are currently in discussion with our unionized employees and their representatives in Turkey and Greece with respect to the renewal of collective bargaining agreements expiring in 2016.
 
Generally, we believe we have good relations with both our unionized and non-unionized employees and are committed to resolving employee relations matters promptly and to mutually beneficial outcomes.
 
Human Rights Policy
 
In 2016, Eldorado implemented a Human Rights Policy, as the Company recognizes its responsibility to respect and protect human rights at all of its operations.  The policy is not intended to supersede local laws, but rather to support host governments in the protection of human rights and prevention of human rights abuses.
 
This Policy is translated into each of our local languages and posted on notice boards at all of our operations. A full copy of the Human Rights Policy is available on our website (www.eldoradogold.com).
 
Health and Safety Policy
 
In 2016, Eldorado updated its health and safety policy. The health and safety of our employees and local stakeholders is a key priority of Eldorado. We are committed to providing our employees with both a safe working environment and the skills necessary to perform their tasks in a safe manner.

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To achieve these goals, Eldorado commits to:
 
 	·	Promote safety as a core value within all levels of the organization.	
 	·	Comply fully with all applicable health and safety laws, regulations and international best practices.	
 	·	Promote a health and safety culture where all employees and contractors understand and take responsibility for their own safety and that of their fellow workers, ensuring that employees actively take part in training and recognize the importance of proactive measures to guarantee a safe working environment.	
 	·	Provide adequate safety resources, such as protective equipment, job training and information to all employees so that the risks associated with any task are understood and mitigated.	
 	·	Foster a culture of transparency to ensure concerns are recognized and addressed, and maintain ongoing communication among our global sites to ensure staff are aware of incidents and up to date on best practices.	
 	·	Offer medical assistance for all of our staff through our wellness programs in order to provide basic medical treatment, including immunizations and medical checkups, as an effort towards illness prevention.	
 	·	Require all of our contractors, suppliers, and partners to conform to our Health and Safety Policy in their business activities while on our site, and encourage them to implement those policies within their own business practices.	
 	·	Utilize effective safety management systems and risk assessment tools at all mine sites so that health and safety goals can be set and results measured, evaluated and reported.	
 	·	Provide an adequate safety budget throughout the project life cycle in order to ensure safe conditions at all times for all employees.	
 	·	Provide emergency response programs at each mine site, with ongoing response training for employees that is specific to their roles, as well as emergency response teams made up of employees who have received additional training in emergency protocols, procedures and equipment.	
 	·	Ensure that our Health and Safety Policy is made accessible to all employees, stakeholders, business partners and interested parties to Eldorado Gold.	
 
This Policy is translated into each of our local languages and posted on notice boards at all of our operations. A full copy of the Health and Safety Policy is available on our website (www.eldoradogold.com). Eldorado Gold also has a sustainability committee comprising selected members of the board of directors. Their task is to oversee and monitor the environmental, health, safety, community relations, security and other sustainability policies, practices, programs and performance of the Company.

Safety Performance Measure- Lost Time Incidents Frequency
 
We work to maintain a good safety record by investing in environmental, health and safety training at our operations, and measure our results by tracking the numbers of LTIs, and their frequency per million man hours (LTIFR). We continue to improve safety across all of our operations. In order to reduce or eliminate LTI’s we continue to train our workers and stress the importance of safety at our operations as one of our primary values. We hold contractors working for Eldorado to the same high standards as our employees and all our safety reporting herein combines employees and contractors.
 
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The table below shows our LTI performance for 2015 for employees and contractors of Eldorado.

 	 	Million hours
worked  	 
LTI  	 
LTIFR	
Turkey	Kisladag	2.55	5	2.0	
 	Efemcukuru	1.48	1	0.7	
China	Tanjianshan	1.96	0	0.0	
 	Jinfeng	2.80	0	0.0	
 	White Mountain	2.23	1	0.4	
 	Eastern Dragon	0.06	0	0.0	
Brazil	Vila Nova	0.15	0	0.0	
 	Tocantinzinho	0.11	1	8.9	
Greece	Stratoni	0.79	3	3.8	
 	Olympias	1.37	3	2.2	
 	Skouries	1.12	1	0.9	
 	Perama Hill 	0.02	0	0.0	
Romania	Certej	0.45	0	0.0	
Exploration	Exploration	0.40	1	2.5	
Total	 	15.48	16	1.03	

We had an overall LTIFR of 1.03 this year, a 34% decrease from 2014 and which compares favourably with industry benchmarks in Canada and Australia. We did not have any fatal accidents at our operations in 2015. Tanjianshan, Jinfeng, Eastern Dragon, Vila Nova, Perama Hill and Certej employees and contractors all completed 2015 without any lost-time incidents.

As part of our commitment to a safe workplace, we align our safety management systems with best practice frameworks. OHSAS 18001 is a best quality standard for occupational health and safety management systems. Efemcukuru achieved OHSAS certification in July 2013 and plans to re-certify within the requisite 3 years in June 2016. Kisladag achieved certification in December 2015. Kassandra Mines achieved certification in January 2011 and again in January 2014. All of the sites mentioned have passed their annual OHSAS audits as required to maintain certification.

For further information on our safety initiatives please visit the Responsibility section of our website.
 
Operational Responsibility
 
Exploration
 
During exploration, while we conduct geological surveys, drilling and sampling to determine the existence and location of an ore deposit, we engage directly with local community members to identify their key social and environmental concerns and to better understand the needs of the community and their concerns so that we can begin to plan our community initiatives.
 
Development
 
During the development stage, we complete feasibility studies that outline the economics, optimal mining methods and mineral recovery processes for the project, including environmental and closure considerations. We conduct extensive environmental testing and studies to establish baseline data and characteristics for air, water, soil and biodiversity. All this information becomes part of an EIA/EIS that we file with the appropriate authorities.   The environmental permitting process provides the baselines for consultation with the community to enable community reviews, input and commentary.
 
We also begin infrastructure development initiatives such as improving roads, building sewage systems and drilling water wells that address the demonstrated needs of the communities.
 
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Construction and training
 
We make it a priority to hire local residents. We also train and instruct all employees and contractors in the best environmental, health and safety practices, procedures and controls. Based on our dialogue with the local community, we identify skill gaps, provide on-the-job training if required, and work with local technical schools and universities as required to enhance their mining-specific programs to help local residents increase their prospects of employment and provide a pool of trained workers for the Company.
 
Mining and processing
 
All of our mining operations are required to comply with the more stringent of local or international environmental standards. We implement the practices described in our applicable EIA/EIS and permits to mitigate any potential environmental impacts throughout the entire mine life cycle.
 
Consultation with local communities continues throughout the mining and processing cycle. As part of our commitment to protecting the environment, we maintain extensive environmental monitoring programs, the results of which are shared with relevant government agencies, independent government and academic groups. We also regularly audit our operations to determine whether each site is within environmental limits. We regularly monitor the quality of air, water (surface and ground) and soil. Noise, blast vibration and dust levels are also regularly monitored both on the mine site and in any surrounding villages that may be impacted.   We are sensitive to the potential effects of our operations on the local communities and have robust programs to mitigate any such effects. We also implement programs to preserve biodiversity at and near our operations. All types of waste, including hazardous wastes, are stored and disposed of with consideration for their potential environmental impacts.
 
Water quality is strictly controlled across all of our sites in our efforts to reduce overall water consumption. We recycle as much water as is possible. Process tailings are discharged into specially constructed storage facilities which are lined if required, and water from tailings is recycled through the process or, if being discharged, treated and tested to meet regulated limits before release. Measures are also in place to safeguard our tailings storage areas in the case of heavier than usual rainfall.
 
Remediation is an ongoing process that is done in parallel with operations. Topsoil from mining and construction areas is stored for later reclamation use. We also identify different plant, shrub and tree species suitable for local propagation in studies that are typically done in onsite greenhouses. Plots that are released from the mining areas are then re-vegetated concurrently to operations in other locations.
 
To provide a healthy and safe work environment, our employees are trained on a regular and ongoing basis. These training programs are designed to minimize accidents and occupational illnesses.
 
We employ 7,381 employees and contractors worldwide, the majority of whom are from the local communities near our operations. Less than 1% of our employees at the operation and project level are expatriates. We pay locally competitive salaries and benefits to our employees and contractors.
 
Since the life of any mine is limited, we encourage and work with local communities to create new opportunities for long-term economic development in sustainable areas. For example, we have supported the creation of local companies such as a vineyard management company at Efemcukuru, a plant nursery business at Olympias, an organic agricultural company at White Mountain, and brick producing factories at White Mountain and Jinfeng. This ultimately benefits local communities and helps to provide opportunity for all local people, including those not directly associated with mining operations, beyond the life of the mine.
 
Reclamation and closure
 
Prior to and throughout a mine's operation, we conduct research to establish best reclamation practices. These reclamation activities are concurrent with mine operations to the extent possible. Financial provision is made for closure costs.
 
Once a mine is no longer profitable to operate, we close the mine site and conduct further reclamation activities as required in the EIA so that the mine site environment can successfully transition to a

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productive ecosystem. For example, at Kisladag, cover system designs for capping the leach pad and rock dumps have been studied and are implemented as work is completed on those areas.
 
We have an excellent record on mining closure and reclamation. In October 2000, we were the first company to receive a final full regulatory environmental release from the Mexican government for reclamation activities at our previously owned La Trinidad mine near Rosario, Mexico. The former open pit became a lake capable of supporting aquatic animals including fish.
 
Environmental Policy
 
All of our projects and operations are expected to comply with local and international environmental standards. We implement best practices described in our EIAs/EIS’ and feasibility studies to maintain compliance.
 
In 2016, Eldorado Gold updated its’ environmental policy which states that the Company is committed to protecting all aspects of the natural environment of the areas in which we work. This policy also applies to any contractors working on or for any of our projects or operations. This is a core value of Eldorado Gold and applies to all elements of the mining cycle including exploration, development, operation and closure.
 
To address this standard of protection, Eldorado Gold and its subsidiaries will strive to:
 
·	Prioritize environmental protection during all mine life cycle stages through conformance with all applicable environmental laws and regulations, frameworks to which we subscribe and international best practices.	
·	Provide the necessary training, equipment and systems to our employees and contractors to ensure the protection of the environment and efficient use of resources, and encourage our suppliers to uphold our environmental standards in their own business practices.	
·	Engage with local communities, relevant government agencies and other stakeholders to align environmental priorities and communicate our environmental performance.	
·	Design, develop and operate facilities in an environmentally sound manner, protecting water sources and using water efficiently.	
·	Reduce overall water use, recycle and reuse water wherever possible, and ensure any excess water is discharged according to regulations and water quality standards.	
·	Regularly identify, evaluate and manage the potential environmental impact of our projects from inception through closure.	
·	Promote the efficient use of energy and identify future opportunities to utilize energy efficient practices with the goal of reducing our absolute carbon footprint.	
·	Establish and manage reclamation and closure plans throughout the life cycle of each of our mine sites, while encouraging early reclamation of facilities and budgeting for related costs.	
 
This Policy is translated into each of our local languages and posted on notice boards at all of our operations. A full copy of the Environmental Policy is available on Eldorado’s website (www.eldoradogold.com).
 
Eldorado’s properties are routinely inspected by regulatory staff along with local community representatives to determine that the properties are in compliance with applicable laws and regulations as well as the Company’s Environmental Policy and standards. Eldorado also has closure plans for all of its operations. These closure plans assist us to properly estimate for the costs associated with implementing the required closure provisions.
 
ISO 14001 is an international standard for best practice in environmental management systems. Kisladag was certified on October 23, 2012 and re-certified in May 2015. Efemcukuru was certified in July 2013 and anticipates re-certification, with audits scheduled in 2016. Our Greek operations under our subsidiary, Hellas Gold, were certified in September 2014 for all activities (exploration, construction, mining, beneficiation and waste management) at these sites.
 
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International Cyanide Management Code (Cyanide Code)
The Cyanide Code is an industry voluntary program for gold mining companies. It focuses exclusively on the safe management of cyanide including cyanide present in mill tailings and leach solutions. Companies that adopt the Cyanide Code must have their mining operations that use cyanide to recover gold audited by an independent third party to determine the status of Cyanide Code implementation. Those operations that meet the Cyanide Code requirements can be certified. A unique trademark symbol can then be utilized by the certified operation. Audit results are made public to inform stakeholders of the status of cyanide management practices at the certified operation.
 
The objective of the Cyanide Code is to improve the management of cyanide used in gold mining and assist in the protection of human health and the reduction of environmental impacts. Eldorado Gold became a signatory to the Cyanide Code in 2012 and has nominated all of its operations that use cyanide for the extraction of gold. While there are issues in certain jurisdictions with regard to the legal requirements involved in purchasing and using cyanide, Eldorado Gold will require that as a minimum, all of its operations are working to best practices with regard to cyanide and will encourage our suppliers and transporters to join us in becoming signatories also.
 
Kisladag received Cyanide Code certification in December 2013. Jinfeng completed an audit in November 2014 and received certification in February 2015, making Jinfeng the first gold mine in China to achieve full compliance. Tanjianshan completed an audit in September 2015 and received certification in December 2015.  Our remaining operation that uses cyanide for gold extraction, White Mountain, became compliant as a site but was unable to receive full compliance within the requisite three years, due to the lack of available ICMI certified suppliers capable of delivering to the minesite.
 
CDP
The CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project) is an independent not-for-profit organization aiming to create a lasting relationship between shareholders and corporations regarding the implications for shareholder value and commercial operations presented by climate change. Eldorado Gold submitted its first report in 2012 and continues to report on an annual basis. The data initially presented has formed the baseline for future reports.
 
Sustainability Report
As part of our continued move to enhance corporate responsibility disclosure and transparency, Eldorado Gold began publishing Sustainability Reports in 2012, and intends to continue to publish this report on an annual basis. The Sustainability Report complies with the Global Reporting Initiative GRI fourth-generation (G4) guidelines. The Global Reporting Initiative is a generally accepted framework for reporting on an organization’s economic, environmental and social performance. The Global Reporting Initiative Framework contains general and sector-specific content for reporting an organization’s sustainability performance.
 
The latest Sustainability Report is available under the Responsibility Section of our website.

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MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Kisladag
Material property under NI 43-101
 
location	Usak Province, Turkey	
ownership	100%
through Tuprag,
an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold	
type of mine	open pit	
metal	gold	
in situ gold as of December 31, 2015*	proven and probable reserves: 7.40 million ounces
grade: 0.70 grams per tonne (g/t)
measured and indicated resources: 9.60 million ounces grade: 0.61 g/t
inferred resources: 4.79 million ounces
grade: 0.40 g/t	
average annual production**	285,000 ounces average over remaining life of mine (LOM)	
expected mine life**	17 years, based on mining of 20 Mtpa from 2018 onwards on completion of the 20 Mtpa crusher expansion	
employees	1,254 (including 469 contractors)	
*   Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves

History
 
1997	Identified ore body and began in-depth exploration.	
2003	Completed the feasibility study in March.
Kisladag EIA submitted.
Received environmental positive certificate.
Increased the reserves and resources in March and September.	
2004	Received approvals for construction and the zoning plan in April.
Updated the feasibility study in May.
Received the construction permit in September and began site activities.	
2005	Began construction.	
2006	Poured the first dore in May.
Began commercial production in July.	
2007	Completed Phase II (increase to 10 Mtpa) plant construction.
Commercial production interrupted in August.	
2008	Resumed commercial production in March.	
2009	Completed expansion of Phase II leach pad and installed large carbon columns in ADR plant.	

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2011	Received approval of supplementary EIA for the expansion of mining to 12.5 Mtpa and completed Phase III expansion.
Announced the intention to expand the process circuit to handle 25 Mtpa of crushed ore plus an additional capacity averaging about 8 Mtpa ROM ore.	
2013	Applied for a supplemental EIA to increase yearly ore extraction to 35 Mtpa of ore. Announced the deferral of the plans to upgrade the treatment capacity from 12.5 Mtpa to 25 Mtpa crushed and 8 Mtpa ROM ore.
Audited and confirmed as compliant with the Cyanide Code.	
2014	Received approval of supplementary EIA for the expansion of the operation to 35 Mtpa.
Announced revised expansion of the operation to 20 Mtpa
Announced the deferral of the expansion project due to corporate cashflow considerations; expansion expected within the next three years.	
2015	Completed redesign of South Rock Dump to extend operating life.
Replaced main overland conveyor increasing workable leach pad area and placement rate for stacking ore.
Constructed surface water storage dam in conjunction with State Water authorities (DSI)	

Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
We have the required licenses and permits to support our mining operations.
 
Surface rights	Operating license, IR 7302, covers 15,717 hectares, expires May 10, 2032.  The area is at approximate Latitude 29° 9’ N and Longitude 38°29’ E.
The license can be extended if production is still ongoing at the end of the license period.
Under Turkish law, we have the right to explore and develop mineral resources in the license area as long as we continue to pay fees and taxes.
Tuprag has acquired the necessary surface rights to operate the mine at the 12.5 Mtpa production rate or an expanded rate if required.  Tuprag is now working on extending the surface rights with the receipt of the supplementary EIA to increase the mine life.	
Permits	We currently have the required licenses and permits to support our mining operations.
The Kisladag EIA was submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization in January 2003, and the environmental positive certificate was issued in June of that year. A supplementary Kisladag EIA to increase mine ore production to 12.5 Mtpa was subsequently approved in June, 2011.
The Kisladag EIA identified several socio-economic effects of mine development, and identified measures that can be used to avoid or minimize potential environmental impacts.
A new addendum to the Kisladag EIA was prepared and submitted in 2013 and approved in June 2014. This Kisladag EIA covers the Phase IV expansion allowing maximum total mine ore production of 35 Mtpa.
Applications made to expand permitted operation area to accommodate 2014 EIA boundary have been made and are pending.
Please see the technical report, dated March, 2010 for more information on permitting.	

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Royalties and Taxes	An annual royalty is paid to the Government of Turkey, calculated as 4% of the sale price of the gold produced during the year, less some costs associated   with the cost of   ore haulage, mineral processing and administration. The royalty calculation uses a sliding scale for rates based on gold prices. At current budgeted gold price of $1,100 a 2% royalty is in effect.
The corporate income tax rate applicable to profits of Kisladag is currently 20%.	

Costs and revenue
 
 	2015	2016 – Forecast 1	
Production	281,280	225,000 – 240,000	
Cash Operating Cost per ounce (C1)	 $543	$550 to 600	
Sustaining Capital 2	$30.6 M	$50 M	
1 See Production outlook, guidance and estimates and forward looking information on page 4   for more information
2 See page 14 for information on how sustaining capital is calculated
 
Cash operating cost (C1) is built up from mining, process and G&A costs. The following table outlines these costs for 2015.
 
 	2015 Actual costs
(per tonne treated)	
Mining	$ 2.71	
Process	$ 3.35	
G&A	$ 0.90	
Other*	$ 1.02	
Total	$ 7.98	
* Other includes items that are not included directly in any of the other lines but are included in C1 costs. This includes items such as transport and refining, inventory change and any other metal credits.	

Operating Costs will increase in 2016 mainly due to the reduction in available inventory ounces.

Sustaining Capital costs for 2016 estimated at $ 50 million, which is higher than 2015 spending of $ 30.6 million.  Capital spending for 2016 will consist mainly of capitalized waste, equipment overhauls and some leach pad construction.

About the property
 
Kisladag is in a rural area in west-central Turkey, between the city of Izmir (180 km to the west on the Aegean coast) and Ankara (the capital city, 350 km to the northeast). The site is 35 km southwest of the city of Usak (population 196,000) near the village of Gumuskol. Kisladag sits approximately 1,000 metres above sea level in gently rolling hills.
 
A 5.3 km access road connects the site to the highway between Ulubey and Esme. Employees are mostly from the region. Supplies, services and employees access the site primarily from the city of Usak. The site is serviced by a water well field consisting of 5 water wells with a 13 km water pipeline, and a 25 km power transmission line. Contact water from the site is treated to discharge quality and used for various site

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purposes including processing. We also have the ability to discharge this treated water if the site water balance requires this.
 
Climate
 
The area has a temperate climate. The average annual rainfall of 493 mm, occurs mostly during the winter months. The operating season covers a full 12 months.
 
Geological setting
 
Kisladag is a porphyry gold deposit that formed beneath a coeval Miocene volcanic complex. At least four latite intrusive phases are recognised in the deposit, all of which are extensively altered. Alteration consists of a potassic core with potassium-feldspar, biotite, quartz and locally magnetite, outwardly overprinted by illite, kaolinite, quartz, and tourmaline. Remnants of a quartz-alunite lithocap are found near surface. The mineralized intrusions at Kisladag are enclosed within volcanic and volcaniclastic strata that overlie basement schist and gneiss of the Menderes Massif Core Complex. These strata dip outward from the deposit core, and display rapid facies changes from massive lavas and coarse poorly stratified units proximal to the porphyry centre, to finer well-stratified volcaniclastic strata that inter-finger with lacustrine sedimentary rocks in surrounding sedimentary basins.
 
There has been relatively little structural modification to the deposit and surrounding tertiary rocks. Lithologic contacts are primarily intrusive or depositional, with no documented major fault offsets. The deposit and adjacent rocks do, however, contain a high density of joints and low-displacement brittle fractures. Most of these are only a few metres to a few tens of metres in length, and have negligible displacement.
 
Exploration and development
 
Tuprag discovered the Kisladag deposit in the late 1980’s during a regional grassroots exploration program focusing on Late Cretaceous to Tertiary volcanic centres in western Turkey. It selected the prospect area on the basis of Landsat-5 images that had been processed to enhance areas of clay and iron alteration, followed by regional stream sediment and soil sampling programs. Preliminary soil sampling programs identified a broad 50 ppb gold anomaly within a poorly exposed area now known to directly overlie the porphyry deposit. Early exploration of the deposit area included excavation of trenches to better characterize the soil anomaly, and ground geophysical surveys including IP-resistivity (IP), magnetic and radiometric surveys.
 
Recent exploration work was limited to a regional airborne geophysical survey that included the Kisladag property as part of the survey grid. No new targets were identified within the license area.
 
Subsequent to commercial start up in 2006, Kisladag has successfully increased its reserves through various exploration campaigns.  This contributed to the decisions to increase the crushing capacity from an initial 5 Mtpa to 10 Mtpa and subsequently to 12.5 Mtpa.  In 2011, the Phase IV expansion to the crushing circuit of 25 Mtpa with additional run of mine leaching capacity of 8 Mtpa was announced.  In 2013, we announced the deferral of the Phase IV expansion as described above. We have subsequently upgraded the truck and shovel fleet to take advantage of the operating cost difference between diesel and electric power costs. In June 2014 we received EIA approval for the expansion of the open pit mine production to a maximum of 35 Mtpa. In July 2014 we announced a revised Phase IV expansion that will improve the crushing circuit to 20 Mtpa.  This work was deferred at the end of 2014 due to corporate cashflow considerations. The 20 Mtpa expansion is expected to take place within the next three years.
 
Mineralization
 
Gold mineralization at Kisladag occurs within zones of sulphide and quartz stockworks, and disseminated to fracture controlled sulphides. Pyrite is the dominant sulphide mineral, averaging around 3% to 5% in the primary mineralized zone, with trace amounts of molybdenum, zinc, lead and copper. Highest gold grades occur, in multiphase quartz sulphide stockworks and zones of mottled to pervasive silicification.
 
Oxidation extends to a depth of 30 to 80 metres on the southern side of the deposit, and 20 to 50 metres on the northern side of the deposit. Limonite and goethite are the most abundant oxide minerals. There is no significant supergene enrichment within the oxidized zone.
 
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Drilling
 
Drilling was undertaken at Kisladag in numerous campaigns since 1998 and continues today. Approximately 136,800 metres of diamond drilling and 42,500 metres of reverse circulation drilling have been completed. Earlier programs focussed on exploration drilling followed by resource delineation efforts (upgrading Inferred mineral resources).  Recent work, including that in 2015, comprised infill work that targeted our Indicated mineral resources / Probable mineral reserves within the final design pit shape in order to convert them to Measured mineral resources / Proven mineral reserves.  This work will continue for two years.
 
Project geologists systematically collected geological and geotechnical data from the core (mostly HQ size), and photographed all core (wet) before sampling. Specific gravity measurements were obtained approximately every five metres.  The entire length of each core was cut in half with a diamond saw. One half was submitted for assay and one half retained for reference on site. Core recovery in the mineralized units was excellent, usually between 95% and 100%.
 
Sampling and analysis
 
Core samples are prepared at our preparation facility in Canakkale in north-western Turkey by inserting a SRM, a duplicate and a blank sample into the sample stream at every eighth sample.
 
All samples prior to 2015 had been shipped to ALS in North Vancouver, Canada. Since the start of 2015 all samples are shipped to ACME in Ankara, Turkey.  In both cases the samples are assayed for gold by 30 g fire assay with an atomic absorption finish, and for other elements using fusion digestion and ICP analysis.
 
A review of the entire drill-hole database since production started in 2006 has been done, and checked against the original assay certificates and survey data. Any discrepancies have been corrected and incorporated into our resource database. The mined portions of the resource model have been reconciled to production and agreement was excellent.
 
In our opinion, the Kisladag   deposit assay database is accurate and precise enough to estimate resources.
 
Technical report
 
The information about Kisladag in this AIF is partly derived from the scientific and technical data in the Kisladag technical report: Technical Report for Kisladag Gold Mine, Turkey .
 
Qualified persons: Stephen Juras, Ph.D., P.Geo., Richard Miller, P.Eng., and Paul Skayman, MAusIMM, all of Eldorado.
 
The report is dated March 15, 2010, and effective January 2010. It is available under Eldorado Gold’s name on SEDAR ( www.sedar.com ) and EDGAR ( www.sec.gov ).
 
Operations
 
Kisladag is a large tonnage, low grade operation. The ore is amenable to heap leach and, while recoveries are lower than they would be if conventional CIL was used, this is the most economic method for treatment of the ore.
 
Ore is extracted via open pit mining methods using standard drill and blast, truck and shovel mining process. The current truck and shovel fleet is all owner operated and consists of the original 150 ton trucks and the more recent addition of 240 ton trucks, suitably matched hydraulic face shovels and drill rigs.  The new equipment is equipped for both diesel and electric operation to reduce operating costs.
 
Mining, crushing and processing activities operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
 
Ore is processed in a standard heap leach facility as follows:
 
·	Most ore is fed into a conventional three-stage crushing and screening plant for size reduction while a smaller quantity of low grade ROM ore is placed directly on the leach pad depending on economic conditions;	
·	Crushed ore is stacked on the leach pad through transport via overland conveying and stacking with a radial stacker in 10 metre high lifts. ROM ore is transported via 40 ton haulage trucks and end dumped onto lifts 10-15 metres in height.	

25

 
 
·	The heap leach pad has a two-part liner system consisting of a layer of compacted low permeability clay soil or geosynthetic clay liner, and a 2 mm thick polyethylene membrane liner textured both sides for stability toe areas, and for regular areas non-textured or in some cases single sided textured linear low density polyethylene synthetic liner (LLDPE). HDPE liner is also used where the membrane will be subjected to sunlight for an extended period. The current permitted stack height is 120 metres increased from 60 metres with the 2014 EIA addendum;	
·	Ore is leached with dilute cyanide solution applied by drip emitters with gold recovery in a conventional carbon adsorption facility ADR plant using a standard Zadra process including pressure stripping, electrowinning and smelting.	
 
The final product is a gold dore bar which sees further processing to 99.95% purity in domestic refineries.
 
Unit costs are expected to increase as the pit deepens.  Over time the waste rock dumps and leach pads will be located further away and reach higher elevations, which will further increase ore and waste transportation costs. We expect the unit cost for processing and annual cost for mine support to mostly remain constant for the rest of the mine life, except in response to changes in costs that affect the entire gold mining industry, such as the cost of fuel and reagents, the cost of labor, currency exchange rates and inflation. The grade will also rise and fall compared to the reserve grade based on where we are within the mining cycle. Consequently, ounces produced in a given time period will vary based on head grade and cash operating costs per ounce will generally vary inversely with the number of ounces produced.
 
 Litigation
 
Environmental Impact Assessment Litigation
 
Litigation by certain third parties was brought against the Turkish Ministry of the Environment and Urban Planning (former Ministry of Environment and Forests) in April 2004 in the Manisa Administrative Court. The parties were seeking to cancel EIA for Kisladag   on the basis of alleged threats to the environment and deficiencies in the EIA. Tuprag was accepted as a co-defendant in the cases alongside the defendant ministry. In 2007, a lower administrative court ruled in Tuprag’s favour. The plaintiff appealed that decision and on July 19, 2007, the Sixth Department of Council of State ordered the mine to be shut down pending a decision on the case. We shut the mining operations down on August 18, 2007, except for activities approved by the Turkish authorities related to sound environmental practices. The mine remained closed for the rest of that year. On February 6, 2008, the Sixth Department of the High Administrative Court in Ankara, decided that the expert reports prepared for the Lower Administrative Court were not sufficient to make either a positive or negative decision on the merits of the case, and referred the matter for rehearing before the Lower Administrative Court. The matter was then referred to the Lower Administrative Court, which named an expert panel to review the EIA and prepare a report. The temporary injunction automatically expired with this decision and Tuprag obtained the necessary permits from the Turkish government authorities and on March 6, 2008, the Kisladag   Mine reopened and resumed production.
 
On October 13, 2010, the Lower Administrative Court issued a decision in the case that was unanimously in favour of the project. The plaintiff appealed the decision to the High Administrative Court in Ankara, where the file was reviewed. On December 7, 2011, the High Administrative Court issued its decision in favour of the project.  The plaintiff appealed to the court to reconsider its decision. On November 13, 2013, the High Administrative Court rejected the final appeal of the plaintiffs and the case was closed.
 
Supplemental EIA Litigation (for increasing production from 10 Mtpa to 12.5 Mtpa)
 
On September 12, 2011, certain third parties filed litigation against the revised EIA issued by the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning to increased production to 12.5 Mtpa. The case is being heard by the Manisa Administrative Court. A request for an immediate injunction has been rejected by the court and appeal of this decision was rejected by the District Appeals Court.  Tuprag has been accepted as a co-defendant next to the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. The court appointed a panel of five experts to evaluate the EIA. The experts have submitted to the court their report which concludes that the EIA is accurate and appropriate. The court will make a decision in the case after collecting comments on the expert report from the litigant parties. We are confident in both the methodology of the Kisladag 12.5 Mtpa EIA and Tuprag’s compliance with all procedural steps taken to obtain the Environmental Positive Certificate. We believe that we will successfully defend this litigation. If we do not succeed, our ability to operate Kisladag at a production rate of greater than 10 million tons of ore per year may be affected, which may adversely affect our production and revenue.

 
26

 

Second Supplemental EIA Litigation (for increasing production from 12.5 Mtpa to 35 Mtpa)
 
On June 12, 2015 certain third parties filed litigation against the second supplemental issued by the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning that would allow expansion of production from 12.5 million tonnes of ore per annum to 35 million tonnes of ore per annum. The case is being heard by the Manisa Second Administrative Court. Tuprag has been accepted as a co-defendant in the case alongside the defendant Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. The court has decided to form an expert committee to prepare an evaluation of the completeness and accuracy of the EIA to form the basis for a decision in the case.
 
We are confident in both the methodology of the Kisladag 35 Mtpa EIA and Tuprag’s compliance with all procedural steps taken to obtain the Environmental Positive Certificate. We believe that we will successfully defend this litigation. If we do not succeed, our ability to operate Kisladag at a production rate of greater than 12.5 million tons of ore per year may be affected, which may adversely affect our production and revenue.
 
In addition to the litigation brought against Tuprag described above, Tuprag is, from time to time, involved in various claims, legal proceedings and complaints, including pertaining to our operating licenses and permits, arising in the normal course of business.  Eldorado Gold and Tuprag cannot reasonably predict the likelihood or outcome of these actions.
 
For further description of all of our Risks see pages  87 to 122 .

 

27

 
 
Efemcukuru
Material property under NI 43-101
 
location	Izmir Province, Turkey	
ownership	100%
through Tuprag, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold	
type of mine	underground	
metal	gold	
in situ gold as of December 31, 2015*	proven and probable reserves: 0.95 million ounces
grade: 7.12 g/t
measured and indicated resources: 1.31 million ounces
grade: 8.31 g/t
inferred resources: 0.84  million ounces
grade: 4.75 g/t	
average annual production**	85,000 ounces	
expected mine life**	10 years, based on 2015 proven and probable reserves	
employees	763 (including 328 contractors)	
*   Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.
 
History
 
1992	Discovered the deposit while carrying out reconnaissance work in western Turkey.	
1997	Completed drilling program of the north, middle and south ore shoots, delineating the resource and hydrogeologically testing the vein structure and the hangingwall and footwall rocks.	
2004	Completed environmental impact assessment study.	
2005	Received positive environmental impact assessment certificate.	
2007	Released a positive feasibility study in August based on underground mining, milling the ore on site and treating the gold concentrate at Kisladag prepared by Wardrop Engineering Inc. (Wardrop)	
2008	Wardrop completed positive feasibility study update in August.
Construction of the mine commenced.	
2009	Construction continued throughout 2009.	
2011	In June the mining and processing operations started.
In December commercial production started and treatment of the Efemcukuru concentrate commenced at the Kisladag concentrate treatment plant.	
2012	In September 2012, the Kisladag concentrate treatment plant was taken out of operation pending modifications to the circuit.
Commercial sales of concentrate to third parties started in November 2012.	

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2013	Completed addendum to EIA increasing production capacity to a maximum of 600,000 metric tons per year.
The Kisladag concentrate treatment plant is decommissioned.	
2014	Mine throughput increased to 435 ktpa. North Ore Shoot (NOS) capital development and associated infrastructure completed.	
2015	Commenced mining ore from the NOS.	
 
Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Surface rights	Operating license, IR 5419, covers 2,262 hectares and is centred around approximate latitude 26º59’ N and 38º18’ E.
The license can be extended if production is still ongoing at the end of the license period. IR 5419 expires on August 19, 2033.
Under Turkish law, we have the right to explore and develop mineral resources in the license area as long as we continue to pay fees and taxes. The necessary surface rights have been obtained to operate the mine.	
Permits	We currently have the required licenses and permits to support our mining operations.
The environmental impact assessment study (Efemcukuru EIA) was submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization in 2005, and the environmental positive certificate was issued in September of that year.
Subsequent to completion of the Efemcukuru EIA, a revision was approved in December 2012, allowing for a larger disturbance footprint and an increased mining production rate of 600,000 tonnes per annum. Following a court decision in 2015, a second revision was made to the EIA and approved for the same tonnage in October 2015.	
Royalties and Taxes	An annual royalty is paid to the Government of Turkey, calculated as 4% of the sale price of the gold produced during the year, less some costs associated with the cost of ore haulage, mineral processing and administration. The royalty calculation uses a sliding scale for rates based on gold prices. At current budgeted gold price of $1,100 a 2% royalty is in effect.
The corporate income tax rate applicable to profits of Efemcukuru is currently 20%.	

Costs and revenue
 
 	2015	2016 – Forecast 1	
Production	100,482 oz	90,000 – 100,000 oz	
Cash Operating Cost per ounce (C1)	$ 521	$ 550 – 600	
Sustaining Capital 2	$24.1 M	$20.0 M	
1 See Production outlook, guidance and estimates and forward looking information on page 4 for more information
2 See page 14 for information on how sustaining capital is calculated

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Cash operating cost (C1) is built up from mining, process and G&A costs. The following table outlines these costs for 2015.
 
 	2015 Actual costs
(per tonne treated)	
Mining	$ 37.81	
Process	$ 38.64	
G&A	$ 26.24	
Other*	$ 10.80	
Total	$ 113.49	
* Other includes items that are not included directly in any of the other lines but are included in C1 costs. This includes items such as transport and refining, inventory change and any other metal credits.	

Operating Costs are expected to be similar in 2016 as they were in 2015.
 
Sustaining Capital costs for 2016 estimated at $ 20 million, which is in line with 2015 spending of $ 24.1 million.  Capital spending will consist mainly of capitalized underground development, underground infrastructure upgrades, waste rock dump construction and tailings dam works.
 
About the property
 
Efemcukuru is in Izmir Province near the coast of western Turkey, about 30 km by paved road from the city centre of Izmir, the provincial capital.  The site is centered approximately 1.5 km northeast of the village of Efemcukuru (population approximately 640). It sits approximately 580 to 720 metres above sea level in hilly terrain. Vegetation is a mixture of mature and newly planted second growth pine trees with sparse undergrowth covering the hillsides.
 
Economic activity in the area is a mixture of subsistence farming and grazing. We mainly access supplies and services from the city of Izmir. Several paved and unpaved roads connect the village with other local population centres.
 
Employees are mostly drawn from the local region.
 
Power is provided by a dedicated transmission line from the Urla substation approximately 23 km away. Mine infrastructure includes administration buildings, a concentrator, a filtration plant; tailings and waste rock impound areas.
 
Initial plans called for concentrate to be treated at Kisladag through a dedicated treatment plant. The treatment plant was subsequently decommissioned and all concentrate is now being sold to third parties.
 
Climate
 
The area has hot and humid summers and warm and rainy winters with limited snowfall. Temperatures range between 30ºC in summer and -15ºC in winter with an annual average of approximately 17ºC. Average annual precipitation is 720 mm. The operating season lasts a full 12 months.
 
Geological setting
 
Efemcukuru is an intermediate sulfidation epithermal gold deposit hosted within Upper Cretaceous phyllite and schist at the western end of the Izmir-Ankara Suture Zone in SW Turkey. The host rocks are locally silicified to hornfels and are cut by moderately North to NorthEast-dipping faults that are exploited by rhyolite dykes and epithermal veins.
 
Exploration and development
 
Exploration by Tuprag began in 1992, when Company geologists   recognized the exploration potential of the area while conducting reconnaissance work in western Turkey. Between 1992 and 1996, Tuprag   conducted ground magnetic surveys, rock chip and soil sampling, geological mapping and a 6,000 metre diamond drilling program focusing primarily on the Kestane Beleni vein. This work identified high-grade gold mineralization in three separate zones: the south ore shoot (SOS), the middle ore shoot (MOS) and the NOS.
 
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Infill drilling in 1997 and 1998 provided an initial resource estimate for the south and middle ore shoots, and a prefeasibility study was completed in 1999. Additional drilling programs from 2006 to 2010 with step-outs to deeper levels and along strike significantly increased the resource estimate and provided a base for calculating a resource estimate for the NOS. Drilling in 2011 and 2012 focused on a new zone along strike from the NOS, referred to as the northwest extension, on down-dip extensions to the south ore shoot, and on the nearby Kokarpinar vein.
 
The Kokarpinar vein is parallel to and east of the Kestane Beleni vein. We have drilled widely spaced exploration holes and obtained potentially economic grades from both surface samples and drillhole intercepts.
 
Soil and rock chip geochemical survey programs have been carried out as well as detailed geological mapping.   The soil geochemistry surveys have identified several zones with multi-element anomalies. These anomalies are especially strong over the Kestane Beleni vein and the central part of the Kokarpinar vein.
 
In 2014 and 2015, soil sampling was extended to cover the area west of the Kestane Beleni vein. New vein targets hosted in phyllite were identified in the Karabag and Dedebag areas as a result of this work. The veins are particularly anomalous in silver.  Exploration drilling programs in 2015 focused on extensions to known mineralization on the Kokarpinar vein and new targets in the Goktepe area. A total of 5,824 metres were drilled at these targets.
 
Mineralization
 
Two major veins host mineralization, Kestane Beleni and Kokarpinar, with the former containing the current reserves and most of the current resources. Vein mineralogy is variable but primarily consists of quartz, rhodonite (commonly replaced by rhodochrosite), adularia, and sulfide assemblages of pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Crustiform-colloform textures characterize the veins in addition to multi-stage breccias that were likely the result of shallow-level boiling. Most of the gold is very fine (3 to 30 microns), occurring as free grains in quartz and carbonate, and as inclusions in sulphide minerals. Lower grade mineralized stockworks occur peripheral to the ore shoots, and are most strongly developed in hangingwall rocks. Both veins strike northwesterly (320°-340°), dip 60°E to 70°E, and can be traced on surface for over a kilometre. The veins commonly have faults with post-mineral movement along either hangingwall or footwall contacts, or within the veins themselves.  The Kestane Beleni vein’s three ore shoots (south, middle and north) differ slightly in strike and dip orientation, but the vein and the fault zone is continuous between them.
 
Drilling
 
Drilling campaigns were conducted between 1992 and 1997, and from 2006 to 2015. To date, 295 core holes have been drilled totaling 122,000 metres, and 234 reverse-circulation holes totaling 31,500 metres. All diamond drilling was done with wire line core rigs of mostly HQ size (63.5mm). Drillers placed the core into wooden core boxes. Each box held about 4 metres of core.
 
Geological and geotechnical data was collected from the core, and the core was photographed (wet) before sampling. Core recovery in the mineralized units was very good. The core library is kept in storage facilities near the site.
 
Sampling and analysis
 
A five foot or ten foot single tube core barrel is used to collect samples. Sample intervals from 0.1 metres to 1.6 metres were selected by the geologist and marked in the core boxes. Individual samples were then cut using a diamond rock saw. After initial crushing, each sample was split to approximately one kilogram, and then pulverized and split again into two 200 g pulps. One of these was shipped to the analytical laboratory and the other, with the approximately one kilogram of reject material, was put into storage.
 
The core samples were prepared at our preparation facility in Canakkale in northwestern Turkey by inserting a SRM, a duplicate and a blank sample into the sample stream at every eighth sample. Pulp samples were shipped to ALS Chemex Analytical Laboratory. These were assayed for gold by 30 g fire
 
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assay with an atomic absorption finish (with a gravimetric finish re-assay for samples returning initial values greater than  10 g/t), and for other elements using fusion digestion and ICP analysis.
 
The database used to estimate the annual mineral resources is regularly checked against the original source data. Survey and assay data are checked for discrepancies and corrected before entering them into the resource database. Newer data entered directly into the database are periodically compared to original electronic certificates (assays), downhole measurements and collar survey data. In our opinion, the Efemcukuru deposit assay database is accurate and precise enough to estimate resources.
 
Technical report
 
The information about Efemcukuru in this AIF is partly based on the scientific and technical data in the Efemcukuru technical report: Technical Report on the Efemcukuru Project .
 
Qualified persons: Stephen Juras, Ph.D., P. Geo. of Eldorado.
 
The report is dated September 17, 2007, effective August 1, 2007, and is available under Eldorado Gold’s name on SEDAR ( www.sedar.com ) and EDGAR ( www.sec.gov ).
 
Operations
 
Efemcukuru is a high grade underground deposit with the gold occurring as free gold closely associated with sulphides. The ore is mined using conventional mechanized cut and fill along with some opportunity for longhole mining methods.
 
The ore is processed through milling and gravity circuits followed by flotation to produce a flotation concentrate and a gravity concentrate. The gravity concentrate is refined to dore on site. As part of our operating agreement, we were transporting the flotation concentrate to a treatment plant (KCTP) located at Kisladag, where it was treated in a dedicated cyanide leach plant. In late 2012 and 2013, the flotation concentrate was sold under contract to the spot market while the KCTP was under review to improve gold recoveries. A decision was taken late in 2013 to decommission the KCTP and continue to sell the product under contract to third parties.
 
The flotation tailings are filtered and either placed back underground as paste fill or placed in a lined dry stack tailings facility.
 
During 2015, Efemcukuru mined 457,000 tonnes of ore at 7.85 g/t gold and treated 455,000 tonnes of ore and recovered 108,000 ounces of gold in concentrate and gravity dore.
 
In 2015, 99,147 payable ounces of gold from concentrate and the gravity circuit combined were sold.
 
 Litigation
 
Mineral license litigation:
 
On December 3, 2004, certain third parties filed litigation against the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The parties were seeking to cancel the mineral license for Efemcukuru on the basis of an alleged threat to the water quality in the local catchment area. Tuprag was accepted as a co-defendant in the cases alongside the defendant ministry.
 
Turkey's Lower Administrative Court issued a negative decision, delaying the start of mining activities at Efemcukuru in December 2004. The High Administrative Court overturned the decision in December 2005, referred the case back to the Lower Administrative Court, and our mining license was re-issued.
 
The Lower Administrative Court formed a new expert committee to review the case. The majority of experts were in favour of the project and on June 15, 2007, the court ruled unanimously in favour of the project.
 
The decision was appealed to the High Administrative Court, and the decision was overturned on March 31, 2008. Tuprag appealed this decision. On March 10, 2009, the appeal was refused, and the case referred back to the Lower Administrative Court. The lower court formed a new expert committee to review the case and on June 2, 2011, the Court unanimously ruled in favour of the project. On September 6, 2012, the 8 th department High Administrative Court confirmed the ruling of the Lower Administrative Court. The plaintiffs exercised their right to appeal to the 8th Department of the High Administrative Court to
 
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reconsider its decision. On November 28, 2013, the 8 th department High Administrative Court re-confirmed its decision in favour of the validity of the license and the case was closed.
 
Environmental Impact Assessment Litigation:
 
On January 26, 2009, the High Administrative Court delivered a positive decision in Tuprag’s favour in a case brought by certain third parties seeking to cancel the EIA for Efemcukuru issued by the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (former Ministry of Environment and Forests).  The unsuccessful litigants appealed this decision to the High Administrative Court requesting that its decision be reconsidered.  On November 12, 2013, the 14 th Department of the High Administrative Court re-confirmed its decision in favour of the project and the case was closed.
 
On April 24, 2013, certain parties filed litigation against the Environmental Certificate for Efemçukuru issued in December 2012 by the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning for the expansion of the mine from 250 Ktpa to 600 Ktpa.  The case was heard by the 1 st Administrative Court in Izmir. A request for an immediate injunction was rejected by the court and the appeal of this decision was rejected by the Izmir District Appeals Court.  Tuprag was accepted as a co-defendant next to the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. The court formed an expert committee to review the Revised Environmental Certificate. On April 16, 2015, the court made a negative decision in the case based on comments in the expert report. Tuprag has appealed the decision to the 14 th Department of the High Administrative which is now reviewing the case.
 
On December 15, 2015, certain third parties filed litigation against the revised 600 Ktpa EIA seeking to cancel the November 17, 2015 positive opinion. The cases are being heard at the 6 th Administrative Court of Izmir. Tüprag has been accepted as a co-defendant next to the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. The court is in the process of forming an expert committee to prepare an evaluation of the completeness and accuracy of the EIA to form the basis for a decision in the case.
 
We believe that we will successfully defend this litigation against the revised 600 Ktpa EIA.  If we do not succeed, our ability to operate Efemcukuru may be adversely affected, which may adversely affect our production and revenue.
 
Operation Permit litigation:
 
On September 7, 2012, certain parties filed litigation against the Izmir Province Special Administration, seeking to cancel the Operation Permit for Efemcukuru on the basis that the Efemcukuru Mining License and the Environmental Positive Opinion are unlawful.  Tuprag has become a co-defendant in this case. On September 20, 2013 the 3rd Administrative Court of Izmir rejected the claims of the defendants and ruled in favor of the validity of the Operation Permit. The plaintiffs exercised their right to appeal this decision to the High Administrative Court in Ankara. On June 23, 2014, the decision of 3 rd Administrative Court of Izmir was upheld by the 8 th Department of the High Administrative Court. The unsuccessful litigants exercised their right to appeal to the High Administrative Court requesting that it reconsider its decision. A decision on this appeal is pending. On April 14, 2015 the 8 th Department of the High Administrative Court re-confirmed its’ decision in favor of the Operation Permit and the case was effectively closed.
 
Environmental License Litigation:
 
On September 28, 2012, certain third parties filed litigation against the Environmental License issued by the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. The case was heard by the 4 th Administrative Court of Izmir.  On the July 17, 2014 the 4 th Administrative Court of Izmir rejected the claims of the plaintiffs and ruled in favour of the Environmental License’s validity. The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the 14 th Department of the High Administrative Court in Ankara. On April 21, 2015 the 14 th Department of the High Administrative Court ruled in favor of the Environmental License. The Plaintiffs have exercised their right to ask the court to reconsider its’ decision and the court is in the process of reviewing the case.
 
We believe that we will successfully defend this litigation.  If we do not succeed, our ability to operate Efemcukuru may be adversely affected, which may adversely affect our production and revenue.
 
In addition to the litigation brought against Tuprag described above, Tuprag is, from time to time, involved in various claims, legal proceedings and complaints, including pertaining to our operating and
 
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environmental licenses and permits, arising in the normal course of business.  Eldorado Gold and Tuprag cannot reasonably predict the likelihood or outcome of these actions.
 
For further description of all of our risks see pages 87 to 122 .

 

 
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 Jinfeng
Material property under NI 43-101
 
location	Guizhou Province, China	
 ownership	82%
through Sino Jinfeng Mining, an indirectly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold.
The remaining 18% of Sino Jinfeng Mining is owned by Guizhou Lannigou Gold Mine Limited (Lannigou) pursuant to a joint venture agreement	
type of mine	underground	
metal	gold	
in situ gold as of December 31, 2015*	proven and probable reserves: 1.86 million ounces
grade: 3.83 g/t
measured and indicated resources: 2.50 million ounces
grade: 3.91 g/t
inferred resources: 0.96 million ounces
grade: 3.83 g/t	
average annual production**	125,000  ounces	
expected mine life**	14 years, based on current proven and probable reserves	
employees	798 (including 214 contractors)	
*   Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.

History
 
early 1980’s	No. 117 Team of Guizhou Metallurgical Design and Research Institute discovered Jinfeng.	
2001	SGML entered into a joint venture with Guizhou Lannigou Gold Mine Limited.	
2002	SGML carried out drilling to further delineate the resource, adding to the size of the deposit.	
2004	Feasibility study completed.	
2005	Development began.	
2007	Production began in May.
Commercial production started in September.	
2008	Bio-Oxidation refractory ore treatment circuit (BIOX) fully commissioned.	
2009	Eldorado Gold acquired SGML.	
2012	Updated NI 43-101 Technical Report.	

 
35

 
 
Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Surface rights	Projects consist of 2 exploration licenses and one mining license, controlled by the joint venture company:
• Lannigou, covers 5.94 km 2 , issued September 14, 2012, expired September 14, 2014.
• Anbao, covers 19.7 km 2 , issued November 3, 2012, expired November 3, 2014;
• The Lannigou and Anbao licenses are centred around 105º31’ E and 25º5’ N. The exploration licenses are uneven shapes with multiple individual reference points; and
• The exploration licenses are both under application for extension.
The existing licenses are sufficient for the current planned mine life.	
Mining License	The Jinfeng Mining License no. 1000000510057, covers 1.2843 km 2 , issued May 2005, and expires May 2017. The license covers 750 metres above sea level to 250 metres below sea level. The ML is centred around 105º52’ E and 25º9’ N.	
Permits	Gold operating permit, issued December 25, 2006, expires December 25, 2016. We currently have the required licenses and permits to support our mining operations.
Jinfeng’s environmental impact assessment report (Jinfeng EIA) was completed in July 2004 and approved by Guizhou Province Environmental Protection Bureau in September of that year. Guizhou Provincial Environmental Bureau issued the final environmental project approval in December 2008. The Jinfeng EIA identified a number of environmental risks and defined a number of measures to avoid or minimize potential environmental impacts.	
Royalties & Taxes	Sino Jinfeng Mining pays a royalty of 3% of the net sales revenue of the gold produced at Jinfeng each year to Lannigou.
A royalty is payable to   Biomin South Africa Pty Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gold Fields Limited, based on a dollar amount per ounce of gold produced in connection with the use of Biomin’s BIOX ® Process.
 
Sino Jinfeng Mining also pays an annual resource compensation fee of 2.57% of gold sales to the province.
 
The corporate income tax rate applicable to Jinfeng is currently 25%.	

Costs and revenue
 
 	2015	2016 – Forecast 1	
Production	149,655	95,000 – 105,000 Oz	
Cash Operating Cost per ounce (C1)	$587	$700 to $750	
Sustaining Capital 2	$10.0 M	$15.0 M	
1 See Production outlook, guidance and estimates and forward looking information on page 4 for more information
2 See page 14 for information on how sustaining capital is calculated

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Cash operating cost (C1) is built up from mining, process and G&A costs. The following table outlines these costs for 2015.
 
 	2015 Actual costs
(per tonne treated)	
Mining	$ 24.44	
Process	$ 28.74	
G&A	$ 10.07	
Other*	$ 4.12	
Total	$67.37	
* Other includes items that are not included directly in any of the other lines but are included in C1 costs. This includes items such as transport and refining, inventory change and any other metal credits.	
 
Operating Costs will increase in 2016 on a ‘per tonne’ basis mainly as a result of lower tonnage throughput due to the completion of the open pit.
 
Sustaining Capital costs for 2016 estimated at $ 15 million, which is in line with 2015 spending of $ 10 million.  Capital spending will consist mainly of underground development, equipment overhauls and ventilation upgrades in the underground mine.
 
About the property
 
Jinfeng is in Guizhou Province in southern China, 180 km southwest of Guiyang, the provincial capital, and 68 km southeast of Zhenfeng County centre, in the Qianxinan Prefecture.  There are three administrative villages in the Jinfeng area: Lannigou, Jinshan and Niluo. Populations range from 1,000 to 1,700 people. The nearest large population centre is Lannigou village, which is approximately 1.6 km from the mine and 1.9 km from the flotation tailings storage facility.
 
The mine is connected to the provincial highways by an 84 km unsealed “Class 4” access road built and maintained by the provincial government. The access road is currently being upgraded to a “Class 2” sealed road, with works expected to be completed in 2017. Water is pumped to the plant from the Luofan River through a 3 km pipeline. Electrical power is supplied by a 42 km long, 110kV electric power line from Zhenfeng, which is connected to the provincial electrical grid. A 22 km feeder line from Ceheng was added on April 25, 2009, to double the power supply feed. Jinfeng also has two tailings storage facilities, waste storage and a metallurgical plant onsite.
 
Climate
 
Guizhou Province is in the subtropical monsoon zone, which has a humid climate with hot summers and mild winters. The mine is designed to operate all year. The average annual rainfall is 1,200 mm, which falls primarily from May to September. The temperature ranges between 6°C and 30°C, with a yearly average of 19°C.
 
Geological setting
 
Jinfeng is a sediment-hosted gold deposit with Carlin-like characteristics. The host rocks are Triassic in age and comprise a folded sequence of calcareous sandstone and mudstone. Folds and faults record at least two periods of superimposed NE-SW shortening that alternate with periods of extension.  Gold was introduced late in this deformation sequence.  The main ore controls are broad fault zones that cut earliest folds but were reactivated during later deformation events.
 
Exploration and development
 
The Jinfeng deposit was discovered by the Guizhou 117 Brigade in the early 1980s during follow-up of regional stream sediment surveys which identified strongly anomalous gold and arsenic values in the deposit area. Systematic subsequent exploration work included geological mapping, surface trenching, diamond drilling and excavation of a number of exploration adits.

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After entering into a joint venture agreement with Guizhou Lannigou Gold Mine Limited in 2001, Sino Gold completed detailed infill drilling of the deposit and began reconnaissance exploration activities in the surrounding region. Current exploration activities are focused on extending the known underground resource by targeting the F3/F2, F6 and F7 mineralized fault zones through underground and surface drilling.
 
Mineralization
 
Gold mineralization is superimposed on the complexly deformed sedimentary sequence with most ore occurring in three fault zones, referred to as the F2, F3 and F6 faults.  Higher grades occur at fault intersections and within favourable lithologic units. The deposit has been defined for a strike length of over 1,200 metres and to a vertical depth of 1,100 metres, and individual mineralized zones are typically 10 to 50 metres wide.  Mineralization styles include carbonaceous breccia, fault gouge seams and styolitic shear veins, silicified wall rock, breccias and veins with illite-dolomite alteration, and quartz-dolomite-orpiment veins and stockwork. Gold occurs in arsenical rims on fine-grained pyrite-marcasite with late arsenopyrite and arsenic-antimony minerals.
 
Drilling
 
Data supporting the Jinfeng mineral resource is drawn from HQ and NQ diameter diamond drill holes drilled from surface locations and underground headings.
 
Since Sino Gold acquired the project in 2001, considerable infill drilling of the deposit and reconnaissance exploration drilling in the surrounding region have been conducted. Between 2001 and 2008, approximately 490 exploration drill holes, or 197,000 metres, were drilled to delineate the resource and to test additional targets on the property. Strong gold mineralization and intense alteration have been intercepted in drillholes at depths exceeding 1,000 metres.
 
Subsequent to Eldorado’s acquisition of Sino Gold, ongoing exploration drilling, beginning in 2010, has totalled 59,045 metres in 260 drill holes from underground platforms and 27,778 metres in 94 drill holes from surface sites.
 
Sampling and analysis
 
During drilling, drillers place the core into labeled plastic core trays at the drill rig, and mark them before they are brought to the core shed facilities. Geological and geotechnical data are collected from the core and transferred to the project drill database. Core recovery in the mineralized zones is very good, averaging 94%.  Sample intervals averaging 1.0 metre were selected by the geologist and marked in the core boxes. These were then sawn in half with a diamond saw. One half was submitted for assay and one half retained for reference on site. Sample intervals from underground preproduction holes were sampled in their entirety.
 
After initial crushing, the samples were pulverized to pass minus 200 mesh. A 200 gm split was set aside for analysis. Prior to analysis, quality control samples, a SRM, a duplicate sample and a blank sample were inserted into the sample stream at about every twenty-fifth sample.
 
Samples were analyzed by the Jinfeng mine laboratory using standard AAS-graphite furnace assaying after aqua regia digestion and hydrofluoric acid treatment to completely liberate all trace constituents from silicate mineral matrices, with approximately 5% to 10% of the samples sent to the ALS facility in Guangzhou for third party quality monitoring.
 
Monitoring of the control samples, using Jinfeng’s quality assurance and quality control program, and the third party laboratory results, showed all data were in control during the preparation and analytical processes.
 
Another form of verification is the reconciliation to production of mined portions of the resource model. Results to date have shown very good agreement between mined and milled production and the long-term mineral resource model.
 
In our opinion, these observations demonstrate that the data gathered and measured for the purposes of estimating the gold grades at the Jinfeng gold mine are verified and the Jinfeng deposit assay database is accurate and precise enough to support mineral resource estimation.

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Technical report
 
The information about Jinfeng in this AIF is partly based on the scientific and technical data in the Jinfeng technical report, Technical Report for Jinfeng Gold Mine, China.
 
Qualified persons: Stephen Juras, Ph. D., P.Geo, Paul Skayman, FAusIMM, Norm Pitcher, P.Geo, and Richard Miller, P.Eng., all of Eldorado.
 
The report is dated January 13, 2012 and effective March 15, 2011. It is available under Eldorado Gold’s name on SEDAR ( www.sedar.com ) and EDGAR ( www.sec.gov ).
 
Operations
 
Jinfeng operates an underground mine with open pit operations completed in May 2015. In 2016, it is planned that approximately 857,000 tonnes of ore from the underground mine will be extracted. The underground mine will advance its capital developments in order to increase future production to meet mill capacity, by developing approximately 450 meters below current workings, down to the limits of the Mining Licence.
 
In the underground mine, Jinfeng uses a fully mechanized cut and fill method, as well as a long hole stoping method, with trackless mining equipment designed for areas that can be as narrow as 4 metres wide. Mined areas have been in the past backfilled with crushed waste, tailings and cement. As of August 2014, mined areas are backfilled with classified cemented process tailings.
 
The process plant is designed to optimize gold recovery and minimize the cost of production. The process includes primary crushing, SAG milling, ball milling, bulk flotation, thickening, BIOX ® and neutralization, CIL, AARL elution and tailings detoxification and CIL tails filtration. Tailings from flotation and leaching are kept in separate storage facilities to prevent biocides from getting back into the process water circuit.
 
Jinfeng ore is refractory in nature, with most of the gold encapsulated in sulphide minerals, so the gold is not easily recovered using a conventional CIL circuit. The processing plant uses BIOX ® technology, which oxidises the sulphide minerals using bacteria and exposes the gold before CIL processing. The process was selected as the most efficient oxidation and extraction method for this ore type. Roasting and pressure oxidation were also considered as alternative methods of treatment.
 
The process plant maximum capacity is 1.5 million tonnes of ore per year. In 2015, we processed 1.3 million tonnes of ore. Overall Recovery for 2015 was 86.2%. Budgeted recovery for 2016 is 86.2%.
 
We expect the unit cost for mining to increase as the percentage of production from the underground mine increases. We also expect that unit cost for processing to temporarily increase during the underground expansion period, and annual cost for mine support to remain constant for the rest of the mine life, except in response to changes in the costs of inputs that affect the entire gold mining industry including among other things: the cost of diesel fuel and reagents, the cost of labour, exchange rates and inflation and government fees.
 
The Chinese government plays a significant role in regulating the mining industry by instituting industrial policies. It also exercises significant control over the country’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling foreign currency-denominated obligation, controlling foreign investment and provisions in its Foreign Investment Guidelines for  Foreign Investment. China’s significant growth in the past 20 years has been uneven geographically and in different sectors of the economy, and the Chinese government has responded by implementing various measures to control the pace and location of economic growth. These measures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Companies with a foreign ownership component operating in China may be operating under a different framework than what is imposed on domestic Chinese companies. The Chinese government currently allows foreign investment in certain mining projects under central government guidelines, but any changes to the guidelines could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations at Jinfeng.
 
 Litigation
 
There are currently no known material litigation matters or outstanding actions against Sino Guizhou Jinfeng Mining Limited relating to Jinfeng.

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Sino Jinfeng Mining is, from time to time, involved in various claims, legal proceedings and complaints, including pertaining to our operating licenses and permits, arising in the normal course of business.  Eldorado Gold and Sino Jinfeng Mining cannot reasonably predict the likelihood or outcome of these actions.
 
For further description of all of our risks see pages 87 to 122 .

 
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 Olympias
Material property under NI 43-101
 
location	Halkidiki Peninsula, northern Greece	
ownership	95%
through Hellas Gold, an indirectly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold
 
The remaining 5% of Hellas Gold is owned by Aktor Enterprises Limited (“Aktor”) pursuant to a shareholders agreement	
type of mine	underground	
metal	gold, silver, lead, zinc	
in situ metals as of December 31, 2015*
 	proven and probable reserves – 4.07 million ounces Au at 7.87 g/t; 66.3 million ounces Ag at 128 g/t; 693,000 tonnes Pb at 4.3 %; 921,000 tonnes Zn at 5.7 %
 
measured and indicated resources – underground 4.36   million ounces Au at 8.97 g/t; 70.7 million ounces Ag at 146 g/t; 742,000 tonnes Pb at 4.9 %; 983,000 tonnes Zn at 6.5%
 
inferred resources: 1.06 million ounces Au at 8.34 g/t, 15.1 million ounces Ag at 118 g/t, 153,000 tonnes at 3.9% Pb, 171,000 tonnes Zn at 4.3%.	
average annual production metals**
 	underground mine production - phase 2;385,000 tonnes per annum, 60,000 ounces Au, 1.1 million ounces Ag, 12,500 tonnes Pb & Zn
 
underground mine expansion – phase 3;  900,000 tonnes per annum, 175,000 ounces Au, 2.7 million ounces Ag, 29,000 tonnes Pb, 36,000 tonnes Zn	
expected mine life**	25 years, based on 2015 mineral reserve estimate, and dependent on timing of conversion from phase 2 to phase 3	
employees	628 (including 172 contractors)	
*   Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.

History
 
historic times	Bulk of ores at Olympias above water table were extracted by 300 BC.	
1933	Shaft sunk to 74 metres depth with some drifting.	
1954	Owners commenced exploration; thin, discontinuous sulphide lenses encountered (and many ancient workings).	
1965-66	Further drilling intersected 10 metres of lead-zinc mineralization 20 metres below the 1933 shaft.	
1970	Ownership transferred to Hellenic Fertilizer Company; ramp was started and production commenced in West orebody.	
1974-84	Mine was developed to mine lead and zinc. Shaft was sunk to the -312 metre level; high grade mineralization of East orebody intersected; highly profitable mining using sub-level caving; eventual transition to less profitable drift-and-fill mining due to excessive dilution, ground subsidence and water problems.	

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1991	Hellenic Fertilizer Company went into receivership; mine continued production under subsidy from Greek government.	
1995	Ownership transferred to TVX Gold Inc. (TVX); production suspended to allow for drilling to define resources.	
1998-99	TVX completed drilling campaign (760 holes, 91,319 metres) and issued Mineral Resource estimation; initial feasibility study completed.	
2004	Aktor acquired mining concessions holding 317 km 2 including the Olympias and Skouries deposits together with the remaining Kassandra Mines through its subsidiary Hellas Gold.
 
The Hellas Gold acquisition of the Kassandra Mines was ratified by parliament and passed into law in January 2004 (National Law no. 3220/2004).
 
European Goldfields acquired its initial ownership percentage interest in Hellas Gold from Aktor through its wholly owned subsidiary European Goldfields Mining (Netherlands) B.V.	
2007	European Goldfields increased share ownership of Hellas Gold to 95% (with 5% held by Aktor).	
2011	EIS approved by Greek government.	
2012	Eldorado acquired the project via the acquisition of European Goldfields.
Commenced tailings re-treatment and rehabilitation of the underground mine.	
2015	Development of Phase II design to handle underground ore at a throughput of 400,000 tpa to produce lead/silver, zinc and gold concentrate.
 
Scoping level analysis of Phase III.	

Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Surface rights	Two mining concessions (F13, F14) covering 49.7 km 2 , granted until March 6, 2026; can be extended twice for durations of 25 years each.	
Permits	The MOE formally approved the EIS submitted by Hellas Gold for the three mine sites of Hellas Gold in what is known as the Kassandra Mines and involves an area of 26,400 ha, in north-eastern Halkidiki (Macedonia Region). This covered the continued operation of Stratoni and for the development of Olympias and Skouries, thus completing the official approval process for the EIS.
 
The EIS covering Olympias, Skouries and Stratoni mine was submitted by Hellas Gold in August 2010 and was approved in July 2011. This EIS covers all environmental issues for the project.
 
For production to commence, the MOE require the submission of a technical study. This was submitted and in early 2012, the technical study was approved by the Greek MOE.
 
An installation permit is required to complete the works around the process plant for Phase 2 to commence. This was applied for during December 2015 and was issued on March 22 nd , 2016.
 
Accumulating environmental impact is anticipated only in the Kokkinolakas brownfield area where the new Olympias concentrator and tailings disposal facility	

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 	will be constructed. The remainder of the infrastructure components are distant from each other and therefore there will not be any significant accumulating impact on the morphology of the area under study.
 
No significant impact is expected either quantitatively or in quality on the water in the immediate mining and processing areas or those areas within the immediate regional water system. Olympias has been designed such that any leakage can be managed and controlled. The overall impacts are assessed as moderately positive due to the rehabilitation of the old tailings ponds and permanent restoration of the valley site when the main Olympias processing operations move to the Kokkinolakas Valley.
 
Hellas Gold has provided a €50.0 million Letter of Guarantee to the MOE of Greece as security for the due and proper performance of rehabilitation works in relation to the mining and metallurgical facilities of the Kassandra Mines project and the removal, cleaning and rehabilitation of the all the old disturbed areas from the historic mining activity in the wider area of the project. 
 
For further information on the Company’s investment plans in Greece, please refer to the 2016 Milestones on page 8.	
 
Royalties and taxes
 	Based on current Greek tax legislation, royalties are applicable on active mining titles.  The royalty is calculated on a sliding scale tied to metal prices. At $1,100 / oz gold, $16 / oz silver, $1,800 / tonne lead and $2,000 / tonne zinc, Hellas Gold would pay a royalty of approximately 1.5% on gold revenues, 1.5% on silver revenues, 0.5% on lead revenues and 1.0% on zinc revenues.
 
The corporate income tax rate for Greek companies is currently 29%.	
 
Costs and revenue
 
For the period of tailings retreatment, production is defined as non-commercial.
 
 	2015	2016 – Forecast 1	
Production	16,396 ounces	n/a	
Cash Operating Cost per ounce (C1)	n/a	n/a	
Sustaining Capital 2	n/a	n/a	
1 See Production outlook, guidance and estimates and forward looking information on page 4 for more information

About the property
 
Olympias is located in the Halkidiki peninsula, of the Central Macedonia Province in Northern Greece. Olympias is within a group of granted mining and exploration concessions covering 317 km 2 , approximately 100 km east of Thessaloniki. The area is centred on coordinates 474000E and 4488000N of the Hellenic Geodetic Reference System HGRS ‘80, Ellipsoid GRS80 (approximately Latitude 40° 36’ E and Longitude 23°50’ N). It is readily accessible by road; the road network in the area is among the best in Northern Greece and a major highway has been constructed extending east from Thessaloniki to 15 km north of the property. Olympias lies 9 km north-northwest of the Stratoni port and loading facility, on a paved road along the coast.
 
The area is wooded with oak, beech and pine being the principal species, while inland there are vineyards and farmlands. The main farming products are grapes, honey and olives.
 
Climate
 
The Halkidiki Peninsula climate is generally mild with limited rainfall. Over 300 days or around 3,000 hours of sunshine are recorded on average annually. Average temperatures fluctuate little during the year. The lowest temperatures occur during December to February ranging between 3.5°C to 19°C, while highest

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temperatures occur during summer months and range between 23°C and 34°C. Temperatures below 0°C are limited to the mountainous areas. Operations can continue year round.
 
Geological setting
 
Olympias is a gold-rich polymetallic carbonate replacement deposit hosted in strongly deformed metamorphic rocks of the Paleozoic Kerdylia Formation of the Serbo-Macedonian Massif in northeastern Greece.  The host rocks consist of biotite gneiss and schist interlayered with marble horizons, irregular pegmatite lenses and aplite. The marble horizons host the ore zones at the Olympias deposit.

Exploration and development
 
The Hellenic Fertilizer Company carried out extensive programs of surface and underground drilling in order to define orebody dimensions and to explore the area around them. Partial logs are available for this work but none of the original cores are preserved in labelled boxes, none of the holes were surveyed and no assays, certifiable or otherwise have been found. It is believed that ore was identified solely by visual assessment of the core. Where available, the partial logs of this work have been entered into the database for the purposes of guiding exploration work and for use in the modelling of major geological units.
 
After 1996, TVX conducted an intense program of drilling as detailed in the Drilling section, below. By February 1999, TVX had completed a drill program comprising 760 holes totalling 91,300 metres. A mineral resource estimation was completed in June 1998 and used in a feasibility study completed by Aker Kvaerner, now Jacobs Engineering. No further exploration has been carried out. Key areas of the orebody have had the interpolation checked and the overall geostatistical parameters have been checked. In 2013 Eldorado conducted a drill core relogging campaign of existing core (664 holes totalling 88,000 metres) to improve the understanding and interpretation of the geology models.  These updated models were used as the basis to create a new resource model for the deposit.  This work also identified numerous exploration targets for future underground drilling programs in and around the current known ore lenses.
 
Mineralization
 
The Olympias deposit comprises multiple massive sulphide lenses which together extend in a north northeast direction for over 1.5 km.  The deposit plunges 30° to 35° to the southwest, and individual lenses have an average thickness of 12 m. Two main end-member ore types are recognised; a base metal-rich ore type and a high arsenic-silica, high gold ore type. The latter typically occurs in the core of the ore lenses and is dominated by grey arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite and subordinate galena and sphalerite with quartz-rich gangue. Gold grades are typically >10 to 30 g/t in this ore type. The base metal-rich ore is characterized by variable pyrite, galena and sphalerite with lesser arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite, and calcite-rich gangue. Gold grades are commonly in the range of 2 to 10 g/t. Both ore types locally contain spectacular bladed to dendritic arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite with massive base metal sulphides.
 
Drilling
 
Only those holes drilled by TVX since 1996 were utilised for mineral resource estimation purposes as there is no means of validating those drilled by earlier operators. TVX drilled some 760 holes totalling 91,319 metres.
 
The orebodies at Olympias were drilled on a nominal 25 metres to 45 metres spacing and the deposit is open down dip and along strike to the west. The drill orientation with respect to ore was variable since most of the holes were drilled in fans from mine infrastructure close to the orebody. Angles to the strike and dip of the orebody range from perpendicular, where drill widths represent true widths, to as low as 30° where drill widths can represent twice the true widths. All drilling in the current mineral resource was conducted by TVX and the logs to these drill holes and the sample quality control have been validated.
 
Sampling and   analysis
 
After the core was brought from the underground or the surface drilling rig, geological and geotechnical logging was completed.
 
The sampling interval through the ore zone was 1 metre, except when lithological changes occurred. The sampling interval was adjusted so that different rock types were sampled separately. In general, 5 metres to 10 metres of waste into the hanging wall and footwall was sampled using two metre regular intervals and analysis of fully sampled cores has shown that this was sufficient to verify any low grade
 
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mineralization in the country rocks around the main zones. 13,500 samples were taken over the 1,500 metres strike of the orebody. No factors were found to have affected the accuracy of the sampling and they have been found to be representative.
 
After geological and geotechnical logging, samples were defined as described above and the core was split longitudinally by diamond saw. Samples were then placed in labelled plastic bags and sent to the Stratoni Laboratory in Greece for sample preparation. The remaining half core was stored in a core shed until 2002 and was then containerised.  These containers were kept locked on site until the 2013 re-logging program.
 
All samples were routinely assayed for gold, silver, lead, zinc and arsenic. Initially, SGS Laboratories in Carcassonne, France were used for gold assays, while the remaining elements were determined at the Stratoni Laboratory. The Stratoni Laboratory was used for primary assays for data up to 2003 which includes all data relating to Olympias. This procedure was followed for the first 2,000 in-fill samples. Approximately 12% of these were sent to Chemex Laboratories in Canada to be assayed for all five elements as part of the QC procedure. The laboratories used fire assay with AAS finish on 50g samples for gold determination. AAS was used for the base metals. Gold showed satisfactory results but silver and lead determined at the Stratoni Laboratory showed high negative bias compared to Chemex Laboratories while zinc and arsenic results showed no bias. It was decided to keep the SGS Laboratory gold assays for the first 2,000 samples but to re-assay all ore samples for silver, lead, zinc and arsenic at Chemex Laboratories and use Chemex Laboratories for the remainder of the project.
 
Subsequently, 9% of pulps were submitted on a routine basis to ALS-Geolab in Chile for check assaying. Statistical analysis of check assays for zinc and arsenic were within acceptable standards. Gold assays varied by 2% with Chemex Laboratories providing the more conservative assay results. Some 4% of the coarse rejects were submitted under a different name to the Stratoni sample preparation facility and, following homogenisation, were split using a Jones splitter and a 400gm sample pulverised and split into two. The results from the coarse reject re-assays indicated that the Stratoni sample preparation facility was operated in accordance with high procedural standards.
 
The Hellas Gold core re-logging campaign also served as a verification program due to the visual nature of the sulphide mineralization.  No critical discrepancies were uncovered when assay data were compared to visual percent sulphide minerals for the re-logged drill holes.
 
Environment
 
The Olympias project is covered by an  EIS that includes the three mine sites of Hellas Gold known as the Kassandra Mines, involving an area of 26,400 ha, in north-eastern Halkidiki (Macedonia Region).

The MOE of Greece formally approved the “EIS for the Mining and Metallurgical Installations of the overall Kassandra Mines project”, including:
 
·	Continuation of operations at the Mavres Petres deposit of the Stratoni mine;	
·	Development, mining, and processing of ore at Olympias Mine;	
·	Metallurgical treatment of concentrate of Olympias and Skouries mines in the Stratoni valley.	
·	Reclamation of the Olympias valley by extracting ore from Olympias through a tunnel to the metallurgical plant in the Stratoni valley;	
·	Development of the Skouries asset; mining facilities, new beneficiation plant and tailings facilities; and	
·	Expansion of the port facilities at Stratoni in service of the above projects' operations.	
 
ENVECO S.A., Environmental Protection, Management and Economy S.A., under Hellas Gold’s management, has authored the full EIS which was prepared in accordance with the legislation, standards and directives required by the Greek and European Community legislation in force, and principally: 
 
·	Law 1650/86 - ’The Protection of the Environment from Projects and Activities’, as amended by Law 3010/2002;	
·	Law 998/79 (OGG 289/29-12-1979) On the Protection of forests and in general forested areas of the Country; and	

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·	Law 3220/18.01.2004 (OGG 15A/2004) On the validation of the Kassandra Mines transfer to ‘’Hellas Gold S.A.’’.	
 
The EIS was submitted by Hellas Gold in August 2010 and was approved in July 2011. This EIS covers all environmental issues for the Kassandra Mines project. The Kassandra Mines Mineral Deposit Project will be implemented by Hellas Gold, which obtained the mining rights by a contract included in the National Law No. 3220/2004.

For production to commence, the Greek mining legislation require the submission of a technical study for each of Skouries, Olympias and Stratoni mines.  These were submitted and in early 2012, the technical studies were approved by the Greek MOE.

Technical report
 
The information on Olympias in this AIF is partly based on the scientific and technical data in the Olympias technical report prepared for European Goldfields: Technical Report on the Olympias Project, Au Pb Zn Ag Deposit, Northern Greece.
 
Qualified persons: Patrick Forward, FIMMM, and Antony Francis, FIMMM, both of whom were employed by European Goldfields at the time the report was filed.
 
The report is dated July 14, 2011 and is available on SEDAR at ( www.sedar.com ) and EDGAR ( www.sec.gov ) under the name Eldorado Gold Yukon Corp. (formerly European Goldfields Limited and now Eldorado Gold (BC) Corp.).
 
Operations
 
Olympias is a previously producing gold-lead-zinc-silver mine on care and maintenance from 1995 through 2010 and has since been in re-development. Hellas Gold has a phased approach to developing the Olympias project:
 
●	The existing Olympias process plant has been refurbished to process the previously produced and stored tailings. This commenced in Q4 of 2012 and gold concentrate was sold from then until now as a non-commercial product. This is expected to be complete by the end of the first quarter of 2016.  During this period Hellas Gold is refurbishing and extending the existing underground infrastructure;	
●	Phase 2 involves the processing of ore from Olympias underground, through the same process plant at Olympias reconfigured to produce gold, lead / silver and zinc concentrates.  Operations will commence in 2017; and	
●	Phase 3 involves a production ramp-up on completion of the underground connection to a new surface concentrator plant at a brownfield site in the nearby Stratoni Valley.	
 
As part of the phased approach, Hellas Gold has rehabilitated the existing concentrator plant to treat the existing tailings at potentially up to 1 Mtpa and commissioning of the plant began late in the second quarter of 2012, continuing through the first quarter 2016.  The underground workings are to be refurbished and developed and ROM ore will be processed at the Olympias concentrator once the tailings reserve is depleted. Ore production in Phase 2 will reach 385 ktpa producing three concentrates for gold, lead-silver and zinc respectively. Production will be increased to 900 ktpa on completion of an 8.5 km decline (the Stratoni-Olympias Decline) linking the underground workings at Olympias to a new concentrator to be built in the Stratoni Valley.
 
The process design at both concentrators is broadly the same with the larger circuit benefiting from improved technology and higher throughput. The crushed ore will be transferred to the fine ore bin ahead of the primary mill and the secondary ball mill. The overflow from the hydro-cyclones classifier will be directed to the flotation circuit. The flotation section will produce three concentrates, firstly lead/silver; secondly zinc, and thirdly the gold bearing pyrite/arsenopyrite concentrate. Separation of the minerals into the three concentrates is achieved through a combination of pH control and conventional reagents for the depression and activation of the various mineral species. There may be no long-term surface disposal requirement in the Kokkinolakas valley as all tailings will be used in a paste fill to backfilling underground voids created by production activities.

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The facilities at Olympias include a water treatment plant. There is minimal risk associated with the concentrator process as the Olympias plant has operated successfully for many years, producing concentrates within the set metallurgical parameters. The recovery of the lead, silver, zinc and gold to their respective concentrates will be in the range of 90% based on previous operating history at Olympias and more recent metallurgical testwork. It is anticipated that with modern equipment and automated process control, the historical recoveries could be exceeded. Previous mining at Olympias was focused in the West Orebody. The proposed mine plan will complete the extraction of mineral reserves remaining in this area, but mainly mine the fully explored down dip extension to the West Orebody and the unexploited East Orebody. There are 17.3 Mt of proven and probable underground mineral reserves remaining at Olympias, which will support a maximum mining rate of approximately 900 ktpa in the later phase. The chosen mining method is drift and fill based on the geotechnical conditions, environmental requirements and it was the method previously used in the mine and is currently used at our nearby Stratoni operation. It is seen as a lower risk method, given the Company’s experience in using it, and better enables achievement of no subsidence due to the use of cemented backfill.
 
 Hellas Gold Litigation
 
The litigation below affects all of the Kassandra Mines.
 
·	European Commission proceedings	
 
In December 2008, the European Commission initiated an investigation into alleged state aid by Greece in favour of Hellas Gold based on an anonymous complaint by an individual. The complaint alleged that in 2003 Hellas Gold received state aid from Greece in respect of non-payment of real estate transfer taxes and legal fees and in respect of the price paid for the former assets of TVX.
 
The investigation was in respect to the Greek state’s compliance with its treaty obligations regarding EU competition policy. Hellas Gold itself was not under investigation and its title to the assets it acquired was not under question and is not jeopardised by any ruling respecting this investigation. The underlying premise was that state aid can be (but is not always) incompatible with the EU competition policy.
 
A decision of the European Commission of February 23, 2011 concluded that the sale of the mining assets and licenses in 2003 by the Greek state to Hellas Gold was carried out below its real market value and, therefore, involved indirect subsidies in breach of EU state aid rules. The subsidy was calculated by the European Commission at €14 million. The European Commission also asserts that Hellas Gold did not pay transaction taxes amounting to €1.34 million; and on that basis alleges that the total amount to be recovered from Hellas Gold to the Greek state is €15.3 million, plus interest.
 
Based on the legal, economic and factual elements relied upon by the European Commission in making its finding of state aid in favor of Hellas Gold, the Greek state and Hellas Gold have each sought to contest the decision on the basis that it is flawed and does not accurately reflect the entire circumstances and issues surrounding the December 2003 acquisition. Hellas Gold filed a lawsuit against the European Commission  on May 20, 2011 with serial number T-262/11   (the Greek state filed its own lawsuit against the European Commission  on April 28, 2011 with serial number T-233/11). Proceedings in the General Court of the European Court of Justice have been started and the hearing of the case took place on January 28, 2015. On December 9, 2015 the General Court of the European Court of Justice issued its decision which rejected both lawsuits filed by Hellas Gold and the Greek State challenging the fine imposed by the European Commission. Hellas Gold is currently preparing an appeal to be filed against that ruling before the European Court of Justice.
 
Related to the above proceedings, in Q3 of 2012, the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change initiated the process to recover a penalty plus interest, in an aggregate sum of €21.4 million, from Hellas Gold, as required under the EU regulations. As entitled under Greek tax law, Hellas Gold has filed a petition with the Ministry of Finance to pay the penalty and interest in monthly instalments while awaiting the appeal judgement. The application was approved in November 2012 and Hellas Gold has since paid the total amount. Upon the judgement becoming final and if Hellas Gold is successful in the matter, an application will be made to the Greek government for a refund of the penalty and interest paid.
 
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EIS litigation
 
In November 2011, third parties initiated three lawsuits against the MOE and four other Ministries before the COS - Greece's Supreme Court on matters related to environmental protection seeking cancellation of the EIS approval granted to Hellas Gold in July 2011.  The plaintiffs, the MOE and the other Ministries, Hellas Gold and various other interested parties submitted legal briefs to the COS and a court hearing was held in early June 2012.  Hellas Gold had advocated that this litigation was without merit.   On April 17, 2013 the COS issued its milestone decision No 1492/2013 on the one lawsuit, in which it determined and accepted the legality and validity of the EIS and rejected the appeal in its entirety.
 
On February 17, 2015 and February 18, 2015 respectively, the COS issued two decisions, No 549/2015 and No 551/2015, which again rejected both lawsuits and confirmed the validity of the EIS.
 
On August 19, 2015, the MOE revoked the technical study backing the EIS and Hellas Gold was forced to stop construction and operations at all sites and suspend its employees from work. An injunction filed with the COS against this order by Hellas Gold and its Unions was heard on September 15, 2015. On October 2, 2015 after the COS had heard the full case filed by Hellas Gold against the Ministry, the COS temporarily revoked the August 19, 2015 decision of the Ministry and all work resumed on October 6, 2015. The final decision from COS (217/2016) was issued on January 20, 2016 which held that the revocation of the technical permits for Olympias and Skouries by the MOE in August 2015, was null and void and that the permits are now irrevocably legal.
 
In April 2015, the MOE returned the technical files submitted by Hellas Gold for the Metallurgy plant in Kokkinolakas valley and the new flotation plant in Olympias and refused to grant approval. Hellas Gold immediately filed lawsuits against the MOE decision, and COS issued decisions 3191/2015 and 221/2016 which held illegal MOE’s return of the technical files. The COS has remanded both cases back to MOE to comply with the judgments and issue the permits.
 
For further description of all of our Risks see pages 87 to 122 .

 

48

 
Skouries
Material property under NI 43-101
 
location	Halkidiki Peninsula, northern Greece	
ownership	95%through Hellas Gold, an indirectly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold
The remaining 5% of Hellas Gold is owned by Aktor Enterprises Limited pursuant to a shareholders agreement	
type of mine	open pit, underground	
metal	gold, copper	
in situ metal as of December 31, 2015*
 	proven and probable reserves: 3.79 million ounces Au at 0.77 g/t; 776,000 tonnes Cu at 0.51%
measured and indicated resource: 5.40 million ounces Au at 0.58 g/t; 1.24 million tonnes Cu at 0.43 %
inferred resources: 1.68 million ounces at 0.31 g/t Au, 578,000 tonnes Cu at 0.34%	
average annual production (metal in concentrate)**
 	open pit (Year 1 to 6): 140,000 ounces Au, 30,000 tonnes Cu
underground (Year 7 to end of LOM): 90,000 ounces Au, 22,000 tonnes Cu	
expected mine life**	30 years, based on 2015 proven and probable reserves	
employees	235 (including 188 contractors)	

*   Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.

History
 
1960s	Initial drilling by Nippon Mining and Placer Development.	
1970s	Drilling carried out by Hellenic Fertilizer Company.	
1996-97	Ownership transferred to TVX, exploration drilling tested extensions at depth; in-fill drilling program carried out.	
1999	TVX issues Mineral Resource estimation; initial feasibility study completed.	
2004	Aktor acquired mining concessions holding 317 km 2 including the Olympias and Skouries deposits together with the remaining Kassandra Mines through its subsidiary Hellas Gold.
 
The Hellas Gold acquisition of the Kassandra Mines was ratified by parliament and passed into law in January 2004 (National Law no. 3220/2004).
 
European Goldfields acquired its initial ownership percentage interest in Hellas Gold from Aktor through its wholly owned subsidiary European Goldfields Mining (Netherlands) B.V.	
2006	European Goldfields prepared a bankable feasibility study based on an open pit operation to a depth of 240 metres followed by underground mining.	
2007	European Goldfields increased share ownership of Hellas Gold to 95% (with 5% held by Aktor).	
 
49

 

2011	EIS approved by Greek government.	
2012	Eldorado acquired the project through the acquisition of European Goldfields.	
2013	Hellas Gold commenced construction of the Skouries Mine.	
2014	Completed scoping level study on underground mine design.	
2015	Initiated work on prefeasibility study of underground mine and open pit tailings disposal.
Suspended operations at the Kassandra Mines for 6 weeks due to permitting issues with the government.	

Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Mining	Eight mining concessions (OP03, OP04, OP20, OP38, OP39, OP40, OP48, OP57) covering 55.1 km 2 , granted until March 26, 2026; can be extended twice for durations of 25 years each	
 Permits	The MOE of Greece formally approved the EIS submitted by Hellas Gold for the three mine sites of Hellas Gold in what is known as the Kassandra Mines and involves an area of 26,400 ha, in north-eastern Halkidiki (Macedonia Region). This covered the continued operation of Stratoni and for the development of Olympias and Skouries, thus completing the official approval process for the EIS.
 
For production to commence, the MOE requires the submission of a technical study. This was submitted and in early 2012, the technical study was approved by the Greek MOE.
 
An updated technical study covering aspects of the process plant and associated infrastructure was submitted to the MOE in December, 2015. Approval of the Study is expected in Q1 of 2016.
 
We have suspended construction and development activities at Skouries.  Subsequently, we received the building permit for the Skouries processing plant.  Skouries, however, remains on care and maintenance as we await the issuance of routine permits and licenses which are necessary for the project to recommence.
 
The overall EIS was submitted in August 2010 and was approved in July 2011. The EIS covers all environmental issues for Skouries.
For further information on the Company’s investment plans in Greece, please refer to the 2016 Milestones on page 8.	
Royalties and Taxes	Based on current Greek tax legislation, royalties are applicable on active mining titles.  The royalty is calculated on a sliding scale tied to metal prices. At $1,100/oz gold and $ 5,700 / tonne copper, Hellas Gold would pay a royalty of approximately 1.5% on gold revenues and 0.5% on copper revenues.
The corporate income tax rate for Greek companies is currently 29%.	

About the property
 
Skouries is located in the Halkidiki Peninsula, in the Central Macedonian Province of Northern Greece, 100 km east of Thessaloniki and 35 km by road from the Stratoni port. The area is centred on coordinates 474000E and 4488000N of the Hellenic Geodetic Reference System HGRS ’80, Ellipsoid GRS80 (approximately Latitude 40° 36’E and Longitude 23°50’N).
 
Skouries itself is located within the concessions numbered OP03, OP04, OP20, OP38, OP39, OP40, OP48 and OP57 which collectively have an area of 55.1 km 2 . The concessions were granted in April 2004 by the Greek state and are valid until 26 March 2026. They can be renewed twice for durations of 25 years
 
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each. There are no environmental liabilities attached to the property and there are no expenditure commitments.
 
The area is readily accessible by road. The road network is among the best in northern Greece and a major highway extends to within 7 km from the property. The area is wooded with oak, beech and pine being the principal species, while inland there are vineyards and farmlands. The main farming products are grapes, honey, olives, and goat cheese.
 
The area is well served by main power supplies via the Public Power Corporation. Communications by telephone and broadband are good and Hellas Gold has a backup microwave phone and data link at Stratoni. Fibre-optic cable is being installed to all the Halkidiki operations. There is sufficient water available to support the operation from creeks, re-circulated clean water from milling operations and groundwater from wells.
 
Climate
 
The Halkidiki Peninsula climate is generally mild with limited rainfall. Over 300 days or around 3,000 hours of sunshine are recorded on average annually. Temperatures fluctuate little during the year. The lowest average temperatures occur during December to February ranging between 3.5°C to 19°C, while highest average temperatures occur during summer months ranging between 23°C and 34°C. Temperatures below 0°C are limited to the mountainous areas. Operations can continue all year round.
 
Geological setting
 
The Skouries porphyry gold-copper deposit is centred on a small (less than 400m in diameter), pencil-porphyry stock that intruded schist and gneiss of the Paleozoic Vertiskos Formation of the Serbo-Macedonian Massif of northeastern Greece. The porphyry is characterized by at least four intrusive phases that are of monzonite to syenite composition, but contain an intense potassic alteration and related stockwork veining that overprints the original protolith.  Potassic alteration and copper mineralization also extend into the country rock; approximately two thirds of the measured and indicated tonnes and 40% of the contained metal are hosted outside the porphyry. The potassic alteration is syn- to late-magmatic in timing, and is characterized by K-feldspar overgrowths on plagioclase, secondary biotite replacement of igneous hornblende and biotite, and a fine-grained groundmass of K-feldspar-quartz with disseminated magnetite. The host porphyry and potassic alteration at Skouries were coeval and formed during the Early Miocene.
 
Exploration and development
 
Mineralization
 
The Skouries deposit is a typical sub-alkaline copper-porphyry deposit.  Mineralization extends for more than 920m depth from surface within a sub-vertical, pipe-like body.  Four main stages of veining are associated with copper and gold mineralization: 1) an early stage of intense quartz-magnetite stockwork; 2) quartz-magnetite veinlets with chalcopyrite ± bornite; 3) quartz-biotite-chalcopyrite ± bornite-apatite-magnetite veinlets; and 4) a localized, late stage set of pyrite ± chalcopyrite-calcite-quartz veins.
 
An oxide zone occurs from surface to between 30 metres to 50 metres depth and includes malachite, cuprite, secondary chalcocite and minor azurite, covellite, digenite and native copper.
 
Drilling
 
The historical owners, TVX, undertook 72,232 metres of drilling in three phases during 1996, 1997 and 1998. In 2012, Eldorado drilled 6,232 metres in 33 drill holes to eliminate or convert any inferred mineral resources in the pit design.  Also, as all historic core was removed from the property by the previous owner, Hellas Gold drilled 10 confirmatory holes totalling 6,550 metres through the main regions of the Au-Cu mineralization within the planned open pit and underground mine designs.  25 geotechnical drill holes totalling 11,000 metres were drilled in 2014.

Sampling and analysis
 
The mineral resource estimate was carried out using only the TVX diamond drill holes. The drilling grid pattern used was 50 metres by 50 metres. Holes were drilled at an angle of some 60° to the pipe but given the disseminated nature of the porphyry type mineralization, it would be misleading to convert intercepts to true widths on this basis.

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After geological and geotechnical logging, diamond drill holes were split lengthwise using a diamond saw. One half was stored for future reference and the other half was sampled at regular 2 metre intervals and sent for sample preparation and assaying. Each sample was given an individual sample number and the rock type was coded.
 
Drill holes SK-08 to SK-30 (15,501 metres) and SOP-1 to SOP-33 (14,932 metres) were prepared at three different laboratories: I.G.M.F at Xanthi, I.G.M.F at Athens and TVX at Stratoni, the latter by TVX personnel. Drill holes SOP-34 to SOP-39 (3,045 metres) were prepared at the Stratoni Laboratory by TVX personnel. Drill holes SOP-40 and onwards were prepared at the Skouries sample preparation laboratory located at Madem Lakkos by TVX personnel. Screw top plastic bottles rather than envelopes or plastic bags were used for storing and shipping the samples.
 
For the historic drilling, gold, total copper, soluble copper with citric and sulphuric acid, and silver assays were done by the ALS-Geolab laboratory in Santiago, Chile that was chosen as the main laboratory. It should be noted that soluble copper assays were generally done for samples within the first 100 metres from the surface. Copper was determined by an aqua regia digest and AAS finish. Gold was normally assayed on a 50 g sample utilising fire assay with an AAS finish. Samples collected by Eldorado were prepared at its sample preparation facility in Turkey and assayed by the ACME laboratory in Ankara, Turkey.  Gold was determined by fire assay with AAS finish whereas Copper was analyzed by an aqua regia digest and AAS finish.
 
Quality control and quality assurance of sampling are discussed in the Skouries Technical Report (see below); it was concluded that there is no significant sample bias. Sampling was carried out on two metre intervals and across geological boundaries which is viewed by the Company as representative given the disseminated nature of the mineralization. Drill hole spacing is on a nominal 50 metre grid which is, in the Company’s opinion, sufficient sample support for the disseminated nature of the deposit mineralization.
 
Hellas’ confirmatory drill program also verified the gold and copper grade ranges and distributions when compared to the historical data
Environment
 
See page 45 in the Olympias project description for details on the EIS of Kassandra Mines of Hellas Gold, which covers the Skouries project.

Technical report
 
The information on Skouries in this AIF is partly based on the scientific and technical data in the Skouries technical report prepared for European Goldfields: Skouries Cu/Au Project, Greece – NI43-101 Technical Report .
 
Patrick Forward, FIMMM and Antony Francis, FIMMM, who were employed by European Goldfields are the Qualified Persons for this Technical Report
 
This technical report is dated July 14, 2011. It is available on SEDAR ( www.sedar.com ) and EDGAR ( www.sec.gov ) under Eldorado Gold Yukon Corp. (formerly European Goldfields Limited and now Eldorado Gold (BC) Corp.).
 
Operations
 
Initial production at Skouries will come from an open pit operation using conventional truck and shovel mining.  Ore will be fed to the adjacent process plant where a gold and copper concentrate will be produced for sale. Waste material from the open pit will be used in the construction of two designated tailings management facilities. Following completion of the open pit in year 7 production will be generated from underground mining operations.
 
The open pit mine production schedule has been developed on a planned annual ore production rate of 8.0 Mtpa.  A contractor will be employed to carry out all phases of the pit operation delivering ore to the surface crusher and waste to designated areas including the tailings management facilities for embankment construction.  Average total annual material movement during the pit operation is approximately 15 million tonnes.  Geological and engineering control of the operation will be provided by

52

 
 
Skouries staff.  The open pit mine will operate continuously on a 24/7 schedule to produce 8 Mtpa. The process plant and infrastructure design of the project has been based on extensive testwork carried out on samples that were representative of the resource. Technical information was provided by several specialist consultants, recognized metallurgical testing facilities and international engineering groups.
 
The process plant is of conventional design comprising surface ore reception facilities and primary crusher, coarse ore stockpile, SAG and ball mill grinding with pebble crushing, a gold gravity circuit, rougher, cleaning and scavenger flotation stages, filtration and paste thickening of the tailings for disposal. In addition, the infrastructure facilities include the administration block, the workshops, fuel station, cafeteria and medical facilities as well as power, water and other services. The design will also take into account the ore delivery system from the future underground phase of mining.
 
Tailings generated during the open pit mining phase will be stored in one of two designated tailings management facilities.   Over the life of the pit operation approximately 60 million tonnes of tailings will be generated which includes approximately 2 million tonnes of tailings from the ramp up of underground mining. The tailings material will be dewatered to approximately 70% solids by weight prior to placement in the TMF.  Capacity of the two facilities to hold tailings is dictated by the final settlement density reached and the ultimate slope angle achieved. To ensure that all the material can be stored as planned the company is currently engaged in testwork to examine the potential to increase in situ density in the facilities by increasing the solids content of the dewatered tailings prior to placement.   Additional stages of dewatering will be required, however it is believed a smaller overall footprint can be achieved while maintaining structural stability of the facilities.
 
Underground production is planned to start in year 4 with the commencement of pre-production. By year 8 underground production will be the sole source of ore to the mill. Production averages 4.5 Mtpa over most of the underground mine life. The mine design is based on sub level open stoping using three operational mining blocks.  Access to the mechanized underground mine will be via ramp for movement of men and material and a 7 m diameter shaft for rock hoisting. The selected configuration for mining and infrastructure will support the production levels planned.
 
Tailings from the underground mining operation will be mixed with cement to form paste backfill to be used underground for filling mining voids.  Tailings not used underground will be deposited in the open pit as engineered fill following dewatering with pressure filters and compaction in the pit using mobile equipment.  Mining of the open pit has to be complete before tailings can be diverted from the designated surface TMF into the open pit.
 
A prefeasibility study was initiated in 2015 to refine the mine design and confirm the maximum production rate achievable.
 
Capital spending for 2015 was $113 million. These works include continuation of the process plant construction and preliminary works on the tailings dam construction with access roads and forestry clearing. Work also continued on the underground decline.
 
Early in 2016, a decision was taken to suspend operations at the Skouries site. This decision was made based on the actions, or lack of action of the MOE and other agencies regarding the timely issuance of routine permits and licenses. Environmental protection works and care and maintenance activities will continue to be performed in order to safeguard the environment. Work will resume once the required permits are issued and a more constructive relationship with the Ministry can be forged.
 
Capital spending for 2016 is estimated at $15 million. This will be required for project ongoing costs and some demobilization costs.
 
 Community Relations
 
In 2013 and 2014 Skouries was the subject of local unrest and Hellas currently is experiencing turbulence in the evolving economic, social and political landscape in Greece. Hellas continues to engage all stakeholders.  There is no assurance that the current situation may not worsen, or that Greece does not adopt regulatory or political changes which may negatively affect the current and future operations at Skouries, our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
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Litigation
 
In February 2015 a formal notice was received from the MOE revoking the approval required to complete final construction of the processing plant at the Skouries project. According to the notice the Ministry may reverse its decision once it completes an internal review process. The timing of the review has not been stipulated. Eldorado Gold believes the decision of the Ministry has no legal basis and will, if necessary, act to protect the legal rights of the stakeholders. Eldorado Gold believes in the integrity of the EIS, the main environmental permit supporting its projects in Halkidiki. The EIS has been confirmed by three separate rulings of the Council of State, Greece’s Supreme Court on administrative and environmental matters. On January 20, 2016, decision 219/2016 was issued, which held null and void the revocation by the Ministry of the building approval required for the issuance of the building permit necessary for the construction of the processing plant at Skouries.
 
Forestry Land litigation
 
On May 28, 2012 a lawsuit was filed before the Council of State (COS) challenging the legality of the decision of the Secretary General of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia-Thrace, which gave Hellas Gold the right to acquire the forest land necessary for the development of its projects in Halkidiki pursuant to the Olympias EIS approved by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change in July 2011.
 
The scheduled hearing date of the lawsuit was initially on December 12, 2012 it was postponed and held on January 9, 2013. In August 2015, COS issued decision 3115/2015 which upheld the legality of the concession to Hellas Gold of the forest land necessary for the development of the works and facilities. COS, decision 3116/2015 also invalidated the orders stopping tree-cutting at Skouries which was issued in February and March 2015 by the local Forest Authority upon MOE’s instructions.
 
Foundation Works
 
In early June 2013, the local Civil Permit Office in Arnea had issued a work stop order regarding the foundation works for the mechanical equipment in Skouries.
 
Hellas Gold filed a petition with COS requesting an injunction against the work stop order. On June 27, 2013 COS granted the injunction and the foundations works continued. At the time the injunction was filed, Hellas Gold also filed a lawsuit with COS to invalidate the work stop order. On November 6, 2013 a hearing regarding this lawsuit was held with COS, who issued a judgement (No 839/2014) which invalidated the work stop order.
 
Technical Attachment 3 – Approval of Dams
 
Two appeals have been filed by third parties before COS against this technical approval. A hearing was held on February 4, 2015 and, due to procedural circumstances both cases were expected to be remanded for trial to the ordinary administrative courts in Athens. COS, however, retained jurisdiction over both cases and issued decisions 222/2016 and 223/2016 which rejected the lawsuits by opposing parties challenging the validity of the technical permit for the construction of the dams at Skouries.
 
In addition to the litigation brought against Hellas Gold described above and the Hellas Gold Litigation as described under the Olympias project description on page 47 Hellas Gold is, from time to time, involved in various claims, legal proceedings and complaints arising in the ordinary course of business. Eldorado Gold and Hellas Gold cannot reasonably predict the likelihood or outcome of these actions.
 
For further description of all of our Risks see pages 87 to 122 .

 
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OTHER OPERATING MINES AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Tanjianshan
location	Qinghai Province, China	
 ownership	90%
through QDML, an indirectly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold
Pursuant to a joint venture agreement, 5% of QDML is owned by the First Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration of   Qinghai Province (Qinghai) and  5% is owned by Dachaidan Administrative Committee (Dachaidan)	
type of mine	currently open pit, with some limited UG mining at Qinlongtan	
metal	gold	
in situ gold as of December  31, 2015*	proven and probable reserves: 0.25 million ounces
grade: 2.98 g/t
measured and indicated resources: 0.46 million ounces
grade: 2.68 g/t
inferred resources: 0.54 million ounces
grade: 3.85 g/t	
average annual production**	65,000 ounces	
expected mine life**	3 years, based on current proven and probable reserves	
employees	644 (including 219 contractors)	
*   Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.

Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
We currently have sufficient mining rights to support our mining operations.
 
Mining	The Tanjianshan mining licenses cover the two deposits, plus many other prospects and anomalies:
• Qinlonggou mining license, covers 2.88 km 2 , renewed January 17 2015; and expires on January 17, 2016- currently being renewed.
The Qinlonggou license extends vertically from the surface (3,710 metres above sea level) down to 3,450 metres above sea level.
• Jinlonggou mining license, covers 1.03 km 2 , renewed June 17, 2011 and expires on June 17, 2023.
The original Jinlonggou license extended from the surface (3,556 metres above sea level) down to 3,378 metres above sea level. It has since been upgraded to include all mineral resources down to 3,000 metres above sea level, below the existing known resources.	
Exploration	Tanjianshan has four, contiguous exploration licenses:
•  Qinglongshan prospect license, covers 49.05 km 2 , renewed October 15, 2014, expires October 15, 2016.
• Qingshan prospect license, covers 53.93 km 2 , renewed May 29, 2012, expired November 3, 2013 - currently being renewed;
• Jinlonggou prospect license, covers 66 km 2 , renewed May 29, 2012, expired February 12, 2014 – currently being renewed; and
• Xijinggou prospect license, covers 59.88 km 2 , renewed October 15, 2014, expires October 15, 2016.	

55

 
 
Permits	All permits have been received .	
Royalties and taxes	Qinghai and Dachaidan each receive a royalty of 2.25 percent (4.5 percent in total) of net sales revenue from the gold Tanjianshan produces . Accrued royalties are transferred quarterly, directly to accounts designated by both JV partners.
QDML pays an annual resource compensation fee of 2.8% of gold revenue to the province.
The corporate income tax rate applicable to Tanjianshan is currently 25%.	

Costs and revenue
 
 	2015	2016 – Forecast 1	
Production	97,563	70,000 to 80,000 oz	
Cash Operating Cost per ounce (C1)	$473	$675 to $725	
Sustaining Capital 2	$14.7 M	$5.0 M	
 	 	 	
1 See Production outlook, guidance and estimates and forward looking information on page 4 for more information
2 See page 14 for information on how sustaining capital is calculated

About the property
 
Tanjianshan is in Qinghai Province in northwest China, 80 km northwest of Dachaidan in the Haixi Prefecture. Qinghai is a relatively large province with a population of approximately 5.2 million.
 
The nearest centres are Dunhuang, Gansu Province (265 km to the north by road) and Ge’ermu (260 km to the south by road).
 
Operations
 
Mineral reserves exist at three deposits at Tanjianshan:  Jinlonggou, Qinlongtan South and Qinlongtan.  Mining is being carried out at Jinlonggou by a mining contractor using a conventional open pit process. Mining at Qinlongtan South will be by the same open pit process.  Mining at Qinlongtan will be by underground open stoping methods, exploiting the continuation of the original deposit mined by open pit (terminated in 2009). Underground development began in 2015 culminating in 1,122m largely in a single heading.  This provided access for infill diamond drilling from whose data probable mineral reserves were able to be declared for the first time on the underground portion of this deposit.  Diamond drilling totaled 18,145m in 2015.  See below for a detailed description of the processing methodology. Qinlongtan ore was primarily free-milling with a small sulphide component that contained gold. Jinlonggou ore is predominantly refractory and requires an oxidation step (roasting). Roasting was selected over other alternatives mainly because of cost and because it is a common technology in China for treating refractory ores. The following outlines the metallurgical process:
·	ore is crushed in a single stage crushing circuit and transported to a mill feed bin/stockpile, and then fed through to a single stage SAG mill and hydrocyclone circuit;	
·	material from the Qinlongtan deposit was fed through a conventional CIL circuit, the tailings were floated and the sulphide material removed for further treatment;	
·	material from the Jinlonggou deposit is fed through a flotation circuit and then dewatered. The flotation tails are then treated through a conventional CIL circuit;	
·	the flotation concentrates are blended for an optimal sulphur grade and then fed to a two-stage roasting circuit;	
·	the calcine product from the roaster is reground to break down agglomerates, and then leached in a CIL circuit;	

56

 
 
·	the tailings from the CIL circuit are treated through a detoxification circuit to remove cyanide and to precipitate the remaining arsenic into a stable compound, and are then placed in the tailings management facility;	
·	off-gas from the roaster passes through a cooling/cleaning circuit and an acid plant and the recovered sulphuric acid is sold; and	
·	the gold is recovered in an ADR plant that uses a standard Zadra process including pressure stripping, electro winning and smelting.	
 
The final product is a gold dore bar suitable for processing to 99.999% purity in domestic or offshore refineries.
 
The tailings management facility is a tailings impoundment about one kilometre downstream from the plant. It has a maximum height of about 40 metres and uses downstream construction to minimize risk. The tailings dam is lined with an HDPE liner. The facility is designed to be nil discharge: all free water is returned to the treatment plant during operation.
 
Environment
 
Societe Generale d’Surveillance completed an environmental impact assessment for Tanjianshan in July 2005 (Tanjianshan EIA). Beijing Research Institution of Mining & Metallurgy (BGRIMM) completed an official Chinese version, and it was approved in April 2007.
 
Golder Associates in Melbourne, Australia, designed the tailings dam, and BGRIMM transcribed the detailed engineering drawings to meet Chinese standards. The dam design was formally accepted in 2008, and final tailings accumulation RL is 3,199 metres above sea level and 40 metres high. The dam uses downstream construction. It is double lined for zero permeability: first with a geo-membrane and then by 1.0 mm HDPE solid welded plastic. An ongoing water monitoring program upstream and downstream from the site is in place and all current and historical results are within required limits.
 
We are reporting pursuant to provincial and national environmental requirements and have been compliant in all areas since commissioning.

 

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White Mountain
 
location	Jilin Province, China	
 ownership	95%.
through Sino Jilin BMZ, an indirectly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold
Pursuant to a joint venture agreement, the remaining 5% of Sino Jilin BMZ is owned by Jilin Provincial Geologic Survey Institute No.4 (Tong Hua)	
type of mine	underground	
metal	gold	
in situ gold as of December  31, 2015*	proven and probable reserves: 0.61 million ounces
grade: 3.20 g/t
measured and indicated resources: 0.79 million ounces
grade: 3.56 g/t
inferred resources: 0.38 million ounces
grade: 6.98 g/t	
average annual production**	76,000 ounces	
expected mine life**	7 years, based on current proven and probable reserves	
employees	949 (including 329 contractors)	
* Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.

Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Currently have sufficient mining rights to support our mining operations.
 
Exploration	Jilin based exploration consists of 5 exploration licenses, controlled by 2 joint venture companies. Sino Jilin BMZ holds the following licenses:
 
• Banmiaozi (White Mountain) general exploration license covers 38.45 km 2 , renewed April 26, 2014, expires April 26, 2016;
• Zhenzhumen general exploration license, covers 9.33 km 2 , renewed December 7, 2015, expires December 7, 2017;
• Lengjiagou (XSR SW) general exploration license, covers 10.8 km 2 , renewed July 10, 2014, expires July 10, 2016;
• Xiaoshiren Central exploration license, covers 1.98 km 2 , renewed July 13, 2015, expires July 13, 2017.
 
The following license is currently owned by Chinese partner, Team 602, and is undergoing transfer to the Jincheng JV, which is a JV between Sino Jilin BMZ and Team 602.
 
• Dongdapo (Jilin Jincheng), covers 14.34  km 2 , renewed August 30, 2014, expires Aug 30, 2016;	
Mining	• mining license  covering 205.14 hectares, issued April 16, 2008, expires April16, 2019; and
• a number of land use certificates covering 29.4 hectares, that expire between March 13, 2059, and 2060  respectively.	
Permits	Operating permit: issued February 20, 2008, expires February 20, 2018.
Tailing dam safety production permit: renewed December 19, 2014, expires December 18, 2017.
Underground safety production permit: issued  March 25, 2011, renewed July 12, 2013, expires July 11, 2016	

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Royalties and taxes	We pay an annual resource compensation fee of 2.4% of sales revenue and resource tax of 6 RMB per tonne to the provincial government.
The corporate income tax rate applicable to White Mountain is currently 25%.	
 
Costs and revenue
 
 	2015	2016 – Forecast 1	
Production	78,156 oz	75,000 to 85,000 oz	
Cash Operating Cost per ounce (C1)	$653	$625 to $675	
Sustaining Capital 2	$15.5 M	$15.0 M	
1 See Production outlook, guidance and estimates and forward looking information on page 4 for more information
2 See page 14 for information on how sustaining capital is calculated

Operations
 
We use a sub-level open stoping mining method where the orebody is thicker than 10 metres and steeper than 55 degrees, and a benching method in narrower areas. The processing plant is a standard CIL plant.
 
The production schedule is based on metallurgical testing that identified two types of ore: non-refractory (approximately 90% of the ore) and refractory (approximately 10%). Recoveries are nominally 85% for non-refractory and 75% for refractory ore since inception of the caustic pre-treatment circuit.
 
Since the refractory component is a small percentage of the overall orebody we have chosen to use a standard CIL plant. Because of the refractory component, recoveries can be variable based on where we are mining in any period. Late in 2011, a caustic pre-treatment process was commissioned to enhance recoveries in sulfide ores. Results have been successful and this process has raised overall recovery by 1% to 2% and in sulphide ores by 5 to 10%.

 
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Stratoni
 
location	Halkidiki Peninsula, northern Greece	
ownership	95%
through Hellas Gold, an indirectly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold
The remaining 5% of  Hellas Gold is owned by Aktor Enterprises Limited pursuant to  a shareholders agreement	
type of mine	underground mine (Mavres Petres)	
metal	lead, zinc, silver	
in situ metals as of December 31, 2015 *	proven and probable reserves: 3.71 million ounces Ag at 176 g/t; 45,000 tonnes Pb at 6.9 %; 67,000 tonnes Zn at 10.2%
measured and indicated resources: 6.97 million ounces Ag at 205 g/t; 83,000 tonnes Pb at 7.9%; 116,000  tonnes Zn at 11%
inferred resources of 2.66 million ounces Ag at 169 g/t, 31,000  tonnes Pb at 6.4%, 43,000 tonnes Zn at 8.8 %
Piavitsa inferred resources of 1.93 million ounces Au at 5.7 g/t, 19.16  million ounces Ag at 57  g/t	
average annual production**:
2016 - 2019	9,800 tonnes Pb, 13,000 tonnes Zn, 700,000 ounces Ag	
expected mine life**	4 years, based on current proven and probable reserves	
employees	907 (including 449 contractors)	
* Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.

 Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Surface rights	A number of  mining concessions (4, 12, 15, 16, 17, 25, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 42, 44, 45) covering 118.8 km 2 , granted until March 6, 2026; can be extended twice for durations of 25 years each
 	
Permits	The MOE of Greece formally approved the EIS submitted by Hellas Gold for the Kassandra Mines and involves an area of 26,400 ha, in north-eastern Halkidiki (Macedonia Region). This covered the continued operation of Stratoni and for the development of Olympias and Skouries, thus completing the official approval process for the EIS.
 
The EIS covering Olympias, Skouries and Stratoni mine was submitted by Hellas Gold in August 2010 and was approved in July 2011. This EIS covers all environmental issues for the project.
 
Since 2012 the MOE and other agencies have not fulfilled their legislated permitting and licensing obligations.  During 2015, the MOE revoked or suspended certain permits of Hellas Gold which has had a negative impact on our schedule and budget to develop our assets.  Eldorado is currently evaluating the merits of this project in light of the current investment climate in Greece.
 
For further information on the Company’s investment plans in Greece, please refer to the 2016 Milestones on page 8	

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Royalties and taxes
 	Based on current Greek tax legislation, royalties are applicable on active mining titles.  The royalty is calculated on a sliding scale tied to metal prices.  At $16 / oz silver, $1,800 / tonne lead and $2,000 / tonne zinc, Hellas Gold would pay a royalty of approximately 1.5% on silver revenues, 0.5% on lead revenues and 1.0% on zinc revenues.
The corporate income tax rate for Greek companies is currently 29%.	

About the property
 
Stratoni is located in the Halkidiki Peninsula, of the Central Macedonia Province in Northern Greece, approximately 100 km east of Thessaloniki, which is the second largest city in Greece.
 
Operations
 
Mining is a combination of transverse and longitudinal drift-and-fill methods with rock breaking by conventional drill and blast. The stoped area is then tight filled with cemented tailings from surface. Previous mining has generated considerable experience with the ground conditions and the rock mass’ physical and geotechnical characteristics. Support varies based on size and ground conditions.  Some areas are supported with backpacked steel sets while others are supported with rock bolts and shotcrete.
 
The Stratoni concentrator plant is currently operating on a campaign basis, five days a week at a rate of approximately 50 tonnes/hour of run of mine (ROM) ore from the Mavres Petres mine. Lead, silver and zinc recoveries of 91.5%, 80% and 91.5%, respectively, are achieved. The grade of the bulk lead/silver concentrate is typically 70.5% Pb with approximately 1,600 g/t Ag; the zinc concentrate contains 50% Zn. The crushing circuit is capable of crushing up to 750,000 dmt per annum and as a consequence is currently operating for approximately one third of the available time. Fine ore which has been crushed to minus 12mm is then ground to 80% minus 200 microns in a conventional rod mill/ball mill circuit, then sent to the differential flotation circuit. Lead concentrate is recovered first, then zinc minerals are subsequently recovered from the lead circuit tailing. Thickeners and disc filters are used to dewater lead and zinc concentrates, which are weighed and conveyed to storage sheds for shipment to the smelter.   Shipment occurs either through the loading facility at Stratoni port or via the Thessaloniki port. The Stratoni port can be used for materials being sold into the European Mediterranean market with the larger vessels using the alternate port.
 
The lead and zinc concentrates produced from Stratoni operations are sold pursuant to off-take agreements entered into in August 2014 for the sale of 30,000 wmt of lead concentrate and 66,000 wmt of zinc concentrate from September 2014 through February 2016.   As production was lower than planned in 2015, these contracts have extended past the time of authoring this report. In addition, pursuant to an April 2007 Silver Purchase Agreement (SPA) with Silver Wheaton, Hellas Gold has agreed to sell all of the silver contained in lead concentrate produced from an area of approximately 7 km² around its zinc-lead-silver Mavres Petres mine. Hellas Gold received an upfront cash payment of $57.5 million from Silver Wheaton and is to receive the lesser of $3.90 per ounce of silver (subject to an annual 1% inflationary adjustment) and the then prevailing spot market price per ounce of silver. In October 2015, the SPA was amended and Hellas Gold will receive additional Top Up Payments (TUP) per ounce of silver, based on the number of exploration metres drilled at Stratoni by December 31, 2020. The TUP payments are in addition to fixed payment of $3.90 per ounce and will be based on the following schedule:

 	·	10,000-19,999 metres of drilling = $2.50/oz TUP	
 	·	20,000-29,999 exploration metres of drilling = $5.00/oz TUP	
 	·	30,000+ exploration metres of drilling = $7.00/oz TUP	
 
Hellas Gold receives 90% of payment upon shipment of Pb/Ag Concentrate with the balance paid after settlement of weights and assays and issuing of the final invoice.

Please see page 47 for a description of the   Hellas Gold Litigation.

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Eastern Dragon
Development project
 
location	Heilongjiang Province, China	
 ownership	75%
through Heihe Rockmining, an indirectly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold
5% of Heihe Rockmining is directly owned by Daxinglanling Yihua Mining Development Company, pursuant to a joint venture agreement.
CDH owns an indirect 20% interest in Heihe Rockmining. CDH acquired its 20% interest on March 24, 2014 by acquiring a 21.05% interest in Sino Gold Tenya (HK) Limited, an indirect subsidiary of Eldorado Gold and the shareholder of Heihe Rockmining	
type of mine	open pit and underground	
metal	gold and silver	
in situ metals as of December 31, 2015*	proven and probable reserves: 0.74 million ounces Au at
 7.70 g/t; 6.81 million ounces Ag at 70 g/t
measured and indicated resources: 0.85 million ounces
 Au at 7.50 g/t; 8.3 million ounces Ag at 73 g/t
inferred resources: 0.19 million ounces Au at
 2.67 g/t; 1.50 million ounces Ag at 20 g/t	
average annual production**	70,00 0 ounces Au, 400,000 ounces Ag	
expected mine life**	10 years, based on current proven and probable reserves	
employees	28	
production	expected Q4 2016	
* Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.

Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Mining	Approval of the Project Permit Application (PPA) was received in mid-2015.
Mining License (ML) application was submitted in 2015.	
Exploration	Heilongjiang based exploration consists of the following license:
• Lode 5, covers 0.14km 2 , issued January 19, 2012, expired January 18, 2014 and currently under renewal.	
Permits	The following permits are required and have been approved:
• approval of EIA; Re-Evaluation was obtained from Heilongjiang Provincial Environment Protection Bureau on Dec. 30, 2014;
• Project Permit Approval: received June 29, 2015
The following permits are still required:
• Mining License;
• Forestry Permit (tree removal); and
• Gold Production Permit.	

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Royalties and taxes	We are required to pay royalties to state and local authorities. We are negotiating the amounts and will finalize the arrangement after we receive all permits.
The corporate income tax rate that would be applicable to Eastern Dragon is currently 25%.	

About the property
 
Eastern Dragon is in Heilongjiang Province in northern China, approximately 625 km north of the provincial capital Harbin, and 70 km southeast of the town of Xunke.
 
Operations
 
Eastern Dragon is planned to commence production from surface open-pit at which time the decline will be driven to access deeper ore. As the pit strip ratio increases to permit limits, the underground ore will become the sole production.   The proposed open pit has been designed to minimize land use, and we expect it to have enough volume to store all of the tailings from the underground operation.
 
A total of $2.5 million was spent on care and maintenance at Eastern Dragon in 2015 and a total of $163 ,000 was spent on project permitting . In 2012 , construction was suspended pending receipt of permitting required to complete development of the mine. Major areas remaining to be constructed include the tailings filtration and storage facilities as well as the open pit and rock dump areas.
 
In early 2012, we were informed by the Heilongjiang Provincial Development and Reform Commission (PDRC) that it would require the formal approval of the PPA by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) in Beijing. Application for the PPA was submitted and approval received in mid-2015.  This has cleared the way for renewal of the Mining License and submissions of applications for permits to carry out work on site such as deforestation of the tailings and open pit areas.  The Company continues to carry out care and maintenance on the property while advancing the remaining permits.
 
The Eastern Dragon ore is high grade (7.7 g/t Au and 71 g/t Ag), and it is amenable to cyanide leach with high recoveries for both gold and silver. The process plant is designed to treat 450 tonnes of ore per day initially and will increase to 1,000 tonnes per day as part of a planned expansion.
 
Conventional equipment and processes will be used to extract gold dore:
 
·	run of mine ore will be crushed in a two-stage crushing circuit and then milled in a single stage ball mill;	
·	the ore will be leached with cyanide and thickened;	
·	the thickener overflow will be fed to a carbon-in-column circuit, which will remove most of the silver from the circuit;	
·	the thickener underflow will be leached again with cyanide in a normal CIL circuit. This, when combined with the pre-leach, provides the highest possible recoveries of gold and silver;	
·	loaded carbon from the two circuits will then be combined and eluted to recover the precious metals; and	
·	following recovery of the gold and silver, the tailings from the CIL circuit will be thickened. The overflow will be recycled, and the underflow will be forwarded to a cyanide destruction circuit and then dewatered using filter presses to produce a filter cake suitable for dry stack tailings disposal. During the first two years of operation, tailings will be impounded in an interim tailings dump. After open pit mining stops, these will be moved to the mine’s open pit.	

 
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Tocantinzinho
Development project
 
location	Pará State, Brazil	
ownership	100%
through Brazauro, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold	
type of mine	open pit	
metal	gold	
in situ gold as of December 31, 2015	proven and probable reserves: 1.82 million ounces
grade: 1.43 g/t
measured and indicated resources: 2.12 million ounces grade: 1.35 g/t
inferred resources: 0.07 million ounces
grade: 0.90 g/t	
average annual production**	165,000 ounces	
expected mine life**	11 years	
current employees	 73 (including 64 contractors)	
* Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.

Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Licenses	In 2012 Tocantinzinho was granted its Preliminary Environmental Licence (PEL) number 1218/2012 by SEMA Environmental Agency and by COEMA Environmental Council of Para State.  It was granted after affirmative public hearings held with the local community and the recommendation of the EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment was received from the Technical and legal sections of SEMA agency. The PEL was issued on September 19, 2012, expiring September 19, 2015 and renewed June 23, 2015 with a new expiry date of June 22, 2017.
The Environmental Installation License (EIL) is the next permitting step.  The application for the EIL will require Basic Engineering and a report on environmental control programs to be completed. This application was submitted in Q1 2016.	
Permits	The Tocantinzinho deposit comprises two exploration permits numbered #850.706/1979 and #850.300/2003. Both permits were applied for at the National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM) in 2011 being approved in 2012. The permits are covering an area of 12,888.85ha.
On July 19, 2013, Brazauro presented to DNPM the Economic Exploitation Plan of Tocantinzinho in order to apply for the Mining Concession and Easement Concession. The documentation is currently under evaluation of DNPM and its approval and concessions require the previous EIL being granted.	
Royalties	A royalty of 1.0% on any future revenues is payable to the Brazilian government and aggregate royalties of 3.5% on revenue are payable to certain parties pursuant to royalty agreements executed in 2003, 2009 and 2013. The 3.5% royalties can be reduced to 1.5% upon the occurrence of certain events and payment of specific sums by Eldorado to the underlying owners.	

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About the property
 
Tocantinzinho is located in the State of Para in Northern Brazil, in the Tapajos region. We acquired the property from Brazauro Resources Corporation initially by way of an earn-in arrangement followed by the purchase of 100% of the outstanding securities of Brazauro in 2010.
 
Development
 
Engineering studies covering the process plant, mine design, tailings management facilities, and other significant infrastructure installations, including power and access options were undertaken leading to the completion of a pre-feasibility study and report issued in May 2011.
 
It is intended that Tocantinzinho will be operated as an open pit mine using owner operated equipment.  Production is set at 4.0 Mtpa.  Ore treatment will be via a conventional single stage crushing circuit feeding a 4.5 MW SAG mill followed by a 6 MW ball mill.  Flotation will be used to recover gold to a concentrate which will be further processed through a CIL circuit. A strip circuit will recover gold from solution followed by electrowinning and refining to produce gold dore as a final product.
 
A full in-country review of the first draft of the feasibility study began in 2013 designed to identify the potential areas for capital and operating cost reduction, the objective was to improve the financial performance of the Tocantinzinho Project.
 
Improvements in on-site (earthmoving, foundations, concrete, buildings, waste dump and tailing dam) and off-site (access road and power line) infrastructure, mine operating strategy, taxation and incentive regimes were identified, indicating that substantial capital savings can be achieved. A positive feasibility study was issued in June 2015.  Subsequent work in 2015 on trade off studies and specifically the impact of a weakening Brazilian currency, has significantly improved both the capital and operating cost for the project adding to the positive economic performance.  However, due low metal prices, a construction decision on the project has been deferred.  Work will continue on time dependent issues such as permitting, engineering and infrastructure in preparation for a positive changes in market conditions in the future.
 
A preliminary access road was constructed in 2014 and 2015 allowing direct access to the site with off road vehicles.  The installation will significantly improve the logistics for future development of the project and regional exploration.  This road has been upgraded during 2015 to extend its usefulness during both wet and dry seasons.  Approximately $3.0 Million was spent in 2015 for construction of the access road, engineering to support project optimization, camp costs and other overhead costs.  The Tocantinzinho Project budget for 2016 is $10 million which will cover costs to maintain the access road, permitting, basic engineering, power line and site project development, and project overheads.

 
65

 
Perama Hill
Development project
 
location	Thrace region, northern Greece	
ownership	100%,
through Thracean
an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold	
type of mine	open pit	
metal	gold, silver	
in situ metals as of December 31, 2015*	proven and probable reserves: 0.98 million ounces
Au at 3.13 g/t, 1.15 million ounces Ag at 4 g/t
measured and indicated resources: 1.38 million ounces Au at 3.46 g/t, 3.2 million ounces Ag at 8 g/t
inferred resources: 0.55  million ounces Au at 1.96 g/t, 1.86 million ounces Ag at 7 g/t	
average annual production**	104,000 ounces (recovered)	
expected mine life**	8 years, based on 2015 proven and probable reserves	
employees	12	
production	dependent on approval of Perama Hill EIA by Greek MOE
placed on care and maintenance in January 2016	
* Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.

Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Mining	Two mining titles cover 1,897.5 hectares; issued December 1999, expire
December 2049. Can be extended for another 25 years.	
Exploration	The two mining titles have in effect superseded the mining exploration licenses we had already obtained	
Permits	We need the following permits:
· Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIA): we received approval of the PEIA in 2012;
· Perama Hill EIA application was submitted to the MOE in the second quarter of 2012;
· mine operation license; and
· construction and operator licenses.	
Royalties and taxes	Based on current Greek tax legislation, royalties are applicable on active mining titles.  The royalty is calculated on a sliding scale tied to metal prices.  At 2016 budget gold, and silver prices ($1,100 / oz gold and $16 / oz silver) Perama Hill would pay a royalty of approximately 1.5% on gold revenues and 1.5% on silver revenues.
The corporate income tax rate for Greek companies is currently 29%.	

About the property
 
Perama Hill is in the Thrace region of northern Greece, in a rural area 25 km west-northwest of Alexandropoulos and 20 km south of Sapes.

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Operations
 
Conventional open pit mining will be used at Perama Hill. The pit will operate one 8-hour shift 5 days per week. The crushing circuit will operate 16 hours per day, 7 days per week. The mining and crusher loading operation will not run 24 hours per day because of its proximity to the local village. The processing plant will operate 24 hours per day.
 
The mine will use six 33 tonne trucks and two matching backhoes. A front-end loader will be used for the ore stockpile at the crusher. The process plant will use water from recycled sources, a local borehole as well as surface runoff where possible. The TMF will have a structural fill embankment and filtered tailings, and be close to the open pit. The TMF will be lined with impermeable GCL and HDPE membrane.
 
Metallurgical test work, including studies of crushed composite drill core samples, has been carried out on hard and soft material, and on a composite representative of the ore. The results indicate that the material is all non-refractory and a standard CIL circuit can be used for gold extraction.
 
Based on this testing, Aker Solutions E&C Ltd. (now Jacobs Engineering) designed a three-stage crushing circuit followed by a single stage ball mill, operating in closed circuit with hydro cyclones as follows:

·	the crushing and grinding circuit will produce a product with 80% passing 75 microns (µm);	
·	this will be thickened in a high-rate thickener before pre-aeration, and then leached to recover the gold;	
·	carbon would be removed and the gold extracted by a split stream Anglo American Research Laboratories elution process;	
·	the tailings will be detoxified using the INCO process; and	
·	after detoxification, the tailings from the processing facility are thickened and then filtered to remove any excess water. This material will be transported by truck and conveyor then placed in a lined tailings storage facility.	
 
Production and cost estimates:
·	average production: 1.20 million tonnes of ore per year, plus 350,000 tonnes of waste and low-grade mineralized oxide, less than cut-off grade material, to be stockpiled;	
·	average gold dore production: 104,000 ounces per year;	
·	expected cash operating cost: $288 per ounce; and	
·	capital costs: $240 million (including sustaining capital).	
 
Environment
 
We are in the process of obtaining an environmental permit license.
 
The permit is initiated by submitting a PEIA to the MOE, which acts as the lead agency in the permitting process. The MOE carries out a detailed review of the environmental impact study, coordinates input from the Ministries of Agriculture, Culture, Development, and Health, and manages a public consultation process that involves a series of public meetings. At the same time, the MOE establishes environmental terms of reference that define the environmental criteria the mine will operate under. Once these have been reviewed and finalized in an EIA, the MOE will approve the Perama Hill EIA, followed by approval from the five ministries.
 
In October 2000, Perama Hill’s PEIA was submitted to the MOE by the previous owners, Frontier Pacific Mining Corporation. Also in that year, petitions by third parties were filed against the MOE to annul the Pre-Approval Act, which established the framework for the Perama Hill EIA. On August 18, 2008 the 5th Session of the Conseil d’Etat accepted the petitions by third parties for annulment and invalidated the Pre-Approval Act, which invalidated the EIA. 
 
In 2009, Thracean submitted a new PEIA under an amended Pre-Approval Act. This assessment describes the environment and the Perama Hill project, and includes an evaluation and assessment of the project’s environmental impacts (landscape and visual, soil, land cover, surface water and ground water). Approval for the PEIA was received from the MOE on February 21, 2012. The receipt of the PEIA is a
 
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major milestone in the permitting process as it marked the approval of the project by all ministries. The next step in the process is the approval of the Perama Hill EIA. This study addresses the terms of reference issued by the MOE resulting from the PEIA review. Following approval of the Perama Hill EIA, a series of construction and operating related permits will be required to commence construction of and production at the Perama Hill mine.
 
For further description of all of our Risks see pages 87 to 122 .

 

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Certej
Development project
 
location	Apuseni Mountains, Transylvania, Western Romania	
ownership	80.50%
through Deva Gold an indirectly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold
Pursuant to a joint venture, Minvest S.A. owns 19.25% of Deva Gold and the remaining 0.25% is held by a minority shareholder	
type of mine	open pit	
metal	gold, silver	
in situ metal as of December 31, 2015*
 	proven and probable reserves: 2.40 million ounces Au at 1.69 g/t; 15.56 million ounces Ag at 11 g/t
measured and indicated resources: 4.06 million ounces Au at 1.40 g/t; 25.6 million ounces Ag at 9 g/t
inferred resources: 0.38 million ounces Au at 0.96 g/t; 1.4 million ounces Ag at 3 g/t	
average annual production**	140,000 ounces per annum	
expected mine life**	15 years, based on 2015 proven and probable reserve	
employees	254 (including 34 contractors) in Romania	

* Mineral reserves are included in the total of mineral resources.
** Based on current proven and probable reserves.
 
History
 
historic times	Gold mining at Certej dates back to the 18 th century	
pre-1970	Small-scale ad hoc mining around Certej	
1970	Government mining company Minvest commenced mining of Bocsa base metal deposit 1 km east of Certej	
1983	Minvest-owned Certej mine took over the Baiaga-Hondol deposit, (the Central and West part of Certej), and exploration and pre-stripping work on the deposit continued	
2000	European Goldfields (through their 80%-owned subsidiary Deva Gold) acquired stake in Certej concession	
2002	Two years of surface and underground channel sampling and RC and diamond drilling culminated in an independent estimate of mineral resources by consultants RSG Global	
2006	Minvest closed its mining and processing operations at the Coranda open pit and the Certej village	
2012	Eldorado Gold acquired the project via the acquisition of Deva Gold, a wholly owned subsidiary of European Goldfields;
9,700 m of drilling was completed resulting in an increase in mineral resources by 1.57 million ounces to 4.30 million ounces.	

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2014	A 43-101 compliant prefeasibility study for the Certej project was issued in April 2014 defining an economically feasible open pit mining operation utilizing flotation, pressure oxidation and cyanide leaching to recover gold and silver from the deposit.  The study also defined the infrastructure required to sustain the operation over the estimated 16 years of operation at a throughput of 3.0 Mtpa	
2015	Eldorado issued a feasibility study for the Certej project in May 2015.   Results of the study confirmed the positive pre-feasibility study issued in 2014.  Conventional open pit mining will be used in conjunction with flotation, pressure oxidation and cyanide leach to produce gold/silver dore on site.  The production rate remains at 3.0 Mtpa resulting in a 15 year mine life including treatment of low grade stockpiles at the end of mine life	

Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Licenses	Deva Gold currently owns the Certej exploitation concession along with an exploitation license for the Baita-Craciunesti area and an exploration license for Certej Nord: The Certej exploitation license covers 26.7 km2; was granted for a period of 20 years, with the possibility of extension for periods of 5 years commencing on the day the concession was gazetted on January 25, 2000. Deva Gold is in the process of acquiring land, to accommodate surface infrastructure for the mine and provide reforestation areas as required by legislation.
European Goldfields Deva SRL, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold, holds the following licences:
· Saliste - Hondol limestone exploitation license covers  7.4 km 2
· Muncel exploration license: 28.7 km 2
· Deva exploration license: 32.7 km 2
· BRAD exploration license: 72.4 km 2	
Permits	In March 2007, Deva Gold submitted a technical feasibility study (TFS) to the Ministry for Environment of the Romanian government in support of a permit application to develop Certej. The TFS was approved in July 2008 and a permit to mine the deposit subsequently granted.
On July 5, 2012, the Environmental Permit for Certej was approved by the Timisoara Department of Environment. This permit allows the project to move forward with applications for forestry permits and to apply for a construction permit.
In November 2013, the revised environmental permit was approved by the Environmental authorities after the original permit was challenged by the National Environmental authorities.
A limestone quarry also has received an environmental permit and a mining license approved in 2011.
Amendments to the EIA covering site modifications approved in 2013.
Additional environmental and construction permits for quarrying and construction of offsite infrastructure were received in 2014 and 2015. Also received were the Urbanization and Construction permits for modification to the process plate site.	
Royalties and Taxes	We will be required to pay a royalty of 6.0% on production of gold and silver to the Romanian Government.
The corporate income tax rate for Romanian companies is currently 16%	

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About the property
 
Certej is located in the southern part of the Apuseni Mountains in central Romania, some 12km NNE of the regional town of Deva in Hunedoara County.
 
Operations
 
The deposit extends from surface and will be mined by open pit methods. Certej, as permitted would involve the mining and processing of 3.0 Mtpa of ore. This has been confirmed in the 43-101 technical report issued in April 2014.
 
The currently permitted metallurgical process involves the production of a gold and silver-bearing concentrate utilizing conventional mineral processing technology followed by the production of gold and silver bullion in dore on site.

Detailed technical and economic studies on Certej were submitted in March 2007, followed by the TFS which was approved in July 2008 by the National Agency for Mineral Resources. The TFS has been further updated to incorporate an optimisation of the tailings facility sites and additional mineral resources defined from additional drilling in 2012.  Eldorado released the results of a prefeasibility level study based on changes to the mineral resource, process optimization and changes in gold price in 2014. This has been followed up with the preparation of a feasibility study, released in 2015 which has confirmed the positive economics of the project.
 
Work has continued on trade off studies to optimize the project and provide technical support for ongoing permitting activity.
 
Environment
 
A Certej EIS was produced in 2007 in accordance with the provisions of the Order of the Ministry of Environment and Water Administration No. 863/2002. The Certej EIS was produced by a consortium of Romanian certified consulting companies and institutes coordinated by the University from Cluj which prepared separate reports for the individual sections of the EIS. The study was prepared in accordance with the Romanian and EU Directives. The study shows the project was designed to respect the best available technologies for this type of deposit. The study considered a baseline study showing the initial conditions from the environmental and social point of view, the impact of the proposed project on all the environmental and social factors, and the mitigation measures. The Certej EIS was compiled and submitted to the Romanian authorities in August 2010. On July 5, 2012, the Environmental Permit for Certej was granted in compliance with all Romanian legislation and European Union regulations. In November 2013, the revised Environmental Permit was approved by the Environmental authorities.

 
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Sapes Project
Exploration project
 
location	Thrace region, northern Greece	
ownership	100%
through Thrace Minerals a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eldorado Gold	
type of mine	open pit & underground	
metal	gold, with some silver and copper	
in situ metals as of December 31, 2015*	measured and indicated resources: 0.47 million ounces Au at 6.08 g/t;
inferred resources: 0.35 million ounces Au at 10.65 g/t	
average annual production	to be determined	
expected mine life	to be determined	
employees	9	
production	to be determined
placed on care and maintenance in January 2016	
* Sapes mineral resource estimates are included in Eldorado Gold’s Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources table. There is no assurance that the mineral resource for the Sapes Project will not change.
 
Licenses, permits, royalties and taxes
 
Mining	Sapes Mine Lease Contract No 850/1993 signed with the Ministry of Development in the Greek Government in 1993, of a 30-year duration expiring in 2023. The Lease covers an area of 20.11 km 2 and can be extended following approval by the Government.	
Exploration	Three mining exploration license applications are pending.	
Permits	The PEIA was approved on July 13, 2012 by the MOE. Following receipt of that document, Sapes filed the full EIA with the MOE for the Project on December 12, 2012.	
Royalties and taxes	Based on current Greek tax legislation, royalties are applicable on active mining titles.  The royalty is calculated on a sliding scale tied to metal prices. At $1,100 / oz gold Thrace Minerals would pay a royalty of approximately 1.5% on gold revenues.
The corporate income tax rate for Greek companies is currently 29%.	

About the property
 
The Sapes project is located approximately 2 km east of the village of Sapes in northeastern Greece and is 14 km from the Perama Hill project. Sapes village has a population of approximately 9,500. The regional capital is Komotini which lies approximately 35 km northwest of Sapes. Sapes is located approximately 60 km west of the Turkish border and approximately 35 km south of the Bulgarian border.
 
Operations
 
Sapes was acquired in 2014 through Eldorado’s acquisition of Glory. We are currently assessing the project and will determine the optimal project scope after further drilling. At that time, we will determine the best permit methodology and assess whether the previous PEIA is applicable or not.

72

 
Based on the previous PEIA, Sapes was based around mining a small, underground high-grade epithermal gold deposit (Viper) along with a lower grade surface deposit (St Demetrious). The Viper deposit would be accessed by a decline and ore would be hauled by articulated low profile dump trucks to a process plant. The St Demetrious deposit would be mined by conventional open pit mining methods. This ore is also to be hauled to the process plant and then mixed with the Viper ore.
 
Ore would be crushed and ground before passing through a gravity circuit and on to a copper flotation plant producing a copper/gold concentrate. The copper/gold concentrate is expected to assay approximately 18% Copper and 1,000 g/t gold. The gravity circuit would be smelted on site to produce gold dore.
 
Approximately 40% of the tailings would be classified, mixed with cement and relocated underground as backfill. The remaining tailings would be pumped to a dedicated TMF, designed to provide safe storage within statutory limits.
 
For further description of all of our Risks see pages 87 to 122 .

 
 
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Vila Nova
Iron Ore Mine
 
A  decision was made was made during the fourth quarter of 2014 to place the Vila Nova Iron Ore mine on care and maintenance. One iron ore shipment of 45,000 tonnes took place early in 2015.  The mine continues to have a stock pile of iron ore.

 
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 Mineral reserves and resources
 
Year End 2015 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource Tabulations
 
The tables below show Eldorado mineral reserves and mineral resources as of December 31, 2015.  Mineral reserves are included in the mineral resources and both are reported on a total project basis.  Cut-off grades are noted at the bottom of the respective tables.  The Olympias mineral reserves and mineral resources do not include any old tailings material. Vila Nova now only contains mineral resources.
 
Table 1: Eldorado Mineral  Reserves, as of December 31, 2015
 
Project
(Our Interest)	 
Proven Mineral Reserves
 	 
Probable Mineral Reserves
 	 
Total Proven and Probable
 	Estimated  Au
Metallurgical
recovery	
GOLD	Tonnes	Au	In-situ Au	Tonnes	Au	In-situ Au	Tonnes	Au	In-situ Au	 	
 	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	 	
Certej
 (80.5%)	22,788	1.93	1,414	21,500	1.43	988	44,288	1.69	2,402	87.45%	
Eastern  Dragon (75%)	837	11.07	297	2,168	6.46	447	3,005	7.70	744	95%	
Efemcukuru (100%)	801	8.31	214	3,367	6.84	740	4,168	7.12	954	87%	
Jinfeng (82%)	5,360	3.94	680	9,767	3.77	1,183	15,127	3.83	1,863	85%	
Kisladag (100%)	48,581	0.85	1,333	282,378	0.67	6,065	330,959	0.70	7,398	65%	
Olympias (95%)	4,851	8.65	1,349	11,236	7.54	2,724	16,087	7.87	4,073	85%	
Perama (100%)	2,477	4.44	354	7,220	2.68	621	9,697	3.13	975	90%	
Skouries (95%)	73,474	0.91	2,148	79,262	0.64	1,643	152,736	0.77	3,791	84%	
Tanjianshan (90%)	1,340	2.18	94	1,267	3.83	156	2,607	2.98	250	80%	
Tocantinzinho (100%)	16,699	1.53	821	22,914	1.36	1,003	39,613	1.43	1,824	90%	
White Mountain (95%)	3,510	3.26	368	2,446	3.10	244	5,956	3.20	612	86%	
TOTAL GOLD	180,718	1.56	9,072	443,525	1.11	15,814	624,243	1.24	24,886	 	
SILVER	Tonnes	Ag	In-situ Ag	Tonnes	Ag	In-situ Ag	Tonnes	Ag	In-situ Ag	 	
 	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	 	
Certej
 (80.5 %)	22,788	10	7,004	21,500	12	8,551	44,288	11	15,555	 	
Eastern Dragon (75%)	837	81	2,178	2,168	67	4,628	3,005	70	6,806	 	
Olympias (95%)	4,851	124	19,339	11,236	130	46,962	16,087	128	66,301	 	
Perama (100%)	2,477	3	254	7,220	4	897	9,697	4	1,151	 	
Stratoni (95%)	428	172	2,367	227	184	1,343	655	176	3,710	 	
TOTAL SILVER	31,381	31	31,142	42,351	46	62,381	73,732	39	93,523	 	

75

 
 
Table 1: Eldorado Mineral  Reserves, as of December 31, 2015
Project
(Our Interest)	 
Proven Mineral Reserves
 	 
Probable Mineral Reserves
 	 
Total Proven and Probable
 	Estimated  
Metallurgical
recovery	
COPPER	Tonnes	Cu	In-situ Cu	Tonnes	Cu	In-situ Cu	Tonnes	Cu	In-situ Cu	 	
 	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	 	
Skouries (95%)	73,474	0.54	394	79,262	0.48	382	152,736	0.51	776	 	
TOTAL COPPER	73,474	0.54	394	79,262	0.48	382	152,736	0.51	776	 	
LEAD	Tonnes	Pb	In-situ Pb	Tonnes	Pb	In-situ Pb	Tonnes	Pb	In-situ Pb	 	
 	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	 	
Olympias (95%)	4,851	4.1	199	11,236	4.4	494	16,087	4.3	693	 	
Stratoni (95%)	428	6.6	28	227	7.3	17	655	6.9	45	 	
TOTAL LEAD	5,279	4.3	227	11,463	4.5	511	16,742	4.4	738	 	
ZINC	Tonnes	Zn	In-situ Zn	Tonnes	Zn	In-situ Zn	Tonnes	Zn	In-situ Zn	 	
 	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	 	
Olympias (95%)	4,851	5.1	247	11,236	6.0	674	16,087	5.7	921	 	
Stratoni (95%)	428	10.2	44	227	10.3	23	655	10.2	67	 	
TOTAL ZINC	5,279	5.5	291	11,463	6.1	697	16,742	5.9	988	 	
 
1 Mineral reserve cut-off grades:  Eastern Dragon:  1.0 g/t Au (open pit), 1.7 g/t Au (underground); Efemcukuru: 3.48 g/t Au;  Jinfeng:  0.65 g/t Au (open pit), 2.3 g/t Au (underground);  Kisladag:  $7.30 NSR;  Perama:  0.8 g/t Au;  Tanjianshan:  1.3 g/t Au (JLG),  1.7 g/t  Au (QLT South); 3.8 g/t Au (QLT);  Tocantinzinho: 0.42 g/t Au ; White Mountain:  1.8 g/t Au;  Skouries: $12.00 NSR (open pit), $33.33 NSR (underground) ;  Olympias: $76.00 NSR; Stratoni: 15.54% Zn Equivalent grade (=Zn%+Pb%*1.20+Ag%*165) and Certej:  0.90 g/t Au Equivalent grade (=Au(g/t)+Ag(g/t)*0.0121 ).

 
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Table 2: Eldorado Mineral  Resources as of December 31, 2015  	
Project
(Our Interest)	 
Measured  Resources
 	 
Indicated Resources
 	 
Total Measured and Indicated
 	 
Inferred Resources
 	
Gold	Tonnes	Au	In-situ Au	Tonnes	Au	In-situ Au	Tonnes	Au	In-situ Au	Tonnes	Au	In-situ Au	
 	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	
Certej (80.5%)	27,518	1.80	1,592	62,463	1.23	2,472	89,981	1.40	4,064	12,228	0.96	376	
Eastern Dragon (75%)	800	12.48	322	2,700	6.04	530	3,500	7.50	852	2,200	2.67	190	
Efemcukuru (100%)	2,343	8.82	665	2,573	7.84	649	4,916	8.31	1,314	5,524	4.75	844	
Jinfeng (82%)	6,887	4.16	920	13,029	3.78	1,581	19,916	3.91	2,501	7,818	3.83	962	
Kisladag (100%)	48,232	0.82	1,276	441,134	0.59	8,325	489,366	0.61	9,601	372,643	0.40	4,792	
Olympias (95%)	4,464	9.97	1,431	10,644	8.55	2,926	15,108	8.97	4,357	3,955	8.34	1,060	
Perama (100%)	3,064	4.30	424	9,375	3.18	958	12,439	3.46	1,382	8,766	1.96	554	
Piavitsa (95%)	 	 	 	0	0.00	0	0	0.00	0	10,542	5.70	1,932	
Sapes (100%)	 	 	 	2,423	6.08	474	2,423	6.08	474	1,011	10.65	347	
Skouries (95%)	100,018	0.79	2,534	189,263	0.47	2,867	289,281	0.58	5,401	170,136	0.31	1,680	
Tanjianshan (90%)	2,007	2.13	137	3,384	3.01	327	5,391	2.68	464	4,341	3.85	537	
Tocantinzinho (100%)	17,530	1.51	851	31,202	1.26	1,264	48,732	1.35	2,115	2,395	0.90	69	
White Mountain (95%)	4,206	3.64	491	2,678	3.45	297	6,884	3.56	788	1,685	6.98	378	
TOTAL GOLD	217,069	1.53	10,643	770,868	0.91	22,670	987,937	1.05	33,313	603,244	0.71	13,721	
Silver	Tonnes	Ag	In-situ Ag	Tonnes	Ag	In-situ Ag	Tonnes	Ag	In-situ Ag	Tonnes	Ag	In-situ Ag	
 	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	(x1000)	g/t	ounces (x1000)	
Certej (80.5%)	27,518	9	7,768	62,463	9	17,833	89,981	9	25,601	12,228	3	1,364	
Eastern Dragon (75%)	800	91	2,400	2,700	67	5,900	3,500	73	8,300	2,200	20	1,500	
Olympias (95%)	4,464	142	20,380	10,644	147	50,305	15,108	146	70,685	3,955	118	15,050	
Perama (100%)	3,064	3	335	9,375	9	2,833	12,439	8	3,168	8,766	7	1,860	
Piavitsa (95%)	 	 	 	0	0	0	0	0	0	10,542	57	19,156	
Stratoni (95%)	644	201	4,162	412	212	2,808	1,056	205	6,970	490	169	2,662	
TOTAL SILVER	36,490	30	35,045	85,594	29	79,679	122,084	29	114,724	38,181	34	41,592	

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Table 2: Eldorado Mineral  Resources as of December 31, 2015
Project
(Our Interest)	 
Measured  Resources
 	 
Indicated Resources
 	 
Total Measured and Indicated
 	 
Inferred Resources
 	
Copper	Tonnes	Cu	In-situ Cu	Tonnes	Cu	In-situ Cu	Tonnes	Cu	In-situ Cu	Tonnes	Cu	In-situ Cu	
 	(x1000)	%	tonnes (x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes (x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes (x1000)	
Skouries (95%)	100,018	0.48	484	189,263	0.40	758	289,281	0.43	1,242	170,136	0.34	578	
TOTAL COPPER	100,018	0.48	484	189,263	0.40	758	289,281	0.43	1,242	170,136	0.34	578	
Lead	Tonnes	Pb	In-situ Pb	Tonnes	Pb	In-situ Pb	Tonnes	Pb	In-situ Pb	Tonnes	Pb	In-situ Pb	
 	(x1000)	%	tonnes (x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes (x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes (x1000)	
Olympias (95%)	4,464	4.7	210	10,644	5.0	532	15,108	4.9	742	3,955	3.9	153	
Stratoni (95%)	644	7.7	50	412	7.9	33	1,056	7.9	83	490	6.4	31	
TOTAL LEAD	5,108	5.1	260	11,056	5.1	565	16,164	5.1	825	4,445	4.1	184	
Zinc	Tonnes	Zn	In-situ Zn	Tonnes	Zn	In-situ Zn	Tonnes	Zn	In-situ Zn	Tonnes	Zn	In-situ Zn	
 	(x1000)	%	tonnes (x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes
(x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes (x1000)	(x1000)	%	tonnes (x1000)	
Olympias (95%)	4,464	5.8	259	10,644	6.8	724	15,108	6.5	983	3,955	4.3	171	
Stratoni (95%)	644	10.6	68	412	11.7	48	1,056	11.0	116	490	8.8	43	
TOTAL ZINC	5,108	6.4	327	11,056	7.0	772	16,164	6.8	1,099	4,445	4.8	214	
Iron	Tonnes	Fe	 	Tonnes	Fe	 	Tonnes	Fe	 	Tonnes	Fe	 	
 	(x1000)	%	 	(x1000)	%	 	(x1000)	%	 	(x1000)	%	 	
Vila Nova (100%)	2,212	59.3	 	10,982	58.5	 	13,194	58.7	 	9,519	59.7	 	
TOTAL IRON	2,212	59.3	 	10,982	58.5	 	13,194	58.7	 	9,519	59.7	 	
 
1 Mineral resource cut-off grades :  Certej: 0.7 g/t Au;  Eastern Dragon:  1.0 g/t Au;  Efemcukuru: 2.5 g/t Au;  Jinfeng:  0.5 g/t Au (open pit), 2.0 g/t Au (underground);  Kisladag:  0.25 g/t Au;  Perama:  0.5 g/t Au;  Tanjianshan:  1.0 g/t Au (JLG), 1.0 g/t Au (QLT South), 2.5 g/t Au (QLT);  Tocantinzinho: 0.3 g/t Au; White Mountain:  1.0 g/t Au; Piavitsa: 3.5 g/t Au; Sapes: 2.5 g/t Au (underground), 1.0 g/t Au (open pit); Skouries: is 0.20 g/t Au Equivalent grade (open pit) and 0.60 Au Equivalent grade (underground) (= Au g/t + 1.6*Cu %).  Resource cut-offs for Olympias and Stratoni are geology based due to the sharpness of the mineralized contacts and the high grade nature of the mineralization.

78

 
 
General notes on the tabulated mineral reserves and mineral resources
 
Mineral reserves and mineral resources are reported on a 100% basis for each property and where applicable, are calculated to end of 2015   mining limits.  Except as described in this AIF, there are no known environmental, permitting, legal, taxation, political or other relevant issues that would materially affect the estimates of the mineral reserves and mineral resources. Estimates of mineral resources include mineral reserves.
 
Grade estimates for the mineral resources are based almost entirely on diamond drillhole samples.  Sampling and analyses of these samples are governed by company-wide protocols to provide consistent and quality results.   Analysis for gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc were almost all done on sawn half core samples using fire assay, AAS and ICP analytical methods. These analyses and the proceeding preparation are strictly controlled by Eldorado’s Quality Assurance / Quality Control programs.  These include standard reference materials, blank and duplicate samples that are regularly inserted prior to shipment from the preparation site.  Results are used to monitor and control the quality of the assay data and only data that pass the thresholds set up in these programs are used in the our resource estimates.
 
Except as otherwise described herein, the mineral reserve estimates incorporate adequate factors for ore loss and waste dilution. The reserves are based on the following price assumptions:
 
Gold
 	$1,200/oz	Efemcukuru, Jinfeng, Kisladag, Perama, Skouries,  Tanjianshan,  White Mountain,  
Olympias, Certej, Eastern Dragon,
Tocantinzinho	
 	 	 	
Silver*	$16.00/oz	Eastern Dragon, Certej, Olympias	
Copper	$3.00/lb	Skouries	
Lead	$2,000/t	Olympias, Stratoni	
Zinc	$2,000/t	Olympias, Stratoni	
* Silver price for Stratoni mineral reserves is $7.74/oz, as governed by a streaming agreement with Silver Wheaton (Caymans) Ltd.
 
Resource classification into Measured, Indicated and Inferred mineral resources and reserve classification into Proven and Probable mineral reserves used logic consistent with the definitions adopted by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (you can find the definitions at www.cim.org), and in accordance to the disclosures requirements with National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101), developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators.
 
Understanding mineral reserve and mineral resource classification
 
A mineral reserve is the part of a measured or indicated mineral resource that can be economically mined, demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study that includes adequate information about mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate (at the time of reporting) that economic extraction can be justified. See the definition of “mineral reserve” in the Glossary on page 147   for more information.
 
Mineral resources are concentrations or occurrences of minerals that are judged to have reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. Mineral resources are classified into measured, indicated and inferred. Inferred mineral resources are not known with the same degree of certainty as measured and indicated resources and do not have demonstrated economic viability. See the definition of “mineral resource” in the Glossary on page 147   for more information.
 
Mineral resources that have not already been classified as mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability, and there can be no assurance that they will ultimately be converted into mineral reserves. Consequently, these mineral resources are of a higher risk than mineral reserves.

79

 
 
Understanding estimates
 
Estimating mineral reserves and resources is a subjective process. Accuracy depends on the quantity and quality of available data and assumptions and judgments made when interpreting it, which may prove to be unreliable.
 
The cut-off grades for the deposits are based on our assumptions for plant recovery, gold value, mining dilution and recovery, and our estimates for operating and capital costs. We may have to recalculate our estimated mineral reserves and resources based on actual production or the results of exploration.
 
Fluctuations in the price of gold, production costs or recovery rates can make it unprofitable for us to operate or develop a particular property for a period of time. See page 2 for information about forward-looking information, and page 87 for a discussion of our risk factors.
 
Qualified persons under NI 43-101
 
·	John Nilsson, P.Eng., of Nilsson Mine Services, is responsible for the Tocantinzinho, Certej  and Skouries open pit mineral reserves;	
 
·	Richard Miller, P.Eng., General Manager, Kisladag Mine, is responsible for the Kisladag mineral reserves;	
 
·	Doug Jones, (Registered Member - SME), Senior Vice President, Operations for Eldorado Gold, is responsible for the Efemcukuru  Jinfeng,  White Mountain, Tanjianshan, Eastern Dragon,  Olympias,  Perama and Stratoni mineral reserves;	
 
·	Colm Keogh, P.Eng., Principal Mining Engineer, AMC Mining Consultants (Canada) Ltd., is responsible for the Skouries underground reserves;	
 
·	Peter Lewis, Ph.D., P.Geo., Vice President, Exploration for Eldorado Gold, is responsible for the Sapes mineral resources; and	
 
·	Stephen Juras, Ph.D., P.Geo., Director, Technical Services, Eldorado Gold, is responsible for the remainder of the Company’s mineral resources.	
 
Important information for US investors
 
You will not be able to compare the mineral reserve and resources information in this AIF with similar information from US companies.
 
The United States Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) defines a mineral reserve as the part of a mineral deposit that can be economically and legally extracted or produced. It does not recognize the terms measured, indicated and inferred mineral resources (mining terms under NI 43-101), and does not accept them in reports and registration statements.
 
You should not assume that:
 
 	·	the mineral reserves defined in this AIF qualify as reserves under SEC standards;	
 	·	the measured and indicated mineral resources in this AIF will ever be converted to reserves; and	
 	·	the inferred mineral resources in this AIF are economically mineable, or will ever be upgraded to a higher category.	

80

 

 Reconciliation
 
The table below reconciles our mineral reserves in projects where production has occurred, taking into account production in 2015 (and earlier if applicable).
 
Gold	Mineral reserves
Dec. 31, 2014	 	Mined and Processed
in 2015	 	Other changes in 2015	 	Mineral reserves
Dec. 31, 2015	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	tonnes
(000)	grade
g/t	oz
(000)	 	tonnes
(000) 	grade
g/t	oz
(000)	 	tonnes
(000) 	grade
g/t	oz
(000)	 	tonnes
(000)	grade
g/t	oz
(000)	
Kisladag	362,247	0.69	8,089	 	19,147	0.70	431	 	-12,141	0.67	-260	 	330,959	0.70	7,398	
Tanjianshan	3,313	2.70	288	 	1,060	3.19	109	 	354	6.24	71	 	2,607	2.98	250	
Jinfeng	16,528	3.81	2,022	 	1,304	4.13	173	 	-97	--	14	 	15,127	3.83	1,863	
White Mountain	5,685	3.13	571	 	849	3.30	90	 	1,120	3.64	131	 	5,956	3.20	612	
Efemcukuru	4,366	7.23	1,015	 	455	7.82	114	 	257	6.41	53	 	4,168	7.12	954	
Olympias	17,317	7.56	4,208	 	590	3.40	64	 	-640	3.40	-71	 	16,087	7.87	4,073	

Ag-Pb-
Zn	Mineral reserves
Dec. 31, 2014	Mined and Processed in
2015	Other changes in 2015	Mineral reserves
Dec. 31, 2015	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	tonnes
(000)	Ag
g/t	Pb
%	Zn %	tonnes
(000)	Ag
g/t	Pb
%	Zn %	tonnes
(000)	Ag
g/t	Pb
%	Zn %	tonnes
(000)	Ag
g/t	Pb
%	Zn %	
Stratoni	787	177	6.9	10.2	155	171	6.5	9.7	23	108	4.2	6.8	655	176	6.9	10.2	

 

81

 
Additional Notes to the Eldorado mineral reserve and resource estimates
 
Kisladag
 
Grade Modeling
·	used 3D models: lithology models, alteration model, and mineralized or grade shapes	
·	3D mineralized envelopes, or shells, based on initial outlines derived using Probability Assisted Constrained Kriging (PACK), constrained gold grade interpolation	
·	used a threshold value of 0.20 g/t Au	
·	assays were composited into 5 metre downhole composites	
·	data analyses demonstrated that the lithologic units within the gold mineralized shell should be treated as separate domains	
·	grades for blocks estimated with a hard boundary between them	
·	distributions do not indicate a problem with extreme gold grades for gold	
·	grades were interpreted by ordinary kriging using a two-pass approach: the first pass required values from a minimum of two holes to interpolate a model grade value	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection, checks for bias and for appropriate grade smoothing	

Mining
·	open pit	
·	designed using MineSight software based on a 10 metre bench height with double benching for most pit walls	
·	design based on an optimization using MineSight Economic Planner software	
·	berm width, face angle and bench stack heights vary by sector and rock quality with range of overall pit slope angles lying between 41 and 44 degrees	
·	block model contains expected dilution	
·	the pit will extend down to a bottom elevation of 450 metres above mean sea level	

Efemcukuru

Grade Modelling
·	create mineralized or grade shapes using new data from the infill drill program and revised structural interpretations of the Kestane Beleni Vein system	
·	3D shapes based on approximately a 1.0 g/t Au grade threshold and general vein geometry	
·	threshold value was chosen by inspection of statistical charts, and further supported by indicator variography. Areas of narrow or absent above threshold mineralization were included by using a minimum 2 metre interval rule	
·	extreme grades were examined for gold mainly by histogram and cumulative distribution plots	
·	very high grade outlier assays in the south and middle ore shoots were given a high end cap grade of 70 g/t Au. A 35 g/t Au limit was imposed on north ore shoot assays	
·	assays were composited into 1 metre downhole composites	
·	grades were interpolated by ordinary kriging using a two-pass approach: the first pass required values from at least two holes to interpolate a model grade value	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection, checks for bias and for appropriate grade smoothing	

Mining
·	underground with ramp access	
·	primary stoping methods: drift and fill, and long hole	
·	mine plan will extract 96% of the ore with 29% waste dilution	
·	minimum mining widths:  1.5m for long hole stopes; 2.75m for drift and fill stopes.	
·	Level spacing is 5m for drift and fill; 20m for long hole.	
·	spiral footwall ramps in each of the middle and south ore shoots provide access	
·	ore is hauled by truck to a central ore pass system above the underground crusher before being taken to the surface by conveyor	
·	Paste backfill and cemented waste rock is used to fill mined areas	

Tanjianshan

Grade Modelling
·	JLG block model includes several fault surfaces and mineralized shapes that constrain and control gold grade interpolation	
·	3D mineralized envelopes, or shells, based on initial outlines derived by Probability Assisted Constrained Kriging (PACK)	
·	used a threshold value of 0.70 g/t Au at JLG	
·	QLT deposit is contained within a 5 to 10m wide fault zone.  Mineralization was defined as a grade shell drawn to approximately 0.7 g/t Au	
·	the analyses also showed that the distributions suffer from exposure to extreme gold values. JLG assay data were capped to 30 g/t Au prior to compositing to 2m lengths; QLT South assay data were capped to 20 g//t Au prior to compositing to 1.5m lengths and QLT assay data were capped to 20 g/t prior to compositing to 1.5 m lengths.	
·	grades were interpolated with ordinary kriging using a two-pass approach: the first pass required values from at least two holes to interpolate a model grade value	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection, checks for bias and for appropriate grade smoothing	
 
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Mining
·	open pit for JLG and QLT South	
·	designed using MineSight software based on a 5 metre bench height with double benching for most pit walls	
·	design based on an optimization using Whittle software	
·	berm width and bench stack heights vary by sector; face angle is 70°	
·	5% dilution and 5% ore loss have been factored into the JLG and QLT South reserves	
·	QLT will be an underground operation mined by long hole open stoping	
·	Stope designs incorporate 10% dilution and 85% mining recovery.	
·	Fill will be by unconsolidated rock fill.	
 
Jinfeng

Grade Modelling
·	used a revised structural geology model to guide and control the grade model	
·	3D mineralized envelopes, or shells , based on initial outlines derived using Probability Assisted Constrained Kriging (PACK), constrained gold grade interpolation within the structural permissive zone model	
·	used a threshold value of 0.40 g/t Au	
·	assays composited into 2.5 metre downhole composites	
·	the data analyses demonstrated that the F3/F2 and F6 structural domains within the gold mineralization shell should be treated separately	
·	a grade cap of 30 g/t Au was implemented in the assay data to reduce the influence of extreme gold grades on the model	
·	grades were interpolated with ordinary kriging using a two-pass approach: the first pass required values from at least two holes to interpolate a model grade value	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection, checks for bias and for appropriate grade smoothing	

Mining
·	underground by ramp access	
·	underground mining uses overhand cut and fill practices	
·	minor long hole open stoping is also used	
·	minimum mining block is 5m high x 5m across x 20m long	
·	estimated using 90 to 95% mining recovery and 5 to 10% dilution	
·	sub-paste backfill is used to fill mined areas	

White Mountain

Grade Modelling
·	used three geological domains within the main fault breccia zone to control the interpolation	
·	the shallowly dipping South and North domains and the steeply dipping Central domain were modeled in 3D by creating interpreted gold grade shells (0.8 to 1.0 g/t thresholds)	
·	the assays were composited into 2 metre downhole composites	
·	the fault breccia unit forms a hard boundary for gold mineralization, but mineralization between the three internal domains is continuous, so the selection of composites was not restricted by domain	
·	a 40 g/t cap grade was applied to reduce the influence of extreme gold grades on the model, resulting in about a 6% reduction in gold metal content	
·	grades were interpolated using ordinary kriging	
·	the gold estimate was validated by visual inspection of drill data in sections and plans, checks for bias and for appropriate grade smoothing	

Mining
·	underground by ramp access	
·	uses sub-level long hole stoping	
·	average mining block is 15 to 30 metres high, 20 metres wide, and 10 to 50 metres long	
·	estimated using 95% mining recovery and 5 to 10% waste dilution.	
·	tonnage is factored by 95% to account for karstic cavities	
·	cemented hydraulic back fill or cemented waste rock fill is used to fill mined areas	

Eastern Dragon

Grade Modelling
·	used 3D lode models (#5 and an eastern splay)	
·	drillhole data was prepared as full seam composites containing the true thickness, length averaged values for gold and silver, and gold and silver accumulations (product of grade and thickness)	
·	data analysis showed only limited samples required a top cut (no top cutting was done for silver)	
·	a grade cap of 250 g/t gold was applied to assay data before compositing	
·	grades were interpolated using ordinary kriging in two dimensions, in 25 metre x 25 metre blocks	
·	interpolation used a two-pass approach: the first pass required four values to interpolate a model grade value	
 
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·	the model was validated by visual inspection and checks for bias	

Mining
·	open pit and underground with ramp access	
·	pit design was constrained by the need to minimize land use in this remote forested region	
·	open pit plans include 5% ore loss and 10% dilution	
·	underground will have benching as the main method of extraction using 15 metre spaced sub-levels	
·	the underground mine design incorporates 15% dilution and 5% ore loss	

Vila Nova

Grade Modelling
·	resource work defined the quantity, quality, and classification of the iron ores	
·	the deposit was divided into 5 domains: Lagos, Bacabal North, Bacabal South (along the N-S trending limb), CP (the folded nose area) and Bacabal West (along the E-W limb)	
·	3-D models were created according to lithology	
·	the lower grade/quality itabirite and iron crust materials were treated as waste rock and modelled separately	
·	assay data were composited into 5 metre lengths, honouring the ore type domains	
·	grade models were estimated for Fe%, SiO 2 %, Al­ 2 O 3 %, and P% and were estimated by ordinary kriging	
·	blocks and composites were matched on estimation domain	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection and checks for bias	

Tocantinzinho

Grade Modelling
·	3D mineralized envelopes, or shells, based on initial outlines derived using Probability Assisted Constrained Kriging (PACK), constrained within newly interpreted 3D ore zone lithology models.	
·	threshold grade  was 0.30 g/t gold	
·	Assays composited into 4 metre downhole composites	
·	a 25 g/t cap grade was applied to reduce the influence of extreme gold grades on the model, resulting in about a 2% reduction in gold metal content	
·	gold grades were interpolated by ordinary kriging using a two-pass approach: the first pass required values from at least two holes to interpolate a model grade value	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection, checks for bias and for appropriate grade smoothing.	

Mining
·	open pit	
·	3-phase pit sequence was designed based on optimized pit shells based on results of optimization using MineSight software	
·	mining selectivity based on 10x10 metres blocks in plan and a 5 metres face	
·	inter-ramp slope angles varied per sector and rock type - values range from 36 to 49 degrees	
·	no ore loss or dilution was applied (block model contains expected dilution)	
·	the final pit will reach -190 metres below sea level.	

Perama

Grade Modelling
·	made 3D geologic models for key features	
·	gold oxide mineralization was defined by a grade shell  using a 0.6 g/t Au cut-off grade, which preserves the mineralization continuity and includes all potentially economic mineralization	
·	a cap grade of 30 g/t Au was applied to assay data before compositing	
·	assays composited into 2 metre downhole composites	
·	gold grades were interpolated by ordinary kriging	
·	silver grades were interpolated by inverse distance squared	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection and checks for bias	
·	a separate mineral resource estimate on the nearby Perama South deposit was classified entirely as inferred mineral resources, using polygonal methods	

Mining
·	open pit	
·	designed using Gemcom software based on a 5 metre bench height with double benching for most pit walls	
·	design was based on an optimization using Whittle software	
·	pit extends from the top of Perama Hill (at 248 metres), to the pit floor (at 125 metres)	
·	the pit design is derived using an overall slope angle in the range of 32 to 37.5 degrees	
·	the pit shell is designed to exclude any material within 500 metres of Perama village	
 
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Certej

Grade Modelling
·	incorporated data from 360 diamond drill holes, 192 RC holes and 330 underground channel samples plus data from 123 newer diamond drill holes drilled in 2013	
·	3D mineralized envelopes, or shells, based on initial outlines derived using Probability Assisted Constrained Kriging (PACK), constrained gold grade interpolation.	
·	Used a threshold gold grade of 0.20 g/t.	
·	Assays composited into 3 metre downhole composites	
·	a 70 g/t cap grade was applied to assay data to reduce the influence of extreme gold grades on the model whereas a 600 g/t cap grade was implemented for Ag.	
·	gold and silver grades were interpolated by ordinary kriging using a two-pass approach: the first pass required values from at least two holes to interpolate a model grade value	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection, checks for bias and for appropriate grade smoothing	

Mining
·	open pit	
·	designed using Mine Sight software based on a 5 metre bench height	
·	design based on an optimization using Mine Sight software	
·	pit slopes vary by sector and lithology with inter-ramp angles ranging from 29° in overburden to 49° in andesite	
·	block model contains expected dilution	
·	the pit will extend down to a bottom elevation of  340 metres above mean sea level	

Skouries

Grade Modelling
·	3D mineralized envelopes, or shells, based on initial outlines derived using Probability Assisted Constrained Kriging (PACK), constrained the gold and copper grade interpolations.	
·	threshold grades were 0.10 g/t gold and 0.10% copper.	
·	Assays composited into 4 metre downhole composites	
·	Cap grades of 6% and 20 g/t were applied to copper and gold assay data, respectively, to reduce the influence of extreme grades on the model.	
·	Copper and gold grades were interpolated by ordinary kriging using a two-pass approach: the first pass required values from at least two holes to interpolate a model grade value	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection, checks for bias and for appropriate grade smoothing	

Mining
·	open pit and underground	
·	pit designed based on nominal 5 metre high benches with drilling and blasting done on 10 meter benches	
·	pit design based on an optimization using Mine Sight software	
·	pit will be circular in shape, with the highest pit wall approximately 250 metres in height.  Pit floor elevation is at 470 m elevation.	
·	pit slope angles vary from 40 and 44 degrees.	
·	underground mining will be sublevel open stoping (SLOS) with ramp access and a production shaft	
·	average stope will be 15 m wide by 65 m high by 30 m long	
·	stopes will be backfilled with pastefill	
·	5% dilution and 5% ore loss is assumed for the underground production whereas pit production assumes no dilution (contained in block model) and no ore loss	

Olympias

Grade Modelling
·	the mineralization is geology controlled comprising lenses, in 3-D, of the total massive sulphide mineralization and, as a sub-domain within those lenses, a gold-arsenopyrite zone	
·	assays composited into 1 metre downhole composites	
·	gold, silver, lead, and zinc, grades were interpolated by ordinary kriging	
·	grades for blocks within the respective domains were estimated with a hard boundary between them	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection, checks for bias and for appropriate grade smoothing	

Mining
·	underground with ramp access	
·	method will be longitudinal or transverse drift and fill	
·	stope development heading size will be 5m by 5m	
·	stope design incorporates 15% -18% dilution and 5% - 10% ore loss	
·	cemented hydraulic back fill will be used in mined areas	
 
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Stratoni

Grade Modelling
·	3D models based on interpreted geology	
·	assays were composited into 2 metre composites	
·	Ag, Pb and Zn were interpolated by kriging methods using a two pass approach with the first pass emulating a multiple hole approach	
·	the model was validated by visual inspection and reconciliation to production	

Mining
·	underground with ramp access	
·	method is longitudinal or transverse drift and fill	
·	stope development heading size is 4m by 4m	
·	stope design incorporates 12% dilution and no ore loss	
·	cemented hydraulic back fill is used in mined areas	

 

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 Risk factors in our business
 
 Eldorado is involved in all facets of the mining industry including exploration, discovery, acquisition, financing, development, production, reclamation and operation of mining properties.  We face a number of risks and uncertainties in our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and the Eldorado Gold Share price.
 
The risks described below are not the only risks and uncertainties that we face.  Although we have done our best to identify the risks of our business, there is no assurance that we have captured every material or potentially material risk.  Additional existing risks and uncertainties not presently identified by the Company, risks that we currently do not consider to be material, and risks arising in the future could also materially affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.  These risk factors could materially affect the Company’s future operating results and could cause actual events to differ materially from those described in our forward-looking statements.
 
We currently consider the following risks to be of the most concern to the Company at this time in order of their current materiality to the Company:
 
 	·	Metal Price Volatility (page )	
 	·	Geopolitical Climate (page )	
 	·	Mineral Tenure and Permits (page )	
 	·	Development and Mining Operation Risks (page )	
 	·	Foreign Investment and Operations (page )	
 
These are not the only risks that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price and other risks, such as the ones identified below, may become more material to the Company in the future or the above risks could diminish in importance, depending on the current circumstances of our business and operations.  You should carefully review each of the risk factors below.
 
We have categorized the risks discussed in this section for ease of reference.  However, the headings below should not be taken to limit the scope or effect of the risks described.  We caution you to review this risks section in its entirety, as some risks described may be applicable to aspects of our business in addition to the risk category under which we have described them below.  In addition, you should review the property descriptions elsewhere in this AIF for further descriptions of certain of the risks arising in respect of those particular properties.
 
Section I General Operational Matters………………………………………………………………………..89
 
1.  Government regulation
 2. Mineral tenure and permits
 a. Mineral tenure
 b. Permits
 3.  Resource nationalism and foreign ownership restrictions
 4.  Competition
 5.  Environmental matters
 6.  Infrastructure and commodities
a. Infrastructure
 b. Power and Water
c. Commodities and consumables
 7.  Geopolitical climate
8.  Community relations and social license
9.  Labor
 a. Employee relations
 
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 b. Employee misconduct
c. Key personnel
d. Skilled workforce
 e. Expatriates
 10.  Equipment
 11.  Health and safety
 12.  Cost estimates
 13.  Joint venture matters
 14.  Reputational risk
 15.  Human rights matters
 16.  Estimation of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources
 17.  Occurrence of unpredictable geological factors
 18.  Natural phenomena
 a. Climate change
 b. Health effects
 19.  Reclamation and long term obligations
 20. Use and transport of regulated substances
 
Section II Exploration Risks…………………………………………………………………………………… 102
 
1. Exploration efforts

Section III Development & Mining Operation Risks………………………………………………………… 102
 
1. Costs of development projects
 2. Contractors
 3. Pre-stripping/stripping or underground development
4. Extraction
 5. Processing
 6. Waste Disposal
 7. Security
 8. Production and cost estimates
 9. Operational risks and hazards

Section IV Financial Risks……………………………………………………………………………………..106
 
1. Unavailability of capital/inadequate income
a. Limited access to equity markets
b. Dilutive equity financing
2. Metal price volatility
3. Indebtedness and financing risks
a. Current and future operation restrictions
b. Change of control
c. Interest rate risk
d. Liquidity
e. Debt service obligation
f. Default on obligations
 4. Foreign currency and foreign exchange
 5.  Tax matters
 
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6. Global economic environment
 7. Repatriation of funds
 8. Hedging activities
 9. Dividends
 10. Compensation risks
 a. Pension risks
11. Financial reporting risks
 a. Carrying value of assets
 b. Change in reporting standards
 12. Mark to market risk

Section V Corporate Risks…………………………………………………………………………………….114
 
1. Risks related to growth
a. Risks related to acquisitions
 i. Sourcing merger and acquisition targets and projects
 ii. Impact on growth and financial condition
 iii. Unknown liabilities
 iv. Evaluating the merits or risks
 v. Portfolio of development projects
 b. Limited capital
 2. Foreign investments and operations
 3. Regulatory requirements
a. Full compliance at all times
b. Evolving public disclosure requirements
c. Corporate governance requirements
d. Internal controls over financial reporting
4. Corruption and bribery
5. Non-governmental organizations
 6. Conflicts of interest
 7. Information technology systems
 8. Price and volume fluctuations
 9. Litigation risks
 10. Unavailability of insurance

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 SECTION I            GENERAL OPERATIONAL MATTERS
 
1.           Government regulation
 
The mineral exploration, development, mining, and processing activities of Eldorado in the countries in which we operate are subject to various laws governing a wide range of matters, including, but not limited to, the following:
 
 	·	the environment, including land and water use;	
 	·	the right to conduct our business, including limitations on our rights in jurisdictions where we are considered a foreign entity and restrictions on inbound investment;	
 	·	prospecting and exploration rights and methods;	
 	·	development activities;	
 	·	construction;	
 	·	mineral production;	
 	·	reclamation;	
 	·	royalties, taxes, fees and imposts;	
 	·	importation of goods;	
 	·	currency exchange restrictions;	
 	·	sales of our products;	
 	·	repatriation of profits and return of capital;	
 	·	immigration and employment of our personnel;	
 	·	labour standards and occupational health;	
 	·	mine safety;	
 	·	use of toxic substances;	
 	·	mineral title, mineral tenure and competing land claims; and	
 	·	impacts on and participation rights of local communities and entities.	
 
Although we believe our mineral exploration, development, mining, and processing activities are currently carried out in accordance with all applicable rules and regulations, there is no assurance that new or amended laws, rules or regulations will not be enacted, new policy applied or that existing laws , rules , regulations or discretion will not be applied in a manner which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price. In addition, changes to the fiscal regime in any of the countries in which we operate, including, without limitation:
 
 	·	laws regarding government ownership of or participation in projects;	
 	·	laws regarding permitted foreign investments;	
 	·	royalties, taxes, fees and imposts;	
 	·	regulation of, or restrictions on, importation of goods;	
 	·	regulation of, or restrictions on, currency transactions; and	
 	·	regulation of, or restrictions on, sales of our products,	
 
or other laws generally applicable in such country, or changes to the ways in which any of these laws are applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
See also “Regulatory requirements” below.
 
 2.           Mineral tenure and permits
 
a.	Mineral tenure	
 
In the countries in which we operate, the mineral rights or certain portions of them are owned by the relevant governments.  In such countries, we must enter into contracts with the applicable governments, or obtain permits or concessions from them, that allow us to hold areas of land and conduct aspects of our business and operations on them.  The availability of such areas and the scope of operations we may undertake thereon are subject to the discretion of the applicable governments and may be subject to conditions.  New laws and regulations, or amendments to laws and regulations relating to mineral tenure
 
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and land title and usage, including expropriations and deprivations of contractual rights, if proposed and enacted, may affect our rights to our mineral properties.
 
In many instances, we can initially only get rights to conduct exploration activities on given areas, and obtaining the rights to proceed with development, mining and production on such areas or to use them for other related purposes, such as waste storage or water management, is subject to further application, conditions or completely at the discretion of the governments.  In many instances, our rights are restricted to fixed periods of time with limited, and often discretionary, renewal rights.  Delays in the process for applying for such rights or renewals or expansions, or the nature of conditions imposed by government, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our existing developments and mines, and our results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
The cost of holding these rights often escalates over time or as the scope of our operating rights expands.  There is no assurance that the mineral rights regimes under which we hold properties or which govern our operations thereon will not be changed, amended, or applied in a manner which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price, that the ongoing costs of obtaining or maintaining our rights will remain economic, not result in uncompensated delays or that compliance with conditions as imposed from time to time will be practicable.  Any inability to obtain and retain rights to use lands for our ongoing operations at all or on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
It is possible that our present or future tenure may be subject to challenges, prior unregistered agreements or transfers, and competing uses.  Our rights may be affected by undetected defects in title.  There is no assurance that any of our holdings will not be challenged.  We may also be subject to expropriation proceedings for a variety of reasons.  While any such challenges or proceedings are in process, we may suffer material delays in our business and operations or suspensions of our operations, and we may not be compensated for resulting losses.  Any defects, challenges, agreements, transfers or competing uses which prevail over our rights, and any expropriation of our holdings, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our total loss of such rights, and our results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Certain of our mining properties are subject to royalty and other payment agreements.  Failure to meet our payment obligations under these agreements could result in the loss of our rights.
 
There is no assurance that we will be able to hold or operate on our properties as currently held or operated or at all, or that we will be able to enforce our rights with respect to our holdings, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
b.	Permits	
 
Activities in the nature of our business and operations can only be conducted by entities that have obtained or renewed a wide range of permits and licenses in accordance with the relevant mining laws and regulations in the countries in which we operate.  These include permits and licences which authorize us to, among other things:
 
 	·	conduct business in such countries;	
 	·	import or export goods and materials;	
 	·	employ foreign personnel in-country;	
 	·	employ local, regional and national residents and contractors;	
 	·	import or otherwise obtain, store and use regulated materials, such as explosives and cyanide;	
 	·	construct or obtain rights of way for fences, buildings, equipment, underground workings, tailings dams, water courses and power lines;	
 	·	cut down trees; and	
 	·	operate equipment.	
 
The duration and success of each permitting process are contingent upon many factors that we do not control.  In the case of foreign operations, granting of government approvals, permits and licenses are, as a practical matter, subject to the discretion of the applicable governments or government officials.  There may be delays in the review process. See for example the disclosure related to Skouries permitting on page 50.
 
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In the context of environmental protection permitting, including the approval of reclamation plans, we are required to comply with existing laws and regulations and other standards that may entail greater or lower costs and delays depending on the nature of the activity to be permitted and the interpretation of the laws and regulations implemented by the permitting authority.
 
There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain or renew the permits we need to conduct our business and operations, in a timely manner, or at all, or that we will be in a position to comply with all conditions that are imposed.  The failure to obtain or renew certain permits, or the imposition of extensive conditions upon certain permits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
3.           Resource nationalism and foreign ownership restrictions
 
The mining and metals sector has been increasingly targeted to raise revenue or for political reasons as governments continue to struggle with deficits and concerns over the effects of depressed economies.  Governments are continually assessing the fiscal terms of the mining regimes and agreements that apply to an entity looking to exploit resources in their countries and numerous countries have recently introduced changes to their respective mining regimes that reflect increased government control over or participation in the mining sector.
 
The possibility of future changes to the mining regimes in the countries in which we operate adds uncertainty that cannot be accurately predicted and may result in additional costs, delays and regulatory requirements, including, but not limited to:
 
 	·	limitations on or elimination of foreign ownership;	
 	·	limitations on or taxation of direct and indirect dispositions of mineral interests;	
 	·	mandatory government ownership or participation in mining projects, up to and including expropriation;	
 	·	imposition of additional taxes, royalties, import or export duties or other fees;	
 	·	imposition of fixed, non-market, currency exchange rates and other currency and exchange controls, including with respect to repatriation of income or return of capital;	
 	·	requirements to build and operate mineral beneficiation facilities, such as smelters and refineries, in-country;	
 	·	requirements to sell our products to the government, including at lower than market prices;	
 	·	limits or impositions on hedging activities;	
 	·	imposition of more rigorous standards for working conditions;	
 	·	establishment of projects and funds to offset environmental effects of our operations and provide benefits to the local community;	
 	·	special bonds to provide for reclamation and other costs;	
 	·	employment of local, regional and national residents and contractors, including special levies and hiring quotas and preferences for indigenous peoples; or	
 	·	imposition of special charges or operating conditions due to status as a foreign entity.	
 
Changes in government or in the policies or legislation in the countries in which we operate with respect to foreign ownership, mineral exploration, development or mining activities, may affect the viability and profitability of the Company.  A potential policy or government change could result in a moratorium being placed on business activities at our projects or mines, the nationalization of our development projects or mines, imposition of joint venture partners or operating conditions, the termination of our rights to conduct parts or all of our business and operations, possibly without appropriate compensation and without regard to legality . See for example the disclosure relating to the Kassandra Mines EIS litigation on page 47 .
 
There is no assurance that governments will not take our rights, impose conditions on our business or grant additional rights to state-owned enterprises, private domestic entities, special interest groups, indigenous peoples or residents in the countries in which we operate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
See also “Geopolitical climate” and “Foreign investments and operations” below.

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4.           Competition
 
We compete for attractive mineral properties and projects with other entities that have substantial financial resources, operational experience, technical capabilities and political strengths, including state owned and domestically domiciled entities in some of the countries in which we now, or may in future wish to, conduct our business and operations.
 
We may not be able to prevail over these competitors in obtaining mineral properties that are producing or capable of producing metals or to compete effectively for merger and acquisition targets, or do so on terms we consider acceptable.  This may limit our growth and our ability to replace or expand our mineral reserves and mineral resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
5.           Environmental matters
 
Although we monitor our sites for potential environmental hazards, there is no assurance that we have detected, or can detect all possible risks to the environment arising from our business and operations.  We expend significant resources to comply with environmental laws, regulations and permitting requirements, and we expect to continue to do so in the future.  Failure to comply with applicable environmental laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in injunctions, damages, suspension or revocation of permits and imposition of penalties.  There is no assurance that:
 
 	·	we have been or will be at all times in complete compliance with such laws, regulations and permitting requirements, or with any new or amended laws, regulations and permitting requirements that may be imposed from time to time;	
 	·	our compliance will not be challenged; or	
 	·	the costs of compliance will be economic and will not materially or adversely affect our future cash flow, results of operations and financial condition.	
 
We may be subject to proceedings in respect of alleged failures to comply with increasingly strict environmental laws, regulations or permitting requirements or of posing a threat to or of having caused hazards or damage to the environment or to persons or property.  While any such proceedings are in process, we could suffer delays or impediments to or suspension of development and construction of our projects and operations and, even if we are ultimately successful, we may not be compensated for the losses resulting from any such proceedings or delays.
 
There may be existing environmental hazards, contamination or damage at our mines or projects that we are unaware of.  We may also be held responsible for addressing environmental hazards, contamination or damage caused by current or former activities at our mines or projects or exposure to hazardous substances, regardless of whether or not hazard, damage, contamination or exposure was caused by our activities or by previous owners or operators of the property, past or present owners of adjacent properties or by natural conditions and whether or not such hazard, damage, contamination or exposure was unknown or undetectable.
 
Any finding of liability in such proceedings could result in additional substantial costs, delays in the exploration, development and operation of our properties and other penalties and liabilities related to associated losses, including, but not limited to:
 
 	·	restrictions on or suspension of our activities;	
 	·	loss of our rights, permits and property, including loss of our ability to operate in that country or generally;	
 	·	completion of extensive remedial cleanup or paying for government or third-party remedial cleanup;	
 	·	premature reclamation of our operating sites; and	
 	·	seizure of funds or forfeiture of bonds.	
 
The costs of complying with any orders made or any cleanup required and related liabilities from such proceedings or events may be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
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6.           Infrastructure and commodities
 
a.	Infrastructure	
 
Our business and operations depend on our ability to access and maintain adequate and reliable infrastructure, including roads and bridges, power sources and water systems.  We may have to build the required infrastructure if it is not readily available to us for a given project, and there is no assurance that we will be able to do so in a timely manner or at all.  Inadequate, inconsistent, or costly infrastructure could compromise many aspects of a project’s feasibility, viability and profitability, including, but not limited to:
 
 	·	construction schedule;	
 	·	capital and operating costs;	
 	·	manpower availability;	
 	·	mobilization of equipment, machinery and inventory; and	
 	·	throughput rates and production volumes.	
 
There is no assurance that we can access and maintain the infrastructure we need, or, where necessary, obtain rights of way, raw materials and government authorizations and permits to construct, or upgrade the same at a reasonable cost, in a timely manner, or at all.
 
Our access to infrastructure and the commodities discussed below may be interrupted by natural causes, such as drought, floods, earthquakes and other weather phenomena, or man-made causes, such as blockades, sabotage, conflicts, government issues, political events, protests, rationing or competing uses.  Our inability to obtain or build and to maintain adequate and continuous access to infrastructure and substantial amounts of commodities, power and water, at a reasonable cost, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
b.	Power and water	
 
A key operational risk is the availability of sufficient power and water supplies required to support our mining operations, which use substantial volumes of water and power in the extraction and processing processes.  Our ability to obtain secure supplies of power and water at a reasonable cost depends on a number of factors that may be out of our control, including:
 
 	·	global and regional supply and demand;	
 	·	political and economic conditions;	
 	·	problems affecting local supplies;	
 	·	infrastructure and delivery issues; and	
 	·	relevant regulatory regimes.	
 
There is no assurance that we will be able to secure the required supplies of power and water on reasonable terms or at all and, if we are unable to do so or there is an interruption in the supplies we do obtain or a material increase in prices, then it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
c.	Commodities and consumables	
 
Our business operations use a significant amount of commodities, consumables and other materials.  Prices for diesel fuel, steel, concrete, chemicals (including cyanide) and other materials, commodities and consumables required for our operations can be volatile and price changes can be substantial, occur over short periods of time and be affected by factors beyond our control.  Higher costs for, or tighter supplies of construction materials like steel and concrete can affect the timing and cost of our development projects.
 
If there is a significant and sustained increase in the cost of certain commodities, we may decide that it is not economically feasible to continue some or all of our commercial production and development activities, and this could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
We also carry significant amounts of operating consumables, based on the frequency and reliability of the delivery process for such consumables and anticipated variations in regular use.  We depend on suppliers to meet our needs for these commodities; however, sometimes no source for such commodities may be
 
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available.  If the rates of consumption for such commodities vary from expected rates significantly or delivery is delayed for any reason, we may need to find a new source or negotiate with existing sources to increase supply.  If any shortages are not rectified in a timely manner, it may result in reduced recovery or delays in restoring optimal operating conditions.
 
Higher worldwide demand for critical resources, such as drilling equipment and tires, could affect our ability to acquire such resources and lead to delays in delivery and unanticipated cost increases, which could have an effect on our operating costs, capital expenditures and production schedules.
 
Further, we rely on certain key third-party suppliers and contractors for equipment, raw materials and services used in, and the provision of services necessary for, the development, construction and continuing operation of our assets.  As a result, our operations at our sites are subject to a number of risks, some of which are outside of our control, including:
 
 	·	negotiating agreements with suppliers and contractors on acceptable terms;	
 	·	the inability to replace a supplier or contractor and its equipment, raw materials or services if either party terminates the agreement;	
 	·	interruption of operations or increased costs if a supplier or contractor ceases its business due to insolvency or other unforeseen events; and	
 	·	failure of a supplier or contractor to perform as contracted.	
 
The occurrence of one or more of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
 7.           Geopolitical climate
 
Our operations are located in foreign jurisdictions, and are exposed to various levels of political, economic and other risks and uncertainties.  These risks and uncertainties vary from country to country and include, but are not limited to:
 
 	·	changing political conditions or governments;	
 	·	expropriation;	
 	·	renegotiation or nullification of existing concessions, licenses, permits and contracts;	
 	·	restrictions on foreign exchange, currency controls and repatriation of capital and profits;	
 	·	availability of procedural rights and remedies	
 	·	reliability of judicial recourse;	
 	·	operation of the rule of law;	
 	·	labour unrest;	
 	·	extreme fluctuations in currency exchange rates;	
 	·	high rates of inflation;	
 	·	civil unrest or risk of civil war;	
 	·	changes in taxation and or monetary policies;	
 	·	terrorism;	
 	·	activism;	
 	·	hostage taking;	
 	·	military repression; and	
 	·	illegal mining.	
 
The occurrence of any of these risks in the countries in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Changes, if any, in mining or investment policies or shifts in political attitude in these jurisdictions may adversely affect our operations or profitability.  Operations may be affected in varying degrees by government regulations with respect to, but not limited to:
 
 	·	restrictions on production;	
 	·	price, export and currency controls;	
 	·	income and other taxes;	
 	·	expropriation of property;	

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 	·	foreign investment;	
 	·	maintenance of claims;	
 	·	construction and permitting;	
 	·	the environment, land use, and water use;	
 	·	land claims of local people;	
 	·	mine safety;	
 	·	in-country refining, beneficiation and local value-added processing;	
 	·	awarding of contracts to local contractors; and	
 	·	requirements to employ citizens of, or purchase of supplies from, a particular jurisdiction.	
 
Failure to comply strictly with applicable laws, regulations and local practices relating to business conducted by foreign entities in a country and, in particular, in the mining industry, could result in loss, reduction or expropriation of rights or entitlements, or the imposition of additional local or foreign parties as joint venture partners with carried or other interests.  There is no assurance that current economic or political conditions will not change or that governments in the jurisdictions in which we operate will not adopt regulatory or political reforms that could negatively affect our current and future operations and plans. See for example disclosure regarding Geopolitical climate in Greece and China on pages 47, 53 and 39 .
 
See also “Resource nationalism and foreign ownership restrictions” above and “Foreign investments and operations” below.
 
8.           Community relations and social license
 
Maintaining a positive relationship with the communities in which we operate is critical to continuing successful operation of our existing mines as well as construction and development of existing and new projects.  Community support for mining operations is a key component of a successful mining venture.
 
As a mining business, we may come under pressure in the jurisdictions in which we operate, or will operate in the future, to demonstrate that other stakeholders (including employees, communities surrounding operations and the countries in which we operate) benefit and will continue to benefit from our commercial activities, and / or that we operate in a manner that will minimize any potential damage or disruption to the interests of those stakeholders.  We may face opposition with respect to our current and future development and exploration projects which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Community relations are impacted by a number of factors, both within and outside of our control.  Relations may be strained or social license lost by poor Company performance in areas such as health and safety, environmental impacts from the mine, increased traffic or noise.  External factors such as press scrutiny or other distributed information about Eldorado specifically or extractive industries generally from media, governments, non-governmental organizations or interested individuals can also influence sentiment toward the Company and its operations.
 
Surrounding communities may affect operations and projects through restriction of site access for equipment, supplies and personnel or through legal challenges.  This could interfere with work on the Company’s properties, and potentially pose a security threat to employees or equipment.  Social license may also impact permitting ability, Company reputation and our ability to build positive community relationships in exploration areas or around newly acquired properties.
 
This may have the effect of slowing down the development of new projects and potentially may increase the cost of constructing and operating these projects.  If social license is eroded or lost, then productivity may be reduced due to restriction of access, requirements to respond to security threats or proceedings initiated or delays in permitting and there may also be extra costs associated with improving the relationship between Eldorado and the surrounding communities.  We seek to mitigate these risks through our commitment to operating in a socially responsible manner; however, there is no guarantee that our efforts in this respect will mitigate these risks.  See, for example, page 53 Community Relations for a discussion on community relations at Skouries.
 
See also “Reputational risk” below.

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9.           Labor
 
a.	Employee relations	
 
We depend on our workforce to explore for mineral reserves and resources, develop our projects and operate our mines.  We have programs to recruit and train the necessary manpower for our operations, and we work hard at maintaining good relations with our workforce to minimize the possibility of strikes, lockouts and other stoppages at our work sites.  In addition, our relations with our employees may be affected by changes in labour and employment legislation that may be introduced by the relevant governmental authorities in whose jurisdictions we carry on business.  Changes in such legislation or a prolonged labour disruption at any of our mines or projects could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and share price. Further, from time to time we may hire contractors and subcontractors for our operations, and there is a risk that they could experience labour disputes or become insolvent, and this could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
b.           Employee misconduct
 
We are reliant on the good character of our employees and are subject to the risk that employee misconduct could occur.  Although we take precautions to prevent and detect employee misconduct, these precautions may not be effective and the Company could be exposed to unknown and unmanaged risks or losses.  The existence of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, among other governance and compliance policies and processes, may not prevent incidents of theft, dishonesty or other fraudulent behaviour nor can we guarantee compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.  Misconduct by employees could include:
 
 	·	employees binding us to transactions that exceed authorized limits or present unacceptable risks to the Company;	
 	·	employee theft or improper use of our property;	
 	·	employee fraud or employees conspiring with third parties to defraud us;	
 	·	employees hiding unauthorized or unsuccessful activities from us; and	
 	·	the improper use of confidential information.	
 
These types of misconduct could result in unknown and unmanaged damage or losses, including regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation.  The precautions we take to prevent and detect these activities may not be effective.  If material employee misconduct does occur, our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price could be adversely affected.
 
c.	Key personnel	
 
We depend on a number of key personnel, including Paul N. Wright, our President and Chief Executive Officer, Paul Skayman, our Chief Operating Officer, Fabiana E. Chubbs, our Chief Financial Officer and Dawn L. Moss, our Executive Vice President, Administration and Corporate Secretary. We do not have key man life insurance.  Employment contracts are in place with each of these executives, however, losing any of them could have an adverse effect on our operations.
 
We need to continue implementing and enhancing our management systems and recruiting and training new employees to manage our business effectively.  We have been successful in attracting and retaining skilled and experienced personnel in the past, and expect to be in the future, but there is no assurance this will be the case.
 
d.	Skilled workforce	
 
We depend on a skilled workforce, including but not limited to mining and mineral, metallurgical and geological engineers, geologists, environmental and safety specialists, and mining operators to explore and develop our projects and operate our mines.  We have programs and initiatives in place to attract and retain a skilled workforce.  However, we are potentially faced with a shortage of skilled professionals due to competition in the industry and as experienced employees continue to exit the workforce.  As such, we need to continue to enhance training and development programs for current employees and partner with local universities and technical schools to train and develop a skilled workforce for the future. 

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e.	Expatriates	
 
We depend on expatriates to work at our mines and projects to fill gaps in expertise and provide needed management skills in the countries where we operate.  Additionally, we depend on expatriates to transfer knowledge and best practices and to train and develop in-country personnel successors into their roles.  We operate in challenging locations and must continue to maintain competitive compensation and benefits programs to attract and retain expatriate personnel.  We must also develop in-country personnel to run our mines in the future.  A lack of appropriately skilled and experienced personnel in key management positions would be detrimental to our operations.
 
10.           Equipment
 
Our operations are reliant on significant amounts of large and small equipment that is critical to the development, construction and operation of our projects.  Failures or unavailability of equipment could cause interruptions or delays in our development and construction or interruptions or reduced production in our operations.  These risks may be increased by the age of certain equipment.  Equipment related risks include:
 
 	·	delays in repair or replacement of equipment due to unavailability or insufficient spare parts inventory	
 	·	repeated or unexpected equipment failures;	
 	·	restrictions on transportation and installation of large equipment, including delays or inability to obtain required permits for the such transportation or installation;	
 	·	inefficient or improper design for processing facilities;	
 	·	suitability of equipment, including proper identification of normal operating parameters, the occurrence of extreme conditions or change of planned use for a particular piece of equipment;	
 	·	premature failure of equipment;	
 	·	restrictions on hours of operation of equipment	
 	·	availability of long lead-time and specialized equipment, including delays that may arise in the course of ordering, manufacture, importation or delivery of such equipment; and	
 	·	availability of specialized equipment and personnel to install and commission selected equipment.	
 
Delays in construction or development of a project or periods of downtime or reductions in operations or efficiency that result from the above risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price. Remediation of an interruption or inefficiency in production capability could require us to make large expenditures to repair, replace or redesign equipment. All of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
11.           Health and safety
 
Our operations are subject to various health and safety laws and regulations that impose various duties on our operations relating to, among other things, worker safety and surrounding communities.  These laws and regulations also grant the authorities broad powers to, among other things, close unsafe operations and order corrective action relating to health and safety matters.  The costs associated with the compliance of such health and safety laws and regulations may be substantial and any amendments to such laws and regulations, or more stringent implementation thereof, could cause additional expenditure or impose restrictions on, or suspensions of, our operations.  We have made, and expect to make in the future, significant expenditures to comply with the extensive laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment, waste disposal, worker safety, mine development and protection of endangered and other special status species, and, to the extent reasonably practicable, create social and economic benefit in the surrounding communities.

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12.           Cost estimates
 
We prepare budgets and estimates of cash costs and capital costs of production for each of our operations.  The main categories relate to material costs, personnel and contractor costs, energy costs and closure and reclamation costs.  However, despite efforts to budget and estimate such costs, as a result of the substantial expenditures involved in the development of mineral projects and the fluctuation of costs over time, development projects may be prone to material cost overruns.  Our actual costs may vary from estimates for a variety of reasons, including:

 	·	short-term operating factors;	
 	·	revisions to mine plans;	
 	·	risks and hazards associated with mining;	
 	·	natural phenomena, such as inclement weather conditions, water availability, floods, and earthquakes; and	
 	·	unexpected work stoppages or labour shortages or strikes.	
 
Operational costs may also be affected by a variety of factors, including:
 
 	·	changing waste-to-ore ratios;	
 	·	ore grade metallurgy;	
 	·	labour costs;	
 	·	cost of commodities, equipment and supplies;	
 	·	general inflationary pressures; and	
 	·	currency exchange rates.	
 
Many of these factors are beyond our control.  Failure to achieve estimates or material increases in costs could have an adverse impact on our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Furthermore, delays in the construction and commissioning of mining projects or other technical difficulties may result in even further capital expenditures being required.  Any delay in the development of a project, or cost overruns or operational difficulties once the project is fully developed, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 
13.           Joint venture matters
 
Mining projects are often conducted through an unincorporated joint venture or an incorporated joint venture company.  Joint ventures often require unanimous approval of the parties or their representatives for certain fundamental decisions like an increase (or decrease) in registered capital, a merger, division, dissolution, amendment of the constitutional documents, and pledge of the joint venture assets, which means that each party to the joint venture has a right to veto any of these decisions, which could lead to a deadlock.  We are subject to a number of additional risks associated with joint ventures, including:
 
 	·	disagreement with a joint venture partner about how to develop, operate or finance the project;	
 	·	that a joint venture partner may at any time have economic or business interests or goals that are, or become, inconsistent with our business interests or goals;	
 	·	that a joint venture partner may not comply with the agreements governing our relationship with them;	
 	·	disagreement with a joint venture partner over the exercise of such joint venture partner’s rights under the agreements governing our relationship;	
 	·	the possibility that a joint venture partner may become insolvent;	
 	·	the possibility that we may not be able to sell our interest in a joint venture if we desire to exit the joint venture; and	
 	·	possible litigation with a joint venture partner over matters related to the project.	
 
Some of our interests are through joint venture companies established under and governed by the laws of their respective countries.  See, for example, pages 35, 55, 58 and 62 for a details on our joint ventures in China.

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Some of our joint venture partners or counterparties to shareholder agreements are state-sector entities and, like other state-sector entities, their actions and priorities may be dictated by government or other policies instead of purely commercial considerations.  Decisions of our joint venture partners or the counterparties to shareholder agreements may have an adverse effect on the results of our operations in respect of the projects to which the applicable joint venture relates.
 
14.           Reputational risk
 
Damage to Eldorado’s reputation can be the result of the actual or perceived occurrence of any number of events, and could include any negative publicity, whether true or not.  Although we believe that we operate in a manner that is respectful to all stakeholders and take care in protecting our image and reputation, we do not have control over how we are perceived by others.  Any reputation loss could result in decreased investor confidence and increased challenges in developing and maintaining community relations which may have adverse effects on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
See also “Community relations and social license” above.
 
15.           Human rights matters
 
Various international and national laws, codes, resolutions, conventions, guidelines and other provisions govern human rights, including rights with respect to the environment, health and safety surrounding our operations.  Many of these provisions impose obligations on government and companies to respect human rights and some provisions mandate that government consult with local and indigenous communities surrounding potential or operating projects regarding government actions which may affect local stakeholders, including actions to approve or grant mining rights or permits.
 
The obligations of government and private entities under the various international and national provisions pertaining to human rights continue to evolve and be defined.  One or more groups of people may oppose our current and future operations or further development or new development of projects or operations on human rights grounds.  Such opposition may be directed through legal or administrative proceedings or expressed in manifestations such as protests, roadblocks or other forms of public expression against Eldorado’s activities, and may have a negative impact on our reputation.
 
Opposition by such groups to our operations may require modification of, or preclude the operation or development of, projects or may require us to enter into agreements with such groups or local governments with respect to our projects, and in some cases, causing considerable delays to the advancement of our projects.  The occurrence of one or more of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
16.           Estimation of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources
 
Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates are only estimates and we may not produce gold in the quantities estimated.
 
Proven and Probable Mineral Reserve estimates may need to be revised based on various factors including:
 
 	·	actual production experience;	
 	·	fluctuations in the market price of gold;	
 	·	results of drilling or metallurgical testing;	
 	·	production costs; and	
 	·	recovery rates.	
 
The cut-off grades for the Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources are based on our assumptions about plant recovery, gold value, mining dilution and recovery, and our estimates for operating and capital costs, which are based on historical production figures.  We may have to recalculate our estimated mineral reserve and resources based on actual production or the results of exploration.  Fluctuations in the market price of gold, production costs or recovery rates can make it unprofitable for us to develop or operate a particular property for a period of time.  If there is a material decrease in our mineral reserve estimates, or our ability to extract the mineral reserves, it could have a material adverse effect on our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.

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There are uncertainties inherent in estimating Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves and Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources, including many factors beyond our control.  Estimating Mineral Reserves and Resources is a subjective process.  Accuracy depends on the quantity and quality of available data and assumptions and judgments used in engineering and geological interpretation, which may be unreliable.  It is inherently impossible to have full knowledge of particular geological structures, faults, voids, intrusions, natural variations in and within rock types and other occurrences.  Failure to identify and account for such occurrences in our assessment of Mineral Reserves and Resources may make mining more expensive and cost ineffective, which will have a material adverse effect on our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
There is no assurance that the estimates are accurate, that Mineral Reserve and Resource figures are accurate, or that the Mineral Reserves or Resources can be mined or processed profitably.  Mineral Resources that are not classified as Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability.  You should not assume that all or any part of the Measured Mineral Resources, Indicated Mineral Resources, or an Inferred Mineral Resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category or that any or all of an Inferred Mineral Resource exists or is economically or legally feasible to mine.
 
Because mines have limited lives based on Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves, we must continually replace and expand our Mineral Reserves and any necessary associated surface rights as our mines produce gold.
 
Our ability to maintain or increase annual production of gold and other metals will depend significantly on:
 
 	·	our mining operations	
 	·	our ability to conduct successful exploration efforts; and	
 	·	our ability to develop new projects and make acquisitions.	
 
If we are unable to maintain or increase our annual production of gold and other metals, it could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
 17.           Occurrence of unpredictable geological factors
 
As we explore and develop a property, we are constantly determining the level of drilling and analytical work required to maintain or upgrade our confidence in the geological model.  Depending on continuity, the amount of drilling will vary from deposit to deposit.  The degree of analytical work is determined by the variability in the ore, the type of metallurgical process used and the potential for deleterious elements in the ore.  We do not drill exhaustively at all deposits or analyze every sample for every known element as the cost would be prohibitive.  Therefore, unknown geological formations are possible, which could limit our ability to access the ore or cut off the ore where we are expecting continuity.  It is also possible that we have not correctly identified all metals and deleterious elements in the ore in order to design metallurgical processes correctly.  If any of these risks occur, it could result in material that was previously expected to be mined not being mined or to reduced recovery or increased costs of recovery, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
 
See “Pre-stripping/stripping or underground development” on page 106.
 
18.           Natural phenomena
 
a.	Climate change	
 
We recognize that climate change is an international and community concern which may affect our business and operations directly or indirectly.  Governments at all levels are moving towards enacting legislation to address climate change by regulating carbon emissions and energy efficiency, among other things.  Where legislation has already been enacted, regulation regarding emission levels and energy efficiency are becoming more stringent.  Costs associated with meeting these requirements can be offset by increased energy efficiency and technological innovation; however, there is no assurance that compliance with such legislation will not have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Extreme weather events (such as prolonged drought, increased periods of snow and increased frequency and intensity of storms) have the potential to disrupt our operations and the transport routes we use.  
 
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Where appropriate, our facilities have developed emergency plans for managing extreme weather conditions; however, extended disruptions to supply lines could result in interruption to production which may adversely affect our business results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Our facilities depend on regular and steady supplies of consumables (diesel fuel, reagents etc.) to operate efficiently.  If the effects of climate change cause prolonged disruption to the delivery of, or otherwise effect the availability of essential commodities, or affect the prices of these commodities our production efficiency may be reduced which may have adverse effects on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.  See “Infrastructure, power and water” above.
 
b.	Health effects	
 
We operate in a range of environments and our employees, contractors and suppliers are at risk of injury from our operations as well as disease or natural disasters.  If our workforce is affected by high incidence of injury or the occurrence of disease or natural disasters, the facilities and treatments may not be available in the jurisdictions in which we operate to the same standard that one would expect in Canada, which could have an effect on the availability of sufficient personnel to run our operations.  This could result in a period of downtime or we may be subject to an order to cease operations, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
19.           Reclamation and long term obligations
 
We are required by various governments in jurisdictions in which we operate to provide financial assurance sufficient to allow a third party to implement approved closure and reclamation plans if we are unable to do so.  These laws are complex and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.  The laws govern the determination of the scope and cost of the closure and reclamation obligations and the amount and forms of financial assurance required.
 
As of December 31, 2015, Eldorado has provided the appropriate regulatory authorities with $68 million in reclamation financial assurance for mine closure obligations in the various jurisdictions in which we operate.  The amount and nature of such financial assurance are dependent upon a number of factors, including our financial condition and reclamation cost estimates.  Changes to these amounts, as well as the nature of the collateral to be provided, could significantly increase our costs, making the maintenance and development of existing and new mines less economically feasible.  Regulatory authorities may require further financial assurance and, to the extent that the value of the collateral provided is or becomes insufficient to cover the amount that we are required to post, we could be required to replace or supplement the existing security with more expensive forms of security.  This could include cash deposits, which would reduce cash available for our operations and development activities.  There is no guarantee that we will be able to maintain or add to current levels of financial assurance as we may not have sufficient capital resources to further supplement our existing security.
 
Although we have currently made provision for certain of our reclamation obligations, there is no assurance that these provisions will be adequate in the future.  Failure to provide the required financial assurance for reclamation could potentially result in the closure of one or more of our operations, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
20.           Use and transport of regulated substances
 
The transportation and use of certain substances that we use in our operations are regulated by the government in the jurisdictions in which we operate.  Two obvious examples are explosives and cyanide.  Regulations may include:
 
 	·	restricting where the substance can be purchased;	
 	·	requiring a certain government department to handle the purchase and transport of the substances;	
 	·	restricting the amount of these substances that can be kept on site at any time;	
 	·	restricting where and how the materials may be stored; and	
 	·	monitoring of the use of the product at site.	
 
Eldorado is a signatory to the Cyanide Code, which commits us to mandating that our sites adhere to recognized best practice for the purchase, transportation, use and disposal of cyanide.  Our signatory sites

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are audited every three years to assess continued compliance.  While we have a good understanding of the restrictions in the various jurisdictions, these laws may change, or the responsible parties within the government may change or not be available at a critical time when they are required to be involved in our process.  This may result in delays in normal operation, or downtime, and may have an effect on our operating results in more extreme cases.

 

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SECTION II           EXPLORATION RISKS (in addition to applicable general operational risks)
 
1.	Exploration efforts	
 
Gold and other metal exploration is highly speculative in nature, involves many risks and is often not productive; there is no assurance that we will be successful in our gold exploration efforts.
 
Our ability to increase mineral reserves is dependent on a number of factors, including the geological and technical expertise of our management and exploration teams, the quality of land available for exploration and other factors.  Once gold mineralization is discovered, it can take several years of exploration and development before production is possible, and the economic feasibility of production can change during that time.
 
Substantial expenditures are required to carry out exploration and development activities to establish proven and probable mineral reserves and determine the optimal metallurgical process to extract the metals from the ore.
 
Once we have found ore in sufficient quantities and grades to be considered economic for extraction, metallurgical testing is required to determine whether the metals can be extracted economically.  There may be associated metals or minerals that make the extraction process more difficult.  This would include graphite bearing minerals if we are trying to extract using cyanide and carbon to recover the gold.  There may be minerals that behave like the precious metals that we are trying to recover that make the downstream metallurgical process more difficult.  For instance, arsenic is often associated with gold, but requires a special process to be used in the smelter, which increases the treatment cost, or requires that the smelter uses blending of the high arsenic material with other lower arsenic materials to complete the smelting process.  Any of these instances may result in us having problems developing a process that will allow us to extract the ore economically.  Alternatively, the ore may not be as valuable as we anticipate due to the lower recoveries received or the penalties associated with extraction of deleterious materials that are sold as part of the saleable product.
 
There is no assurance that our exploration programs will expand our current mineral reserves or replace them with new mineral reserves.  Failure to replace or expand our mineral reserves could have an adverse effect on us.
 
SECTION III         DEVELOPMENT & MINING OPERATION RISKS (in addition to general operational risks)
 
1.	Costs of development projects	
 
Substantial expenditures are required to build mining and processing facilities for new properties.  The capital expenditures and time required to develop new mines are considerable and changes in cost or construction schedules can significantly increase both the time and capital required to build the project.  The project development schedules are dependent on obtaining the governmental approvals necessary for the operation of a project, and the timeline to obtain these government approvals is often beyond our control.
 
It is not unusual in the mining industry for new mining operations to experience unexpected problems during the start-up phase, resulting in delays and requiring more capital than anticipated.  As a result of the substantial expenditures involved in development projects, developments are prone to material cost overruns.
 
Mine development projects typically require a number of years and significant expenditures during the development phase before production is possible.
 
Development projects depend on successfully completing feasibility studies and environmental assessments, obtaining the necessary government permits and receiving adequate financing.  Economic feasibility is based on several factors, including:
 
 	·	estimated mineral reserves;	
 	·	anticipated metallurgical recoveries;	
 	·	environmental considerations and permitting;	
 	·	future gold prices;	

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 	·	anticipated capital and operating costs for the projects; and	
 	·	timely execution of development plan.	
 
Development projects have no operating history to base estimated future production and cash operating costs on.  With development projects in particular, estimates of proven and probable mineral reserves and cash operating costs are largely based on:
 
 	·	interpreting the geologic data obtained from drill holes and other sampling techniques;	
 	·	feasibility studies that derive estimated cash operating costs based on:	
 	·	the expected tonnage and grades of ore to be mined and processed;	
 	·	the configuration of the ore body;	
 	·	expected recovery rates of gold from the ore;	
 	·	estimated operating costs; and	
 	·	anticipated climate conditions and other factors.	
 
It is therefore possible that actual cash operating costs and economic returns will differ significantly from what we estimated for a project before starting production.  Many events could affect the profitability or economic feasibility of a project, including the following, among others:
 
 	·	unanticipated changes in grade and tonnage of ore to be mined and processed;	
 	·	unanticipated adverse geotechnical conditions;	
 	·	unanticipated operational problems;	
 	·	unanticipated metallurgical recovery problems;	
 	·	incorrect data on which engineering assumptions are made;	
 	·	costs of constructing and operating a mine in a specific environment;	
 	·	availability of labour;	
 	·	availability and costs of processing and refining facilities;	
 	·	availability of economic sources of power;	
 	·	adequacy of water supply;	
 	·	availability of surface tenure to locate processing and refining facilities;	
 	·	adequate access to the site, including competing land uses (such as agriculture and illegal mining);	
 	·	unanticipated transportation costs;	
 	·	government regulations including, but not limited to, regulations with respect to prices, royalties, duties, taxes, permitting, restrictions on production, quotas on exportation of minerals, as well as the costs of protection of the environment and agricultural lands;	
 	·	fluctuations in gold prices;	
 	·	accidents, labour actions and force majeure events; and	
 	·	community and non-governmental organizational action.	
 
It is not unusual for new mining operations to experience unexpected problems during the start-up phase, and delays can often happen when production begins.  In the past, we have adjusted our estimates based on changes to our assumptions and actual results. There is no guarantee that such adjustments will alleviate the effects of such delays or problems. There is no assurance that the profitability or economic feasibility of a project will not be adversely affected by factors beyond our control.

Our production, capital and operating cost estimates for development projects are based on certain assumptions.  We use these estimates to establish our mineral reserve estimates but our cost estimates are subject to significant uncertainty as described above.  Actual results for our projects will likely differ from current estimates and assumptions, and these differences can be material.  The experience we gain from actual mining or processing operations can also identify new or unexpected conditions that could reduce production below our current estimates, or increase our estimated capital or operating costs.
 
If actual results fall below our current estimates, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
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2.	Contractors	
 
We may engage a number of different contractors during the development and construction phase of a project, including pursuant to lump sum contract for specified services or through a range of engineering, procurement, construction and management contract options, depending on the type and complexity of work that is being undertaken, and the level of engineering that has been completed when the contract is awarded.  Depending on the type of contract and the point at which it is awarded, there is potential for variations to occur within the contract scope, which could take the form of extras that were not considered as part of the original scope or change orders.  These changes may result in increased capital costs.  Similarly, we may be subject to disputes with contractors on contract interpretation, which could result in increased capital costs under the contract or delay in completion of the project if a contract dispute interferes with the contractor’s efforts on the ground.
 
 3.	Pre-stripping/stripping or underground development	
 
Mining of mineral bearing material requires removal of waste material prior to gaining access to and extracting the valuable material.  Depending on the location of the ore, this may entail removing material above the ore in an open pit situation (pre-stripping), or developing tunnels underground to gain access to deeper material.  Where possible, this material is then generally used elsewhere in the project site for construction of site infrastructure.
 
As a project is developed, a plan is put forward to complete the pre-strip or required underground development so that mining of ore can commence in line with the overall schedule to feed ore to the process plant at the right time.  The degree of pre-strip in an open pit is based on selected drilling, which may result in adjustments to the orebody model and a requirement for more or less pre-stripping to be completed.  This may result in a deficit of material required to complete other earthworks around the project site, such as tailings facilities, or an increase in the pre-strip requirements prior to mining commencing.
 
Similarly, with underground development, the mining method and design is based on an amount of drilling that will be increased during normal operations.  As work continues, there may be ground conditions that are exposed that cause a change in the mine design or direction of the underground development.  Either of these occurrences could result in more or less material that can be used for other site projects, if so designed and could also result in delay in start-up of continuous production.  This may result in lower revenues while the project ramps up to normal operating rates.
 
See “Occurrence of unpredictable geological factors” on page 101 .
 
4.	Extraction	
 
A number of factors can affect our ability to extract ore efficiently in the quantities that we have budgeted, including, but not limited to:
 
 	·	ground conditions	
 	·	geotechnical conditions	
 	·	pit slope angles	
 	§	rock characteristics (faults, fractured zones, angle of shear)	
 	·	hydrogeological conditions	
 	§	water in rock	
 	§	ground water table.	
 	·	geological conditions	
 	·	variability of grade / waste boundaries	
 	·	degree of fracture in rock / mine ability	
 	·	chemical effects	
 	·	acidity of Mined Material (ore and waste)	
 	·	efficiency	
 	·	reliability of equipment	
 	·	management of mining process	
 	·	scheduling	

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 	·	limitations on ability to mine where you want	
 
These factors may result in a less than optimal operation and lower throughput or lower recovery, which may have an affect our production schedule.  Although we review and assess the risks related to extraction and to put appropriate mitigating measures in in place, there is no assurance that we have foreseen and / or accounted for every possible factor that might cause the project to be delayed, which could have an effect on business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
5.	Processing	
 
A number of factors could affect our ability to process ore in the tonnages we have budgeted, the quantities of the metals deleterious materials that we recover and our ability to efficiently handle material in the volumes budgeted, including, but not limited to:	
 
 	·	the presence of oversize material at the crushing stage;	
 	·	material showing breakage characteristics different to those planned;	
 	·	material with grades outside of planned grade range;	
 	·	sub-optimal ore mixture in terms of ancillary analytics, such as sulphur grade;	
 	·	the presence of deleterious materials in different ratios than expected;	
 	·	material drier or wetter than expected, due to natural or environmental effects; and	
 	·	viscosity / density different than expected.	
 
The occurrence of any of the above could affect our ability to treat the number of tonnes planned, recover valuable materials, remove deleterious materials and process ore, concentrate and tailings as planned.  This may result in lower throughput, lower recoveries, more downtime or some combination of all three.  While minor issues of this nature are part of normal operations, there is no assurance that conditions will not worsen and have an adverse effect on our future cash flow, results of operations and financial condition.
 
6.	Waste disposal	
 
As ore is extracted and processed, waste material that does not contain sufficient quantities of metal to warrant further processing is disposed of in waste dumps on surface or placed underground as part of rock fill.  Waste material may be stored as wet material in a dam on surface, filtered and dried for placement in a surface facility or mixed with cement and used underground as structural fill.  A number of factors can affect our ability to successfully dispose of waste material in the form that is optimal for our operations, including, but not limited to:
 
 	·	access to suitable locations due to permitting or other restrictions;	
 	·	requirements to encapsulate acid-generating material;	
 	·	milled material being ground too fine and requiring further treatment; and	
 	·	sufficient infrastructure required to place material underground in the right locations.	
 
If issues with any of the above items occur, the normal discharge or placement process may be affected, requiring us to alter existing plans.  While minor issues of this nature are part of normal operations, there is no assurance that conditions will not worsen and have an adverse effect on our future cash flow, results of operations and financial condition.
 
7.	Security	
 
The safety and security of our employees and associated contractors is of prime importance to the Company.  Various security problems may occur in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate.  We are at risk from incursions by third parties.  We endeavour to take appropriate actions to protect against such risks, which may affect our operations and incur further costs.
 
Although our policies require that our security personnel act in ways that recognize best practices, including respect for human rights, there is a risk that individuals will breach these policies, and such breaches may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.   See “Human rights matters” above.
 
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8.	Production and cost estimates	
 
Estimates of total future production and costs for our mining operations are based on our five-year mining plans.  These estimates can change, or we might not achieve them, which could have a material adverse effect on any or all of our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Our plans are based on, among other things, our mining experience, reserve estimates, assumptions about ground conditions and physical characteristics of ores (such as hardness and the presence or absence of certain metallurgical characteristics) and estimated rates and costs of production.  Our actual production and costs may be significantly different from our estimates for a variety of reasons, including the risks and hazards discussed above and in General Operational Matters, and:
 
 	·	actual ore mined varying from estimates in grade, tonnage and metallurgical and other characteristics;	
 	·	mining dilution;	
 	·	ground conditions including, but not limited to, pit wall failures or cave-ins;	
 	·	industrial accidents and environmental incidents;	
 	·	changes in power costs and potential power shortages;	
 	·	imposition of a moratorium on our operations;	
 	·	shortages of and timing delays of principal supplies needed for operation, including explosives, fuels, chemical reagents, water, equipment parts and lubricants;	
 	·	litigation;	
 	·	shipping interruptions or delays; and	
 	·	unplanned maintenance.	
 
Any of these events could result in damage to mineral properties, property belonging to us or others, interruptions in production, injury or death to persons, monetary losses and legal liabilities.  This could cause a mineral deposit to become unprofitable, even if it was mined profitably in the past.
 
Production estimates for properties not yet in production, or in production and slated for expansion, are based on similar factors (including feasibility studies prepared by our personnel or by third party consultants, in some instances), but it is possible that actual cash operating costs and economic returns will differ significantly from our current estimates.  It is not unusual for new mining operations to experience unexpected problems during the start-up phase and delays in production can often happen.
 
Any decrease in production, or change in timing of production or the prices we realize for our gold, will directly affect the amount and timing of our cash flow from operations.  A production shortfall or any of these other factors would change the timing of our projected cash flows and our ability to use the cash to fund capital expenditures, including spending for our projects.
 
9.	Operational risks and hazards	
 
Our operations face a number of risks and hazards including among, other things:
 
 	·	discharge of pollutants or hazardous chemicals;	
 	·	industrial accidents and injuries;	
 	·	failure of processing and mining equipment;	
 	·	labour disputes and labour shortages;	
 	·	community and non-governmental organization action;	
 	·	unusual or unexpected geologic formations or other geological or grade problems;	
 	·	unanticipated changes in metallurgical characteristics and gold and metal recovery;	
 	·	unanticipated ground or water conditions;	
 	·	cave-ins, pit wall failures, flooding, rock bursts and fire; and	
 	·	unfavorable operating conditions.	
 
These risks could result in damage or destruction of mineral properties or processing facilities, personal injury or death, loss of key employees, environmental damage, delays in mining, monetary losses and
 
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possible legal liability.  These liabilities can be very costly and could have a material adverse effect on our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
SECTION IV         FINANCIAL RISKS
 
1.	Unavailability of capital / inadequate income	
 
a.	Limited access to equity markets	
 
We are exposed to financing risks associated with funding our share of capital programs at Eldorado’s projects.  We have historically minimized this risk by diversifying our funding sources, which include credit facilities and cash flow from operations.  In addition, we believe that Eldorado Gold has the ability to access public debt and equity markets given our asset base and current credit ratings; however, such market access may become restricted and, if we are unable to access capital when required, it may have a material adverse effect on us.
 
b.	  Dilutive equity financing	
 
Future acquisitions could be made through the issuance of equity securities of Eldorado Gold.  Additional funds may be needed for our exploration and development programs and potential acquisitions, which funds could be raised through equity issues.  Issuing more equity securities can substantially dilute the interests of our shareholders.  Issuing substantial amounts of our securities, or making them available for sale, could have an adverse effect on the prevailing market prices for our securities.  A decline in the market price could hamper our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities.
 
c.            Credit ratings
 
Our outstanding Notes currently have a non-investment grade credit rating but any rating assigned could be lowered or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency if, in that agency’s judgment, future circumstances relating to the basis of the credit rating, such as adverse changes to our business or affairs, so warrant. Consequently, real or anticipated changes in our credit ratings will generally affect the market value of the Notes. Additionally, credit ratings may not reflect the potential effect of risks relating to the Notes.  Any future lowering of our ratings may make it more difficult or more expensive for us to obtain additional financing.   See senior unsecured notes on page 124 .
 
 2.	Metal price volatility	
 
The profitability of our operations is significantly affected by changes in gold and other metal prices.
 
Gold and metal prices can fluctuate widely and are influenced by many factors beyond our control, including but not limited to:
 
 	·	industrial demand;	
 	·	varying levels of investment demand;	
 	·	demand from the jewelry industry;	
 	·	inflation and the expected rate of inflation;	
 	·	strength of the US dollar and other currencies;	
 	·	interest rates;	
 	·	political and economic events (global and regional);	
 	·	production and cost levels in major gold-producing regions like South Africa and China;	
 	·	speculative activities including short term trading in gold and gold derivatives (causing rapid short-term changes in the price of gold);	
 	·	gold and financial market volatility and other market factors;	
 	·	producer hedging;	
 	·	central bank purchases and sales of gold and gold lending; and	
 	·	official pricing in certain countries.	
 
The supply of gold is made up of new production from mining, and existing stocks of bullion, scrap and fabricated gold held by governments, public and private financial institutions, industrial organizations and private individuals.

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Between 2012 and the date of this AIF, the price of gold as quoted on the London Bullion Market ranged from a low of $1,046 to a high of $1,796 per ounce, based on the PM fixing price for gold
 
We have used a price range between $1,000 and $1,200 per ounce of gold in the mineral reserve estimates for our projects.  There is no assurance that these estimates are an accurate reflection of future gold prices.  Using significantly lower gold prices in the reserve calculations and life-of-mine plans, would result in lower mineral reserve and resource estimates, and may result in material write-downs of our investment in mining properties and higher amortization, reclamation and closure charges.
 
If metal prices decline significantly, or decline for an extended period of time, we might not be able to continue our operations, develop our properties, or fulfill our obligations under our permits and licenses, or under our agreements with our partners.  This could result in losing our interest in some or all of our properties, or being forced to sell them, which could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
3.	Indebtedness and financing risks	
 
As at December 31, 2015, we have approximately $600 million of total debt.  Our maintenance of substantial levels of debt could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price and could adversely affect our flexibility to take advantage of corporate opportunities.
 
We have not historically maintained substantial levels of indebtedness.  The higher level of long term indebtedness could have important consequences, including:
 
 	·	limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements, or requiring us to make non-strategic divestitures;	
 	·	requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividends and other general corporate purposes;	
 	·	increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;	
 	·	limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the industry in which we compete;	
 	·	placing us at a disadvantage compared to other, less leveraged competitors;	
 	·	increasing our cost of borrowing; and	
 	·	putting us at risk of default if we do not service or repay this debt in accordance with applicable covenants.	
 
While neither our articles nor our by-laws limit the amount of indebtedness that we may incur, the level of our indebtedness under the Indenture as well as the Senior Credit Facility from time to time could impair our ability to obtain additional financing in the future on a timely basis, or at all, and to take advantage of business opportunities that may arise, thereby potentially limiting our operational flexibility as well as our financial flexibility.
 
a.	Current and future operation restrictions	
 
Our Senior Credit Facility and the Indenture contain certain restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us.  In some circumstances, the restrictive covenants may limit our operating flexibility and our ability to engage in actions that may be in our long-term best interest, including, among other things, restrictions on our ability to:
 
 	·	incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness;	
 	·	pay dividends or make other distributions or repurchase or redeem our capital stock;	
 	·	prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt;	
 	·	make loans and investments;	
 	·	sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets;	
 	·	incur or permit to exist certain liens;	
 	·	enter into transactions with affiliates;	
 	·	undertake certain acquisitions;	
 	·	complete certain corporate changes;	
 	·	enter into certain hedging arrangements;	

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 	·	enter into agreements restricting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and	
 	·	consolidate, amalgamate, merge or sell all or substantially all of our assets.	
 
In addition, the restrictive covenants in our Senior Credit Facility contain certain restrictions on us and require us to maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy other financial condition tests.  Our ability to meet those financial ratios and tests can be affected by events beyond our control.  These restrictions could limit our ability to obtain future financing, make acquisitions, grow in accordance with our strategy or secure the needed working capital to withstand future downturns in our business or the economy in general, or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities that may arise, any of which could place us at a competitive disadvantage relative to our competitors that may have less debt and are not subject to such restrictions.  Failure to meet these conditions and tests could constitute events of default under the Senior Credit Facility and indenture.
 
b.	Change of control	
 
Upon the occurrence of specific kinds of change of control events, we will be required to offer to repurchase all outstanding Notes at 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the purchase date.  Additionally, under our Senior Credit Facility, a change of control (as defined therein) will constitute an event of default that permits the lenders to accelerate the maturity of borrowings under the credit agreement and terminate their commitments to lend.
 
The source of funds for any purchase of the Notes and repayment of borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility would be our available cash or cash generated from our subsidiaries’ operations or other sources, including borrowings, sales of assets or sales of equity.  We may not be able to repurchase the Notes upon a change of control because we may not have sufficient financial resources to purchase all of the debt securities that are tendered upon a change of control and repay any of our other indebtedness that may become due.  We may require additional financing from third parties to fund any such purchases, and we may be unable to obtain financing on satisfactory terms or at all.  Further, our ability to repurchase the Notes may be limited by law.  In order to avoid the obligations to repurchase the Notes and events of default and potential breaches of the credit agreement governing our Senior Credit Facility, we may have to avoid certain change of control transactions that would otherwise be beneficial to us.
 
c.	Interest rate risk	
 
Borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility are at variable rates of interest and any borrowings would expose us to interest rate cost and interest rate risk.  If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease.  In the future, we may enter into interest rate swaps that involve the exchange of floating for fixed rate interest payments in order to reduce interest rate volatility.  However, we may not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to all of our variable rate indebtedness, and any swaps we enter into may not fully mitigate our interest rate risk.
 
d.	Liquidity	
 
We are exposed to liquidity risks in meeting our operating and capital expenditure requirements if we cannot maintain our cash positions, or appropriate financing is not available.
 
We may be unable to secure loans and other credit facilities in the future, and on terms we believe are favorable.
 
The global financial conditions in the last few years resulted in many financial institutions going into bankruptcy or being rescued by government authorities.  Any cash deposits we have with financial institutions are therefore at risk.  If we are unable to access sufficient capital when required, it may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
e.	Debt service obligation	
 
Our ability to make scheduled payments on or refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control.  We may be

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unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.
 
If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness.  We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternatives may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations.  Our Senior Credit Facility and the Indenture may restrict our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from those dispositions and may also restrict our ability to raise debt or equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due.  We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.
 
Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and our ability to satisfy our obligations and our debt instruments.
 
Furthermore, as our funds are used to develop projects in foreign jurisdictions through foreign subsidiaries, there may be restrictions on our foreign subsidiaries’ ability to repay or provide returns to Eldorado Gold which could hinder our ability to service our indebtedness or fulfill our business plans.
 
f.	Default on obligations	
 
A breach of the covenants under our Senior Credit Facility, the Indenture or our other debt instruments could result in an event of default under the applicable indebtedness.  Such a default may allow the creditors to accelerate the repayment of the related debt and may result in the acceleration of repayment of any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies.  In addition, an event of default under our Senior Credit Facility would permit the lenders thereunder to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under that facility.  Furthermore, if we are unable to repay any amounts due and payable under our Senior Credit Facility, those lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure such indebtedness.  If our lenders or noteholders accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness.
 
If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow and are otherwise unable to obtain funds necessary to meet required payments of principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, or if we otherwise fail to comply with the various covenants in our debt instruments, which could cause cross-acceleration or cross-default under other debt agreements, we could be in default under the terms of the agreements governing such other indebtedness.  If such a default occurs:
 
 	·	the holders of the indebtedness may be able to cause all of our available cash flow to be used to pay the indebtedness and, in any event, could elect to declare all the funds borrowed thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest; or	
 	·	we could be forced into bankruptcy, or liquidation or restructuring proceedings.	
 
If our operating performance declines, we may in the future need to amend or modify the agreements governing our indebtedness or seek concessions from the holders of such indebtedness.  There is no assurance that such concessions would be forthcoming.
 
4.	Foreign currency and foreign exchange	
 
We operate in a number of jurisdictions outside of North America and incur certain expenses in foreign currencies.  We currently receive revenue from operations in US dollars but incur a significant portion of our operating expenses and costs in foreign currencies, each of which fluctuate in value and are subject to their own country's political and economic conditions.
 
We are subject to fluctuations in the exchange rates between the US dollar and these currencies.  This can have a material effect on our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price and lead to higher construction, development and other costs than anticipated.  We do not currently hedge currency exchange risks, although we may do so from time to time in the future.

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See also "Hedging activities" below.
 
5.	Tax matters	
 
We operate in a number of countries, each of which has its own tax regime that we are subject to.  The tax regime and the enforcement policies of tax administrators in each of these countries are complicated and may change from time to time, which is beyond our control.  Our investments into these countries, importation of goods and material, land use, expenditures, sales of gold and other products, income, repatriation of money and all other aspects of our investments and operations can be taxed, and there is no certainty as to which areas of our operations will be assessed or taxed from time to time or at what rates.
 
Our tax residency and the tax residency of our subsidiaries are affected by a number of factors, some of which are outside of our control, including the application and interpretation of the relevant tax laws and treaties.  If we or our subsidiaries are ever assessed to be a non-resident in the jurisdictions that we or our subsidiaries report or are otherwise assessed, or are deemed to be resident (for the purposes of tax) in another jurisdiction, we may be liable to pay additional taxes.  In addition, we have entered into various arrangements regarding the sale of mineral products which may be subject to unexpected tax treatment.  If such taxes were to become payable, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
We structure, and restructure from time to time, our corporate organization in a commercially efficient manner and if any such planning effort is considered by a taxation authority to constitute tax avoidance, then this could result in increased taxes and tax penalties which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
 
New laws and regulations or new interpretations of or amendments to laws, regulations or enforcement policy relating to tax laws or tax agreements with governmental authorities, if proposed and enacted, may affect our current financial condition and could result in higher taxes being payable by us.  There is no assurance that our current financial condition will not change in the future due to such changes.
 
6.	Global economic environment	
 
Recent market events and conditions, including disruptions in the international credit markets and other financial systems and deteriorating global economic conditions, could increase the cost of capital or impede our access to capital.
 
Recent economic events have created uncertainty in global financial and equity markets.  The global debt situation has caused increased global political and financial instability resulting in downward price pressure for many asset classes and increased volatility and risk spreads.
 
These disruptions could make it more difficult for us to obtain capital and financing for our operations, or increase the cost of it, among other things.  If we do not raise capital when we need it, or access it on reasonable terms, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.  These and other related factors can lead to lower longer term asset values, which can result in impairment losses.
 
If the current economic conditions persist or worsen, it could lead to increased political and financial uncertainty, which could result in regime or regulatory changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate.  High levels of volatility and market turmoil could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Our acquisition of European Goldfields increased our presence in Greece significantly. Over the past few years, the Greek economy experienced a downturn that is ongoing. In addition, the implementation of a stabilization program agreed to by the Greek government has been the source of protest and civil unrest in the country. The long-term and short-term effects of such a position are relatively unknown.
 
The state of the Greek economy has raised concerns about the risks of Greece defaulting on its debt and there is no assurance that the current economic situation could not get worse or that Greece does not adopt regulatory or political changes which may negatively affect our current and future operations and plans in Greece.

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See “Geopolitical climate” above.
 
7.	Repatriation of funds	
 
We expect to generate cash flow and profits at our foreign subsidiaries, and we may need to repatriate funds from those subsidiaries to service our indebtedness or fulfill our business plans, in particular in relation to ongoing expenditures at our development assets.  We may not be able to repatriate funds, or we may incur tax payments or other costs when doing so, as a result of a change in applicable law or tax requirements at local subsidiary levels or at the Eldorado Gold level, which costs could be material.
 
For example, foreign exchange transactions in China (including the repatriation of investment returns and capital) continue to be subject to foreign exchange controls. We can repatriate our profits and dividends in foreign currency but cannot repatriate our capital unless it has been approved by the Chinese State & Administration of Foreign Exchange.
 
8.	Hedging activities	
 
Companies use hedging activities to protect against fluctuations in the prices of gold, other metals and other commodities, and to minimize the effect that declines in prices can have on future cash flow, results of operations and financial condition over a period of time.
 
We currently do not have any long term gold hedges or other commodity hedges, but we may hedge in the future.  While hedging can protect us from declining prices, it can also limit the price we realize when prices are increasing.
 
We currently do not have any currency or interest rate hedges, but we may hedge in the future.  Currency and interest rate fluctuations can have an adverse effect on our future cash flow, results of operations and financial condition.
 
The Company has a risk management policy that includes hedging its foreign exchange exposure to reduce the risk associated with currency fluctuations.  We currently do not have any currency hedges, but we may hedge in the future.
 
There is no assurance that any hedges that are put in place will mitigate these risks or that they will not cause us to experience less favourable economic outcomes than we would have experienced if we had no hedges in place.
 
9.	Dividends	
 
While we have initiated a policy for the payment of dividends on common shares of Eldorado Gold, there is no certainty as to the amount of any dividend or that any dividend may be declared in the future. Please see our Dividend Policy on page 125.
 
10.	Compensation risks	
 
a.	Pension risks	
 
Our pension plan for named executives is a defined benefit plan, which guarantees that participants will receive certain benefit amounts.  We use various actuarial assumptions to estimate our obligations and expenses, including a long-term estimate of the expected rate of return on plan assets, the discount rate, the rate of salary escalation and the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits.  If any of these assumptions are incorrect or there is a material change in the facts that they are based on, we may have increased liabilities that are currently unaccounted for.
 
11.	Financial reporting risks	
 
a.	Carrying value of assets	
 
The carrying value of our assets is compared to our estimates of their estimated fair value to assess how much value can be recovered based on current events and circumstances.  Our fair value estimates are based on numerous assumptions and are adjusted from time to time and the actual fair value, which also varies over time, could be significantly different than these estimates.
 
If there are no mitigating valuation factors and we do not achieve our valuation assumptions, or we experience a decline in the fair value of our reporting units, it could result in an impairment charge, which could have an adverse effect on us.

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b.           Change in reporting standards
 
Changes in accounting or financial reporting standards may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations in the future.
 
12.	Mark to market risk	
 
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in market interest rates.  The majority of the Company’s debt is in the form of Notes with a fixed interest rate of 6.125%.  Our current financial assets and financial liabilities are generally not exposed to interest rate risk because of their short-term nature, but this could change in the future.

 
 
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SECTION V          CORPORATE RISKS
 
1.	Risks related to growth	
 
a.	Risks related to acquisitions	
 
i.           Sourcing merger and acquisition targets and projects
 
Although we actively seek acquisition opportunities that fit with our acquisition and growth strategy, we are not certain that we will be able to identify suitable candidates that are available at a reasonable price, complete any acquisition, or integrate any business into our operations successfully.  Acquisitions can involve a number of special risks, circumstances or legal liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Acquisitions may be made by using available cash, incurring debt, issuing common shares or other securities, or any combination of these.  This could limit our flexibility to raise capital, to operate, explore and develop our properties and make other acquisitions, and it could further dilute and decrease the trading price of our common shares.  When we evaluate a potential acquisition, we cannot be certain that we will have correctly identified and managed the risks and costs inherent in that business.
 
We have discussions and engage in other activities with possible acquisition targets from time to time, and each of these activities could be in a different stage of development.  There is no assurance that any potential transaction will be completed and the target integrated with our operations, systems, management and culture successfully in an efficient, effective and timely manner or that the expected bases or sources of synergies will in fact produce the benefits anticipated.  In addition, synergies assume certain long term realized gold and other metals prices.  If actual prices are below such assumed prices, this could adversely affect the synergies to be realized.  If we do not successfully manage our acquisition and growth strategy, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
ii.           Impact on growth and financial condition
 
We continue to pursue opportunities to acquire advanced exploration assets that are consistent with our strategy.  At any given time, discussions and activities with respect to such possible opportunities may be in process on such initiatives, each at different stages of due diligence.  From time to time, we may acquire securities of, or an interest in, companies and we may enter into acquisitions or other transactions with other companies.
 
Transactions involving acquisitions have inherent risks, including:
 
 	·	accurately assessing the value, strengths, weaknesses, contingent and other liabilities and potential profitability of potential acquisitions;	
 	·	limited opportunity for due diligence;	
 	·	ability to achieve identified and anticipated operating and financial synergies;	
 	·	unanticipated costs, liabilities and write-offs;	
 	·	diversion of management attention from existing business;	
 	·	potential loss of our key employees or the key employees of any business we acquire;	
 	·	unanticipated changes in business, industry or general economic or political conditions that affect the assumptions underlying the acquisition;	
 	·	decline in the value of acquired properties, companies or securities; and	
 	·	the possibility that indemnification agreements with sellers (if any) may be unenforceable or insufficient to cover potential liabilities.	
 
Any of these factors or other risks could result in us not realizing the benefits anticipated from acquiring other properties or companies, and could have a material adverse effect ability to grow and on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
iii.           Unknown liabilities
 
As a result of our acquisitions, we have assumed liabilities and risks.  While we conduct due diligence with respect to acquisitions of companies and assets, there may be liabilities or risks, including liabilities related to the prior operation of the business acquired, that we failed, or were unable, to discover in the course of
 
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performing our due diligence investigations, which may be significant.  Any such liabilities, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and share price.
 
iv.            Evaluating merits or risks
 
Due to the nature of certain proposed transactions, it is possible that shareholders may not have the right to evaluate the merits or risks of any future acquisition, except as required by applicable laws and stock exchange rules.
 
v.           Portfolio of development projects
 
As part of our strategy, we will continue our efforts to develop new projects.  We may not realize the benefits of our large portfolio of projects.  A number of risks and uncertainties are associated with the development of these types of projects, including political, regulatory, design, construction, labour, operating, technical and technological risks, uncertainties relating to capital and other costs and financing risks.  Such risks may cause us to re-evaluate and realign our business objectives from time-to-time, including considering suspension of projects or disposition of certain assets.
 
We may be subject to significant permitting, completion risks and capital cost increases associated with an expansion of our operations and our portfolio of development projects.
 
If there are significant delays in the permitting or completion of projects and / or their capital costs are significantly higher than estimated, these events could have a significant adverse effect on our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
As a consequence our large portfolio of development projects, we will be subject to significant additional capital requirements associated with permitting and regulatory work, development costs and expanded operations.  The capital costs necessary to develop the projects could be significantly above our estimates.  Such capital cost overruns could have a significant adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition.
 
b.	Limited capital	
 
We estimate our current financial resources to be sufficient to support our currently planned exploration and development programs, however, additional capital may be needed for further exploration, development and construction of mineral projects.  If we decide to proceed to production on a development project for which funding has not yet been identified or sourced, then a significant amount of capital may be needed for project engineering and construction.  As a result, the continuing exploration and development of our properties may depend on our ability to obtain financing through joint ventures, debt financing, equity financing or other means.  There is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining such financing at all, or on terms we find acceptable.
 
 2.	Foreign investments and operations	
 
Most of our activities and investments are in foreign countries including operations and / or exploration and development projects in Brazil, China, Greece, Romania and Turkey.
 
These investments are subject to risks normally associated with conducting business in foreign countries.  Some risks are more prevalent in less developed countries or those with emerging economies, including:
 
 	·	uncertain political and economic environments;	
 	·	risks of war, regime changes and civil disturbances or other risks that can:	
 	·	limit or disrupt a project;	
 	·	restrict the movement of funds;	
 	·	deprive contract rights; or	
 	·	result in property loss by nationalization or expropriation with or without compensation;	
 	·	risk of adverse changes in laws or policies of particular countries, including government royalties;	
 	·	increases or changes in foreign taxation;	
 	·	delays in or the inability to obtain necessary government permits, approvals and consents;	
 	·	limitations on ownership and repatriation of earnings;	
 	·	possible imposition of foreign ownership limits;	

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 	·	foreign exchange controls and currency devaluations;	
 	·	import and export regulations, including restrictions on exporting gold;	
 	·	disadvantages of competing against companies from countries that are not subject to Canadian and US laws, including laws relating to corrupt foreign practices and restrictions on the ability to pay dividends offshore;	
 	·	disease and other potential endemic health issues;	
 	·	unfavorable social benefits and labour requirements;	
 	·	exposure to NGO’s activities; and	
 	·	exposure to occupation of our project sites for political or other purposes.	
 
In all jurisdictions where we operate, we are regarded as a foreign entity and consequently we may be subject to greater restrictions and requirements in these jurisdictions.  The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
We review these and other risks related to the business in foreign countries on an ongoing basis. Such reviews may cause us to re-evaluate and realign our business objectives and strategic direction from time to time, including considering suspension of projects or disposition of certain assets.

See also “Resource nationalism and foreign ownership restrictions” and “Geopolitical climate” above.
 
3.	Regulatory requirements	
 
Regulatory requirements have a significant impact on our mining operations, and can have a material adverse effect on our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
We have operations in a number of jurisdictions outside of North America, mainly in Brazil, China, Greece, Turkey, and Romania.  The laws in each of these countries are significantly different, and they can change.  Mining operations, development and exploration activities are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing among other things:
 
 	·	prospecting;	
 	·	development;	
 	·	production;	
 	·	imports and exports;	
 	·	taxes;	
 	·	mineral tenure, land title and land use;	
 	·	labour standards;	
 	·	occupational health;	
 	·	environmental monitoring;	
 	·	water management including access and use, quality control and containment;	
 	·	restrictions on use of chemicals and exposures;	
 	·	waste disposal;	
 	·	environmental protection and remediation;	
 	·	sustainability and community relations;	
 	·	foreign corrupt practices;	
 	·	protection of endangered and protected species;	
 	·	mine safety; and	
 	·	toxic substances.	
 
Mining is subject to potential risks and liabilities associated with pollution and the disposal of waste products from mineral exploration and production.  Costs for discovering, evaluating, planning, designing, developing, constructing, operating, closing and remediating our mines and other facilities in compliance with these laws and regulations are significant.  In some jurisdictions, forms of financial assurance are required as security for reclamation activities.  The cost of our reclamation activities may materially exceed our provisions for them, or regulatory developments or changes in the assessment of conditions at closed operations may cause these costs to vary substantially, positively or negatively, from prior estimates of reclamation liabilities.

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Not complying with applicable laws and regulations can result in enforcement actions that can include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures or the installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions.  Parties involved in mining operations may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage resulting in interruption of mining activities and may face civil or criminal fines or penalties for violating certain laws or regulations.  Any regulatory or judicial action against us for failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could therefore materially affect our operating costs and delay or curtail our operations.  There is no assurance that we have been or will be at all times in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, that compliance will not be challenged or that the costs of complying with current and future laws and regulations will not materially or adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
New laws and regulations, amendments to existing laws and regulations or administrative interpretation, or more stringent enforcement of existing laws and regulations, whether in response to changes in the political, social or economic environment we operate in or otherwise could occur.  Eldorado constantly works to comply with global best practices relating to sustainability, community relations, governance and the environment and this could have a material adverse effect on our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
See also “Government regulations” above.
 
a.	Full compliance at all times	
 
Our activities are subject to extensive federal, provincial, state and local laws and regulations governing environmental protection and employee health and safety.  We must obtain government permits and provide associated financial assurance to conduct certain activities.  We are also subject to various conditions related to reclamation that are imposed under federal, state or provincial air, water quality and mine reclamation rules and permits.
 
We have budgeted for future capital and operating expenditures to obtain such permits and maintain compliance with these environmental, health and safety laws, however, any changes to these laws in the future could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price and could delay our ability to obtain such permits.
 
If these laws are not complied with, we may face injunctions, damages and penalties, or our permits could be suspended or revoked.  There is no assurance that we have been, or will be, in compliance with environmental, health and safety laws at all times, that our compliance will not be challenged, or that the cost of complying with current or future laws will not have a material adverse effect on our future cash flow, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
We may also be held responsible for the costs of addressing contamination from current or former activities at our projects and could be held liable for exposure to hazardous substances, whether or not we had an interest in the project at the time of the contamination or exposure.  The costs associated with such responsibilities and liabilities may be significant.
 
b.	Evolving public disclosure requirements	
 
We are subject to changing rules and regulations promulgated by a number of United States and Canadian governmental and self-regulated organizations, including the SEC, CSA, the NYSE, the TSX, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board.  These rules and regulations continue to evolve in scope and complexity and many new requirements have been created in response to laws enacted by governments, making compliance more difficult and uncertain.
 
For example, effective in June 2015, the Government of Canada introduced the Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act which established new mandatory reporting standards for mining companies directed at payments made to foreign and domestic governments at all levels, which requires us to disclose on an annual basis, certain payments made by Eldorado Gold, our subsidiaries or entities controlled by Eldorado Gold, to the Canadian government and foreign governments, including sub-national governments. Similarly, the SEC adopted rules requiring companies to disclose on an annual basis, beginning in 2014, whether certain “conflict minerals” necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured by such company originated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or an adjoining country.  While issuers engaged in mining conflict minerals are not considered manufacturers of
 
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conflict minerals and are not required to provide disclosure we are still required to enact procedures establishing the country of origin of our gold.
 
Our efforts to comply with the Canadian and United States rules and regulations and other new rules and regulations have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities.
 
If we fail to comply with such regulations, it could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations, and share price and investors could lose all or part of their investment.
 
c.	Corporate governance requirements	
 
We are subject to corporate governance guidelines and disclosure standards that apply to Canadian companies listed on the TSX, and with corporate governance standards that apply to us as a foreign issuer listed on the NYSE and registered with the SEC in the US.
 
Although we substantially comply with NYSE’s corporate governance guidelines, we are exempt from certain NYSE requirements because we are subject to Canadian corporate governance requirements.  We may from time to time seek other relief from corporate governance and exchange requirements and securities laws from the NYSE and other regulators.
 
d.	Internal controls over financial reporting	
 
We document and test our internal control procedures to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX).  SOX requires management to do an annual assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting as required under SOX, and our external auditors to conduct an independent assessment of the effectiveness of our controls.
 
Our internal controls over financial reporting may not be adequate, or we may not be able to maintain them as required by SOX.  We also may not be able to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting on an ongoing basis, if standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time.
 
If we do not satisfy the SOX requirements on an ongoing and timely basis, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, and this could harm our business and have a negative effect on the trading price or market value of securities of Eldorado Gold.
 
If we do not implement new or improved controls, or experience difficulties in implementing them, it could harm our operating results or we may not be able to meet our reporting obligations.  There is no assurance that we will be able to remediate material weaknesses, if any are identified in future periods, or maintain all of the necessary controls to ensure continued compliance.  There is also no assurance that we will be able to retain personnel who have the necessary finance and accounting skills because of the increased demand for qualified personnel among publicly traded companies.
 
Our recent acquisitions and any other acquisition we make in the future can pose challenges in implementing the required processes, procedures and controls in the new operations.  Any companies we acquire may not have disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting that are as thorough or effective as those required by the securities laws that currently apply to us.
 
If any of our staff fail to disclose material information that is otherwise required to be reported, no evaluation can provide complete assurance that our internal controls over financial reporting will detect this.  The effectiveness of our controls and procedures could also be limited by simple errors or faulty judgments.  Continually enhancing our internal controls is important, especially as we expand and the challenges involved in implementing appropriate internal controls over financial reporting will increase.  Although we intend to devote substantial time to ensuring ongoing compliance, and incurring the necessary costs associated with this, we are not certain that we will be successful in complying with section 404 of SOX.
 
4.	Corruption and bribery	
 
Our operations are governed by, and involve interactions with, many levels of government in numerous countries.  Like most companies, we are required to comply with anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, including the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices
 
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Act, as well as similar laws in the countries in which we conduct our business.  The Company has implemented and promulgated an Anti-Bribery & Corruption Policy which now forms part of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics documentation with which all employees are required to comply.
 
In recent years, there has been a general increase in both the severity of penalties and frequency of enforcement under such laws, resulting in greater punishment and scrutiny to companies convicted of violating anti-bribery laws.  Furthermore, a company may be found liable for violations by not only its employees, but also any third party agents.  Although we have adopted policies and a risk-based approach to mitigate such risks, such measures are not always effective in ensuring that we, our employees or third party agents will comply strictly with such laws.  If we find ourselves subject to an enforcement action or are found to be in violation of such laws, this may result in significant penalties, fines and / or sanctions being imposed on us resulting in a material adverse effect on our reputation our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
5.	Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)	
 
Certain NGOs that oppose globalization and resource development are often vocal critics of the mining industry and its practices, including the use of hazardous substances in processing activities.  Adverse publicity generated by such NGOs or other parties related to extractive industries, generally, or our operations, specifically, could have an adverse effect on our reputation, impact our relationship with the communities in which we operate and ultimately have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
NGO’s may organize protests, install road blockades, apply for injunctions for work stoppage and file lawsuits for damages.  These actions can relate not only to current activities but also historic mining activities by prior owners and could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.  They may also file complaints with regulators in respect of our, and our directors’ and insiders’, regulatory filings, in respect of Eldorado.  Such complaints, regardless of whether they have any substance or basis in fact or law, may have the effect of undermining the confidence of the public or a regulator in Eldorado or such directors or insiders and may adversely affect our prospects of obtaining the regulatory approvals necessary for advancement of some or all of our exploration and development plans or operations and our business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
6.	Conflicts of interest	
 
Certain of our directors also serve as directors and / or officers of other companies involved in natural resource exploration and development.  There is a possibility that such other companies may compete with us for the acquisition of assets.  Consequently there exists the possibility for such directors to be in a position of conflict.  If any such conflict of interest arises, then a director who has a conflict must disclose the conflict to a meeting of our directors and must abstain from and will be unable to participate in discussion or decisions pertaining to the matter.  In appropriate cases, Eldorado Gold will establish a special committee of independent directors to review a matter in which several directors, or management, may have a conflict.
 
7.	Information technology systems	
 
Our operations depend, in part, upon information technology systems.  Our information technology systems are subject to disruption, damage or failure from a number of sources, including, but not limited to, hacking, computer viruses, security breaches, natural disasters, power loss, vandalism, theft and defects in design.  Any of these and other events could result in information technology systems failures, operational delays, production downtimes, destruction or corruption of data, security breaches or other manipulation or improper use of our data, systems and networks, any of which could have adverse effects on our reputation, business, results of operations, financial condition and share price.
 
Although to date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches, there is no assurance that we will not incur such losses in future.  Our risk and exposure to these matters cannot be fully mitigated because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats.  As a result, cyber security and the continued development and enhancement of controls, processes and practices designed to protect our systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a priority.  As cyber threats continue to
 
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evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance protective measures or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities.
 
8.	Price and volume fluctuations	
 
The capital markets have experienced a high degree of volatility in the trading price and volume of shares sold over the past few years.  Many companies have experienced wide fluctuations in the market price of their securities that have not necessarily related to their operating performance, underlying asset values or prospects.  There is no assurance that the price of our securities will not be affected.
 
In the past, shareholders have instituted class action lawsuits against companies that have experienced volatility in their share price.  Class action lawsuits can result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.
 
9.	Litigation and contract risks	
 
We are periodically subject to legal claims that are with and without merit.
 
In addition to the matters described elsewhere in this AIF (refer to pages 26, 32, 39, and 47) we are regularly involved in routine litigation matters.  We believe that it is unlikely that the final outcome of these routine proceedings will have a material adverse effect on us; however, defense and settlement costs can be substantial, even for claims that are without merit.
 
Due to the inherent uncertainty of the litigation process and dealings with regulatory bodies, there is no assurance that any legal or regulatory proceeding will be resolved in a manner that will not have a material and or adverse effect on us.
 
In our business we make contracts with a wide range of counterparties.  There can be no assurance that these contracts will be honoured and performed in accordance with their terms by our counterparties; we will be able to enforce the contractual obligations of our counterparties; or we will be able to recover any financial or other judgment rendered in our favour.
 
10.	Unavailability of insurance	
 
Where practical, a reasonable amount of insurance is maintained against risks in the operation of our business, but coverage has exclusions and limitations.  There is no assurance that the insurance will be adequate to cover any liabilities, or that it will continue to be available, and at terms we believe are economically acceptable.
 
There are some cases where coverage is not available, or we believe it is too expensive relative to the perceived risk.  For example, insurance against risks such as loss of title to mineral property, environmental pollution, or other hazards as a result of exploration and production is generally not available to us or other companies in the mining industry on acceptable terms.  Losses from these uninsured events may cause us to incur significant costs that could have a material adverse effect upon our business, results of operations, financial condition  and share price.

 
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Investor information
 
Our corporate structure
 
April 2, 1992	Eldorado Corporation Ltd. is incorporated by a Memorandum of Association under the Companies Act (Bermuda)	
April 23, 1996	Name change to Eldorado Gold Corporation and continues under the Company Act (British Columbia)	
June 28, 1996	Continues under the CBCA	
November 19, 1996	Amalgamates with HRC Development Corporation under the name Eldorado Gold Corporation, under a plan of arrangement through the CBCA	
June 5, 2006	Amends articles and files restated articles under the CBCA	
April 3, 2009	Adopts new bylaws that shareholders approve on May 7, 2009	
December 12, 2013	Adopts new bylaws that shareholders approved on May 1, 2014	
May 27, 2014	Amends articles and files restated articles under the CBCA	

Our capital structure
 
Our articles of incorporation only includes common shares:
 
Share capital at Feb. 29, 2016
 
Common shares	716,587,134	
Options	32,290,135	
Performance Share Units (PSUs) 2	1,421,199	
1 PSUs are subject to satisfaction of performance vesting targets within a performance period which may result in a higher or lower number of PSUs than the number granted as of the grant date.  Redemption settlement may be paid out in shares (one for one), cash or a combination.  The number of common shares listed above in respect of the PSUs assume that 100% of the PSUs granted (without change) will vest and be paid out in common shares.

A corporation formed under laws other than the federal laws of Canada may apply to be “continued” under the CBCA by applying for a certificate of continuance from the Corporations Directorate.
 
Once the certificate is issued, the CBCA applies to the corporation as if the corporation was incorporated under the CBCA.
The rules for changing the rights associated with our shares are contained in the CBCA. We generally need at least two-thirds of the votes cast at a special meeting of shareholders to make substantive changes to our share capital as described in our articles. For further information on all other executive compensation arrangements please refer to our Management Proxy Circular.
 
Common shares
 
Each common share gives the shareholder the right to:
 
·	receive notice of all shareholder meetings and to attend and vote their shares at the meetings; and	
·	participate equally with other shareholders in any:	
 	·	dividends declared by the board; and	
 	·	distribution of assets if we are liquidated dissolved or wound-up.	
 
Common shares issued in 2015
 
Balance, December 31, 2015	716,564,524	
Shares issued upon exercise of share options	22,610	
Total – issued and outstanding as at December 31, 2015	716,587,134	

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Non-voting shares
 
At our annual and special meeting on May 1, 2014, the shareholders approved an amendment to the articles to eliminate the non-voting shares.
 
 Senior unsecured notes
 
On December 13, 2012, Eldorado Gold completed an offering of $600 million aggregate principal amount of 6.125% senior unsecured Notes. The Notes mature on December 15, 2020 and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Eldorado Gold’s indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries SG and Tuprag and will be guaranteed by each of the Eldorado Gold’s wholly-owned subsidiaries that becomes a borrower or guarantor under debt facilities of Eldorado Gold, subject to certain exceptions.
 
Indenture
 
The Notes are governed by an indenture (Indenture) dated December 13, 2012 among Eldorado Gold, SG, Tuprag, Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as Canadian Trustee.  Under the Indenture, Eldorado Gold may redeem some or all of the Notes at any time on or after December 15, 2016, December 16, 2017 and December 15, 2018 at redemption prices equal to 103.063%, 101.531% and 100.000%, respectively, of the principal amount of the Notes plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption. Prior to December 15, 2016 Eldorado Gold may redeem some or all of the Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes plus a “make-whole” premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption. Eldorado Gold may also redeem up to 35% of the original aggregate principal amount of the Notes using the proceeds of certain equity offerings prior to December 15, 2015 at a redemption price of 106.125% plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption. The Notes may be redeemed at Eldorado Gold’s option, in whole but not in part, at a price of 100% of the principal amount of the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption in certain circumstances in which Eldorado Gold would become obligated to pay certain additional amounts under the Notes. If Eldorado Gold sells certain of its assets or experiences specific kinds of changes in control, Eldorado Gold must offer to purchase the Notes.
 
The Notes will be Eldorado Gold’s senior unsecured obligations and will rank equally in right of payment to all of Eldorado Gold’s existing and future senior unsecured debt and senior in right of payment to all of Eldorado Gold’s existing and future subordinated debt. The Notes will be effectively subordinated to any of Eldorado Gold’s existing and future secured debt to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such debt. The note guarantees will rank equally in right of payment with all of the guarantors’ existing and future senior debt, effectively subordinated to any of the guarantors’ existing and future secured debt to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such debt and senior in right of payment to all of the guarantors’ existing and future subordinated debt. In addition, the Notes will be structurally subordinated to the liabilities of Eldorado Gold’s non-guarantor subsidiaries.
 
The Indenture contains customary affirmative and negative covenants that, among other things limit the ability of Eldorado Gold and its subsidiaries to make investments; incur additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock; create liens; sell assets; enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments by restricted subsidiaries; consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of the assets of Eldorado Gold; engage in transactions with Eldorado Gold’s  affiliates; pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock or prepay subordinated indebtedness; and create unrestricted subsidiaries. For full details of the terms of the Notes, see the Indenture, which is filed under Eldorado Gold’s profile on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.
 
Ratings
 
The Notes have been assigned credit ratings of Ba3 by Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) and BB by Standard & Poor’s Rating Services (S&P).
 
These issuer credit rating are an opinion of the ability of the issuer to honour senior unsecured financial obligations and contracts.
 
Moody’s credit ratings are on a rating scale that ranges from Aaa to C, which represents the range from highest to lowest quality of such securities rated.  A rating of “Ba” by Moody’s is the fifth highest of nine categories and denotes obligations judged to have speculative elements and are subject to substantial credit risk. The addition of a 1, 2 or 3 modifier after a rating indicates the relative standing within a
 
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particular rating category.  The modifier 1 indicates that the issue ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category, the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
 
S&P’s credit ratings are on a rating scale that ranges from AAA to D, which represents the range from highest to lowest quality. A credit rating of “BB” by S&P is the fifth highest of ten categories. According to the S&P rating system, an obligor with debt securities rated “BB” is less vulnerable in the near-term than other lower-rated obligors. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties and exposure to adverse business, financial or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments. The addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) designation after the rating indicates the relative standing within a particular rating category.
 
The credit ratings assigned by the rating agencies are not recommendations to purchase, hold or sell securities nor do the ratings comment on market price or suitability for a particular investor.  There is no assurance that any rating will remain in effect for any given period of time or that any rating will not be revised or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency in the future if, in its judgment, circumstances so warrant.
 
On January 21, 2016 Moody’s announced that they had placed the ratings of 12 mining companies (including Eldorado) rated in Canada and their rated subsidiaries, on review for downgrade.
 
We pay annual credit rating fees to both Moody’s and S&P as follows:
 
Moody’s	$68,000	
S&P	$51,500	

Dividend policy
 
The board established a dividend policy in May 2010 and declared our first dividend of Cdn$0.05 per common share.  Any dividend payment, if declared, is expected to be derived from a dividend fund calculated on an amount, determined at the discretion of the Directors at the time of any decision to pay a dividend, multiplied by the number of ounces of gold sold by Eldorado in the preceding two quarters. In 2011, the board amended the dividend policy to provide additional step-ups as the average realized gold price increases. The board further amended the dividend policy in 2013 to revise the gradation of the fixed dollar amounts per ounce of gold sold.
 
The amount of the dividend fund will be divided among all the issued Eldorado Gold common shares to yield the dividend payable per share. Accordingly, the calculation of any dividends, if declared, will also be dependent on gold prices upon, among other things.
 
The declaration and payment of dividends is at the sole discretion of the board of Directors, and is subject to and dependent upon, among other things, the financial condition of, and outlook for the Company, general business conditions, satisfaction of all applicable legal and regulatory restrictions regarding the payment of dividends by Eldorado Gold and the Company’s cash flow and financing needs.
 
On June 18, 2010 we paid an inaugural dividend of Cdn$0.05 per common share. Beginning in 2011, we paid semi-annual dividends. See below dividend payments for the past three years.
 
The Company is suspending the cash payment of its semi-annual dividend payment effective Q1 2016. The decision of the Board of Directors has been made in view of gold prices, the terms and conditions of the Dividend Policy and the requirements of the CBCA. We continue to believe that a portion of funds from operations should be shared with our investors and look forward to resuming dividend payments in an environment of stronger gold prices.

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Dividends paid
 
Year	Date	Per common share  (Cdn$)	
2013
 	February 14, 2013	$0.07	
	August 26, 2013	$0.05	
2014	February 14, 2014	$0.01	
	August 26, 2014	$0.01	
2015	February 16, 2015	$0.01	
 	August 26, 2015	$0.01	

Market for securities
 
Eldorado Gold is listed on the following exchanges:
 
TSX under the symbol ELD
(listed October 23, 1993 – part of the S&P/TSX Global Gold Index)
 
NYSE under the symbol EGO
(listed October 20, 2009 – part of the AMEX Gold BUGS Index)
 
Our common shares were listed on the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) from January 23, 2003 until October 20, 2009.
 
The table below shows the range in price and trading volumes of our common shares on the TSX in 2015.
 
Trading activity in 2015
 
 	Cdn$	 	
2015	High	Low	Close	Volume	
January	$9.68	$7.08	$6.06	149,327,599	
February	$7.25	$6.15	$7.21	92,054,241	
March	$7.25	$6.02	$5.81	95,510,634	
April	$6.40	$5.97	$6.01	85,920,972	
May	$6.40	$5.93	$5.99	83,353,011	
June	$6.11	$5.02	$5.18	64,338,416	
July	$5.30	$4.17	$4.50	73,183,926	
August	$5.53	$3.93	$3.93	122,505,729	
September	$4.30	$3.63	$4.28	110,113,884	
October	$5.50	$4.37	$4.57	103,938,246	
November	$4.97	$4.10	$4.09	97,595,977	
December	$4.53	$4.05	$4.10	76,506,102	

Prior sales
 
The following table sets out all of the securities issued by the Company during our last financial year other than our common shares:
 
Type of security	Number of securities	Date issued	Issue price	
Stock options
 
 	100,000
8,074,440
50,000
50,000	January 1, 2015
February 24, 2015
August 26, 2015
November 30, 2015	$7.08
$6.67
$3.95
$3.97	

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Performance Share Units
 	623,410
1,137	February 24, 2015
August 26, 2015	n/a
n/a	
Restricted Share Units	596,089	February 24, 2015	$6.67	
Deferred Units

 	74,251
12,627
13,691
655
17,142
8,900	February 24, 2015
March 31, 2015
June 30, 2015
August 26, 2015
September 30, 2015
December 31, 2015	n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a	
 
For further information please refer to our Management Proxy Circular.
 
Transfer agents and registrars
 
Registrar and transfer agent
for our common shares	Computershare Trust Company of Canada
100 University Ave.
8th Floor, North Tower
Toronto, Ontario M5J 2Y1	
Registered and records office
and address for service	Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP
Suite 2900 – 550 Burrard Street
Vancouver, BC V6C 0A3	
Registrar and trustee for our Notes	Computershare Trust Company N.A.
8742 Lucent Boulevard, Suite 225
Highlands Ranch, CO 80129	

 
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Governance
 
Management and the board of directors are committed to good governance practices. We are committed to the highest standards of legal and ethical conduct, and believe in the importance of full, accurate, clear and timely disclosure, and in communicating openly with all of our stakeholders.
 
We comply with corporate governance guidelines and disclosure standards that apply to Canadian companies listed on the TSX, and with the corporate governance standards that apply to us as a foreign issuer listed on the NYSE and registered with the SEC in the US.
 
Ethical business conduct
 
Our code of business conduct and ethics is designed to promote integrity and deter wrongdoing by setting out the legal, ethical and regulatory standards we follow in all of our activities. The code applies to our directors, officers, employees and contractors and reinforces our commitment to ethical business conduct. Complying with the code and maintaining high standards of business conduct are mandatory, and the board relies on the oversight of our internal controls to monitor compliance with the code.  Our code is available on our website (www.eldoradogold.com) and on our SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com.
 
Anti-Bribery & Anti-Corruption Policy (ABC Policy)
 
Our Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Policy is designed to educate and to provide guidance to our personnel and agents to avoid directly or indirectly paying bribes or otherwise making improper payments or gifts.  The ABC Policy is intended to alert all directors, officers, and employees to their responsibility to comply with all applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, including, for example, the Canadian  Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Anti-Bribery Act, and to be alert to any potential violations of the applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws by any of our personnel or our independent representatives, distributors, consultants, or agents that can potentially constitute a violation of such laws by Eldorado. The ABC Policy is available on our website (www.eldoradogold.com).
 
Our Board of Directors
 
Our board of directors oversees management, who are responsible for the day to day conduct of our business.
 
The board is responsible for:
 
 	·	acting in good faith in our best interests;	
 	·	exercising care, diligence and skill in carrying out its duties and responsibilities; and	
 	·	meeting its obligations under the CBCA, our articles and our bylaws, the Director Terms of Reference and any other relevant legislation and regulations governing our business.	
 
The board has adopted a written mandate, which is available on our website and which describes its responsibility for stewardship. The board carries out its mandate directly or through its committees, which are composed of 100% independent directors.
 
Directors
 
According to our articles and bylaws, we must elect between three and 20 directors at every annual general meeting to serve for a one-year term or until a successor is elected or appointed.
 
The board has decided that ten directors will be nominated to the board in 2016. The CBCA requires at least 25% of our directors to be Canadian residents.
 
The table below lists our directors, including their province or state of residence, their principal occupation and approximate number of Eldorado Gold common shares they own. This includes shares they beneficially own directly or indirectly, or exercise control or direction over as of March 30, 2016.

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Director	Board committees	Principal occupation	Approximate number
of common shares held	
 	 	 	 	
K. Ross Cory, Acc. Dir
British Columbia, Canada
Independent Director	Audit
Corporate governance
and nominating (chair)	Director since April 30, 2003
Various senior executive & director capacities with Raymond James Ltd. (and predecessor companies)
 	340,000	
Pamela M. Gibson, Acc. Dir
Hampshire, United Kingdom
Independent Director	Sustainability
Corporate governance
and nominating	Director since September 2, 2014
Of Counsel at Shearman & Sterling LLP since 2005
Head of capital Markets Europe and Asia (2002 to 2004); Managing Partner London (1995 to 2002) and Toronto (1990 to 1995) offices; and associate lawyer (1984 to 1989) at Shearman & Sterling LLP
Currently a director of GasLog Partners LP	Nil	
Robert R. Gilmore, Acc. Dir
Colorado, United States
Independent Director
Non-executive Chairman of the board
 	Audit
Compensation	Chairman of the board since December 2009 and director since April 30, 2003
Financial consultant
CFO of Dakota Mining Corporation (1991 to 1997), CFO of Teamshare Inc. (2002)
Currently a director of Layne Christensen Company, and Fortuna Silver Mines	9,500	
Geoffrey A. Handley, Acc. Dir
New South Wales, Australia
Independent Director	Compensation
Sustainability (chair)	Director since August 2006
Executive Vice President, Strategic
Development with Placer Dome
(2002 to 2006)
Currently a director of Endeavour Silver Corp.	10,000	
Michael A. Price, Acc. Dir
London, United Kingdom
Independent Director	Audit
Sustainability	Director since May 6, 2011
Mining Finance Consultant and Adviser and London Representative of Resource Capital Funds since 2006.
Managing Director, Joint Global Head of Mining and Metals of Barclays Capital (2003 to 2006), Managing Director, Global Head of Mining and Metals of Société General, London (2001 to 2003), Executive Director, Head of Resource Banking and Metals Trading, N.M. Rothschilds & Sons Ltd. (1989 to 2001), Mining Engineer, Business & Financial Analyst, British Petroleum PLC (1981 to 1988)
Currently a director of Asanko Gold Corporation.	Nil	

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Director	Board committees	Principal occupation	Approximate number
of common shares held	
Steven P. Reid, Acc. Dir
Alberta, Canada
Independent Director	Compensation
Sustainability	Director since May 2, 2013
Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Goldcorp Inc. (2007 to September 2012)
Currently a director of Silver Standard Resources Inc. and Gold Fields Limited.	Nil	
Jonathan A. Rubenstein, Acc. Dir
British Columbia, Canada
Independent Director	Compensation (chair)
Corporate governance and nominating	Director since May 7, 2009
Vice President & Corporate Secretary of Canico Resources (2002 to 2005), Vice President, Corporate Affairs, Sutton Resources (1995 to 1999)
Currently a director and chairman of MAG Silver Corp., director of Detour Gold Corporation, Dalradian Resources Inc. and Roxgold Corp.	9,000	
Donald M. Shumka, Acc. Dir
British Columbia, Canada
Independent Director	Audit
Corporate governance and nominating	Director since May 3, 2005
President and Managing Director of Walden Management Ltd.
Managing Director of Raymond James Ltd. (1993 to 2004), Managing Director of CIBC World Markets (1989 to 1993), Vice President, Finance and CFO of West Fraser Timber Co. Ltd. (1979 to 1989)
Currently a director of Paladin Energy Limited, Regalito Copper Corp., Odin Mining and Exploration Ltd., Alterra Power Corp. and Anfield Nickel Corp.	46,700	
John Webster, Acc. Dir
British Columbia, Canada
Independent Director	Audit (chair)	Director since January 1, 2015
PricewaterhouseCoopers Canada (1981 to 2011), Partner (1992 to 2011),
Mining Leader (1996 to 2000),
BC Region Managing Partner (2001 to 2009).
PricewaterhouseCoopers Romania
Partner (2011 to 2014),
Assurance Leader for Romania and South Eastern Europe.	2,000	

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Director	Board committees	Principal occupation	Approximate number
of common shares held	
Paul N. Wright
British Columbia, Canada
President, Chief Executive Officer
and Director	 	Director since March 1999
President and Chief Executive Officer since January 1, 2016
Chief Executive Officer (July 2012 to December 2015)
President and Chief Executive Officer
(October 1999 to July 2012)
President and Chief Operating Officer (March 1999 to October 1999), Senior Vice President, Operations (October 1997 to March 1999), Vice President, Mining (July 1996 to October 1997)	1,238,537	

 

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Ten of our directors were elected at our 2015 annual shareholders’ meeting. All directors’ terms expire at our next annual meeting of shareholders. Nine of the ten currently appointed directors are expected to be nominated for election by the shareholders at our 2016 annual shareholders meeting.
 
As of March 30, 2016 the directors and executive officers of the Company owned shares and stock options to purchase common shares for a total percentage of 1.93% of our issued and outstanding common shares. See our Management Proxy Circular for further information on director and executive officers share ownership.
 
Board committees
 
The board has four standing committees:
 
 	·	Audit	
 	·	Compensation	
 	·	Corporate governance and nominating	
 	·	Sustainability	
 
Audit committee
 
The board has a separately designated audit committee in accordance with National Instrument 52-110 – Audit Committees and in accordance with the NYSE Listed Company Manual.
 
The audit committee is currently made up of five independent directors:
 
John Webster (chair)
Ross Cory
Michael Price
Donald Shumka
Robert Gilmore
 
All five members of the audit committee are financially literate, meaning they are able to read and understand the Company’s financial statements and to understand the breadth and level of complexity of the issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by the Company’s financial statements.  Mr. Webster, our committee chair and Mr. Gilmore, are audit committee financial experts as defined by the SEC.
 
John Webster, Chairman of the Audit Committee
 
 	·	BA (Hon), University of Kent;	
 	·	FCPA (British Columbia)	
 	·	ACA (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales)	
 
Corporate director
BC, Canada
 
A certified professional accountant, Mr. Webster has the accounting or related financial management experience that is required under the NYSE rules. Mr. Webster has worked in various roles with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP over 30 years. He has extensive experience as an audit partner and has provided advice to many clients on complex transactions.
 
Robert Gilmore
 
 	·	CPA, BSBA, Accounting	
 	·	University of Denver	
 	·	CPA, Colorado	
 
Corporate director
Colorado, USA

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A certified public accountant, Mr. Gilmore has the accounting or related financial management experience that is required under the NYSE rules.  From 1991 to 1997 Mr. Gilmore was the Chief Financial Officer of Dakota Mining Corporation and was the Chief Financial Officer of Teamshare Inc. in 2002. Mr. Gilmore has served as Chairman of the Audit Committee for Layne Christensen Company and Fortuna Silver Mines, Inc since 2009 and 2010, respectively.
 
K. Ross Cory
 
 	·	MBA, Finance and International Business, UBC	
 	·	B.Sc. General Science, UBC	
 
Corporate director
BC, Canada
 
Mr. Cory served in various senior executive and director capacities with Raymond James Ltd in the area of Investment banking focusing primarily on the mining industry.
 
Michael A. Price
 
 	·	B.Sc, Eng. (Hon)	
 	·	PhD, Mining Engineering, University College Cardiff	
 
Corporate director
London, United Kingdom
 
Dr. Price has been a Mining Finance Consultant and Adviser and London Representative of Resource Capital Funds since 2006 and has over 35 years’ experience in Mining and Investment banking.
 
Donald M. Shumka
 
 	·	MBA, Harvard University;	
 	·	BA, UBC	
 
President & Managing Director
Walden Management Limited
BC, Canada
 
Mr. Shumka is and has been since 2004, the President and Managing Director of Walden Management Ltd. He has extensive financial and management experience – and over 15 years in investment banking with various companies.
 
The committee is responsible for, among other things:
 
 	·	overseeing financial reporting, internal controls, the audit process, our public disclosure documents and overseeing our code of business conduct and ethics;	
 	·	recommending the appointment of our external auditor and reviewing the annual audit plan and auditor compensation;	
 	·	pre-approving audit, audit-related, tax and other services to be provided by the external auditor;	
 	·	reviewing our hiring policies for present and former employees of the present and former auditor; and	
 	·	reviewing the terms of engagement for the external auditor.	
 
The external auditor reports directly to the audit committee. KPMG performed our audit services in 2015. The audit committee adopted a policy in 2005 that non-audit services can only be provided by the external auditor if it has been pre-approved by the audit committee. Generally, these services are provided by other firms under separate agreements approved by management.
 
See our Management Proxy Circular for further information on the experience and education of each committee member.

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About the auditor
 
KPMG has been our external auditor since June 2009, replacing PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP who had previously served as our auditor since 1992.
 
The auditor conducts the annual audit of our financial statements and provides audit-related and other services and reports to the audit committee of the board.
 
Auditor’s fees
 
The table below shows the fees we paid KPMG for services in 2015 and 2014:
 
 	Years ended December 31	 	
US$	2015	2014	 	
Audit fees	1,452,783	1,513,499	   Total fees for audit services	
Audit related fees	122,322	84,193	   Majority of fees relate to French translation	
Tax fees	-	-	   Total fees for tax advice, tax planning and tax compliance	
All other fees	-	-	 	
Total	1,575,105	1,597,692	 	
 
Compensation committee
 
The compensation committee is made up of four directors:
 
Jonathan Rubenstein (chair)
Robert Gilmore
Geoffrey Handley
Steven Reid

The compensation committee is responsible for:
 
 	·	assisting management in developing our compensation structure, including the compensation policies and compensation programs for our directors and executives;	
 	·	reviewing the results of the annual Say on Pay advisory vote when considering future executive and director compensation programs;	
 	·	determining where there is a need to engage with shareholders on compensation and related matters and conduct such engagement in coordination with Management, as appropriate; and	
 	·	assessing the performance of our CEO every year and recommending the compensation of our CEO and our other executive officers to the board for review and approval.	

The compensation committee conducts a thorough compensation review every year to assess:
 
 	·	the competitiveness of our cash and stock-based compensation for our directors and executives;	
 	·	whether overall executive compensation continues to support our goals of attracting, motivating and retaining executives with exceptional leadership and management skills; and	
 	·	the overall compensation packages for our senior executives and whether the components are applied appropriately.	
 
The compensation committee also reviews and approves the terms of employment annually and evaluates the performance of the CEO for the prior year.

Each of the members of the compensation committee has extensive experience with compensation matters and are members of various compensation committees for other publicly listed companies as noted below:

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 	·	Mr. Rubenstein is the Chair of the Dalradian Resources Corporate Governance and Compensation Committee and a Member of the Compensation Committee for Detour Gold Corporation;	
 	·	Mr. Reid is Chair of the Compensation Committee for Silver Standard Resources Inc.;	
 	·	Mr. Gilmore is a Member of the Compensation Committee for Layne Christensen Company; and	
 	·	Mr. Handley was the Chair of the Compensation Committee for PanAust Limited until mid-2015 and sits on the Compensation Committee for Endeavour Silver Corp.	
 
Corporate governance and nominating committee (CGNC)
 
The CGNC is made up of four directors:
 
Ross Cory (chair)
Pamela Gibson
Jonathan Rubenstein
Donald Shumka

The CGNC was established to work with management in continuing to develop our corporate governance framework. This includes, among other things:

 	·	regularly reviewing our corporate governance policies and practices;	
 	·	monitoring our risk management program;	
 	·	reviewing the size and composition of the board annually;	
 	·	facilitating the succession and nomination of directors to the board;	
 	·	identifying new directors and managing the board’s nomination process, board committee appointments and assessment process; and	
 	·	evaluating the board’s competencies and defining the skills and experience necessary for an effective board.	
 
Sustainability committee
 
The sustainability committee is made up of four directors:
 
Geoffrey Handley (chair)
Pamela Gibson
Steven Reid
Michael Price

The sustainability committee was established to advise and make recommendations, in its oversight role, to the board with respect to monitoring our environmental, health, safety, community relations, human rights, security and other sustainability policies, practices, programs and performance. This includes, among other things:

 	·	reviewing our annual sustainability report prior to its issuance;	
 	·	establishing and periodically reviewing corporate environmental, health and safety and human rights policies;	
 	·	reviewing and monitoring our environmental, health and safety programs and procedures;	
 	·	monitoring management’s environmental, health and safety risk assessment, risk related to sustainability and impact evaluation procedure;	
 	·	monitoring management’s performance regarding environmental health and safety, social and human rights initiatives with respect to employees, communities and other stakeholders; and	
 	·	monitoring and reporting to the board on management’s procedures regarding environmental, health and safety matters, including the development, maintenance and testing of emergency preparedness plans to minimize, remediate and mitigate environmental damage in the event of unforeseen incidents.	

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Reserves and resources review panel
 
The board reviews management’s process for evaluating our reserves and resources. It appointed a panel of directors who are technically competent and proficient in estimating reserves and resources. The panel is charged with reviewing management’s reserve and resource estimates and reporting thereon to the board. In 2015, Mr. Handley and Mr. Reid served on the panel.
 
Risk assessment
 
The CGNC is responsible for monitoring our risk management program.
 
The board has overall responsibility for reviewing and approving recommendations, developing programs and procedures for monitoring risks, and reviewing our risk management program at each regularly scheduled board meeting. This includes overseeing the identification of our principal risks, reviewing our acceptable levels of risk and overseeing the development of appropriate systems to manage the risks we face in our business.
 
Terms of reference for the board, chair, individual directors and the four standing board committees are available on our website (www.eldoradogold.com) or by contacting the corporate secretary. You can also find more information about our corporate governance practices in our most recent management proxy circular and on our website.
 
Officers
 
The table below lists our executive officers, including their province of residence, their principal occupation, offices held at Eldorado Gold and approximate number of Eldorado Gold common shares they own.
 
This includes shares they beneficially own directly or indirectly, or exercise control or direction over as of the date of this AIF.
 
Executive officer	Principal occupation	Approximate
number of common
shares held	
Fabiana E. Chubbs
British Columbia, Canada
Chief Financial Officer	Chief Financial Officer since July 1, 2011
Treasurer and Risk Manager (July 2008 to July 2011)
Treasurer Coordinator (July 2007 to July 2008)
Senior Manager, Audit Group, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP  (December 1996 to July 2007)	104,667	
Dawn L. Moss
British Columbia, Canada
Executive Vice President, Administration & Corporate Secretary	Executive Vice President, Administration and Corporate Secretary since July 1, 2012
Vice President, Administration (February 2009 to July 2012)
Corporate Secretary (October 2000 to July 2012)
Corporate Administrator (November 1998 to October 2000)	69,795	
Paul J. Skayman
British Columbia, Canada
Chief Operating Officer	Chief Operating Officer since July 1, 2012
Senior Vice President, Operations  (December 2009 to July 2012)
Vice President, Operations (August 2008 to December 2009)
Project Coordinator for QDML (Tanjianshan Gold Mine) September 2005 to August 2008.
 	148,220	
Paul N. Wright
British Columbia, Canada
President, Chief Executive Officer and director	Director since March 1999
President and Chief Executive Officer since January 1, 2016
Chief Executive Officer July 1, 2012 to January 2016
President and Chief Executive Officer (October 1999 to July 2012)
President and Chief Operating Officer (March 1999 to October 1999)
Senior Vice President, Operations (October 1997 to March 1999)
Vice President, Mining (July 1996 to October 1997)	1,238,537	
 
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As of March 30, 2016, our directors and executive officers beneficially owned or controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, common shares (representing 0.37% of the total issued and outstanding common shares).
 
Cease trade orders, bankruptcies, penalties or sanctions
 
Except as discussed below, in the last 10 years none of our directors or executive officers has personally or has been a director or executive officer (while, or within a year of, acting in that capacity) of any company (including ours) that has become bankrupt, made a proposal under legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, been subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement of compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold its assets, or the assets of the director.
 
Mr. Handley was a director of Mirabela Nickel Limited (Mirabela) until January 11, 2014.  On February 25, 2014, within a year of Mr. Handley ceasing to be a director, Mirabela announced that it had entered into a legally binding plan support agreement (PSA) which establishes a framework for a proposed recapitalisation of Mirabela, subject to certain terms and conditions, as well as the appointment of Messurs. Madden, Rocke and Winterbottom of KordaMentha as joint and several voluntary administrators.  Mirabela also announced that, under the PSA, the proposed recapitalisation will be effected through a recapitalisation and restructuring plan to be implemented  through a Deed of Company Arrangement (DOCA) in Australia and an extrajudicial reorganization proceeding to be filed by  Mirabela Brazil before the competent Brazilian court.  Trading in securities of Mirabela on the Australian Securities Exchange had been suspended since October 9, 2013. On June 25, 2014 Mirabela reported that the DOCA had been fully effectuated and on June 30, 2014 Mirabela’s shares were reinstated for trading on the ASX.
 
Mr. Wright was a director of Nordic Mines AB (Nordic) until November 17, 2012.  On July 8, 2013, within one year of Mr. Wright ceasing to be a director, Nordic announced that it had requested a Court appointed Administrator, which appointment concerns Nordic, its Swedish subsidiary Nordic Mines Marknad AB and its Finnish subsidiary Nordic Mines Oy.  The appointment of the Swedish Administrator was terminated by the District Court of Uppsala in a decision on September 1, 2014, when an agreement on debt write-off was entered into between Nordic and its creditors and lenders.
 
The last condition for the debt write-off, the receiving of proceeds from a rights issue, was satisfied on 10 September 2014.  On September 21, 2015 Nordic reached an agreement in principle with its lenders regarding the repurchase of outstanding debt.  The final agreement was entered into between Nordic and its lenders on November 9, 2015. On December 14, 2015 Nordic completed the repurchase of outstanding bank debt in accordance with the agreement.
 
None of our directors or executive officers are, or have been within the last 10 years, a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of any company that was subject to a cease trade order, an order similar to a cease trade order, or an order that denied the relevant company access to any exemption under securities legislation that was issued while the director was acting in that capacity, or that was issued after the director was no longer acting in that capacity, and which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in that capacity.
 
None of the directors have been subject to any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body, or have entered into a settlement agreement with any securities regulatory authority since December 31, 2000.
 
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Conflicts of interest
 
To the best of our knowledge, we are not aware of any existing or potential conflicts of interest between us or any of our directors or officers, which have not been disclosed to the board, except that some of them serve as directors and officers of other public companies. It is therefore possible that there could arise a conflict between their duties as a director or officer of Eldorado Gold and their duties for other companies.
 
Our directors and officers are aware of the laws governing accountability of directors and officers for corporate opportunity. They understand they are required to disclose any conflicts of interest under the CBCA and are expected to govern themselves to the best of their ability according to the laws in effect.
 
The board takes appropriate measures to exercise independent judgment when considering any transactions and agreements. If a director has a material interest, the director is obligated to excuse himself or herself from the appropriate portions of the board and committee meetings so the directors can discuss the issue openly and candidly.
 
Material contracts
 
Other than material contracts listed elsewhere in this AIF and those contracts made in the ordinary course of business, we have not entered into any material contracts.
 
Interest of experts
 
We rely on experts to audit our financial statements, prepare our mineral reserve and resource estimates and prepare our technical reports.
 
Our auditor is KPMG LLP, who have confirmed they are independent according to the rules of professional conduct of the Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants of British Columbia. They are an independent public accountant in accordance with the securities acts administered by the SEC and the applicable rules and regulations thereunder and the requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.
 
We list the people who have prepared our mineral reserve and resource estimates under Mineral reserves and resources starting on page 75 and the qualified persons responsible for our technical disclosure and/or reports under each of our properties.
 
None of these people or their employers have directly or indirectly, any material interest, or beneficial interest in the property of the Company or securities of Eldorado Gold or any of our affiliates or associated parties, other than those experts that are employed by us, who own less than 1% of our securities.
 
Interest of management and others in material transactions
 
Other than as otherwise described in this AIF and our annual MD&A we are not aware of any transactions in our three most recently completed financial years, or during the current financial year, that has had or will have a material effect on us where any of the following had a direct or indirect material interest:
 
 	·	any of our directors or executive officers, or those of our subsidiaries;	
 	·	a person who beneficially owns, controls or directs, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the voting securities;	
 	·	any associate or affiliate of the above.	
 
We did not rely on any available exemptions in fiscal 2015 to meet our disclosure obligations for the year.
 
Legal proceedings and regulatory actions
 
Other than has been disclosed in this AIF, we are not aware of any material legal proceedings which we are a party to or that involve our property, nor are we aware of any being considered.
 
We have not had any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body relating to securities legislation or regulatory requirements, or by a court or regulatory body that would be considered important to a reasonable investor in making an investment decision. We have also never been involved in a settlement agreement with a court relating to securities legislation or with a securities regulatory authority.

 
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ELDORADO GOLD CORPORATION

AUDIT COMMITTEE

 
TERMS OF REFERENCE

The Board of Directors (the “ Board ”) of Eldorado Gold Corporation (“ Eldorado ” or the “ Company ”) has established the Audit Committee of the Board and approved these Terms of Reference which set out the roles, responsibilities, composition, functions and other matters concerning the Committee.

I.           ROLE
 
The role of the Audit Committee (the “ Committee ”) is to assist the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities with respect to the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Company by:
 
 	(i)	Reviewing the integrity and effectiveness of the Company’s systems of internal financial controls for reporting on the Company’s financial condition;	
 
 	(ii)	Monitoring the independence and performance of the Company’s external auditor (the “ Auditor ”);	
 
 	(iii)	Overseeing the integrity of the Company’s internal audit processes and reviewing the Company’s financial disclosure and reporting;	
 
 	(iv)	Monitoring management of the Company’s (“ Management ”) compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; and	
 
 	(v)	Overseeing certain risk management systems and practices adopted by the Company.	
 
II.           RESPONSIBILITIES
 
The Committee will have the following duties and responsibilities:

Financial Statements and Financial Disclosures
 
 	(i)	Review with the Auditor and with Management, prior to recommending  to the Board for its approval the following:	
 
 	a)	The audited annual and unaudited quarterly financial statements, including the notes thereto;	
 
 	b)	Management Discussion and Analysis (“ MD&A ”) of operations accompanying or contained in the annual or quarterly reports and the consistency of the MD&A with the financial statements;	
 
 	c)	Any expert report or opinion obtained by the Company in connection with the financial statements;	
 
 	d)	The accounting treatment with respect to   any transactions which are material   or not in the normal course of the Company’s business or with or involving an unconsolidated entity;	
 
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 	e)	The nature and substance of significant accruals, accounting reserves and other estimates having a material effect on the financial statements;	
 
 	f)	Carrying values of financial assets and liabilities, including key assumptions and practices used to determine fair value accounting and related mark-to-market adjustments;	
 
 	g)	Any off balance sheet financing arrangement;	
 
 	h)	Use of derivatives and hedging transactions;	
 
 	i)	Asset retirement and reclamation obligations;	
 
 	j)	Pension obligations;	
 
 	k)	Tax matters that could have a material effect upon the financial statements;	
 
 	l)	The Company’s accounting and auditing principles, policies and practices including any changes thereto;	
 
 	m)	The adequacy of the Company’s internal controls, including a discussion of the responsibilities of the Company’s internal audit function;	
 
 	n)	All significant adjustments made or proposed to be made in the Company’s financial statements by Management or by the Auditor;	
 
 	o)	Details regarding any unrecorded audit adjustments;	
 
 	p)	Any impairment provisions based on ceiling tests or other calculation including the carrying value of goodwill;	
 
 	q)	Use by the Company of any Non-GAAP financial measures or forward looking financial information contained in any disclosure document;	
 
 	r)	The compliance by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer  with the applicable certification requirements under applicable security legislation; and	
 
 	s)	Such other matters as the Committee considers necessary in connection with the preparation of the Company’s financial reports.	
 
 	(ii)	Review the adequacy of procedures put in place by the Board or Management for the review of public disclosure of financial information prior to the disclosure to the public thereof.	
 
 	(iii)	Review and discuss with the Auditor any audit related problems or difficulties and Management’s response thereto, including any restrictions imposed on the scope of the Auditor’s activities, access to required information, disagreement with Management or the adequacy of internal controls.	
 
 	(iv)	Review the Auditor’s Management Letter and the Auditor’s Report.	
 
 	(v)	Review, discuss with Management (and with the Auditor, where required or appropriate) and approve or recommend that the Board approve the following, prior to disclosure to the public:	
 
 	a)	Consolidated annual audited financial statements and related MD&A;	
 
 	b)	Consolidated unaudited quarterly financial statements and related MD&A;	
 
 	c)	Other disclosures announcing or containing financial information, including those based on the annual or quarterly financial statements, and non-GAAP financial measures, revenue or earnings guidance or other forward-looking information; and	

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 	d)	Financial information contained within any prospectus, annual information form, information circular, take-over bid circular, issuer bid circular, rights offering circular or other form of prescribed disclosure document.	
 
External Auditor
 
 	(i)	Recommend to the Board the appointment of the external Auditor to be nominated at the annual shareholders’ meeting and who is ultimately accountable to the Board and the Committee as representatives of the shareholders.	
 
 	(ii)	Recommend to the Board the remuneration to be paid to the Auditor.	
 
 	(iii)	Require the Auditor to report to the Audit Committee and:	
 
 	a)	Oversee the work of the Auditor including the mandate of the external auditor, the annual engagement letter, audit plan and audit scope;	
 
 	b)	Assess the audit team; and	
 
 	c)	Assist in the resolution of disagreements, if any, between management and the Auditor regarding financial reporting.	
 
 	(iv)	Review and approve:	
 
 	a)	Non-audit services proposed to be provided by the external Auditor, to the extent required by law; and	
 
 	b)	Fees and expenses of the Auditor.	
 
 	(v)	Establish guidelines for the retention of the Auditor for any non-audit services including a consideration of whether the provision of such services would impact the independence of the Auditor.	
 
 	(vi)	At least annually, evaluate the Auditor’s qualifications, performance and independence, including that of the Auditor’s lead partner, and report the results of such review to the Board.	
 
 	(vii)	Where the Committee considers it appropriate, recommend a replacement for the Auditor and oversee any procedures required for the replacement thereof.	
 
 	(viii)	Review and approve the Company’s policies with respect to the employment of present and former employees of the present and former Auditor.	
 
Internal Controls and Systems
 
 	(i)	Review and discuss with Management the effectiveness of, or any deficiencies in, the design or operation of the Company’s systems of internal controls and any allegation of fraud, whether or not material, involving Management or other employees who have a role in the  Company’s internal controls.	
 
 	(ii)	Review with Management and the Auditor, the Company’s internal accounting and financial systems and controls to assess the effectiveness of, or deficiency in the design or operation of those internal controls to get reasonable assurance that the Company has:	

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 	a)	The appropriate books, records and accounts in reasonable detail to accurately and fairly reflect the Company’s transactions;	
 
 	b)	Effective internal control systems; and	
 
 	c)	Adequate processes for assessing the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements and for detecting control weaknesses or fraud.	
 
 	(iii)	Review with Management and advise the Board with respect to the Company’s policies and procedures regarding compliance with new developments in accounting principles, laws and regulations and their impact on the financial statements of the Company.	
 
 	(iv)	Review Management’s report on and the Auditor’s assessment of the Company’s internal controls and report all deficiencies and remedial actions to the Board.	
 
Risk Management
 
 	(i)	Review with Management the Company’s major financial risk exposures and the steps Management has taken to monitor and control such exposures.	
 
 	(ii)	Review any related party transactions prior to such transactions being submitted to the Board for approval.	
 
 	(iii)	Establish a complaint process and “whistle-blowing” procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of any complaints regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or audit related matters.	
 
 	(iv)	Establish procedures for employees’ confidential, anonymous submissions in accordance with the Company’s Whistle Blower Policy or Code of Conduct.	
 
 	(v)	Review, on a periodic basis, compliance with the Company’s investment policy governing investments of excess cash balances.	
 
 	(vi)	Receive and review Management’s report and, if applicable, the report of the Auditor, with respect to any material correspondence with, or other material action by, regulators or governmental agencies, any material legal proceeding involving the Company or allegations concerning the Company’s non-compliance with applicable laws or listing standards.	
 
 	(vii)	Review any matter brought to the attention of the Committee relating to the existence of any actual or potential conflict of interest disclosure provided pursuant to the Company’s Code of Conduct and determine appropriate action to be recommended to the Board.	
 
 	(viii)	Monitor compliance with the Company’s Code of Conduct.	
 
 	(ix)	Investigate any reported violations of the Code of Conduct and determine an appropriate response, including corrective action and preventative measures when required.  All reports are to be treated confidentially to every extent possible.	
 
Other Matters
 
 	(i)	Direct and supervise the investigation into any matter brought to the Committee’s attention within the scope of its duties.	

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 	(ii)	Perform such other duties as may be assigned to the Committee by the Board from time to time or as may be required by applicable law or regulatory authorities.	

III.           COMPOSITION
 
 	(i)	On the recommendations of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee, the Board will annually appoint not fewer than three (3) directors to form the Committee, all of whom shall be “independent” and “financially literate” within the meaning of the applicable securities legislation and at least one member of the Committee shall meet the definition of a “financial expert” as defined under the Rules of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.	
 
 	(ii)	The Board may, at any time, remove or replace a member, or appoint additional members to fill any vacancy or to increase or decrease the size of the Committee.  A member will serve on the Committee until the termination of the appointment or until a successor is appointed or the person ceases to be a Director of the Company.	

IV.           MEETINGS AND PROCEDURES
 
 	(i)	The Committee shall meet as often as it considers necessary and, subject to the terms hereof and applicable law, otherwise establish its procedures and govern itself as the members of the Committee may see fit in order to carry out and fulfill its duties and responsibilities hereunder.	
 
 	(ii)	Meetings of the Committee may be called by a member of the Committee, the Chief Executive Officer, the Corporate Secretary, the Chief Financial Officer or the Auditor of the Company and held at such times and places as the person calling the meeting may determine. Not less than twenty-four (24) hours advance notice of any meeting shall be given orally or in writing personally delivered or by facsimile or electronic mail together with an agenda to each member of the Committee and the Auditor unless all members of the Committee are present at any meeting and agree to waive notice and any absent member of the Committee has waived notice or otherwise consented to the holding of such meetings in writing.	
 
 	(iii)	A majority of members of the Committee will constitute a quorum (provided that a quorum shall not be less than 2 members).  Decisions of the Committee will be by an affirmative vote of the majority of those members of the Committee voting at a meeting.  In the event of an equality of votes, the Chair will not have a casting or deciding vote.  The Committee may also act by resolution in writing signed by all the members of the Committee.	
 
 	(iv)	The Board, or failing that, the Committee itself, shall select one of its members to act as the Chair of the Committee (or in his or her absence, an alternate Chair).	
 
 	(v)	The Committee shall keep or cause to be kept minutes or other records of its meetings and proceedings and provide such records to the Company as the Committee may so determine.	
 
 	(vi)	Any member of the Committee may participate in a meeting by conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can adequately communicate with each other, and a member participating in a meeting pursuant to this section shall be deemed for purposes of the Canada Business Corporations Act to be present in person at the meeting.	

 
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 	(vii)	The Committee may invite Management, directors, employees or other persons as it sees fit from time to time to attend its meetings and assist thereat provided, however, that only members of the Committee may participate in the deliberation, and vote on any matter to be decided by the Committee.	
 
 	(viii)	The Company shall provide the Committee with such resources, personnel and authority as the Committee may require in order to properly carry out and discharge its roles and responsibilities hereunder.	
 
 	(ix)	The Committee will have access to the Auditor and Management, exclusive of each other, for purposes of performing its duties.  The Committee will meet with the Auditor independent of Management after each review of the unaudited and audited financial statements and at such other times as the Committee may require.	
 
 	(x)	The Committee and its members shall have access to such documents or records of the Company and to such officers, employees or advisors of the Company or require their attendance at any meeting of the Committee, all as the Committee or the members thereof may consider necessary in order to fulfill and discharge their responsibilities hereunder.	
 
 	(xi)	Subject to any limitation under applicable law, these Terms of Reference or direction of the Board, the Committee may delegate to a subcommittee or individual member of the Committee any of its duties or responsibilities hereunder.	
 
 	(xii)	The Committee may from time to time authorize any member or members or any other director or officer of the Company to certify or to execute and deliver, for or on behalf of the Committee any such report, statement, certificate or other document or to do such acts or things as the Committee may consider necessary or desirable in order to discharge its duties and responsibilities hereunder.	
 
 	(xiii)	The Auditor will be notified of results of and provided with copies of the minutes of each meeting of the Committee whether or not the Auditor attended.	

V.           OTHER MATTERS
 
 	(i)	The Committee as whole or each member of the Committee individually may engage outside advisors, at the Company’s expense, where the member or the Committee determine that it is necessary to do so in order to assist in fulfilling their respective responsibilities.  The engagement and payment by the Company for the services of such advisor are subject to approval of the Chair of the Committee.	
 
 	(ii)	In connection with their service on the Committee, the members shall be entitled to such remuneration, payment or reimbursement of such incidental expenses and indemnification, on such terms as the Board may so determine from time to time.	
 
 	(iii)	The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee of the Board and the Committee itself shall, not less frequently than annually, assess, based on such factors as they may consider appropriate, the effectiveness of the Committee and the members of the Committee, in accordance with these Terms of Reference and report such assessments to the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee, or the Board, as appropriate.	
 
 	(iv)	The Committee shall review and assess the adequacy of these Terms of Reference on a regular basis and consider whether these Terms of Reference appropriately address the matters that are or should be within its scope and, where appropriate, make recommendations to the Board or Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee for the alteration, modification or amendment hereof.	

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 	(v)	These Terms of Reference may, at any time, and from time to time, be altered, modified or amended in such manner as may be approved by the Board.	
 
VI.           APPROVALS
 
Approved by the Board of Directors March 23, 2016.

 

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ELDORADO GOLD CORPORATION
 
 GLOSSARY

The following is a glossary of technical terms that may be found in this AIF:
 
 “AARL elution” is Anglo American Research Laboratories’ process for the elution of gold and silver off carbon.
 
“ AAS” is   Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
 
“adit” is a passage driven horizontally into a mountainside to provide access to a mineral deposit from the surface of the working of a mine.
 
“ADR” is an acronym for Adsorption Desorption Regeneration and refers to the gold extraction process using carbon as the collector (generally in a heap leach setting). .
 
“adsorption” is the attachment of one substance to the surface of another.
 
“Ag”   is the chemical symbol for silver.
 
“ALS” is an analytical laboratory service.
 
“arsenopyrite” is a whitish to steel gray coloured arsenic-bearing sulphide mineral (FeAsS).
 
“ASX”   is the Australian Securities Exchange.
 
“Au”   is the chemical symbol for gold.
 
  “back fill” is waste material used to fill and support the void created by mining an ore body.
 
“ball milling” is grinding ore with the use of grinding media consisting of steel balls.
 
“C1”   refers to cash operating cost. Cash operating costs include the costs of operating the site, including mining, processing and administration. They do not include royalties and production taxes, amortization, reclamation costs, financing costs or capital development (initial and sustaining) or exploration costs.
 
“calcareous” is a substance that contains calcium carbonate.
 
“BGRIMM” is the Beijing Research Institution of Mining & Metallurgy.
 
“CBCA”   is the Canada Business Corporations Act.
 
“CIL” is carbon in leach, a recovery process in which a slurry of gold ore, carbon granules and cyanide are mixed together. The cyanide dissolves the gold, which is then adsorbed on the carbon. The carbon is subsequently separated from the slurry, and the gold removed from the carbon.
 
“CIM” is the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
 
“concentrate treatment plant” is any treatment plant that treats the concentrate resulting from a flotation process whereby the sulphide material floats and is separated from the host rock.
 
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“CoS” is the Council of State
 
“Cu” is the chemical symbol for copper.
 
“cut and fill” is a method of stoping in which ore is removed in slices (or lifts) and then the excavation is filled with rock or other waste material known as back fill, before the subsequent slice is mined.
 
“cyanidation” is the process of extracting gold or silver through dissolution in a weak solution of sodium cyanide.
 
“decline” is an underground passageway connecting one or more levels in a mine and providing adequate traction for heavy, self-propelled equipment. These underground openings are often driven in a downward spiral, much the same as a spiral staircase.
 
“diamond drill” is a type of rotary drill in which the cutting is done by abrasion rather than percussion. The cutting bit is set with diamonds and is attached to the end of long hollow rods through which water is pumped to the cutting face. The drill cuts a core of rock that is recovered in long cylindrical sections, an inch or more in diameter.
 
 “dilution” is waste material not separated from mined ore that was below the calculated economic cut-off grade of the deposit. Dilution results in increased tonnage mined and reduced overall grade of the ore.
 
“dip” is the angle that a planar geological structure forms with a horizontal surface, measured perpendicular to the strike of the structure.
 
“DMPM”   refers to the Department of Mineral Production in Brazil
 
“dore” is unrefined gold and silver in bullion form.
 
“dyke” is an intrusive rock unit that has an approximately planar form that generally cuts across layering in adjacent rocks.
 
“EIS”   is an Environmental Impact Study.
 
“EIA” is an Environmental Impact Assessment
 
“fault” is a planar surface or planar zone of rock fracture along which there has been displacement of a few centimetres or more.
 
“fire assay” is a type of analytical procedure that involves the heat of a furnace and a fluxing agent to fuse a sample to collect any precious metals (such as gold) in the sample. The collected material is then analyzed for gold or other precious metals by weight or spectroscopic methods.
 
“flotation” is a process by which some mineral particles are induced to become attached to bubbles and float, and other particles to sink, so that the valuable minerals are concentrated and separated from the host rock.
 
 “gangue” are minerals that are sub-economic to recover as ore.
 
“GCL” is a geosynthetic clay lining.
 
“gold gravity circuit” is a circuit where a portion of the partially milled or flotation concentrate material is removed by gravity methods (generally requiring an artificial increase in gravity) to remove free gold from the circuit.

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“grade” is the weight of precious metals in each tonne of ore.
 
“g” is a gram.
 
“g/t” is grams of gold per metric tonne.
 
“ha” is a Hectare.
 
“hangingwall” is the material that sits over the ore zone in an underground operation.
 
“heap leaching” is the process of stacking ore in a heap on an impermeable pad and percolating a solution through the ore that contains a leaching agent such as cyanide. The gold that leaches from the ore into the solution is recovered from the solution by carbon absorption or precipitation. After adding the leaching agent, the solution is then recycled to the heap to effect further leaching.
 
“HDPE” is high density polyethylene and is used as the impermeable pad for heap leaching.
 
“host rock” is the body of rock in which mineralization of economic interest occurs.
 
“hydro cyclones” are a separation method for milled ore so that correctly ground material moves to the next process whereby the coarser material is returned to the mill for more grinding.
 
“leach pad” is the HDPE pad and the ore stacked on top for the recovery of gold and silver.
 
“HQ” denotes the specific diameter of core in diamond drill.
 
“ICMI” is the International Cyanide Management Institute responsible for administering the Cyanide Code.
 
“ICP” is inductively-coupled plasma.
 
 “INCO process” is a cyanide detoxification process that was developed by INCO. This involves the addition of chemicals and air to the tailings stream to reduce the amount of cyanide present.
 
“IP” is induced polarization, a method of ground geophysical surveying using an electrical current to determine indications of mineralization.
 
“Kassandra Mines” are 317 km 2 including the Olympias and Skouries deposits together with two existing mines known as the Stratoni mine .
 
 “km” is a kilometre.
 
“km2” is a square kilometre.
 
 “ktpa” is one thousand tonnes per annum.
 
“leach” is gold being dissolved in cyanide solution in heap leaching or in tanks in a processing plant (agitated leach, carbon in pulp, carbon in leach).
 
“LTI”   refers to lost-time incidents.
 
“LTIFR”   refers to the lost time incident frequency rate. This is calculated by dividing the number of LTI’s by the number of manhours worked and then multiplying by 1,000,000.
 
 “m” is a metre.

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“metallurgy” is the science of extracting metals from ores by mechanical and chemical processes and preparing them for use.
 
 “micron (µm)” is 0.000001 metres.
 
“mill” is a plant where ore is crushed and ground to expose metals or minerals of economic value, which then undergo physical and/or chemical treatment to extract the valuable metals or minerals.
 
“mine” is an excavation in the earth for the purpose of extracting minerals. The excavation may be an open pit on the surface or underground workings.
 
“mineral reserve” means the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A mineral reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined. Mineral reserves are those parts of mineral resources that, after applying all mining factors, result in an estimated tonnage and grade that, in the opinion of the qualified person(s) making the estimates, is the basis of an economically viable project after taking account of all relevant processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environment, socio-economic and government factors. The term “mineral reserve” need not necessarily signify that extraction facilities are in place or operative or that all governmental approvals have been received. It does signify that there are reasonable expectations of such approvals. Mineral reserves fall under the following categories:
 
“proven mineral reserve” means the economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction is justified.
 
“probable mineral reserve” means the economically mineable part of an indicated and, in some circumstances, a measured mineral resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified.
 
“mineral resource” means a concentration or occurrence of diamonds, natural solid inorganic material, or natural solid fossilized organic material including base and precious metals, coal, and industrial minerals in or on the earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. Mineral resources fall under the following categories:
 
“measured mineral resource” means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity.
 
“indicated mineral resource” means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed.
 
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“inferred mineral resource” means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence, limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes.
 
“mineralization” is the rock containing minerals or metals of potential economic interest.
 
“ML” is a Mining License
 
“mm” is a millimetre.
 
“monzonite” is a coarse-grained intrusive rock containing less than 10 percent quartz.
 
“MOE”   is the Ministry of Environment .
 
 “Mt” is a million tonnes.
 
“Mtpa” is a million tonnes per annum.
 
“NDRC” is the National Development and Reform Commission
 
“NI 43-101” is National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects
 
“NQ” denotes the specific diameter of core in diamond drill.
 
“NYSE”   is the New York Stock Exchange.
 
“open pit mine” is an excavation for removing minerals that is open to the surface.
 
“ounce” or “oz” is a troy ounce, equal to 31.103 grams.
 
“ore” is a natural aggregate of one or more minerals that, at a specified time and place, may be mined and sold at a profit, or from which some part may be profitably separated.
 
 “Paleozoic” is a unit of geologic time spanning from 570 to 245 million years ago.
 
“paste fill” refers to a blended material that is used to fill open stopes or voids in the underground operations. This material may contain rock, tailings material, sand and cement.
 
“Pb”   is the chemical symbol for lead.
 
“PDRC” is the Provincial Development and Reform Commission
 
“PEIA”   is a preliminary environmental impact assessment
 
“pH” is a measure of the acidity of a material.
 
“phyllite” is a metamorphic rock containing fine-grained, planar-oriented mica minerals. This orientation imparts a layering to the rock.
 
“potassic” is an alteration type characterized by the pressure of potassium, feldspar and biotite.

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“PPA” is Project Permit Application
 
“ppb” is parts per billion.
 
 “ramp” is an inclined underground tunnel that provides access for mining or a connection between the levels of a mine.
 
“RC” is reverse circulation.
 
“recovery” is a term, generally stated as a percentage, used in process metallurgy to indicate the proportion of valuable material obtained in the processing of an ore.
 
 “roasting” is a method of oxidizing refractory ore using heat.
 
 “rock dumps”   refer to waste material that is disposed of on dumps.
 
  “run of mine” or “ROM” pertains to the ore that has been mined but not crushed.
 
“SAG” is a semi-autogenous grinding, a method of grinding rock into fine powder whereby the grinding media consist of larger chunks of rocks and steel balls.
 
“shaft” is a vertical or sub-vertical passageway to an underground mine for moving personnel, equipment, supplies and material, including ore and waste rock.
 
“SRM” is Standard Reference Material.
 
“stope” is an underground excavation from which ore is being extracted.
 
“strike” is an azimuth of a plane surface aligned at right angles to the dip of the plane used to describe the orientation of stratigraphic units or structures.
 
“sub-level open stoping” is a mining method where ore is removed from open stopes. These stops are generally backfilled after being mined out.
 
“sulphide ore” is ore containing a significant quantity of unoxidized sulphide minerals.
 
“supergene enrichment” refers to the process whereby the local concentration of metals of interest is increased during the weathering and oxidation of a mineralized rock.
 
“sustaining capital”   are those expenditures which do not increase annual gold ounce production at a mine site and exclude all expenditures at our projects and certain expenditures at our operating sites which are deemed expansionary in nature.
 
“tailings” is the material that remains after all metals or minerals of economic interest have been removed from ore during milling.
 
“TMF”   refers to a tailings management facility. This facility is designed to store process tailings for the long term. This process tailings might have potentially reactive materials and if so, would then be stored in a lined facility.
 
“tonne” is a metric tonne: 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds.
 
“tpd” is tonnes per day.
 
  “TSX”   is the Toronto Stock Exchange .
 
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 “waste” is barren rock in a mine, or mineralized material that is too low in grade to be mined and milled at a profit.
 
“wmt”   is a wet metric tonne .
 
“Zadra process” is a chemical process whereby gold is recovered from carbon and returned to solution for electrowinning.
 
“Zn”   is the chemical symbol for zinc.

 
153

 

EXHIBIT 99.2

 	Consolidated Financial Statements	
 
 	December 31, 2015 and 2014	
 
 	(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)	

 

 

 

 

 
Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting

The management of Eldorado Gold Corporation is responsible for the integrity and fair presentation of the financial information contained in this annual report. Where appropriate, the financial information, including financial statements, reflects amounts based on management’s best estimates and judgments. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Financial information presented elsewhere in the annual report is consistent with that disclosed in the financial statements.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management has established and maintains a system of internal accounting control designed to provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded from loss or unauthorized use, financial information is reliable and accurate and transactions are properly recorded and executed in accordance with management’s authorization. This system includes established policies and procedures, the selection and training of qualified personnel and an organization providing for appropriate delegation of authority and segregation of responsibilities. Any system of internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

Management has a process in place to evaluate internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that as at December 31, 2015, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

The Board of Directors oversees management’s responsibility for financial reporting and internal control systems through an Audit Committee, which is composed entirely of independent directors. The Audit Committee meets periodically with management, the Company’s outside advisors and the independent auditors to review the scope and results of the annual audit and to review the financial statements and related financial reporting and internal control matters before the financial statements are approved by the Board of Directors and submitted to the Company’s shareholders.

KPMG, an independent registered public accounting firm, appointed by the shareholders, has audited the Company’s financial statements in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and has expressed their opinion in their report titled “Independent Auditors’ Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm”. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as at December 31, 2015 has also been audited by KPMG, and their opinion is included in their report titled “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm”.

(Signed) Paul N. Wright  	(Signed) Fabiana E. Chubbs	
 	 	
Paul N. Wright 	Fabiana E. Chubbs	
President & Chief Executive Officer 	Chief Financial Officer	
 
March 23, 2016
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

 

 

 
  	KPMG LLP
Chartered Accountants
PO Box 10426 777 Dunsmuir Street
Vancouver BC V7Y 1K3
Canada	Telephone
Fax
Internet	(604) 691-3000
(604) 691-3031
www.kpmg.ca	

 
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT OF REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Eldorado Gold Corporation

 
We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Eldorado Gold Corporation, which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the consolidated income statements, statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2015, and notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information.
 
Management's Responsibility for the Consolidated Financial Statements
 
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
 
Auditors’ Responsibility
 
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement.
 
An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on our judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, we consider internal control relevant to the entity's preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements.
 
We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained in our audits is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

 
KPMG LLP is a Canadian limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG
network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative
(“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity.
KPMG Canada provides services to KPMG LLP

 

 

 
Opinion
 
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Eldorado Gold Corporation as at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, and its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2015, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
 
Other Matter
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Eldorado Gold Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013), and our report dated March 23, 2016 expressed an unmodified (unqualified) opinion on the effectiveness of Eldorado Gold Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.

 
 
Chartered Accountants
 
Vancouver, Canada
 
March 23, 2016

 

 

 

 
 
  	KPMG LLP
Chartered Accountants
PO Box 10426 777 Dunsmuir Street
Vancouver BC V7Y 1K3
Canada	Telephone
Fax
Internet	(604) 691-3000
(604) 691-3031
www.kpmg.ca	

 
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
We have audited Eldorado Gold Corporation’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying report titled “Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
 
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 
 
KPMG LLP is a Canadian limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG
network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative
(“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity.
KPMG Canada provides services to KPMG LLP

 

 

 

 
In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013).
 
We also have audited, in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 and the related consolidated income statements, statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2015, and our report dated March 23, 2016 expressed an unmodified (unqualified) opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

 

 
Chartered Accountants
 
Vancouver, Canada
 
March 23, 2016

 

 

Eldorado Gold Corporation
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

 	 	Note	 	 	December 31, 2015	 	 	December 31, 2014	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	
ASSETS	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	 	 	6	 	 	 	288,189	 	 	 	498,514	 	
Term deposits	 	 	 	 	 	 	4,382	 	 	 	2,800	 	
Restricted cash	 	 	 	 	 	 	248	 	 	 	262	 	
Marketable securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	18,331	 	 	 	4,251	 	
Accounts receivable and other	 	 	7	 	 	 	85,468	 	 	 	117,995	 	
Inventories	 	 	8	 	 	 	175,626	 	 	 	223,412	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	572,244	 	 	 	847,234	 	
Deferred income tax assets	 	 	17	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	104	 	
Other assets	 	 	10	 	 	 	83,147	 	 	 	43,605	 	
Defined benefit pension plan	 	 	16	 	 	 	10,897	 	 	 	12,790	 	
Property, plant and equipment	 	 	11	 	 	 	4,747,759	 	 	 	5,963,611	 	
Goodwill	 	 	12	 	 	 	50,276	 	 	 	526,296	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	5,464,323	 	 	 	7,393,640	 	
LIABILITIES & EQUITY	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	 	 	13	 	 	 	236,819	 	 	 	184,712	 	
Current debt	 	 	14	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	16,343	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	236,819	 	 	 	201,055	 	
Debt	 	 	14	 	 	 	589,395	 	 	 	587,201	 	
Other non-current liability	 	 	 	 	 	 	6,166	 	 	 	49,194	 	
Asset retirement obligations	 	 	15	 	 	 	102,636	 	 	 	109,069	 	
Deferred income tax liabilities	 	 	17	 	 	 	607,871	 	 	 	869,207	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	1,542,887	 	 	 	1,815,726	 	
Equity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Share capital	 	 	18	 	 	 	5,319,101	 	 	 	5,318,950	 	
Treasury stock	 	 	 	 	 	 	(10,211	)	 	 	(12,949	)	
Contributed surplus	 	 	 	 	 	 	47,236	 	 	 	38,430	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	 	 	 	 	 	 	(20,572	)	 	 	(18,127	)	
Deficit	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,583,873	)	 	 	(31,721	)	
Total equity attributable to shareholders of the Company	 	 	 	 	 	 	3,751,681	 	 	 	5,294,583	 	
Attributable to non-controlling interests	 	 	 	 	 	 	169,755	 	 	 	283,331	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	3,921,436	 	 	 	5,577,914	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	5,464,323	 	 	 	7,393,640	 	
 
Approved on behalf of the Board of Directors

(Signed) John Webster	Director	(Signed) Paul N. Wright  	Director	

 
Date of approval:    March 23, 2016

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

 

Eldorado Gold Corporation
Consolidated Income Statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars), except per share amounts

For the year ended December 31	 	Note	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	
Revenue	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
  Metal sales	 	 	 	 	 	863,292	 	 	 	1,067,899	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
  Production costs	 	 	26	 	 	 	469,818	 	 	 	508,280	 	
  Inventory write-down	 	 	 	 	 	 	12,024	 	 	 	13,469	 	
  Depreciation and amortization	 	 	 	 	 	 	178,978	 	 	 	177,227	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	660,820	 	 	 	698,976	 	
Gross profit	 	 	 	 	 	 	202,472	 	 	 	368,923	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Exploration expenses	 	 	 	 	 	 	17,853	 	 	 	16,230	 	
Mine standby costs	 	 	 	 	 	 	10,244	 	 	 	-	 	
General and administrative expenses	 	 	 	 	 	 	56,191	 	 	 	68,196	 	
Defined benefit pension plan expense	 	 	16	 	 	 	1,670	 	 	 	1,620	 	
Share based payments	 	 	19	 	 	 	15,877	 	 	 	18,775	 	
Impairment loss on property, plant and equipment and goodwill	 	 	11, 12	 	 	 	1,881,665	 	 	 	-	 	
Other writedown of assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	16,451	 	 	 	3,001	 	
Foreign exchange loss	 	 	 	 	 	 	16,794	 	 	 	7,176	 	
Operating profit (loss)	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,814,273	)	 	 	253,925	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss on disposal of assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	159	 	 	 	1,926	 	
Loss on marketable securities and other investments	 	 	 	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	2,415	 	
Loss on investments in associates	 	 	 	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	102	 	
Other income	 	 	 	 	 	 	(5,661	)	 	 	(9,436	)	
Asset retirement obligation accretion	 	 	15	 	 	 	2,411	 	 	 	2,326	 	
Interest and financing costs	 	 	27	 	 	 	18,328	 	 	 	28,779	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Profit (loss) before income tax	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,829,510	)	 	 	227,813	 	
Income tax expense (recovery)	 	 	17	 	 	 	(184,368	)	 	 	121,269	 	
Profit (loss) for the year	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,645,142	)	 	 	106,544	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Attributable to:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Shareholders of the Company	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,540,895	)	 	 	102,607	 	
Non-controlling interests	 	 	 	 	 	 	(104,247	)	 	 	3,937	 	
Profit (loss) for the year	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,645,142	)	 	 	106,544	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average number of shares outstanding (thousands)	 	 	28	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic	 	 	 	 	 	 	716,586	 	 	 	716,288	 	
Diluted	 	 	 	 	 	 	716,590	 	 	 	716,300	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Earnings per share attributable to shareholders of the Company:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic earnings (loss) per share	 	 	 	 	 	 	(2.15	)	 	 	0.14	 	
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	 	 	 	 	 	 	(2.15	)	 	 	0.14	 	

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensoive Income
 (Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

 
For the year ended December 31	 	Note	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Profit (loss) for the year	 	 	 	 	 	(1,645,142	)	 	 	106,544	 	
Other comprehensive income (loss):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Change in fair value of available-for-sale financial assets	 	 	 	 	 	(2,232	)	 	 	(2,353	)	
Realized gains on disposal of available-for-sale financial assets	 	 	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	1,878	 	
Actuarial gains on severance obligation	 	 	 	 	 	642	 	 	 	-	 	
Actuarial losses on defined benefit pension plans	 	 	16	 	 	 	(855	)	 	 	(596	)	
Total other comprehensive loss for the year	 	 	 	 	 	 	(2,445	)	 	 	(1,071	)	
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,647,587	)	 	 	105,473	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Attributable to:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Shareholders of the Company	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,543,340	)	 	 	101,536	 	
Non-controlling interests	 	 	 	 	 	 	(104,247	)	 	 	3,937	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,647,587	)	 	 	105,473	 	

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

For the year ended December 31	 	Note	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	
Cash flows generated from (used in):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Profit (loss) for the year	 	 	 	 	 	(1,645,142	)	 	 	106,544	 	
Items not affecting cash:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Asset retirement obligation accretion	 	 	 	 	 	2,411	 	 	 	2,326	 	
Depreciation and amortization	 	 	 	 	 	178,978	 	 	 	177,227	 	
Unrealized foreign exchange loss	 	 	 	 	 	2,250	 	 	 	1,154	 	
Deferred income tax expense (recovery)	 	 	 	 	 	(261,232	)	 	 	27,795	 	
Loss on disposal of assets	 	 	 	 	 	159	 	 	 	1,926	 	
Loss on investment in associates	 	 	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	102	 	
Other writedown of assets	 	 	 	 	 	16,451	 	 	 	3,001	 	
Impairment loss on property, plant and equipment and goodwill	 	 	 	 	 	1,881,665	 	 	 	-	 	
Loss on marketable securities and other investments	 	 	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	2,415	 	
Share based payments	 	 	 	 	 	15,877	 	 	 	18,775	 	
Defined benefit pension plan expense	 	 	 	 	 	1,670	 	 	 	1,620	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	193,087	 	 	 	342,885	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property reclamation payments	 	 	 	 	 	(722	)	 	 	(3,038	)	
Changes in non-cash working capital	 	 	20	 	 	 	29,393	 	 	 	(56,502	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	221,758	 	 	 	283,345	 	
Investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash paid on acquisition of subsidiary	 	 	5	(a)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(30,318	)	
Purchase of property, plant and equipment	 	 	 	 	 	 	(396,027	)	 	 	(410,690	)	
Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment	 	 	 	 	 	 	3,481	 	 	 	147	 	
Proceeds on production of tailings retreatment	 	 	 	 	 	 	17,918	 	 	 	26,599	 	
Purchase of marketable securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	(16,312	)	 	 	(3,313	)	
Proceeds from the sale of marketable securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	1,521	 	
Redemption of (investment in) term deposits	 	 	 	 	 	 	(1,582	)	 	 	31,902	 	
Decrease (increase) in restricted cash	 	 	 	 	 	 	(345	)	 	 	31	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(392,867	)	 	 	(384,121	)	
Financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of common shares for cash	 	 	 	 	 	 	121	 	 	 	1,996	 	
Proceeds from contributions from non-controlling interest	 	 	 	 	 	 	1,600	 	 	 	40,000	 	
Dividend paid to shareholders	 	 	 	 	 	 	(11,257	)	 	 	(13,010	)	
Dividend paid to non-controlling interests	 	 	 	 	 	 	(10,929	)	 	 	(12,466	)	
Purchase of treasury stock	 	 	 	 	 	 	(2,394	)	 	 	(6,413	)	
Long-term and bank debt proceeds	 	 	 	 	 	 	8,171	 	 	 	32,625	 	
Long-term and bank debt repayments	 	 	 	 	 	 	(24,528	)	 	 	(32,622	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(39,216	)	 	 	10,110	 	
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	 	 	 	 	 	 	(210,325	)	 	 	(90,666	)	
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of year	 	 	 	 	 	 	498,514	 	 	 	589,180	 	
Cash and cash equivalents - end of year	 	 	 	 	 	 	288,189	 	 	 	498,514	 	

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

 

Eldorado Gold Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

For the year ended December 31,	Note	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	 	$	 	 	$	$	 	
Share capital	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance beginning of year	 	 	 	5,318,950	 	 	 	5,314,589	 	
Shares issued upon exercise of share options, for cash	 	 	 	121	 	 	 	1,996	 	
Transfer of contributed surplus on exercise of options	 	 	 	30	 	 	 	2,141	 	
Transfer of contributed surplus on exercise of deferred phantom	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
    units	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	224	 	
Balance end of year	 	 	 	5,319,101	 	 	 	5,318,950	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Treasury stock	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance beginning of year	 	 	 	(12,949	)	 	 	(10,953	)	
Purchase of treasury stock	 	 	 	(2,394	)	 	 	(6,413	)	
Shares redeemed upon exercise of restricted share units	 	 	 	5,132	 	 	 	4,417	 	
Balance end of year	 	 	 	(10,211	)	 	 	(12,949	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Contributed surplus	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance beginning of year	 	 	 	38,430	 	 	 	78,557	 	
Share based payments	 	 	 	16,258	 	 	 	18,503	 	
Shares redeemed upon exercise of restricted share units	 	 	 	(5,132	)	 	 	(4,417	)	
Recognition of other non-current liability and related costs	 	 	 	(2,290	)	 	 	(51,848	)	
Transfer to share capital on exercise of options and deferred	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
    phantom units	 	 	 	(30	)	 	 	(2,365	)	
Balance end of year	 	 	 	47,236	 	 	 	38,430	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance beginning of year	 	 	 	(18,127	)	 	 	(17,056	)	
Other comprehensive loss for the year	 	 	 	(2,445	)	 	 	(1,071	)	
Balance end of year	 	 	 	(20,572	)	 	 	(18,127	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Deficit	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance beginning of year	 	 	 	(31,721	)	 	 	(121,318	)	
Dividends paid	 	 	 	(11,257	)	 	 	(13,010	)	
Profit (loss) attributable to shareholders of the Company	 	 	 	(1,540,895	)	 	 	102,607	 	
Balance end of year	 	 	 	(1,583,873	)	 	 	(31,721	)	
Total equity attributable to shareholders of the Company	 	 	 	3,751,681	 	 	 	5,294,583	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Non-controlling interests	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance beginning of year	 	 	 	283,331	 	 	 	251,045	 	
Profit (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	 	 	 	(104,247	)	 	 	3,937	 	
Dividends declared to non-controlling interests	 	 	 	(10,929	)	 	 	(11,651	)	
Increase during the period	 	 	 	1,600	 	 	 	40,000	 	
Balance end of year	 	 	 	169,755	 	 	 	283,331	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total equity	 	 	 	3,921,436	 	 	 	5,577,914	 	

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

1.	General Information	
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation (“Eldorado” or the “Company”) is a gold exploration, development and mining company. The Company has operations and ongoing exploration and development projects in Turkey, China, Greece, Brazil and Romania. The Company acquired Glory Resources Ltd. (“Glory”) in March 2014. Glory has the Sapes project in Thrace, Greece.
 
Eldorado is a public company which is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange and is incorporated and domiciled in Canada.

2.	Basis of preparation	
 
These consolidated financial statements, including comparatives, have been prepared using accounting policies in compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
 
Certain prior period balances have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
 
The consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on March 23, 2016.
 
Upcoming changes in accounting standards
 
The following standards have been published and are mandatory for Eldorado’s annual accounting periods no earlier than January 1, 2018:
 
 	·	IFRS 9 ‘Financial Instruments’ – This standard was published in July 2014 and replaces the existing guidance in IAS 39, ‘ Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’ . IFRS 9 includes revised guidance on the classification and measurement of financial instruments, including a new expected credit loss model for calculating impairment on financial assets, and the new general hedge accounting requirements. It also carries forward the guidance on recognition and derecognition of financial instruments from IAS 39. IFRS 9 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the extent of the impact of the adoption of this standard.	
 
 	·	IFRS 15 ‘Revenue from Contracts with Customers’ – This standard contains a single model that applies to contracts with customers and two approaches to recognising revenue: at a point in time or over time. The model features a contract-based five-step analysis of transactions to determine whether, how much and when revenue is recognized. New estimates and judgmental thresholds have been introduced, which may affect the amount and/or timing of revenue recognized. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.	
 
 	·	IFRS 16   ‘Leases’ –   This standard was published in January 2016 and replaces the existing guidance in IAS 17, ‘Leases’ . IFRS 16 introduces a single accounting model for lessees and for all leases with a term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value. A lessee will be required to recognize a right-of-use asset, representing its right to use the underlying asset, and a lease liability, representing its obligation to make lease payments. The accounting treatment for lessors will remain largely the same as under IAS 17. IFRS 16 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the extent of the impact of the adoption of this standard.	
 
There are other new standards, amendments to standards and interpretations that have been published and are not yet effective. The Company believes they will have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

(1)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies	
 
The principal accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all years presented in these consolidated financial statements, and have been applied consistently by all Eldorado entities.
 
3.1	Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation	
 	 	
(i)	Subsidiaries and business combinations	
 
Subsidiaries are entities controlled by Eldorado. Control exists when Eldorado is exposed to, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. In assessing control, potential voting rights that currently are exercisable are taken into account. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until the date that control ceases.
 
The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business acquisitions. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the fair value of the assets given, equity instruments issued and liabilities incurred or assumed at the date of exchange. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any non-controlling interest.
 
The excess of the cost of acquisition over the fair value of Eldorado’s share of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets acquired, the difference, or gain is recognised directly in the income statement.
 
Transaction costs, other than those associated with the issue of debt or equity securities, which the Company incurs in connection with a business combination, are expensed as incurred.
 
The most significant wholly-owned and partially-owned subsidiaries of Eldorado, are presented below:
 
Subsidiary	Location	Ownership
interest	Status	Operations and
development projects
owned	
Tüprag Metal Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret AS (“Tüprag”)	Turkey	100%	Consolidated	Kişladağ Mine
Efemçukuru  Mine	
Qinghai Dachaidan Mining Ltd. (“QDML”)	China	90%	Consolidated	TJS Mine	
Sino Guizhou Jinfeng Mining Ltd. (“Jinfeng”)	China	82%	Consolidated	Jinfeng Mine	
Sino Gold Jilin BMZ Mining Ltd.	China	95%	Consolidated	White Mountain Mine	
Heihe Rockmining Ltd. (“Eastern Dragon”)	China	75%	Consolidated	Eastern Dragon Project	
Hellas Gold SA (“Hellas”)	Greece	95%	Consolidated	Stratoni Mine
Olympias Project
Skouries Project	
Thracean Gold Mining SA	Greece	100%	Consolidated	Perama Hill Project	
Glory Resources Ltd.	Greece	100%	Consolidated	Sapes Project	
Unamgen Mineração e Metalurgia S/A	Brazil	100%	Consolidated	Vila Nova Iron Ore Mine	
Brazauro Resources Corporation (“Brazauro”)	Brazil	100%	Consolidated	Tocantinzinho Project	
Deva Gold SA (“Deva”)	Romania	81%	Consolidated	Certej Project	

(ii)	Investments in associates (equity accounted for investees)	

Associates are those entities where Eldorado has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the financial ad operating policies. Significant influence is presumed to exist when the Company holds between 20 and 50 percent of the voting power of another entity.
 
Associates are accounted for using the equity method (equity accounted investees) and are recognized initially at cost. The consolidated financial statements include Eldorado’s share of the income and expenses and equity movements of equity accounted investees, after adjustments to align the accounting policies with those of Eldorado, from the date that significant influence commences until the date that significant influence ceases.

(2)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies (continued)	
 
 	When the Company’s share of losses exceeds its interest in an equity accounted investee, the carrying amount of that interest (including any long-term investments) is reduced to nil and the recognition of further losses is discontinued except to the extent that the Company has an obligation to make, or has made, payments on behalf of the investee.	
 
 	At each balance sheet date, each investment in associates is assessed for indicators of impairment.	
 
(iii)	Transactions with non-controlling interests	
 
For purchases from non-controlling interests, the difference between any consideration paid and the relevant share of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidiary acquired is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals to non-controlling interests are also recorded in equity.
 
Eldorado treats transactions in the ordinary course of business with non-controlling interests as transactions with third parties.

(iv)	Transactions eliminated on consolidation	
 
Intra-company and intercompany balances and transactions, and any unrealized income and expenses arising from all such transactions, are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements.
 
3.2	Foreign currency translation	
 	 	
(i)	Functional and presentation currency	
 
Items included in the financial statements of each of Eldorado’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the functional currency). The consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, which is the Company’s functional and presentation currency, as well as the functional currency of all significant subsidiaries.

(ii)	Transactions and balances	
 
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are translated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at that date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions, and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, are recognised in the income statement.
 
3.3	Property, plant and equipment	
 	 	
(i)	Cost and valuation	
 
 	Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment in value. When an asset is disposed of, it is derecognized and the difference between its carrying value and net sales proceeds is recognized as a gain or loss in the income statement.	
 
(ii)	Property, plant and equipment	
 
Property, plant and equipment include expenditures incurred on properties under development, significant payments related to the acquisition of land and mineral rights and property, plant and equipment which are recorded at cost on initial acquisition. Cost includes the purchase price and the directly attributable costs of acquisition or construction required to bring an asset to the location and condition necessary for the asset to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.

(3)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies (continued)	
 
(iii)	Depreciation	

Mine development costs, property, plant and equipment and other mining assets whose estimated useful life is the same as the remaining life of the mine are depreciated, depleted and amortized over a mine’s estimated life using the units-of-production method calculated based on proven and probable reserves.
 
Capitalized development costs related to a multi-pit operation are amortized on a pit-by-pit basis over the pit’s estimated life using the units-of-production method calculated based on proven and probable reserves related to each pit.
 
Property, plant and equipment and other assets whose estimated useful lives are less than the remaining life of the mine are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets.
 
Where components of an asset have a different useful life and cost that is significant to the total cost of the asset, depreciation is calculated on each separate component.
 
Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at the end of each year and adjusted if appropriate.
 
(iv)	Subsequent costs	
 
Expenditure on major maintenance or repairs includes the cost of replacement parts of assets and overhaul costs.  Where an asset or part of an asset is replaced and it is probable that further future economic benefit will flow to the Company, the expenditure is capitalized.  Similarly, overhaul costs associated with major maintenance are capitalized when it is probable that future economic benefit will flow to the Company and any remaining costs of previous overhauls relating to the same asset are derecognized.  All other expenditures are expensed as incurred.

(v)	Deferred stripping costs	
 
Stripping costs incurred during the production phase of a mine are considered production costs and included in the cost of inventory produced during the period in which the stripping costs are incurred, unless the stripping activity can be shown to be a betterment of the mineral property, in which case the stripping costs are capitalized. Betterment occurs when stripping activity increases future output of the mine by providing access to additional reserves. Stripping costs incurred to prepare the ore body for extraction are capitalized as mine development costs (pre-stripping). Capitalized stripping costs are amortized on a unit-of-production basis over the proven and probable reserves to which they relate.
 
(vi)	Borrowing costs	

Borrowing costs are expensed as incurred except where they are directly attributable to the financing of construction or development of qualifying assets requiring a substantial period of time to prepare for their intended future use.  Interest is capitalized up to the date when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use are complete.
 
Investment income arising on the temporary investment of proceeds from borrowings is offset against borrowing costs being capitalized.
 
(vii)	Mine standby and restructuring costs	
                      
Mine standby costs and costs related to restructuring a mining operation are charged directly to expense in the period incurred. Mine standby costs include labour, maintenance and mine support costs during temporary shutdowns of a mine.
 
3.4	Exloration, evaluation and development expenditures	
 	 	
(i)	Exploration	
 
Exploration expenditures reflect the costs related to the initial search for mineral deposits with economic potential or obtaining more information about existing mineral deposits. Exploration expenditures typically include costs associated with the acquisition of mineral licenses, prospecting, sampling, mapping, diamond drilling and other work involved in searching for ore. All expenditures relating to exploration activities are expensed as incurred except for the costs associated with the acquisition of mineral licenses which are capitalized.
 
(4)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies (continued)	
 
(ii)	Evaluation	
 
Evaluation expenditures reflect costs incurred at projects related to establishing the technical and commercial viability of mineral deposits identified through exploration or acquired through a business combination or asset acquisition.
 
Evaluation expenditures include the cost of:
 
 	a)	establishing the volume and grade of deposits through drilling of core samples, trenching and sampling activities in an ore body that is classified as either a mineral resource or a proven and probable reserve;	
 	b)	determining the optimal methods of extraction and metallurgical and treatment processes;	
 	c)	studies related to surveying, transportation and infrastructure requirements;	
 	d)	permitting activities; and	
 	e)	economic evaluations to determine whether development of the mineralized material is commercially justified, including scoping, prefeasibility and final feasibility studies.	
 
Evaluation expenditures are capitalized if management determines that there is evidence to support probability of generating positive economic returns in the future. A mineral resource is considered to have economic potential when it is expected the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extraction of the mineral resource is demonstrable considering long-term metal prices.  Therefore, prior to capitalizing such costs, management determines that the following conditions have been met:
 
●       There is a probable future benefit that will contribute to future cash inflows;
●       The Company can obtain the benefit and control access to it; and
●       The transaction or event giving rise to the benefit has already occurred.
 
The evaluation phase is complete once technical feasibility of the extraction of the mineral deposit has been determined through preparation of a reserve and resource statement, including a mining plan as well as receipt of required permits and approval of the Board of Directors to proceed with development of the mine.
 
(iii)	Development	

Development expenditures are those that are incurred during the phase of preparing a mineral deposit for extraction and processing.  These include pre-stripping costs and underground development costs to gain  access to the ore that is suitable for sustaining commercial mining, preparing land, construction of plant, equipment and buildings and costs of commissioning the mine and mill.
 
Expenditures incurred on development projects continue to be capitalized until the mine and mill moves into the production stage.  The Company assess each mine construction project to determine when a mine moves into production stage. The criteria used to assess the start date are determined based on the nature of each mine construction project, such as the complexity of a plant or its location. Various relevant criteria are considered to assess when the mine is substantially complete and ready for its intended use and moved into the production stage. Some of the criteria considered would include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) the level of capital expenditures compared to construction cost estimates; (2) the completion of a reasonable period of testing of mine plant and equipment; (3) the ability to produce minerals in saleable form (within specification); and (4) the ability to sustain ongoing production of minerals.
 
Alternatively, if the factors that impact the technical feasibility and commercial viability of a project change and no longer support the probability of generating positive economic returns in the future, expenditures will no longer be capitalized.
 
3.5	Goodwill	
 
Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of Eldorado's share of the net assets of the acquired business at the date of acquisition. When the excess is negative (negative goodwill), it is recognized immediately in income. Goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries and businesses is shown separately as goodwill in the financial statements. Goodwill on acquisition of associates is included in investments in significantly influenced companies and tested for impairment as part of the overall investment.
 
(5)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies (continued)	
 
Goodwill is carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses and tested annually for impairment. Impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed. The impairment testing is performed annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it may be impaired.
 
Goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units for the purpose of impairment testing. The allocation is made to those cash generating units or groups of cash generating units (“CGU”s) that are expected to benefit from the business combination in which the goodwill arose. If the composition of one or more cash generating units to which goodwill has been allocated changes due to a re-organization, the goodwill is re-allocated to the units affected.
 
The gain or loss on disposal of an entity includes the carrying amount of goodwill relating to the entity sold.
 
3.6	Impairment of non-financial assets	
 
Other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.  An impairment test is performed when the impairment indicators demonstrate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable and it is reviewed at least annually.
 
An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount.  The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less cost to sell and value in use.   For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows or CGUs.
 
Value in use is determined as the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from an asset or CGU based on the detailed mine and/or production plans. The estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.
 
Fair value less cost to sell is the amount obtainable from the sale of an asset or CGU in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties, less the costs of disposal. For mining assets, fair value less cost to sell is often estimated using a discounted cash flow approach because a fair value is not readily available from an active market or binding sale agreement. Estimated future cash flows are calculated using estimated future prices, mineral reserves and resources, operating and capital costs. All assumptions used are those that an independent market participant would consider appropriate. Non-financial assets other than goodwill impaired in prior periods are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that an item is no longer impaired.
 
3.7	Financial assets	
 
(i)	Classification	

The Company classifies its financial assets in the following categories: at fair value through profit or loss, loans and receivables, and available-for-sale. The classification depends on the purpose for which the financial assets were acquired. Management determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition.
 
(a)   Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are financial assets held for trading. A financial asset is classified in this category if acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the short-term. Derivatives are also categorised as held for trading unless they are designated as hedges.
 
(b)   Loans and receivables
 
Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are included in current assets, except for those with maturities of greater than 12 months after the end of the reporting period, which are classified as non-current assets. Eldorado’s loans and receivables comprise cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable and other and other assets in the balance sheet.
 
(6)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies (continued)	
 
(c)   Available-for-sale financial assets
 
Available-for-sale financial assets are non-derivative financial assets that are either designated in this category or not classified in any of the other categories. They are included in non-current assets unless the investment matures or management intends to dispose of it within 12 months of the end of the reporting period. Eldorado’s available-for-sale financial assets comprise marketable securities not held for the purpose of trading.
 
(ii)	Recognition and measurement	
 
Financial assets are initially recognised at fair value plus transaction costs for all financial assets not carried at fair value through profit or loss. Financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are initially recognised at fair value, and transaction costs are expensed in the income statement. Financial assets are derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments have expired or have been transferred and the Company has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership.
 
Available-for-sale financial assets and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are subsequently carried at fair value. Loans and receivables are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
 
Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of the ‘financial assets at fair value through profit or loss’ category are presented in the income statement within ‘Gain or loss on marketable securities’ in the period in which they arise. Dividend income from ‘financial assets at fair value through profit or loss’ is recognised in the income statement as part of other income when Eldorado’s right to receive payments is established.
 
Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of available-for-sale financial assets are recognized in other comprehensive income and presented within equity. When marketable securities classified as available-for-sale are sold or impaired, the accumulated fair value adjustments recognised in other comprehensive income are included in the income statement as ‘Gain or loss on marketable securities’.
 
(iii)	Impairment of financial assets	
 
The Company assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired. A financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired and impairment losses are incurred only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a ‘loss event’) and that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or group of financial assets that can be reliably estimated.
 
An impairment loss in respect of a financial asset measured at amortized cost is calculated as the difference between its carrying amount, and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate. An impairment loss in respect of an available-for-sale financial asset is calculated by reference to its fair value. In the case of equity instruments classified as available-for-sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is also evidence that the assets are impaired. If any such evidence exists for available-for-sale financial assets, the cumulative loss – measured as the difference between the acquisition cost and the current fair value, less any impairment loss on that financial asset that was previously recognized in profit or loss – is removed from equity and recognized in the income statement.
 
All impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. Any cumulative loss in respect of an available-for-sale financial asset recognized previously in equity is transferred to profit or loss. An impairment loss is reversed if the reversal can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized. Impairment losses recognized for equity securities are not reversed.

(7)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies (continued)	
 
3.8	Derivative financial instruments	
 
 	Derivatives are recognized initially at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered into. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes in fair value thereafter are recognized in profit and loss. Fair values for derivative instruments are determined using valuation techniques, using assumptions based on market conditions existing at the balance sheet date. Derivatives are not accounted for using hedge accounting.	
 
3.9	Inventories	
 
 	Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition are accounted for as follows:	
 
 	i)	Product inventory consists of stockpiled ore, ore on leach pads, crushed ore, in-circuit material at properties with milling or processing operations, gold concentrate, other metal concentrate, iron ore stockpile awaiting shipment, doré awaiting refinement and unsold bullion. Product inventory costs consist of direct production costs including mining, crushing and processing; site administration costs; and allocated indirect costs, including depreciation and amortization of property, plant and equipment.	
 
Inventory costs are charged to production costs on the basis of quantity of metal sold. The Company regularly evaluates and refines estimates used in determining the costs charged to production costs and costs absorbed into inventory carrying values based upon actual gold recoveries and operating plans.
 
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses.
 
 	ii)	Materials and supplies inventory consists of consumables used in operations, such as fuel, chemicals, reagents and spare parts, which are valued at the lower of average cost and net realisable value and, where appropriate, less a provision for obsolescence. Costs include acquisition, freight and other directly attributable costs.	

3.10	Trade receivables	
 
 	Trade receivables are amounts due from customers for bullion, doré, gold concentrate, other metal concentrates and iron ore sold in the ordinary course of business.	
 
 	Trade receivables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less a provision for impairment where neccesary.	
 
3.11	Cash and cash equivalents	
 
 	Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term highly liquid investments with maturities at the date of acquisition of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities on the balance sheet.	
 
3.12	Share capital	
 
 	Common shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of common shares and share options are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects. Common shares held by the Company are classified as treasury stock and recorded as a reduction of shareholders’ equity.	
 
3.13	Trade payables	
 
 	Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities.	
 
 	Trade payables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.	

(8)

 

Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies (continued)	
 
3.14	Debt and borrowings	
 
 	Borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently carried at amortised cost, calculated using the effective interest method. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognised in the income statement over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.	
 
 	Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities and other borrowings are recognised as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility and other borrowings will be drawn down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw-down occurs. To the extent there is no evidence that it is probable that some or all of the facility and borrowings will be drawn down, the fee is capitalised as a pre-payment for liquidity services and amortised over the period of the loan to which it relates.	
 
3.15	Current and deferred income tax	
 
 	Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax expense is recognized in the income statement except to the extent that it relates to items recognized either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case it is recognized in other comprehensive income or in equity, respectively.	
 
 	Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Taxes on income in the interim periods are accrued using the tax rate that would be applicable to expected total annual earnings. The tax rate used is the rate that is substantively enacted.	
 
Deferred income tax is recognised, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. However, deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.
 
A deferred tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.
 
3.16	Employee benefits	
 
(i)      Defined benefit plans
 
Certain employees have entitlements under Company pension plans which are defined benefit pension plans.  For defined benefit plans, the level of benefit provided is based on the length of service and earnings of the person entitled.
 
The cost of the defined benefit plan is determined using the projected unit credit method.  The related pension liability recognized in the consolidated balance sheet is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date less the fair value of plan assets.
 
The Company obtains actuarial valuations for defined benefit plans for each balance sheet date. Actuarial assumptions used in the determination of defined benefit pension plan liabilities are based on best estimates, including rate of salary escalation and expected retirement dates of employees. The discount rate is based on high quality bond yields, as per IAS 19. The assumption used to determine the interest income on plan assets is equal to the discount rate, as per IAS 19.
 
Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in full in the period in which they occur in other comprehensive income without recycling to the statement of income in subsequent periods.  Current service cost, the vested element of any past service cost, the interest income on plan assets and the interest arising on the pension liability are included in the same line items in the statement of income as the related compensation cost.

(9)

 

Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies (continued)	
 
Past service costs are recognized immediately to the extent the benefits are vested, and otherwise are amortized on a straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested.
 
(ii)   Termination benefits
 
 	Eldorado recognizes termination benefits when it is demonstrably committed to either terminating the employment of current employees according to a detailed formal plan without possibility of withdrawal, or providing benefits as a result of an offer made to encourage voluntary termination.  Benefits falling due more than twelve months after the end of the reporting period are discounted to their present value.	
 
(iii)   Short-term benefits
 
 	Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid under short-term cash bonus or profit-sharing plans if Eldorado has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee and the obligation can be estimated reliably.	
 
3.17	Share-based payment transactions	
 
The Company applies the fair value method of accounting for all stock option awards and equity settled restricted share units and performance share units. Under this method the Company recognizes a compensation expense for all stock options awarded to employees, based on the fair value of the options on the date of grant which is determined by using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. For equity settled restricted share units, compensation expense is recognized based on the quoted market value of the shares. For equity settled performance share units, compensation expense is recognized based on the fair value of the shares on the date of grant which is determined by a valuator.
 
The fair value of the options, restricted share units and performance share units are expensed over the vesting period of the awards with a corresponding increase in equity. No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest. Deferred share units are liability awards recorded at the quoted market price at the grant date. The corresponding liability is marked to market at each reporting date.
 
3.18	Provisions	
 
 	A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. They are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.	
 
(i)      Rehabilitation and restoration
 
 	Provision is made for mine rehabilitation and restoration when an obligation is incurred. The provision is recognised as a liability with a corresponding asset recognised in relation to the mine site. At each reporting date the rehabilitation liability is re-measured in line with changes in discount rates, and timing or amount of the costs to be incurred. The rehabilitation liability is classified as an ‘Asset retirement obligation’ on the balance sheet.	
 
 	The provision recognised represents management’s best estimate of the present value of the future costs required. Significant estimates and assumptions are made in determining the amount of restoration and rehabilitation provisions. Those estimates and assumptions deal with uncertainties such as: requirements of the relevant legal and regulatory frameworks, the magnitude of necessary remediation activities and the timing, extent and costs of required restoration and rehabilitation activity.	
 
 	These uncertainties may result in future actual expenditure differing from the amounts currently provided. The provision recognised is periodically reviewed and updated based on the facts and circumstances available at the time. Changes to the estimated future costs for operating sites are recognised in the balance sheet by adjusting both the restoration and rehabilitation asset and provision. Such changes give rise to a change in future depreciation and financial charges.	

(10)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

3.	Significant accounting policies (continued)	
 
3.19	Revenue recognition	
 
Revenue from the sale of bullion, doré, gold concentrate, other metal concentrates and iron ore is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the bullion, doré, metal concentrates and iron ore has been shipped, title has passed to the purchaser, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. Revenues realized from sales of pre-commercial production are recorded as a reduction of property plant and equipment.
 
Our metal concentrates are sold under pricing arrangements where final metal prices are determined by market prices subsequent to the date of shipment.  Provisional revenue is recorded at date of shipment based on metal prices at that time.  Adjustments are made to the provisional revenue in subsequent periods based on fluctuations in the market prices until date of final metal pricing.  Consequently, at each reporting period the receivable balances relating to sales of concentrates changes with the fluctuations in market prices.
 
3.20	Finance income and expenses	
 
 	Finance income comprises interest income on funds invested (including available-for-sale financial assets), gains on the disposal of available-for-sale financial assets and changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss. Interest income is recognized as it accrues in profit or loss, using the effective interest method.	
 
 	Finance expenses comprise interest expense on borrowings, unwinding of the discount on provisions, changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and impairment losses recognized on financial assets. All borrowing costs are recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest method, except for those amounts capitalized as part of the cost of qualifying property, plant and equipment.	
 
3.21	Earnings (loss) per share	
 
 	Eldorado presents basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) data for its common shares. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit or loss attributable to common shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss attributable to common shareholders and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the effects of all dilutive potential common shares, which comprise warrants and share options granted to employees.	
 
4.	Critical accounting estimates and judgements	
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
 
 	Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed at each period end. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.	
 
 	Significant areas requiring the use of management estimates include assumptions and estimates relating to determining defined proven and probable reserves, value beyond proven and probable reserves, fair values for purposes of purchase price allocations for business acquisitions, asset impairment analyses, asset retirement obligations, share-based payments and warrants, pension benefits, valuation of deferred income tax assets, the provision for income tax liabilities, deferred income taxes and assessing and evaluating contingencies.	
 
 	Actual results could differ from these estimates.  Outlined below are some of the areas which require management to make significant estimates and assumptions in determining carrying values.	
 
Purchase price allocation
 	Business combinations require estimates to be made at the date of acquisition in relation to determining asset and liability fair values and the allocation of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the assets and liabilities.	

(11)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

4.	Critical accounting estimates and judgements (continued)	
 
 	In respect of mining company acquisitions purchase consideration is typically allocated to the mineral reserves and resources being acquired. The estimate of reserves and resources is subject to assumptions relating to life of the mine and may change when new information becomes available. Changes in reserves and resources as a result of factors such as production costs, recovery rates, grade or reserves or commodity prices could impact depreciation rates, asset carrying values and environmental and restoration provisions. Changes in assumptions over long-term commodity prices, market demand and supply, and economic and regulatory climates could also impact the carrying value of assets, including goodwill.	
 
Estimated recoverable reserves and resources
 	Mineral reserve and resource estimates are based on various assumptions relating to operating matters, including, with respect to production costs, mining and processing recoveries, cut-off grades, as well as assumptions relating to long-term commodity prices and, in some cases, exchange rates, inflation rates and capital costs. Cost estimates are based on feasibility study estimates or operating history. Estimates are prepared by appropriately qualified persons, but will be impacted by forecasted commodity prices, inflation rates, exchange rates, capital and production costs and recoveries amongst other factors. Estimated recoverable reserves and resources are used to determine the depreciation of property, plant and equipment at operating mine sites, in accounting for deferred stripping costs, in performing impairment testing and for forecasting the timing of the payment of decommissioning and restoration costs. Therefore, changes in the assumptions used could impact the carrying value of assets, depreciation and impairment charges recorded in the income statement and the carrying value of the decommissioning and restoration provision.	
 
Current and deferred taxes
 	The Company calculates current and deferred tax provisions for each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. Actual amounts of income tax expense are not final until tax returns are filed and accepted by the relevant authorities. This occurs subsequent to the issuance of financial statements. Therefore, profit in subsequent periods will be affected by the amount that estimates differ from the final tax returns.	
 
Estimates of recoverability are required in assessing whether deferred tax assets and certain deferred tax liabilities are recognized on the balance sheet. The Company also evaluates the recoverability of deferred tax assets based on an assessment of the ability to use the underlying future tax deductions before they expire against future taxable income. Deferred tax liabilities arising from temporary differences on investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates are recognized unless the reversal of the temporary differences is not expected to occur in the foreseeable future and can be controlled.
 
Assumptions about the generation of future taxable profits and repatriation of retained earnings depend on management’s estimates of future production and sales volumes, commodity prices, reserves, operating costs, decommissioning and restoration costs, capital expenditures, dividends and other capital management transactions.
 
Judgement is also required in the application of income tax legislation. These estimates and judgments are subject to risk and uncertainty and could result in an adjustment to current and deferred tax provisions and a corresponding credit or debit to profit.
 
Impairment of non-current assets and goodwill
Non-current assets are tested for impairment when events or changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. We conduct an annual test for impairment of goodwill in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year and at any other time of the year if an indicator of impairment is identified.
 
Calculating the estimated fair values of CGUs for non-current asset impairment tests and CGUs or groups of CGUs for goodwill impairment tests requires management to make estimates and assumptions with respect to future production levels, operating and capital costs in our life-of-mine (“LOM”) plans, long-term metal prices, foreign exchange rates and discount rates. Changes in any of the assumptions or estimates used in determining the fair values could impact the impairment analysis.
 
(12)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

4.	Critical accounting estimates and judgements (continued)	
 
Management is also required to make judgments with respect to the level at which goodwill is tested for impairment. Judgments include an assessment of whether CGUs should be grouped together for goodwill testing purposes at a level not larger than an operating segment or tested at the individual CGU level.

5.	Acquisitions and other transactions	
 
 	a)	Acquisition of Glory	
 
In March 2014, Eldorado completed the acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Glory that it did not already own. As a result, Eldorado acquired a 100% interest in the Sapes project in Thrace, Greece. Prior to the transaction, Eldorado owned 19.9% interest in Glory and the investment was accounted for as an investment in associate.
 
Total consideration of $39,219 included cash for 179,504,179 shares in the amount of $27,583, an option buy-out payment of $1,590 to holders of Glory options, and $10,046 related to the 44,595,920 shares of Glory that Eldorado had purchased prior to the off-market takeover bid. A total of $1,229 was incurred as transaction costs and was capitalized as property, plant and equipment.
 
This transaction has been accounted for as an acquisition of assets and liabilities as Glory did not constitute a business, as defined in IFRS 3. Other than a small working capital amount the remainder of the value for this transaction was assigned to property, plant and equipment.
 
Eldorado paid net cash of $30,318 as a result of the transaction.  This amount was a result of an acquired cash balance of $84 less cash consideration of $29,173 and transaction costs of $1,229.
 
 	b)	Eastern Dragon agreement	
 
In March 25, 2014, the Company, through one of its subsidiaries, entered into a Subscription and a Shareholders agreement (“Agreements”) with CDH Fortune II Limited (“CDH”).
 
As a result of these Agreements, CDH acquired 21.5% of the total ordinary shares of Sino Gold Tenya (HK) Limited (“Tenya”), a subsidiary of the Company, and indirectly a 20% interest in the Eastern Dragon Project.
 
Under the terms of the Agreements, CDH has the right to require Eldorado to purchase or procure the purchase by another party of the CDH’s shares in Tenya at a fixed price (“Put Option”) for 90 days following the second anniversary of the Agreements.
 
The Agreements include other rights and obligations of the Company and CDH associated with the advancement of the Eastern Dragon Project.
 
This transaction has been accounted as an equity transaction with the recognition of a non-controlling interest in the amount of $40,000 representing the consideration received. A liability in the amount of $46,970 has been recorded at the transaction date, representing the present value of the redemption amount of the Put Option, as well as $2,654 of transaction costs. The sum of these amounts was recorded against equity. Future changes in the present value of the redemption amount of the Put Option are being charged against equity. The present value of the liability representing the Put Option as of December 31, 2015 is $51,484 and is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2014 this liability was included in other non-current liabilities.

6.	Cash and cash equivalents	
 
 	December 31, 2015
$	December 31, 2014
$	
Cash at bank and on hand	240,389	444,176	
Short-term bank deposits	47,800	54,338	
 	288,189	498,514	

(13)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

7.	Accounts receivable and other	
 
 	December 31, 2015
$	December 31, 2014
$	
Trade receivables	16,137	19,771	
Value added and other taxes recoverable	16,195	40,378	
Other receivables and advances	15,903	18,572	
Prepaid expenses and deposits	37,233	39,274	
 	85,468	117,995	
 
8.	Inventories	
 
 	December 31, 2015
$	December 31, 2014
$	
 	 	 	
Ore stockpiles	30,897	44,195	
In-process inventory and finished goods	36,841	64,314	
Materials and supplies	107,888	114,903	
 	175,626	223,412	
 
The cost of materials and supplies consumed during the year and included in production costs amounted to $190,875 (2014 – $244,003).
 
Inventory write downs related to Iron Ore, Zinc and Lead inventories amounting to $12,024 (2014 – $13,469) were recognized during the year.

9.	Investment in subsidiaries	
 
The following table summarized the information relating to each of the Company’s subsidiaries that has non-controlling interests (“NCI”) with material impact on net profit. The amounts disclosed for each subsidiary are based on those included in the consolidated financial statements before inter-company eliminations. Disclosures related to Eastern Dragon and White Mountain have not been provided as these subsidiaries currently have no material impact on net profit.
December 31, 2015	 	QDML	 	 	Jinfeng	 	 	Hellas	 	 	Deva	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
NCI percentage	 	 	10%	 	 	 	18%	 	 	 	5%	 	 	 	19%	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current assets	 	 	197,914	 	 	 	47,920	 	 	 	37,563	 	 	 	4,279	 	
Non-current assets	 	 	88,194	 	 	 	588,335	 	 	 	1,777,369	 	 	 	396,280	 	
Current liabilities	 	 	(24,131	)	 	 	(116,356	)	 	 	(748,756	)	 	 	(167,749	)	
Non-current liabilities	 	 	(7,831	)	 	 	(30,581	)	 	 	(288,772	)	 	 	(43,688	)	
Net assets	 	 	254,146	 	 	 	489,318	 	 	 	777,404	 	 	 	189,122	 	
Carrying amount of NCI	 	 	21,013	 	 	 	16,572	 	 	 	33,682	 	 	 	56,521	 	
Revenue	 	 	115,762	 	 	 	176,641	 	 	 	35,869	 	 	 	-	 	
Net profit (loss)	 	 	9,733	 	 	 	23,367	 	 	 	(1,371,819	)	 	 	(216,044	)	
Total comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	9,733	 	 	 	23,367	 	 	 	(1,371,819	)	 	 	(216,044	)	
Profit (loss) allocated to NCI	 	 	1,830	 	 	 	5,071	 	 	 	(69,476	)	 	 	(40,684	)	
Dividends paid to NCI	 	 	3,262	 	 	 	5,634	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	
Cash flows from operating activities	 	 	44,973	 	 	 	30,874	 	 	 	249,719	 	 	 	14,805	 	
Cash flows from investing activities	 	 	(17,934	)	 	 	(12,250	)	 	 	(241,428	)	 	 	(19,983	)	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	(32,623	)	 	 	(21,991	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	 	 	(5,584	)	 	 	(3,367	)	 	 	8,291	 	 	 	(5,178	)	

(14)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

9.	Investment in subsidiaries (continued)	
 
December 31, 2014	 	QDML	 	 	Jinfeng	 	 	Hellas	 	 	Deva	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
NCI percentage	 	 	10%	 	 	 	18%	 	 	 	10%	 	 	 	18%	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current assets	 	 	215,370	 	 	 	59,570	 	 	 	55,214	 	 	 	10,134	 	
Non-current assets	 	 	96,011	 	 	 	610,952	 	 	 	3,087,628	 	 	 	630,672	 	
Current liabilities	 	 	(26,457	)	 	 	(146,685	)	 	 	(509,296	)	 	 	(151,183	)	
Non-current liabilities	 	 	(7,886	)	 	 	(26,583	)	 	 	(546,404	)	 	 	(84,456	)	
Net assets	 	 	277,038	 	 	 	497,254	 	 	 	2,087,142	 	 	 	405,167	 	
Carrying amount of NCI	 	 	22,445	 	 	 	17,136	 	 	 	101,558	 	 	 	97,205	 	
Revenue	 	 	136,982	 	 	 	214,527	 	 	 	51,018	 	 	 	-	 	
Net profit (loss)	 	 	42,917	 	 	 	35,040	 	 	 	(35,284	)	 	 	887	 	
Total comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	42,917	 	 	 	35,040	 	 	 	(35,284	)	 	 	887	 	
Profit (loss) allocated to NCI	 	 	4,231	 	 	 	5,155	 	 	 	(1,754	)	 	 	-	 	
Dividends paid to NCI	 	 	3,898	 	 	 	7,753	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	
Cash flows from operating activities	 	 	46,481	 	 	 	65,219	 	 	 	234,506	 	 	 	23,307	 	
Cash flows from investing activities	 	 	(8,833	)	 	 	(15,956	)	 	 	(240,279	)	 	 	(18,731	)	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	(38,978	)	 	 	(43,069	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	 	 	(1,330	)	 	 	6,194	 	 	 	(5,773	)	 	 	4,576	 	
 
Significant restrictions

The Company cannot increase the drawdown limit of the entrusted loan described in note 14(d) without the consent of QDML’s non-controlling interest.
 
10.	Other assets	
 
 	December 31, 2015
$	December 31, 2014
$	
 	 	 	
Restricted credit card deposits	39	627	
Non-current accounts receivable and other	2,875	2,925	
Prepaid loan costs (note 14(b))	-	1,011	
Environmental guarantee deposits	13,667	14,423	
Deposit on land acquisition at Jinfeng	2,739	2,907	
Long-term value added and other taxes recoverable	63,827	21,712	
 	83,147	43,605	

(15)

 

Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

11.	Property, plant and equipment	

 	 	Land and
buildings	 	 	Plant and
equipment	 	 	Capital works
in progress	 	 	Mineral properties
and leases	 	 	Capitalized
Evaluation	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	
Cost	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance at January 1, 2014	 	 	329,112	 	 	 	1,569,539	 	 	 	159,584	 	 	 	4,223,421	 	 	 	55,958	 	 	 	6,337,614	 	
Acquisition of Glory	 	 	-	 	 	 	268	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	39,285	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	39,553	 	
Additions/transfers	 	 	36,657	 	 	 	93,527	 	 	 	11,086	 	 	 	287,602	 	 	 	13,122	 	 	 	441,994	 	
Proceeds on production of tailings retreatment	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	(26,599	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(26,599	)	
Other movements	 	 	15,955	 	 	 	535	 	 	 	(26,410	)	 	 	6,862	 	 	 	360	 	 	 	(2,698	)	
Disposals	 	 	(153	)	 	 	(876	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	(1,029	)	
Balance at December 31, 2014	 	 	381,571	 	 	 	1,662,993	 	 	 	144,260	 	 	 	4,530,571	 	 	 	69,440	 	 	 	6,788,835	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance at January 1, 2015	 	 	381,571	 	 	 	1,662,993	 	 	 	144,260	 	 	 	4,530,571	 	 	 	69,440	 	 	 	6,788,835	 	
Additions/transfers	 	 	35,866	 	 	 	67,649	 	 	 	20,588	 	 	 	263,183	 	 	 	4,674	 	 	 	391,960	 	
Proceeds on production of tailings retreatment	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	(17,918	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(17,918	)	
Other movements	 	 	20	 	 	 	3,661	 	 	 	(455	)	 	 	1,751	 	 	 	(3,094	)	 	 	1,883	 	
Disposals	 	 	(10,566	)	 	 	(2,237	)	 	 	(1	)	 	 	(1,038	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(13,842	)	
Balance at December 31, 2015	 	 	406,891	 	 	 	1,732,066	 	 	 	164,392	 	 	 	4,776,549	 	 	 	71,020	 	 	 	7,150,918	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and impairment losses	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance at January 1, 2014	 	 	(57,360	)	 	 	(459,151	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(136,721	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(653,232	)	
Depreciation for the year	 	 	(35,160	)	 	 	(110,923	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(23,698	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(169,781	)	
Other movements	 	 	2,619	 	 	 	153	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	(5,870	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(3,098	)	
Disposals	 	 	102	 	 	 	785	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	887	 	
Balance at December 31, 2014	 	 	(89,799	)	 	 	(569,136	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(166,289	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(825,224	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance at January 1, 2015	 	 	(89,799	)	 	 	(569,136	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(166,289	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(825,224	)	
Depreciation for the year	 	 	(32,877	)	 	 	(118,474	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(25,756	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(177,107	)	
Other movements	 	 	(666	)	 	 	(2,648	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(112	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(3,426	)	
Impairment losses	 	 	(15,883	)	 	 	(131,637	)	 	 	(4,733	)	 	 	(1,253,392	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(1,405,645	)	
Disposals	 	 	7,320	 	 	 	922	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	8,243	 	
Balance at December 31, 2015	 	 	(131,905	)	 	 	(820,973	)	 	 	(4,733	)	 	 	(1,445,548	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(2,403,159	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Carrying amounts	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
At January 1, 2014	 	 	271,752	 	 	 	1,110,388	 	 	 	159,584	 	 	 	4,086,700	 	 	 	55,958	 	 	 	5,684,382	 	
At December 31, 2014	 	 	291,772	 	 	 	1,093,857	 	 	 	144,260	 	 	 	4,364,282	 	 	 	69,440	 	 	 	5,963,611	 	
Balance at December 31, 2015	 	 	274,986	 	 	 	911,093	 	 	 	159,659	 	 	 	3,331,001	 	 	 	71,020	 	 	 	4,747,759	 	

The amount of capitalized interest during the year ended December 31, 2015 included in property, plant and equipment was $27,215 ($2014 – $14,450).
 
(16)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

11.	Property, plant and equipment (continued)	

In accordance with the Company’s accounting policies each CGU is assessed for indicators of impairment, from both external and internal sources, at the end of each reporting period, which may suggest that the carrying values of its assets are impaired for accounting purposes.  If such indicators of impairment exist to any or all CGUs, those CGUs are tested for impairment. 
 
The Company determined that indicators of impairment were identified in the CGUs of the Certej project, Skouries project, the Stratoni mine, the Vila Nova mine and the TJS mine. No other indicators of impairment were identified.
 
For the Skouries project, the Company identified indicators of impairment from both internal and external sources of information.  Those were comprised of delays in the permitting process, higher projected capital and operating costs and placement of the project on care and maintenance.  For the Stratoni mine, the Company identified the sustained low prices of lead and zinc as indicators of impairment.  For the TJS mine, changes in the mine plan resulted in an impairment. The assumptions and valuation method used in our asset impairment review for these assets are the same as those described for the annual impairment testing of goodwill (note 12).
 
For the Vila Nova mine, the Company identified the sustained low price of iron ore as indicators of impairment. The key assumptions used for the calculation of Vila Nova were an iron price of $70 and a discount rate of 5%.
 
For the Certej project, the Company completed a feasibility study which reflected higher capital and operating costs than had been assumed in the purchase price allocation used to record the Company’s acquisition of European Goldfields Inc.  The key assumptions used for the calculations were as follows:
Gold price ($/oz)	$1,300	
Silver price ($/oz)
Inflation Rate
Discount rate	$20
2%
7%	
 
As at December 31, 2015, the Company recorded impairment charges totaling $1,405,645 ($1,049,196 net of deferred income tax recovery), excluding the impairment of goodwill totaling $476,020 (note 12).  Impairment charges comprised of $1,042,066 ($739,867 net of deferred income tax recovery) to the Skouries project, $43,974 ($31,222 net of deferred income tax recovery) to the Stratoni mine, $254,910 ($214,125 net of deferred income tax recovery) on our Certej project, $36,462 ($35,749 net of deferred income tax recovery) to the TJS mine and $28,233 to the Vila Nova mine.
 
These impairment charges were applied to the property, plant and equipment based on the relative carrying amounts of the assets as at December 31, 2015 that were subject to impairment charges. At December 31, 2015, the carrying amount of our Skouries project, our Certej project and our TJS mine after impairment charges was $309,110, $396,279 and $50,497, respectively.  The full value of the property, plant and equipment was impaired at the Stratoni mine and the Vila Nova mine, as a result the carrying amount of the Stratoni mine and Vila Nova mine is $nil.
 
The values assigned to the key assumptions represent management’s assessment of future trends in the gold mining industry and in the global economic environment. The assumptions used are management’s best estimates and are based on both current and historical information from external and internal sources.
 
(17)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

12.	Goodwill	
 
 	2015	2014	
 	$	$	
Cost	 	 	
Balance at January 1,	                    526,296	                    526,296	
Impaired during the year	                  (476,020)	                              -	
Balance at December 31,	                      50,276	                    526,296	
 
Impairment tests for goodwill
 
Goodwill is tested for impairment annually and when circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing the recoverable amount of each CGU or group of CGUs to which the goodwill relates. Where the recoverable amount of the CGU is less than its carrying amount including goodwill, an impairment loss is recognised. Impairment losses relating to goodwill cannot be reversed in future periods.
 
Goodwill is allocated to the individual CGUs of TJS and White Mountain in China and to a group of CGUs in Greece.
 
The recoverable amount of a CGU or group of CGUs is determined based on the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value-in-use. These calculations use projections based on financial budgets approved by management. Cash flows beyond the five-year period are extrapolated using the estimated growth rates stated below. The estimates of future cash flows were derived from the most recent LOM plans with mine lives ranging from 6 to 38 years.
 
Key assumptions used for fair value less costs to sell calculations are as follows:
 
 	  2015	  2014	
Gold price ($/oz)	$1100 - $1,300	$1,300	
Silver price ($/oz)	$16 - $18	$20	
Copper ($/lb)	$2.59 - $2.86	$3.00	
Lead ($/lb)	$0.82 - $0.91	$0.95	
Zinc ($/lb)	$0.91	$1.00	
Inflation Rate	2%	 2%	
Discount rate	5% - 9%	7% - 9%	
 
Based on the goodwill impairment test performed on its CGUs, the Company concluded that the goodwill was recoverable in the CGU of White Mountain, however, goodwill was not recoverable in the CGU of TJS and the group of CGUs in Greece.  The discounted cash flow model yielded an impairment of the full carrying value of goodwill of Greece ($473,782) and TJS ($2,238).
 
The above assumptions have been used for the analysis of the recoverability of goodwill and the CGUs to which it relates.  The discount rates used reflect specific risks relating to the relevant CGUs.
 
Permitting delays and increased capital and operating costs have negatively affected the cash flow at the Skouries project, which was the main contributor to the decline in the cash flows of the group of CGUs in Greece.
 
As at December 31, 2015, the goodwill balance is allocated to the White Mountain CGU in the amount of $50,276.
 
The recoverable amount of CGUs is sensitive to change in gold prices. A 27% decrease in the long-term gold price, in isolation, could cause the carrying value to exceed the recoverable amount of White Mountain’s CGU.

(18)

 

Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

12.	Goodwill  (continued)	

The Company believes that a long term decline in the gold price environment would result in changes in operating cost inputs that may offset the impact of a lower gold price environment.
 
The values assigned to the key assumptions represent management’s assessment of future trends in the gold mining industry and in the global economic environment. The assumptions used are management’s best estimates and are based on both current and historical information from external and internal sources.

13.	Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	
 
 	December 31, 2015
 $	December 31, 2014
$	
Trade payables	97,345	83,566	
Taxes payable	5,857	6,230	
Accrued expenses	133,617	94,916	
 	236,819	184,712	
 
14.	Debt	
 
 	December 31, 2015
$	December 31, 2014
$	
Current:	 	 	
Jinfeng China Merchant Bank (“CMB”) working capital loan  (a)	-	16,343	
 	 	 	
Non-current:	 	 	
Senior notes  (c)	589,395	587,201	
Total debt	589,395	603,544	
 
(a) Jinfeng CMB working capital loan
 
On January 16, 2013, Jinfeng entered into a RMB 100.0 million ($15,400) working capital loan with CMB. Each drawdown had a fixed interest rate of 5.6% and had a term of six months. The facility had a term of up to one year. In January 2014, the term of the facility was extended to January 28, 2015 and was not subsequently renewed. This facility was unsecured. The proceeds were used to fund working capital obligations.
 
As at December 31, 2015, Jinfeng has repaid the full amount under this facility.
 
(b) Revolving credit facility
 
The Company has a $375.0 million revolving credit facility with a syndicate of banks (“the credit facility” or “ARCA”).  The ARCA matures on November 23, 2016.  The ARCA is secured by the shares of SG Resources and Tuprag, wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company.
 
The ARCA contains covenants that restrict, among other things, the ability of the Company to incur an aggregate unsecured indebtedness exceeding $850.0 million, incur secured indebtedness up to $200.0 million, make distributions in certain circumstances, sell material assets and carry on a business other than one related to the mining business. Significant financial covenants include a maximum debt to Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”) of 3.5:1 and a minimum EBITDA to interest of 3:1.  The Company is in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2015.
 
(19)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

14.	Debt (continued)	
 
Loan interest is variable dependent on a leverage ratio pricing grid.  The Company’s current leverage ratio is approximately 1.99:1.  At this ratio, interest charges and fees are as follows: LIBOR plus margin of 2.00% and undrawn standby fee of 0.50%. Fees of $4,728 were paid in relation to the credit facility. This amount was deferred as pre-payments for liquidity services and was amortized to financing costs. As at December 31, 2015, the prepaid loan cost on the balance sheet was nil (2014 – $1,011) (note 10).
 
No amounts were drawn down under the ARCA as at December 31, 2015.
 
(c) Senior notes
 
On December 10, 2012, the Company completed an offering of $600.0 million senior notes (“the notes”) at par value, with a coupon rate of 6.125% due December 15, 2020.  The notes pay interest semi-annually on June 15 and December 15.  The Company received proceeds of $589.5 million from the offering, which is net of the commission payment. The notes are redeemable by the Company in whole or in part, for cash:
 
 	i)	At any time prior to December 15, 2016 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes at the treasury yield plus 50 basis points, and any accrued and unpaid interest;	
 
 	ii)	On and after the dates provided below, at the redemption prices, expressed as a percentage of principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest on the notes:	
 
December 15, 2016                                103.063%
December 15, 2017                                101.531%
2018 and thereafter                               100.000%
 
The early prepayment prices are to reimburse the lender for lost interest for the remaining term.  The fair market value of the notes as at December 31, 2015 is $526.9 million.
 
Net deferred financing costs of $10,605 have been included as an offset in the balance of the notes in the financial statements and are being amortized over the term of the notes.
 
(d) Entrusted loan
 
In November 2010, Eastern Dragon, HSBC Bank (China) and QDML entered into an entrusted loan agreement, which currently has an approved limit of RMB 720.0 million ($110,878).
 
Under the terms of the entrusted loan, QDML with its own funds entrusts HSBC Bank (China) to provide a loan facility in the name of QDML to Eastern Dragon. The loan can be drawn down in tranches. Each drawdown bears interest fixed at the prevailing lending rate stipulated by the People’s Bank of China on the date of drawdown. Each draw down has a term of one year and can be rolled forward at the discretion of QDML. The interest rate on this loan as at December 31, 2015 was 4.59%.
 
As at December 31, 2015, RMB 667.1 million ($102,735) had been drawn under the entrusted loan.
 
Subsequent to December 31, 2015, RMB 3.1 million ($477) was drawn under this loan.
 
The entrusted loan has been recorded on a net settlement basis.

(20)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

15.	Asset retirement obligations	
 
 	 	Greece	 	 	Brazil	 	 	China	 	 	Turkey	 	 	Romania	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
At January 1, 2015	 	 	46,344	 	 	 	3,110	 	 	 	23,709	 	 	 	34,454	 	 	 	1,452	 	 	 	109,069	 	
Accretion during the year	 	 	938	 	 	 	66	 	 	 	480	 	 	 	890	 	 	 	37	 	 	 	2,411	 	
Revisions to estimate of obligation	 	 	(7,037	)	 	 	911	 	 	 	(1,096	)	 	 	(881	)	 	 	(19	)	 	 	(8,122	)	
Settlements	 	 	(242	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(171	)	 	 	(309	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(722	)	
At December 31, 2015	 	 	40,003	 	 	 	4,087	 	 	 	22,922	 	 	 	34,154	 	 	 	1,470	 	 	 	102,636	 	
Estimated undiscounted amount	 	 	68,372	 	 	 	4,113	 	 	 	28,795	 	 	 	50,349	 	 	 	2,323	 	 	 	153,952	 	
 
The Company’s asset retirement obligations relate to the restoration and rehabilitation of the Company’s mining operations and projects under development. The expected timing of the cash flows in respect of the provision is based on the estimated life of the various mining operations. The decrease in the estimate of the obligation in 2015 in all countries was mainly due to favourable foreign exchange rates which lowered the unit costs of the reclamation activities.  Additionally, slightly higher discount rates further contributed to a lower net present value of the reclamation obligation.  These favourable movements in Greece were offset marginally by the increased disturbance at the Skouries project.
 
The provision is calculated as the present value of estimated future net cash outflows based on the following key assumptions:
 	Greece	Brazil	China	Turkey	Romania	
 	%	%	%	%	%	
At December 31, 2014	 	 	 	 	 	
Inflation rate	                2.0	                2.0	                 2.0	                   2.0	                  2.0	
Discount rate	 0.7 to 2.8	                2.1	 1.1 to 2.1	 2.2 to 2.7	                  2.5	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
At December 31, 2015	 	 	 	 	 	
Inflation rate	                2.0	                2.0	                 2.0	                   2.0	                  2.0	
Discount rate	 0.6 to 3.0	                0.6	 1.0 to 2.3	 2.2 to 2.9	                  2.7	
 
The discount rate is a risk-free rate determined based on U.S. Treasury bond rates. U.S. Treasury bond rates have been used for all of the mine sites as the liabilities are denominated in U.S. dollars and the majority of the expenditures are expected to be incurred in U.S. dollars. The inflation rates used in determining the present value of the future net cash outflows are based on worldwide inflation rates.
 
Environmental guarantee deposits exist with respect to the environmental rehabilitation of the mines in China (note 10).
 
Additionally, the Company has a €50.0 million Letter of Guarantee to the Ministry of Environment of Greece as security for the due and proper performance of rehabilitation works in relation to the mining and metallurgical facilities of the Kassandra Mines (Stratoni, Olympias and Skouries) and the removal, cleaning and rehabilitation of the old Olympias tailings. This Letter of Guarantee is renewed annually, expires on July 26, 2026 and has an annual fee of 57 basis points.

(21)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

16.	Defined benefit plans	
 
 	 	 December 31, 2015	 December 31, 2014	
 	 	 $	 $	
 Balance sheet obligations (asset) for:	 	 	 	
 Pension Plan	 	                                    554	                                839	
 Supplemental Pension Plan	 	                             (11,452)	                          (13,629)	
 	 	                             (10,898)	                          (12,790)	

 	 	 December 31, 2015	 December 31, 2014	
 	 	 $	 $	
 Income statement charge for:	 	 	 	
 Pension plan	 	                             203	                             198	
 Supplemental Pension Plan	 	                          1,467	                          1,422	
 	 	                          1,670	                          1,620	

 Actuarial losses (gains) recognised in the statement of other  	 	
    comprehensive income in the period (before tax)	 	                             855	                             596	
 Cumulative actuarial losses recognised in the statement of other	 	 	 	
  comprehensive income (before tax)	 	                        14,974	                        14,119	

The Company operates defined benefit pension plans in Canada with two components: a registered pension plan (“the Pension Plan”) and a supplemental pension plan (“the SERP”). During the second quarter of 2012, the SERP was converted into a Retirement Compensation Arrangement (“RCA”), a trust account. As it is a trust account, the assets in the account are protected from the Company’s creditors.  The RCA requires the Company to remit 50% of any contributions and any realized investment gains to the Receiver General of Canada as refundable tax.
 
These plans, which are only available to certain qualifying employees, provide benefits based on an employee’s years of service and final average earnings at retirement. Annual contributions related to these plans are actuarially determined and made at or in excess of minimum requirements prescribed by legislation.
 
Eldorado’s plans have actuarial valuations performed for funding purposes. The Pension Plan last had an actuarial valuation performed as of January 1, 2014 for funding purposes with the next required valuation as of January 1, 2017. The SERP’s last valuation was on January 1, 2015 for funding purposes and the next valuation will be prepared in accordance with the terms of the pension plan. The measurement date to determine the pension obligation and assets for accounting purposes was December 31, 2015.
 
The SERP is designed to provide supplementary pension benefits to qualifying employees affected by the maximum pension limits under the Income Tax Act pursuant to the registered Pension Plan . Further, the Company is not required to pre-fund any benefit obligation under the SERP.
 
Total cash payments
 
The amount contributed to the Pension Plan and the SERP was $2,798 (2014 – $2,700). Cash payments totalling $135 were made directly to beneficiaries during the year (2014 – $156). The expected contribution to the Pension Plan is $37 and $1,746 to the SERP in 2016.

(22)

 

Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

16.	Defined benefit plans (continued)	
 
The amounts recognised in the balance sheet are determined as follows:
 	 	December 31, 2015	 	 	 	 	 	December 31, 2014	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Pension Plan	 	 	SERP	 	 	Total	 	 	Pension Plan	 	 	SERP	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
Present value of obligations	 	 	2,522	 	 	 	31,565	 	 	 	34,087	 	 	 	2,763	 	 	 	33,320	 	 	 	36,083	 	
Fair value of plan assets	 	 	(1,968	)	 	 	(43,016	)	 	 	(44,984	)	 	 	(1,924	)	 	 	(46,949	)	 	 	(48,873	)	
Liability (asset) on balance sheet	 	 	554	 	 	 	(11,451	)	 	 	(10,897	)	 	 	839	 	 	 	(13,629	)	 	 	(12,790	)	
 
The movement in the defined benefit obligation over the year is as follows:
 	 	2015	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	2014	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Pension Plan	 	 	SERP	 	 	Total	 	 	Pension Plan	 	 	SERP	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
Balance at January 1,	 	 	2,763	 	 	 	33,320	 	 	 	36,083	 	 	 	2,407	 	 	 	31,529	 	 	 	33,936	 	
Current service cost	 	 	176	 	 	 	1,972	 	 	 	2,148	 	 	 	172	 	 	 	2,076	 	 	 	2,248	 	
Interest cost	 	 	104	 	 	 	1,246	 	 	 	1,350	 	 	 	114	 	 	 	1,487	 	 	 	1,601	 	
Actuarial loss (gain)	 	 	26	 	 	 	1,300	 	 	 	1,326	 	 	 	280	 	 	 	940	 	 	 	1,220	 	
Benefit payments	 	 	-	 	 	 	(135	)	 	 	(135	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(156	)	 	 	(156	)	
Exchange gain	 	 	(547	)	 	 	(6,138	)	 	 	(6,685	)	 	 	(210	)	 	 	(2,556	)	 	 	(2,766	)	
Balance at December 31,	 	 	2,522	 	 	 	31,565	 	 	 	34,087	 	 	 	2,763	 	 	 	33,320	 	 	 	36,083	 	
 
The movement in the fair value of plan assets of the year is as follows:
 
 	 	2015	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	2014	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Pension Plan	 	 	SERP	 	 	Total	 	 	Pension Plan	 	 	SERP	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
At January 1,	 	 	1,924	 	 	 	46,949	 	 	 	48,873	 	 	 	1,930	 	 	 	45,490	 	 	 	47,420	 	
Interest income on plan assets	 	 	77	 	 	 	1,751	 	 	 	1,828	 	 	 	88	 	 	 	2,141	 	 	 	2,229	 	
Actuarial gain (loss)	 	 	(55	)	 	 	(416	)	 	 	(471	)	 	 	66	 	 	 	558	 	 	 	624	 	
Contributions by employer	 	 	334	 	 	 	2,464	 	 	 	2,798	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	2,700	 	 	 	2,700	 	
Benefit payments	 	 	-	 	 	 	(135	)	 	 	(135	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(156	)	 	 	(156	)	
Exchange loss	 	 	(312	)	 	 	(7,597	)	 	 	(7,909	)	 	 	(160	)	 	 	(3,784	)	 	 	(3,944	)	
At December 31,	 	 	1,968	 	 	 	43,016	 	 	 	44,984	 	 	 	1,924	 	 	 	46,949	 	 	 	48,873	 	
 
The amounts recognised in the income statement are as follows:

 	 	2015	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	2014	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Pension Plan	 	 	SERP	 	 	Total	 	 	Pension Plan	 	 	SERP	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current service cost	 	 	176	 	 	 	1,972	 	 	 	2,148	 	 	 	172	 	 	 	2,076	 	 	 	2,248	 	
Interest cost	 	 	104	 	 	 	1,246	 	 	 	1,350	 	 	 	114	 	 	 	1,487	 	 	 	1,601	 	
Expected return on plan assets	 	 	(77	)	 	 	(1,751	)	 	 	(1,828	)	 	 	(88	)	 	 	(2,141	)	 	 	(2,229	)	
Defined benefit plans expense	 	 	203	 	 	 	1,467	 	 	 	1,670	 	 	 	198	 	 	 	1,422	 	 	 	1,620	 	
 
The actual return on plan assets was $1,687 (2014 – $3,124).
 
(23)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

16.	Defined benefit plans (continued)	
  The principal actuarial assumptions used were as follows:
 
 	2015	 	2014	 	
 	Pension Plan	SERP	Pension Plan	SERP	
 	%	%	%	%	
 	 	 	 	 	
Expected return on plan assets	                  4.0	                 4.0	                     4.0	                 4.0	
Discount rate - beginning of year	                  4.0	                 4.0	                     4.8	                 4.8	
Discount rate - end of year	                  4.0	                 4.0	                     4.0	                 4.0	
Rate of salary escalation	                  2.0	                 2.0	                     2.5	                 2.5	
Average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits	 8.5 years	 8.5 years	 7.2 years	 7.2 years	

The assumption used to determine the interest income on plan assets is equal to the discount rate, as per IAS 19.

Plan Assets
The assets of the Pension Plan and the amounts deposited in the SERP account are managed by a major investment management company and are invested only in conformity with the investment requirements of applicable pension laws.

The following table summarizes the defined benefit plans’ weighted average asset allocation percentages by asset category:

 	 	December 31, 2015	December 31, 2014	
 	 	Pension Plan	SERP	Pension Plan	SERP	
Investment funds	 	 	 	 	 	
   Money market	 	3%	4%	1%	8%	
   Canadian fixed income	 	97%	4%	99%	4%	
   Canadian equities	 	                              -	19%	                              -	20%	
   US equities	 	                              -	19%	                              -	16%	
   International equities	 	                              -	9%	                              -	7%	
Other (1)	 	                              -	45%	                              -	45%	
Total	 	100%	100%	100%	100%	
 
The sensitivity of the overall pension liability to changes in the weighted principal assumptions is:

 	Change in assumption	Impact on overall liability	
Discount rate	Increase by 0.5%	Decrease by $2,496	
 	Decrease by 0.5%	Increase by $2,256	
Salary escalation rate	Increase/decrease by 0.5%	Increase/decrease by $105	

(24)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

17.	Income tax expense and deferred taxes	
 
Total income tax expense (recovery) consists of:
 	 	December 31, 2015	 	 	December 31, 2014	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
Current tax expense	 	 	76,864	 	 	 	93,474	 	
Deferred tax expense (recovery)	 	 	(261,232	)	 	 	27,795	 	
 	 	 	(184,368	)	 	 	121,269	 	
 
Total income tax expense (recovery) attributable to geographical jurisdiction is as follows:

 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
Turkey	 	 	61,726	 	 	 	74,959	 	
China	 	 	37,022	 	 	 	37,263	 	
Greece	 	 	(247,903	)	 	 	5,005	 	
Brazil	 	 	5,719	 	 	 	2,761	 	
Canada	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	
Romania	 	 	(41,140	)	 	 	201	 	
Other jurisdictions	 	 	208	 	 	 	1,080	 	
 	 	 	(184,368	)	 	 	121,269	 	
 
Factors affecting income tax expense (recovery) for the year:

 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	
Profit (loss) before income tax  	 	 	(1,829,510	)	 	 	227,813	 	
Canadian statutory tax rate  	 	 	26.00%	 	 	 	26.00%	 	
Tax expense (recovery) on net income (loss) at Canadian statutory tax rate	 	 	(475,673	)	 	 	59,231	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Items that cause an increase (decrease) in income tax expense:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Foreign income subject to different income tax rates than Canada	 	 	(26,713	)	 	 	(17,307	)	
Increase in Greek tax rates  	 	 	63,503	 	 	 	-	 	
Non-tax effected operating losses  	 	 	43,056	 	 	 	24,470	 	
Non-deductible expenses and other items	 	 	13,063	 	 	 	13,481	 	
Non-deductible goodwill impairment	 	 	137,397	 	 	 	-	 	
Foreign exchange and other translation adjustments	 	 	45,510	 	 	 	16,914	 	
Amounts under (over) provided in prior years	 	 	1,396	 	 	 	4,350	 	
Investment tax credits  	 	 	(13,989	)	 	 	(517	)	
Withholding tax on foreign income  	 	 	28,082	 	 	 	20,647	 	
Income tax expense (recovery)  	 	 	(184,368	)	 	 	121,269	 	

(25)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

17.	Income tax expense and deferred taxes (continued)	
 
The change for the year in the Company's net deferred tax position was as follows:

 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
Net deferred tax asset (liability)  	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
Balance at January 1,  	 	 	(869,103	)	 	 	(841,308	)	
     Deferred income tax (expense) recovery in the income statement  	 	 	261,232	 	 	 	(27,795	)	
Net balance at December 31,  	 	 	(607,871	)	 	 	(869,103	)	
 
The composition of the Company’s net deferred income tax asset and liability and deferred tax expense is as follows:
 	 	 	Expense (recovery)	 	
Type of temporary difference	 	Deferred tax assets	 	 	Deferred tax liabilities	 	 	on the income statement	 	
 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	
Property, plant and equipment	 	 	-	 	 	 	2,735	 	 	 	653,922	 	 	 	913,383	 	 	 	(256,726	)	 	 	36,610	 	
Loss carryforwards  	 	 	20,389	 	 	 	17,590	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	(2,799	)	 	 	(5,531	)	
Liabilities  	 	 	18,650	 	 	 	28,082	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	51	 	 	 	9,381	 	 	 	(12,589	)	
Investment tax credits  	 	 	5,665	 	 	 	1,078	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	(4,587	)	 	 	6,717	 	
Other items  	 	 	12,135	 	 	 	6,729	 	 	 	10,788	 	 	 	11,883	 	 	 	(6,501	)	 	 	2,588	 	
Balance at December 31,	 	 	56,839	 	 	 	56,214	 	 	 	664,710	 	 	 	925,317	 	 	 	(261,232	)	 	 	27,795	 	

Unrecognized deferred tax assets	2015	2014	
 	$	$	
Tax losses  	                  151,889	                  128,169	
Other deductible temporary differences	                    20,583	                      6,733	
Total unrecognized deferred tax assets	                  172,472	                  134,902	
 
Unrecognized tax losses

At December 31, 2015 the Company had losses with a tax benefit of $151,889 (2014 – $128,169) which are not recognized as deferred tax assets. The Company recognizes the benefit of tax losses only to the extent of anticipated future taxable income that can be reduced by the tax losses. The gross amount of the tax losses for which a tax benefit has not been recorded expire as follows:

(26)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

17.	Income tax expense and deferred taxes (continued)	
 
Expiry date	 	 Canada	 Brazil	 Greece	 Australia	 Total	
 	 	 $	 $	 $	 $	 $	
2016	 	                    -	                    -	            2,199	                    -	            2,199	
2017	 	                    -	                    -	            5,708	                    -	            5,708	
2018	 	                    -	                    -	          10,176	                    -	          10,176	
2019	 	                    -	                    -	          27,095	                    -	          27,095	
2020	 	                    -	                    -	          19,225	                    -	          19,225	
2025	 	            7,858	                    -	                    -	                    -	            7,858	
2026	 	          14,839	                    -	                    -	                    -	          14,839	
2027	 	          10,703	                    -	                    -	                    -	          10,703	
2028	 	          25,965	                    -	                    -	                    -	          25,965	
2029	 	          23,444	                    -	                    -	                    -	          23,444	
2030	 	            7,285	                    -	                    -	                    -	            7,285	
2031	 	          45,351	                    -	                    -	                    -	          45,351	
2032	 	          75,450	                    -	                    -	                    -	          75,450	
2033	 	          64,883	                    -	                    -	                    -	          64,883	
2034	 	          58,689	                    -	                    -	                    -	          58,689	
2035	 	          58,634	                    -	                    -	                    -	          58,634	
No Expiry	 	                    -	          19,528	                    -	          31,179	          50,707	
 	 	        393,101	          19,528	          64,403	          31,179	        508,211	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Capital losses with no expiry	        140,477	                    -	                    -	                    -	        140,477	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Tax effect of total losses not recognized	        120,468	            3,390	          18,677	            9,354	        151,889	
 
Deductible temporary differences
 
At December 31, 2015 the Company had deductible temporary differences for which deferred tax assets of $20,583 (2014 – $6,733) have not been recognized because it is not probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the Company can utilize the benefits. The vast majority of these temporary benefits have no expiry date.

Temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries
 
The Company has not recognized deferred tax liabilities in respect of historical unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries for which we are able to control the timing of the remittance and are considered reinvested for the foreseeable future.  At December 31, 2015, these earnings amount to $1,159,318 (2014 – $1,803,336).  Substantially all of these earnings would be subject to withholding taxes if they were remitted by the foreign subsidiaries.

Tax Credits
 
The Company has $nil (2014 – $396) of tax credits that have not been recognized.

Other factors affecting taxation
 
During the year the Turkish Lira has weakened, causing a deferred income tax expense during the year of $24,505 due to the decrease in the value of the future tax deductions associated with the Turkish operations.  The Company expects that in the future significant foreign exchange movements in the Turkish Lira, Euro or Chinese Renminbi in relation to the U.S. dollar will cause significant volatility in the deferred income tax expense or recovery.

(27)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

18.	Share capital	
 
Eldorado’s authorized share capital consists of an unlimited number of voting common shares without par value and an unlimited number of non-voting common shares without par value. At December 31, 2015 there were no non-voting common shares outstanding (December 31, 2014 – none).
Voting common shares	Number of
Shares	Total
$	
 	 	 	
At January 1, 2014	716,216,690	5,314,589	
Shares issued upon exercise of share options, for cash	315,914	1,996	
Estimated fair value of share options exercised	-	2,141	
Common shares issued for deferred phantom units	31,920	224	
At December 31, 2014	716,564,524	5,318,950	
Shares issued upon exercise of share options, for cash	22,610	121	
Estimated fair value of share options exercised	-	30	
At December 31, 2015	716,587,134	5,319,101	
 
19.	Share-based payments	
 
(a) Share option plans
 
The Company has two share option plans (“Plans”) approved, as amended, by the shareholders on May 1, 2014 under which share purchase options (“Options”) can be granted to directors, officers, employees and consultants.
 
The Company’s Employee, Consultant and Advisor Plan (“Employee Plan”) consists of Employee Plan Options subject to a 10-year maximum. Currently all Employee Plan Options have a five-year term. Employee Plan Options vest at the discretion of the Board of Directors at the time an option is granted. Employee Plan Options granted before November 1, 2015 vest in three separate tranches over two years and Employee Plan Options granted on or after November 1, 2015 vest annually in three separate tranches commencing one year after the date of grant. As at December 31, 2015, a total of 15,510,585 options (2014 – 18,287,530) were available to grant to employees, consultants or advisors under the Employee Plan.
 
The Company’s Directors and Officers Plan (“D&O Plan”) consists of D&O Plan Options subject to a 10-year maximum. Currently all D&O Plan Options have a five-year term. D&O Plan Options vest at the discretion of the Board of Directors at the time an option is granted. D&O Plan Options granted before November 1, 2015 vest in three separate tranches over two years and D&O Plan Options granted on or after November 1, 2015 vest annually in three separate tranches commencing one year after the date of grant. As at December 31, 2015, a total of 6,810,575 Options (2014 – 9,033,015) were available to grant to directors and officers under the D&O Plan.
 
Movements in the number of share options outstanding and their related weighted average exercise prices are as follows:

 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
 	 	Weighted
average
exercise price
Cdn$	 	 	Number of
options	 	 	Weighted
average
exercise price
Cdn$	 	 	Number of
options	 	
At January 1,	 	 	11.75	 	 	 	20,995,992	 	 	 	13.20	 	 	 	16,753,421	 	
Regular options granted	 	 	6.64	 	 	 	8,274,440	 	 	 	7.78	 	 	 	6,365,824	 	
Exercised	 	 	6.64	 	 	 	(22,610	)	 	 	7.23	 	 	 	(315,914	)	
Forfeited	 	 	12.62	 	 	 	(3,728,388	)	 	 	12.01	 	 	 	(1,807,339	)	
At December 31,	 	 	9.97	 	 	 	25,519,434	 	 	 	11.75	 	 	 	20,995,992	 	

(28)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

19.	Share-based payments (continued)	
 
At December 31, 2015, 18,273,622 share purchase options (December 31, 2014 – 15,199,444) with a weighted average exercise price of Cdn$11.17 (December 31, 2014 – Cdn$12.97) had vested and were exercisable. Options outstanding are as follows:
 
 	 	December 31, 2015	
 	 	Total options outstanding	 	Exercisable options	
Range of
exercise
price
Cdn$	 	Shares
 	 	Weighted
average
remaining
contractual
life
(years)	 	Weighted
average
exercise
price
Cdn$	 	Shares
 	 	Weighted
average
exercise
price
Cdn$	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
$3.00 to $3.99	 	100,000	 	4.8	 	3.96	 	16,667	 	3.95	
$6.00 to $6.99	 	8,030,710	 	4.1	 	6.66	 	2,759,234	 	6.66	
$7.00 to $7.99	 	5,673,643	 	3.2	 	7.81	 	3,782,640	 	7.81	
$8.00 to $8.99	 	45,405	 	2.3	 	8.19	 	45,405	 	8.19	
 $10.00 to $10.99	 	4,925,186	 	2.1	 	10.43	 	4,925,186	 	10.43	
$12.00 to $12.99	 	507,952	 	1.4	 	12.74	 	507,952	 	12.74	
$14.00 to $14.99	 	62,289	 	1.8	 	14.45	 	62,289	 	14.45	
$15.00 to $15.99	 	4,075,149	 	1.1	 	15.22	 	4,075,149	 	15.22	
$16.00 to $16.99	 	2,099,100	 	0.1	 	16.66	 	2,099,100	 	16.66	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	25,519,434	 	2.7	 	9.97	 	18,273,622	 	11.17	
 
Share based payments expense related to share options for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $11,282 (2014 – $11,123)
 
The assumptions used to estimate the fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were:
 
 	 	2015	 	2014	
 	 	 	 	 	
Risk-free interest rate	 	 0.39%	 	 1.01%	
Expected volatility (range)	 	 53% – 58%	 	 45% – 50%	
Expected life (range)	 	0.83 – 2.85 years	 	0.83 – 2.83 years	
Expected dividends	 	Cdn $0.02	 	Cdn $0.12	
Forfeiture rate	 	7%	 	6%	
 
The weighted average fair value per stock option was Cdn$1.75 (2014 – Cdn$1.83). Volatility was determined based on the historical volatility over the estimated lives of the options.
 
(b) Restricted share unit plan
 
The Company has a Restricted Share Unit (‘‘RSU’’) plan whereby restricted share units may be granted to senior management of the Company.  Once vested, an RSU is exercisable into one common share entitling the holder to receive the common share for no additional consideration. For RSUs granted before November 1, 2015, one third vest on June 30 of the grant year, a second third vest on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the last third vest on the second anniversary of the date of grant. For RSUs granted on or after November 1, 2015, one third vest on the first anniversary of the date of grant, a second third vest on the second anniversary of the date of grant and the last third vest on the third anniversary of the date of grant. The current maximum number of common shares authorized for issue under the RSU plan is 5,000,000.
 
A total of 596,089 RSUs (2014 – 877,753) at a grant-date fair value of Cdn$6.67 per unit were granted during the year ended December 31, 2015 (2014 – Cdn$7.84) under the Company’s RSU plan and 198,697 RSUs were exercisable at December 31, 2015 (2014 – 292,585).
 
The fair value of each RSU issued is determined as the closing share price at grant date.

(29)

 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)
 
19.	Share-based payments (continued)	
 
A summary of the status of the RSU plan and changes during the year is as follows:

 	 	2015	 	 	2014	 	
At January 1,	 	 	1,086,523	 	 	 	774,845	 	
Granted	 	 	596,089	 	 	 	877,753	 	
Redeemed	 	 	(715,889	)	 	 	(566,075	)	
Forfeited	 	 	(81,877	)	 	 	-	 	
At December 31,	 	 	884,846	 	 	 	1,086,523	 	

As at December 31, 2015, 884,846 common shares purchased by the Company remain held in trust in connection with this plan (2014 – 1,086,523). At the end of the period, 225,406 restricted share units are fully vested and exercisable (2014 – 282,314). These shares purchased and held in trust have been included in treasury stock in the balance sheet.
 
Restricted share units expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $4,147 (2014 – $7,380).
 
(c) Deferred share units plan
 
The Company has an Independent Directors Deferred Share Unit (“DSU”) plan under which DSU’s are be granted by the Board from time to time to independent directors (“participants”). The performance period of each DSU commences on the grant date and expires on the termination date of the participant. The termination date is when the participant ceases to be a Director of the Company. On redemption each unit entitles the participant to receive a cash payment equal to the market value of the Company’s shares on the date of redemption.
 
At December 31, 2015, 386,303 DSUs were outstanding (2014 – 259,037) with a value of $1,144 (2014 – $1,581), which is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.
 
Compensation income related to the DSUs was $381 for the year ended December 31, 2015 (2014 – expense of $272).
 
(d) Performance share units plan
 
The Company has a Performance Share Unit (“PSU”) plan whereby performance share units may be granted to senior management of the Company. Once vested, a PSU is redeemable into one common share entitling the holder to receive the common share for no additional consideration.
 
A total of 624,580 PSUs were granted during the year ended December 31, 2015 under the Company’s PSU plan (2014 - none). The PSUs vest on the third anniversary of the grant date, subject to achievement of predetermined performance criteria. When fully vested the number of PSUs redeemed will range from 0% to 200% of the target award, subject to the performance of the share price over the 3 year period. The current maximum number of common shares authorized for issuance from treasury under the PSU plan is 3,130,000.
 
Compensation expense related to PSUs for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $829 (2014 – $0).

20.	Supplementary cash flow information	
 
 	 	December 31, 2015
$	 	 	December 31, 2014
$	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Changes in non-cash working capital	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable and other	 	 	(6,562	)	 	 	(34,206	)	
Inventories	 	 	45,915	 	 	 	13,184	 	
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	 	 	(9,960	)	 	 	(35,480	)	
Total	 	 	29,393	 	 	 	(56,502	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Supplementary cash flow information	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income taxes paid	 	 	81,282	 	 	 	88,150	 	
Interest paid	 	 	34,166	 	 	 	34,536	 	
 
(30)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

21.	Financial risk management	
 
21.1	Financial risk factors	
 
 	Eldorado’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk (including currency risk, fair value interest rate risk and price risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. Eldorado’s overall risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on Eldorado’s financial performance.	
 
 	(a)	Market risk	
 
 	(i)	Foreign exchange risk	
 
The Company operates principally in Canada, Turkey, China, Brazil, Greece and Romania, and is therefore exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Foreign exchange risk arises when future commercial transactions or recognised assets or liabilities are denominated in a currency that is not the entity’s functional currency.
 
Eldorado’s cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, marketable securities, accounts payable and accrued liabilities and debt are denominated in several currencies, and are therefore subject to fluctuation against the U.S. dollar.
 
The table below summarizes Eldorado’s exposure to the various currencies denominated in the foreign currency, as listed below:
 	 	Canadian
dollar	 	 	Australian
dollar	 	 	Euro	 	 	Turkish 
lira	 	 	Chinese
renminbi	 	 	Swedish
krona	 	 	Romanian
lei	 	 	Great
British
pound	 	 	Brazilian
real	 	

Cash and cash equivalents	 	 	4,705	 	 	 	172	 	 	 	4,737	 	 	 	2,165	 	 	 	357,183	 	 	 	1,774	 	 	 	8,014	 	 	 	244	 	 	 	21,559	 	
Marketable securities	 	 	25,369	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	
Accounts receivable and other	 	 	2,261	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	6,143	 	 	 	54,785	 	 	 	182,288	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	9,212	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	10,255	 	
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	 	 	(12,111	)	 	 	(192	)	 	 	(58,596	)	 	 	(97,073	)	 	 	(434,573	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(6,027	)	 	 	-	 	 	 	(3,953	)	
Other non-current liability	 	 	-	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(2,158	)	 	 	(11,116	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Debt	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	
Net balance	 	 	20,224	 	 	 	(19	)	 	 	(49,874	)	 	 	(51,239	)	 	 	104,898	 	 	 	1,774	 	 	 	11,199	 	 	 	244	 	 	 	27,861	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Equivalent in U.S. dollars	 	$	14,614	 	 	$	(14	)	 	$	(54,143	)	 	$	(17,622	)	 	$	16,155	 	 	$	210	 	 	$	2,700	 	 	$	360	 	 	$	7,112	 	
 
Based on the balances as at December 31, 2015, a 1% increase/decrease in the U.S. dollar exchange rate against all of the other currencies on that date would have resulted in a decrease/increase of approximately $306 in profit (loss) before taxes. There would be no effect on other comprehensive income.
 
Cash flows from operations are exposed to foreign exchange risk, as commodity sales are set in U.S. dollars and a certain amount of operating expenses are in the currency of the country in which mining operations take place.
 
(ii) Metal price risk and other price risk
 
Eldorado is subject to price risk for fluctuations in the market price of gold and other metals. Gold and other metals prices are affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including central bank sales, producer hedging activities, the relative exchange rate of the U.S. dollar with other major currencies, global and regional demand and political and economic conditions.
 
Worldwide gold and other metals production levels also affect their prices, and the price of these metals is occasionally subject to rapid short-term changes due to speculative activities. The Company has elected not to actively manage its exposure to metal price risk at this time. From time to time, Eldorado may use commodity price contracts to manage its exposure to fluctuations in the price of gold and other metals.

(31)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

21.	Financial risk management (continued)	
 
Other price risk is the risk that the value of a financial instrument will fluctuate as a result of changes in market prices.
 
Eldorado’s other price risk includes equity price risk, whereby the Company’s investments in marketable securities are subject to market price fluctuation.
 
 	(iii) Interest rate risk	
 
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in market interest rates. Current financial assets and financial liabilities are generally not exposed to interest rate risk because of their short-term nature. The Company’s debt is in the form of notes with a fixed interest rate of 6.13%.
 
(b)   Credit risk
 
Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will fail to discharge an obligation and cause the other party to incur a financial loss. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. Eldorado deposits its cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash, with high credit quality financial institutions as determined by rating agencies.
 
Payment for metal sales is normally in advance or within fifteen days of shipment depending on the buyer. The historical level of customer defaults is negligible which reduces the credit risk associated with trade receivables at December 31, 2015.
 
(c)   Liquidity risk
 
Liquidity risk is the risk that an entity will encounter difficulty in raising funds to meet commitments associated with financial instruments. The Company manages liquidity by maintaining adequate cash and cash equivalent balances and by using its lines of credit as required. Management monitors and reviews both actual and forecasted cash flows, and also matches the maturity profile of financial assets and liabilities. Contractual maturities relating to debt are included in note 14.
 
21.2	Capital risk management	
 
Eldorado’s policy is to maintain a strong capital base so as to maintain investor, creditor and market confidence and to sustain future development of our mining projects.  Capital consists of all of the components of equity; share capital from ordinary shares, contributed surplus, accumulated other comprehensive income, deficit and non-controlling interests.
 
Consistent with others in the industry, Eldorado monitors capital on the basis of the debt to capital ratio and debt to EBITDA. The debt to capital ratio is calculated as debt, including current and non-current debt, divided by capital.  The debt to EBITDA ratio is calculated as debt, including current and non-current debt, divided by earnings before interest costs, taxes and depreciation.  This policy includes a target debt to capital ratio of less than 30% and a debt to EBITDA target ratio below 3.5.
 
As at December 31, 2015, our debt to capital ratio was 15.0% (2014 – 10.8%) and our debt to EBITDA ratio was 1.99:1 (2014 – 1.3:1).
 
These policy targets are managed through the repayments and issuances of debt as well as the continuing management of operations and capital expenditures.
 
21.3	Fair value estimation	
 
Fair values are determined directly by reference to published price quotations in an active market, when available, or by using a valuation technique that uses inputs observed from relevant markets.
 
(32)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

21.	Financial risk management (continued)	
 
The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
 
 	●	Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.	
 
 	●	Level 2 – Inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, but do not qualify as Level 1 inputs (i.e.,quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities).	
 
 	●	Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).	
 
The only assets measured at fair value as at December 31, 2015 are marketable securities. No liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as at December 31, 2015.
 
The fair value of financial instruments traded in active markets is based on quoted market prices at the balance sheet date. A market is regarded as active if quoted prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange, dealer, broker, industry group, pricing service, or regulatory agency, and those prices represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions on an arm’s length basis. The quoted market price used for financial assets held by the group is the current bid price. These instruments are included in Level 1. Instruments included in Level 1 comprise primarily publicly-traded equity investments classified as held-for-trading securities or available-for-sale securities.
 
22.	Commitments	
 
The Company’s contractual obligations, not recorded on the balance sheet, at December 31, 2015, include:
 
 	 	2016
$	 	2017
$	 	2018
$	 	2019 and later
$	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating leases and capital expenditures	 	6,683	 	4,580	 	2,221	 	12,234	
Purchase obligations	 	53,136	 	2,354	 	63	 	126	
Totals	 	59,819	 	6,934	 	2,284	 	12,360	
 
Purchase obligations in 2016 relate primarily to sustaining capital expenditures at Kişladağ , mine development projects in Greece as well as operating and maintenance supply contracts at our operating mines.

23.	Contingencies	
 
The Company is involved in legal proceedings from time to time, arising in the ordinary course of its business. As at December 31, 2015, the amount of ultimate liability with respect to these actions will not, in the opinion of management, materially affect Eldorado’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
 
24.	Related party transactions	
 
Key management includes directors (executive and non-executive), officers and senior management. The compensation paid or payable to key management for employee services, including amortization of share based payments, is shown below:
 
 	 	2015	2014	
 	 	$	$	
Salaries and other short-term employee benefits	 	                10,106	                13,199	
Defined benefit pension plan	 	                  1,670	                  1,620	
Share based payments	 	                  9,188	                12,514	
 	 	                20,964	                27,333	

(33)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

25.	Financial instruments by category	
 
Fair value
The following table provides the carrying value and the fair value of financial instruments at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014:
 	December 31, 2015	 	 	December 31, 2014	 	
 	Carrying amount	Fair value	 	Carrying amount	Fair value	
 	           $	              $	 	           $	              $	
Financial Assets	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Available-for-sale	 	 	 	 	 	
  Marketable securities	                      18,331	            18,331	 	                      4,251	              4,251	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loans and receivables	 	 	 	 	 	
  Cash and cash equivalents	                    288,189	          288,189	 	                  498,514	          498,514	
  Term deposit	                        4,382	              4,382	 	                      2,800	              2,800	
  Restricted cash	                           248	                 248	 	                         262	                 262	
  Accounts receivable and other	                      69,273	            69,273	 	                    77,617	            77,617	
  Other assets	                      19,320	            19,320	 	                    21,893	            21,893	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Financial Liabilities at amortized cost	 	 	 	 	 	
  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	                    236,819	          236,819	 	                  184,712	          184,712	
  Debt	                    589,395	          526,878	 	                  603,544	          600,221	
  Other non-current liability	                                -	                      -	 	                    49,194	            49,194	

26.	Production costs	
 
 	2015	2014	
 	$	$	
 	 	 	
Labor	                 95,653	               104,118	
Fuel	                 36,686	                 51,152	
Reagents	                 50,631	                 48,570	
Electricity	                 39,104	                 34,865	
Mining contractors	                 46,668	                 46,745	
Operating and maintenance supplies and services	               103,558	               144,281	
Site general and administrative costs	                 32,723	                 28,664	
Inventory change	                 31,199	                   3,238	
Royalties, production taxes and selling expenses	                 33,596	                 46,647	
 	               469,818	               508,280	

27.	Interest and financing costs	
 
 	 	2015	2014	
 	 	$	$	
  E	 	 	 	
Interest expense	 	                 10,108	                 23,039	
Financing fees	 	                   8,220	                   5,740	
Total interest and financing costs	 	                 18,328	                 28,779	

(34)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

28.	Earnings per share	
 
The weighted average number of ordinary shares for the purposes of diluted earnings per share reconciles to the weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the calculation of basic earnings per share as follows:

 	December 31, 2015	December 31, 2014	
 	(in thousands)	(in thousands)	
 	 	 	
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the calculation	 	 	
of basic earnings per share	                    716,586	                         716,288	
Diluted impact of stock options	                               4	                                  12	
 	 	 	
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the calculation	 	 	
of diluted earnings per share	                    716,590	                         716,300	
 
The loss used to calculate basic and diluted loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $1,540,895 (2014 –earnings of $102,607).
 
29.	Segment information	
 
Identification of reportable segments
 
The Company has identified its operating segments based on the internal reports that are reviewed and used by the chief executive officer and the executive management (the chief operating decision makers or CODM) in assessing performance and in determining the allocation of resources.
 
The CODM considers the business from both a geographic and product perspective and assesses the performance of the operating segments based on measures of profit and loss as well as assets and liabilities. These measures include operating profit, expenditures on exploration, property, plant and equipment and non-current assets, as well as total debt. As at December 31, 2015, Eldorado had six reportable segments based on the geographical location of mining and exploration and development activities.
 
29.1	Geographical segments	
 
Geographically, the operating segments are identified by country and by operating mine or mine under construction. The Turkey reporting segm ent includes the Kişladağ and the Efemçukuru mines and exploration activities in Turkey. The China reporting segment includes the TJS, Jinfeng and White Mountain mines, the Eastern Dragon project and exploration activities in China. The Brazil reporting segment includes the Vila Nova mine, Tocantinzinho project and exploration activities in Brazil. The Greece reporting segment includes the Stratoni mine, the Olympias, Skouries, Perama Hill and Sapes projects and exploration activities in Greece. The Romania reporting segment includes the Certej project and development activities in Romania.  Other reporting segment includes operations of Eldorado’s corporate office and exploration activities in other countries.
 
Financial information about each of these operating segments is reported to the CODM on at least a monthly basis. The mines in each of the different segments share similar economic characteristics and have been aggregated accordingly.

(35)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

29.	Segment information (continued)	
 
2015	 	Turkey	 	 	China	 	 	Brazil	 	 	Greece	 	 	Romania	 	 	Other	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	
Information about profit and loss	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Metal sales to external customers	 	 	443,609	 	 	 	384,213	 	 	 	(399	)	 	 	35,869	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	863,292	 	
Production costs	 	 	214,001	 	 	 	217,696	 	 	 	1,616	 	 	 	36,505	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	469,818	 	
Inventory write-down	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	8,745	 	 	 	3,279	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	12,024	 	
Depreciation	 	 	77,164	 	 	 	89,657	 	 	 	1,028	 	 	 	10,676	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	452	 	 	 	178,978	 	
Gross profit (loss)	 	 	152,444	 	 	 	76,860	 	 	 	(11,788	)	 	 	(14,591	)	 	 	(1	)	 	 	(452	)	 	 	202,472	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other material items of income and expense	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Impairment loss on property, plant and   and 
     equipment and goodwill	 	 	-	 	 	 	38,699	 	 	 	28,233	 	 	 	1,559,823	 	 	 	254,910	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	1,881,665	 	
Other writedown of assets	 	 	6,891	 	 	 	6,387	 	 	 	3,173	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	16,451	 	
Exploration expenses	 	 	5,576	 	 	 	1,524	 	 	 	1,493	 	 	 	2,421	 	 	 	3,351	 	 	 	3,488	 	 	 	17,853	 	
Income tax expense (recovery)	 	 	61,726	 	 	 	37,021	 	 	 	5,719	 	 	 	(247,722	)	 	 	(41,140	)	 	 	28	 	 	 	(184,368	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Additions to property, plant and  equipment during the year	 	 	83,501	 	 	 	49,517	 	 	 	4,176	 	 	 	242,655	 	 	 	19,983	 	 	 	250	 	 	 	400,082	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Information about assets and liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property, plant and equipment (*)	 	 	898,027	 	 	 	1,327,725	 	 	 	179,702	 	 	 	1,942,419	 	 	 	398,147	 	 	 	1,739	 	 	 	4,747,759	 	
Goodwill	 	 	-	 	 	 	50,276	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	50,276	 	
 	 	 	898,027	 	 	 	1,378,001	 	 	 	179,702	 	 	 	1,942,419	 	 	 	398,147	 	 	 	1,739	 	 	 	4,798,035	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Debt	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	589,395	 	 	 	589,395	 	

2014	 	Turkey	 	 	China	 	 	Brazil	 	 	Greece	 	 	Romania	 	 	Other	 	 	Total	 	
 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	 	 	$	 	
Information about profit and loss	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Metal sales to external customers	 	 	524,919	 	 	 	460,343	 	 	 	31,619	 	 	 	51,018	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	1,067,899	 	
Production costs	 	 	207,809	 	 	 	227,958	 	 	 	29,926	 	 	 	42,587	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	508,280	 	
Inventory write-down	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	13,469	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	13,469	 	
Depreciation	 	 	55,420	 	 	 	107,365	 	 	 	4,928	 	 	 	8,782	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	731	 	 	 	177,227	 	
Gross profit (loss)	 	 	261,690	 	 	 	125,020	 	 	 	(16,704	)	 	 	(351	)	 	 	(1	)	 	 	(731	)	 	 	368,923	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other material items of income and exp ense	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other writedown of assets	 	 	-	 	 	 	3,001	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	3,001	 	
Exploration expenses	 	 	3,415	 	 	 	2,682	 	 	 	3,796	 	 	 	1,395	 	 	 	2,092	 	 	 	2,850	 	 	 	16,230	 	
Income tax expense	 	 	74,959	 	 	 	37,263	 	 	 	2,761	 	 	 	6,085	 	 	 	201	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	121,269	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Additions to property, plant and  equipment during the year	 	 	88,844	 	 	 	50,410	 	 	 	5,399	 	 	 	253,685	 	 	 	18,730	 	 	 	404	 	 	 	417,472	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Information about assets and liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property, plant and equipment (*)	 	 	895,035	 	 	 	1,407,558	 	 	 	205,091	 	 	 	2,817,855	 	 	 	636,134	 	 	 	1,938	 	 	 	5,963,611	 	
Goodwill	 	 	-	 	 	 	52,514	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	473,782	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	526,296	 	
 	 	 	895,035	 	 	 	1,460,072	 	 	 	205,091	 	 	 	3,291,637	 	 	 	636,134	 	 	 	1,938	 	 	 	6,489,907	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Debt	 	 	-	 	 	 	16,343	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	-	 	 	 	587,201	 	 	 	603,544	 	
 
* Net of revenues from sale of production from tailings retreatment

(36)

 
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated financial statements
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated)

29.	Segment information (continued)	
 
The Turkey and China segments derive their revenues from sales of gold.  The Brazil segment derives its revenue from sales of iron ore. The Greece segment derives its revenue from sales of zinc, lead and silver concentrates.
 
The measure of total debt represents the current and long-term portions of debt.
 
29.2	Economic dependence	
          
 	At December 31, 2015, each of our Chinese mines had one major customer, to whom each sells its entire production, as follows:	
 
TJS  Mine	Henan Zhongyuan Gold Smelter Factory Co. Ltd.of Zhongjin Gold Holding Co. Ltd.	
Jinfeng Mine	China National Gold Group	
White Mountain Mine	Refinery of Shandong Humon Smelting Co. Ltd.	
 
 	29.3      Seasonality/cyclicality of operations	
 
 	Management does not consider operations to be of a significant seasonal or cyclical nature.	
 
30.	Events occurring after the reporting date	
 
On January 11, 2016, the Company announced that due to delays on the issuance of routine permits and licenses by the Greek authorities, that would allow Hellas Gold to complete the construction of the Skouries processing plant, construction and development activities at the Skouries project have been suspended. Environmental protection works and care and maintenance activities will continue to be performed in order to safeguard the environment and the assets of the Company at site at a cost of approximately US$1 million per month.

 

 

(37)

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.3

 
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (MD&A)
 
for the year ended December 31, 2015
 
Throughout this MD&A, Eldorado , we, us, our and the Company mean Eldorado Gold Corporation.
This year means 2015. All dollar amounts are in United States dollars unless stated otherwise.

The information in this MD&A is as of March 23, 2016. You should also read our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). We file them with appropriate regulatory authorities in Canada and the United States. You can find more information about Eldorado, including our Annual Information Form, on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.

About Eldorado
 
Based in Vancouver, Canada, Eldorado owns and operates mines around the world. Its activities involve all facets of the mining industry including exploration, development, production and reclamation.

Operating gold mines:
·	Kisladag, in Turkey (100%)	
·	Efemcukuru, in Turkey (100%)	
·	Tanjianshan, in China (90%)	
·	White Mountain, in China (95%)	
·	Jinfeng, in China (82%)	

Gold projects:
·	Perama Hill, in Greece (100%)	
·	Olympias, in Greece (95%)	
·	Skouries, in Greece (95%)	
·	Certej, in Romania (81%)	
·	Eastern Dragon, in China (75%)	
·	Tocantinzinho, in Brazil (100%)	

Other mines:
·	Stratoni – Lead and Zinc Concentrates, in Greece (95%)	
·	Vila Nova – Iron Ore, in Brazil (100%)	

Eldorado is listed on the following exchanges:
·	Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) under the symbol ELD	
·	New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol EGO	

ELD is part of the S&P/TSX Global Gold Index. EGO is part of the AMEX Gold BUGS Index.

 
1

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
2015 Overview

Selected consolidated financial information
 
·	Loss attributable to shareholders of the Company of $1,540.9 million or $2.15 loss per share, compared to net income attributable to shareholders of the Company of $102.6 million or $0.14 per share in 2014.	

·	Dividends paid of $11.3 million in 2015, compared to $13.0 million in 2014.	

·	Liquidity was $667.6 million at year end, including $292.6 million in cash, cash equivalents, and term deposits, and $375.0 million in unused lines of credit (2014 - $876.3 million of liquidity).	

·	During 2015 the Company recognized non-cash impairment charges of $1,525.2 million, net of taxes.	

Selected performance measures (1)

·	Gold production of 723,532 ounces, including production from Olympias tailings retreatment (2014 – 789,224 ounces).	

·	Total cash costs averaged $606 per ounce (2014 – $557 per ounce).	

·	All-in sustaining cash costs averaged $842 per ounce (2014 – $779).	

·	Gross profit from gold mining operations of $230.0 million (2014 - $382.7 million).	

·	Adjusted net earnings of $13.2 million ($0.02 per share) compared to adjusted net earnings of $138.7 million ($0.19 per share) in 2014.	

·	Cash generated from operating activities before changes in non-cash working capital was $193.1 million (2014 – $342.9 million).	

(1) Throughout this MD&A we use cash operating cost per ounce, total cash costs per ounce, all-in sustaining cash costs, gross profit from gold mining operations, adjusted net earnings, and cash flow from operating activities before changes in non-cash working capital as additional measures of Company performance. These are non-IFRS measures. Please see page 11 for an explanation and discussion of these non-IFRS measures.

Impairment Charges
 
During 2015 the Company recorded non-cash impairment charges totaling $1,049.2 million in property, plant and equipment (net of deferred income tax recovery), and $476.0 million in goodwill mainly related to Greece. The impairment of property, plant and equipment included $739.9 million related to Skouries, $214.1 million related to Certej, $31.2 million related to Stratoni, $35.8 million related to TJS, and $28.2 million related to Vila Nova.
 
In addition to ongoing permitting issues at Skouries, higher estimated capital and operating costs affected projected cash flows from Skouries and Certej, leading to fair value estimates below these projects’ carrying values. Stratoni (lead and zinc) and Vila Nova (iron ore) were both affected by the continuing world-wide slump in base metals prices.

 
2

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

Summarized Annual Financial Results
 
($millions except as noted)	2015	2014	2013	
Revenues	863.3	1,067.9	1,124.0	
Gold revenues	823.8	980.9	1,020.0	
Gold sold (ounces)	705,310	774,522	725,095	
Average realized gold price ($/ounce)	1,168	1,266	1,407	
Average London spot gold price ($/ounce)	1,159	1,266	1,411	
Cash operating costs ($/ounce)	552	500	494	
Total cash costs ($/ounce)	606	557	551	
All-in sustaining cash cost (US$ per ounce sold)	842	779	n/a	
Gross profit from gold mining operations	230.0	382.7	481.1	
Adjusted net earnings	13.2	138.7	192.9	
Net profit (loss) attributable to shareholders of the Company	(1,540.9)	102.6	(653.3)	
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to shareholders of the Company – basic ($/share)	(2.15)	0.14	(0.91)	
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to shareholders of the Company – diluted ($/share)	(2.15)	0.14	(0.91)	
Cash flow from operating activities before changes in non-cash working capital	193.1	342.9	382.0	
Capital Spending – cash basis	396.0	410.7	482.0	
Dividends paid – (Cdn$/share)	0.02	0.02	0.12	
Cash, cash equivalents and term deposits	292.6	501.3	623.9	
Total Assets	5,464.6	7,393.6	7,235.2	
Total long-term financial liabilities (1)	698.5	745.5	670.3	
  (1) Includes long-term debt net of deferred financing costs, other non-current liabilities, and asset retirement obligations.
 
Review of Annual Financial Results
 
Gold sales volumes decreased 9% year over year, reflecting decreases in gold production at Kisladag and the Company’s Chinese mines. Total cash costs per ounce increased 9% year over year, mainly due to increases in operating costs at Kisladag and Tanjianshan. Gross profit from gold mining operations of $230.0 million fell 40% year over year on decreasing gross margins as a result of lower sales volumes, higher unit operating costs and lower realized gold prices.
 
Loss attributable to shareholders of the Company was $1,540.9 million, (or $2.15 per share), compared to a net profit attributable to shareholders of the Company of $102.6 million, or $0.14 per share in 2014. The loss in 2015 was mainly due to impairment losses, net of tax, in the amount of $1,525.2 million ($1,423.0 million attributable to shareholders of the Company), a deferred income tax charge of $63.5 million related to a change in income tax rates in Greece, and lower gross profits from gold mining operations.
 
Adjusted net earnings for the year was $13.2 million ($0.02 per share) as compared with $138.7 million ($0.19 per share) for 2014. The main factor in the decrease in adjusted net earnings was the decrease in gross profit from gold mining operations described above. Please see page 13 for a reconciliation between loss attributable to shareholders of the Company and adjusted net earnings.

 
3

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
Summarized Quarterly Financial Results
 
2015
($millions except as noted)	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	2015	
Revenues	238.3	214.2	211.5	199.3	863.3	
Gold revenues	224.0	204.2	206.2	189.4	823.8	
Gold sold (ounces)	181,820	170,056	182,124	171,310	705,310	
Average realized gold price ($/ounce)	1,232	1,201	1,132	1,105	1,168	
Cash operating costs  ($/ounce)	521	569	552	567	552	
All-in sustaining cash cost (US$ per ounce sold)	729	900	835	914	842	
Gross profit from gold mining operations	77.1	61.4	53.1	38.4	230.0	
Adjusted net earnings (loss)	19.5	17.0	(4.0)	(19.3)	13.2	
Net profit (loss) attributable to shareholders of the Company	(8.2)	(198.6)	(96.1)	(1,238.0)	(1,540.9)	
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to shareholders of the Company – Basic (US$/share)	(0.01)	(0.28)	(0.13)	(1.73)	(2.15)	
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to shareholders of the Company – Diluted (US$/share)	(0.01)	(0.28)	(0.13)	(1.73)	(2.15)	
Cash flow from operating activities before changes in non-cash working capital	58.9	61.9	43.4	28.9	193.1	

2014
($millions except as noted)	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	2014	
Revenues	279.9	265.5	263.5	259.0	1,067.9	
Gold revenues	247.6	247.6	241.2	244.5	980.9	
Gold sold (ounces)	190,628	190,621	189,321	203,952	774,522	
Average realized gold price ($/ounce)	1,299	1,299	1,274	1,199	1,266	
Cash operating costs ($/ounce)	519	489	488	505	500	
All-in sustaining cash cost (US$ per ounce sold)	786	829	735	761	779	
Gross profit from gold mining operations	95.4	100.8	102.0	84.5	382.7	
Adjusted net earnings	37.3	35.9	36.1	29.4	138.7	
Net profit (loss) attributable to shareholders of the Company	31.3	37.6	19.8	13.9	102.6	
Earnings per share attributable to shareholders of the Company – basic ($/share)	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.14	
Earnings per share attributable to shareholders of the Company – diluted ($/share)	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.14	
Cash flow from operating activities before changes in non-cash working capital	94.7	92.2	78.7	77.3	342.9	
 
Review of Quarterly Results
 
Loss attributable to shareholders of the Company for the quarter was $1,238.0 million ($1.73 per share) as compared to net profit for the quarter ended December 31, 2014 of $13.9 million ($0.02 per share). Adjusted loss was $19.3 million as compared to 2014 adjusted net earnings of $29.4 million. The main factors that impacted earnings for the fourth quarter year over year was the impairment charge attributable to shareholders of the company, net of taxes, of $1,249.6 million recorded in the fourth quarter of 2015, and lower gold sales volumes and prices.

 
4

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

Operations review and outlook
 
  Gold operations

 	2015	2014	2016 outlook	
Total Operating Gold Mines	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	723,532	789,224	565,000 to 630,000	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	552	500	585 to 620	
Total cash costs ($ per ounce)	606	557	n/a	
All-in sustaining cash costs ($ per ounce)	842	779	940 to 980	
Sustaining capital expenditure (millions)	94.9	109.0	105.0	
Kisladag	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	281,280	311,233	225,000 to 240,000	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	543	443	550 to 600	
Total cash costs ($ per ounce)	558	461	n/a	
Sustaining capital expenditure ($ millions)	30.6	41.6	50.0	
Efemcukuru	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	100,482	98,829	90,000 to 100,000	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	521	573	550 to 600	
Total cash costs ($ per ounce)	540	595	n/a	
Sustaining capital expenditure (millions)	24.1	25.6	20.0	
Tanjianshan	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	97,563	107,614	70,000 to 80,000	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	473	389	675 to 725	
Total cash costs ($ per ounce)	646	559	n/a	
Sustaining capital expenditure (millions)	14.7	5.4	5.0	
Jinfeng	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	149,655	168,503	95,000 to 105,000	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	587	575	700 to 750	
Total cash costs ($ per ounce)	669	658	n/a	
Sustaining capital expenditure (millions)	10.0	16.0	15.0	
White Mountain	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced	78,156	85,308	75,000 to 85,000	
Cash operating costs ($ per ounce)	653	617	625 to 675	
Total cash costs ($ per ounce)	691	657	n/a	
Sustaining capital expenditure (millions)	15.5	20.4	15.0	
Olympias	 	 	 	
Gold ounces produced from tailings retreatment	16,396	17,737	n/a	

 
5

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

Annual review –  Operations

Kisladag

Operating Data	2015	2014	
Tonnes placed on pad	19,146,685	15,501,790	
Average treated head grade (g/t Au)	0.70	1.01	
Gold (ounces)	 	 	
-     Produced	281,280	311,233	
-     Sold	280,892	311,451	
Cash operating costs (per ounce)	$543	$443	
Total cash costs (per ounce)	$558	$461	
Financial Data (millions)	 	 	
Gold revenues	$326.5	$392.5	
Depreciation and Depletion	$46.5	$28.1	
Gross profit from mining operations	$121.2	$218.2	
Sustaining capital expenditures	$30.6	$41.6	

Gold production at Kisladag was 10% lower year over year mainly as a result of lower ore grades, which were expected for this phase of the open pit. Lower ore grades were partly offset by an increase in ore tonnage and an inventory drawdown resulting from increased solution application to the leach pad. Kisladag placed 24% more total tonnes on the leach pad at a 31% lower head grade than in 2014. Cash operating costs per ounce were higher year over year as a result of the lower grade of ore, partly offset by a decline in diesel fuel prices, and a weakening of the Turkish lira. Capital expenditures at Kisladag in 2015 included capitalized waste stripping, equipment overhauls and sustaining construction projects.
 
Efemcukuru

Operating Data	2015	2014	
Tonnes Milled	454,863	436,852	
Average Treated Head Grade (g/t Au)	7.82	8.34	
Average Recovery Rate (to Concentrate)	91.7%	93.3%	
Gold (ounces)	 	 	
-     Produced	100,482	98,829	
-     Sold	99,147	101,717	
Cash operating costs (per ounce)	$521	$573	
Total cash costs (per ounce)	$540	$595	
Financial Data (millions)	 	 	
Gold revenues	$113.5	$128.8	
Depreciation and Depletion	$30.3	$26.9	
Gross profit from mining operations	$28.0	$40.2	
Sustaining capital expenditures	$24.1	$25.6	

Gold production at Efemcukuru increased 2% year over year due to favorable smelter settlement adjustments as well as an increase in mill throughput. Gold ounces sold were lower due to concentrate inventory movements. Lower cash operating costs were the result of both the impact of the weakening Turkish lira, cost reduction initiatives, and slightly higher gold production. Capital spending included costs related to capitalized underground development, mobile equipment, tailings dam construction, and process improvements.

6

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

Tanjianshan

Operating Data	2015	2014	
Tonnes Milled	1,060,176	1,045,440	
Average Treated Head Grade (g/t Au)	3.14	3.69	
Average Recovery Rate	82.4%	81.7%	
Gold (ounces)	 	 	
-     Produced	97,563	107,614	
-     Sold	97,563	107,614	
Cash operating costs (per ounce)	$473	$389	
Total cash costs (per ounce)	$646	$559	
Financial Data (millions)	 	 	
Gold revenues	$115.5	$136.6	
Depreciation and Depletion	$25.3	$22.2	
Gross profit from mining operations	$26.8	$53.5	
Sustaining capital expenditures	$14.7	$5.4	

Gold production at Tanjianshan was 9% lower year over year mainly due to lower average treated head grade, and gold-in-circuit inventory movements. Cash operating costs per ounce were higher than 2014 mainly due to lower average treated head grade and higher ore and waste tonnes mined. Capital expenditures for the year included construction of a tailings dam lift and driving the Qinlongtan (“QLT”) Deep decline in order to evaluate the QLT resource.
 
Jinfeng
 
Operating Data	2015	2014	
Tonnes Milled	1,303,863	1,470,824	
Average Treated Head Grade (g/t Au)	4.13	3.99	
Average Recovery Rate	86.2%	86.8%	
Gold (ounces)	 	 	
-     Produced	149,655	168,503	
-     Sold	149,552	168,432	
Cash operating costs (per ounce)	$587	$575	
Total cash costs (per ounce)	$669	$658	
Financial Data (millions)	 	 	
Gold revenues	$176.6	$214.5	
Depreciation and Depletion	$37.2	$52.2	
Gross profit from mining operations	$39.3	$51.5	
Sustaining capital expenditures	$10.0	$16.0	

Gold production at Jinfeng was 11% lower year over year mainly as a result of less ore milled partially offset by higher average treated head grade. Ore production fell year over year with the completion of the open pit in April 2015. Cash operating costs per ounce were 2% higher year over year mainly due to lower gold production. Capital expenditures for the year included underground development, mining equipment and the construction of dry stacking facilities at the flotation and carbon in leach (“CIL”) tailings dams.

 
7

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

White Mountain

Operating Data	2015	2014	
Tonnes Milled	849,335	850,782	
Average Treated Head Grade (g/t Au)	3.30	3.47	
Average Recovery Rate	86.5%	86.9%	
Gold (ounces)	 	 	
-     Produced	78,156	85,308	
-     Sold	78,156	85,308	
Cash operating costs (per ounce)	$653	$617	
Total cash costs (per ounce)	$691	$657	
Financial Data (millions)	 	 	
Gold revenues	$91.6	$108.6	
Depreciation and Depletion	$27.0	$33.1	
Gross profit from mining operations	$10.5	$19.2	
Sustaining capital expenditures	$15.5	$20.4	

Gold production at White Mountain was 8% lower year over year due to lower average treated head grade and gold-in-circuit inventory movements. Cash operating costs per ounce were 6% higher than in 2014 principally as a result of the lower average treated head grade. Capital expenditures for the year included underground electrical infrastructure, upgrades to the mill and backfill plant, and ongoing expansion of the tailings storage facility.
 
Stratoni

Operating Data	2015	2014	
Tonnes ore processed (dry)	154,992	219,861	
Pb grade (%)	6.5%	5.9%	
Zn grade (%)	8.5%	10.5%	
Tonnes of concentrate produced	40,232	58,375	
Tonnes of concentrate sold	46,502	57,719	
Average realized concentrate price (per  tonne)	$771 1	$884	
Cash Costs (per tonne of concentrate sold)	$774	$714	
Financial Data (millions)	 	 	
Concentrate revenues	$35.9	$51.0	
Depreciation and Depletion	$8.6	$8.4	
Gross profit (loss) from mining operations	($12.5)	$0.6	
Sustaining capital expenditures	$3.2	$5.0	

1 Average realized price included mark to market downward adjustments to accounts receivable in the amount of $48 per tonne.

Stratoni produced 31% less concentrate than 2014 mainly due to lower mine output. Mine output was impacted by fewer available underground production faces as well as an extended mine shutdown related to Kassandra mines’ permitting issues. Stratoni reported a loss from mining operations of $12.5 million (2014 – gross profit $0.6 million). The loss included write down of inventory to net realizable value of $3.3 million. In addition to the shortfall in production, the profitability of mining operations was impacted by weak lead and zinc prices. Capital expenditures for the year included upgrades to health, safety and environmental equipment, and upgrades to the water treatment plant.

 
8

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

Vila Nova
 
Operating Data	2015	2014	
Tonnes Processed	20,017	806,082	
Iron Ore Produced	16,038	693,714	
Average Grade (% Fe)	63.7%	63.1%	
Iron Ore Tonnes	 	 	
-     Sold	47,815	524,645	
Average Realized Iron Ore Price 1	($8)	$60	
Cash Costs (per tonne sold)	$33	$55	
Financial Data (millions)	 	 	
Iron ore revenues	($0.4)	$31.6	
Depreciation and Depletion	$1.0	$4.9	
Gross profit (loss) from mining operations	($11.8)	($16.7)	
Sustaining capital expenditures	$0	$1.0	
 
1 Average realized price includes negative adjustments to prior shipments.

A nominal amount of iron ore was processed and shipped in the first quarter of 2015 while preparing the plant for shutdown. No production was realized during the rest of the 2015 year, and sales and logistic activities remained suspended during the year due to low iron ore market prices.
 
Annual review –  Development projects

Kisladag
Design concepts were developed during 2015 for additional crushing and screening capacity to increase plant throughput at Kisladag to 20 million tonnes per year. The crushing circuit was optimized with a change in crush size that is expected to improve gold recovery when it becomes operational in 2016.

Olympias
The Olympias plant treated 589,675 tonnes of tailings at a grade of 1.99 grams per tonne during 2015. A total of 16,396 ounces of gold were produced during the year. The Olympias plant is expected to cease treating tailings during the first quarter of 2016.

During 2015 basic engineering for Phase II was completed, and full implementation began with detailed engineering and procurement of long lead items well advanced by year end. The construction phase is expected to begin in 2016 assuming the timely receipt of the required installation permit, with commissioning forecast by the end of the year. Underground mine development and refurbishment continued at Olympias during 2015, with underground ore production for Phase II projected to begin early in 2017. During 2015, 659 meters of underground access were rehabilitated and 1,901 meters of new development were completed. In addition, approximately 330 meters were advanced on the main Stratoni-Olympias decline, bringing total decline advance project-to-date to 1,950 meters. Capital costs incurred in 2015 were $97 million, consisting of $72 million in construction capital and $25 million in capitalized cost for tailings retreatment.

Skouries
Engineering design work for the processing plant and surface facilities progressed during 2015, with engineering at over 93% complete by year end. During the year a substantial amount of the equipment and various steel structures required to complete construction of the plant and facilities were delivered to the Skouries site, with over 80% of the procurement scope completed by the end of the year. Work continued on construction of the process plant and road access was completed to the base of the tailings dam.

 
9

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

Work on the development of the Skouries underground mine design was advanced during 2015 from scoping level through prefeasibility level. The underground mine design is expected to be completed in 2016. The mine is projected to achieve a throughput rate of 4.5 million tonnes per year using shaft and ramp access with sub level open stoping along vertical development intervals of 60 meters. The open pit is expected to be used for disposal of mill tailings during the life of the underground operation. The open pit is projected to operate for a period of 8 years to be followed by 22 years of underground mining. During 2015 a total of $112.9 million was spent on Skouries, excluding capitalized exploration and capitalized interest.

On January 11, 2016 the Company announced that construction and development activities at the Skouries project were being suspended due to delays in the issuance of routine permits and licenses by the Greek permitting authorities. Environmental protection works and care and maintenance activities continued to be performed in order to safeguard the environment and the assets of the Company at site at a cost of approximately $1.0 million per month.

Certej
In May 2015 the Company released the results of the feasibility study for the Certej project. The study included improvements in the mine design and further optimization of the flotation and oxidation processes for gold recovery. This study resulted in a decrease in projected capital investment and reduced life of mine operating costs as compared with the previous feasibility study. Engineering work continued during 2015 on trade off studies with a focus on further opportunities to improve the project and increase the level of engineering confidence. Work began on amending the existing environmental permits to reflect the proposed changes, and will continue to be the focus of efforts in 2016. During 2015 a total of $15.8 million was spent on Certej, mainly on geotechnical and metallurgical testing, site preparation and engineering studies.

Perama Hill
Project engineering was completed during the year on Perama Hill and the project was placed on care and maintenance pending receipt of the Environmental Impact Assessment approval. In 2015, a total of $1.0 million was spent on the Perama Hill project.

Eastern Dragon
A key milestone was achieved in June 2015 with the receipt of the Project Permit Approval (“PPA”). The PPA, which was approved by the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”), provides verification of previous permitting steps including the Environmental Protection Assessment approval. The conversion of the Exploration License to a Mining License is progressing, evidenced by formal acceptance of the application by the Ministry of Land and Resources (“MLR”) on March 1, 2016. Mine personnel continue to be engaged with local, state and central government authorities to actively pursue all avenues to advance permitting while maintaining all existing agreements in good standing.

Tocantinzinho
The Company completed a feasibility study for the Tocantinzinho project during 2015. The project is projected to generate positive cash flows with a return rate of 13.5% after tax at a forecast gold price of $1,250 per ounce. Capital costs incurred at Tocantinzinho in 2015 totalled $4.1 million and were spent on engineering and site works to advance the installation of the access road to the site.

10

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
Annual review –  Exploration

A total of $30.0 million was spent in 2015 on exploration, which included 58,000 meters of drilling. Exploration activities were conducted at 17 projects including early-stage, brownfields and in-mine programs in Turkey, China, Brazil, Greece, Serbia and Romania.

Turkey
At the Efemcukuru mine 5,500 meters of drilling focused on establishing the grade and continuity of mineralized trends within the Kokarpinar vein system.   Reconnaissance teams drill-tested porphyry-epithermal targets at the Dölek project in Northeast Turkey (1,900 meters), and conducted project generation work mainly in northern and western Turkey. Aeromagnetic data were acquired covering roughly 6,000 square kilometers in an area west of Kisladag, which will form the basis of regional reconnaissance work in 2016, directed towards identifying new porphyry and epithermal targets.

China
In China, brownfields and in-mine exploration programs were completed at Tanjianshan and White Mountain. At Tanjianshan, 4,700 meters of drilling, collared from the new underground development, defined along-strike and down-dip extensions to the high-grade Qinlongtan North deposit.  Drilling was also completed at the nearby Xijingou deposit (2,200 meters), and the Dushugou and Qingshan prospects (800 meters total). At White Mountain, 14,200 meters of underground drilling were completed, focused mainly on expanding resources in the South, North, and Far North zones.  Finally, a 600 meters drill program tested new exploration targets on the Anbao license, north of Jinfeng.

Brazil
In Brazil, the KRB prospect in the Tocantinzinho project area was tested with 3,000 meters of drilling completed.  Other exploration activities in Brazil were limited project generation, mainly in the Central Brazil gold belt and in the northeastern part of the country. In December an option agreement was signed with a private Brazilian company covering parts of the prospective Mara Rosa greenstone belt. The agreement includes the right to earn up to 100% in the subject licenses.

Greece
Exploration drilling in Greece totaled 900 meters of underground drilling that targeted extensions of the Mavres Petres deposit. Other exploration activities focused on mapping and sampling programs on our Halkidiki and Sapes license areas, and project generation work in Northern Greece. Several new high-grade vein occurrences were identified peripheral to the Skouries deposit, and drilling targets were defined at the Tsikara and Fisoka prospects.

Romania
In Romania, five exploration projects were drilled in the Certej area. A total of 5,100 meters of drilling were completed at the Muncel VMS deposit aimed at identifying gold-rich areas within the base metal system. At Magura, 8,900 meters of drilling targeted down-dip and along-strike extensions of high-grade veins that were historically explored in underground workings. At the newly acquired Certej North exploration license, 4,700 meters of drilling were completed intersecting broad zones of peripheral porphyry and epithermal-style alteration/mineralization. Drilling programs also tested the P. Avram prospect (1,700 meters) and porphyry targets on the Deva exploration license (650 meters).
 
Non-IFRS measures
Throughout this document we have provided measures prepared in accordance with IFRS, as well as some non-IFRS performance measures as additional information for investors who also use them to evaluate our performance. Since there is no standard method for calculating non-IFRS measures, they are not a reliable way to compare us against other companies. Non-IFRS measures should be used with other performance measures prepared in accordance with IFRS. We have defined our non-IFRS measures below and reconciled them with the IFRS measures we report.

 
11

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

Cash operating cost, total cash cost
The table below reconciles cash operating cost and total cash cost to operating costs. We calculate costs according to the Gold Institute Standard.
 
$ millions (except for gold ounces sold and per ounce amounts)	2015	2014	
Production costs (from consolidated income statements)	469.8	508.3	
Vila Nova and Stratoni production costs	38.1	72.5	
Production costs – excluding Vila Nova and Stratoni	431.7	435.8	
Less:	 	 	
By-product credits	(4.2)	(4.4)	
Total cash cost	427.5	431.4	
Less:	 	 	
Royalty expense and production taxes	(38.2)	(44.1)	
Cash operating cost	389.3	387.3	
Gold ounces sold	705,310	774,522	
Total cash cost per ounce	606	557	
Cash operating cost per ounce	552	500	

All-in sustaining cash cost
All-in sustaining costs are calculated by taking total cash costs and adding sustaining capital expenditures, corporate administrative expenses, exploration and evaluation costs, and reclamation cost accretion. Sustaining capital expenditures are defined as those expenditures which do not increase annual gold ounce production at a mine site, and exclude all expenditures at the Company’s projects. Certain other cash expenditures, including tax payments, dividends and financing costs are also not included. The Company believes that this measure represents the total costs of producing gold from current operations, and provides the Company and other stakeholders of the company with additional information of the Company’s operational performance and ability to generate cash flows. The Company reports this measure on a gold ounces sold basis.

Calculation of all-in sustaining cash costs	 2015	2014	
millions (except for gold ounces sold and all-in sustaining cash cost per ounce sold)	 	 	
Total cash cost – excluding Vila Nova and Stratoni (per table above)	$427.5	$431.4	
Sustaining capital spending at operating gold mines	94.9	109.0	
Exploration spending at operating gold mines	10.4	9.1	
General and administrative expenses (1)	61.4	53.6	
All-in sustaining cash costs	$594.2	$603.1	
Gold ounces sold	705,310	774,522	
All-in sustaining cash cost per ounce sold	$842	$779	
 
 	( 1)	Excludes G&A expenses related to business development activities and projects. Includes share based payments expense and defined benefit pension plan expense as well as asset retirement obligation accretion expense .	

Cash flow from operations before changes in non-cash working capital
We use cash flow from operations (or operating activities) before changes in non-cash working capital to supplement our consolidated financial statements, and calculate it by not including the period to period movement of non-cash working capital items, like accounts receivable, advances and deposits, inventory, accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

12

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
We believe this provides a better indication of our cash flow from operations and may be meaningful to investors in evaluating our past performance or future prospects. It is not meant to be a substitute for cash flow from operations (or operating activities), which we calculate according to IFRS.
 
Adjusted net earnings
The Company has included non-IFRS performance measures, adjusted net earnings and adjusted net earnings per share , throughout this document. Adjusted net earnings excludes gains/losses and other costs incurred for acquisitions and disposals of mining interests, impairment charges, unrealized and non-cash realized gains/losses of financial instruments and foreign exchange impacts on deferred income tax. The Company also excludes net earnings and losses of certain associates that the Company does not view as part of the core mining operations. The Company excludes these items from net earnings to provide a measure which allows the Company and investors to evaluate the results of the underlying core operations of the Company and its ability to generate cash flow. Accordingly, it is intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS.

The following table provides a reconciliation of adjusted net earnings to the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31:

$ millions (except for weighted average shares and earnings per share)	Q4 2015	2015	2014	
Net (loss) earnings attributable to shareholders of the Company	(1,238.0)	(1,540.9)	102.6	
Transaction costs	1.2	3.1	0.0	
Losses (gains) on disposal of assets	0.2	0.2	1.9	
Losses (gains) on available-for-sale securities	0.0	0.0	2.4	
Loss on investment in associates	0.0	0.0	0.1	
Impairment loss on investment in associates	0.0	0.0	0.0	
Write-down of assets & inventory	15.2	28.5	16.5	
Impairment loss on property, plant and equipment, and goodwill (net of taxes) 1	1,208.9	1,423.0	0.0	
Unrealized losses (gains) on foreign exchange translation of deferred income tax balances	(3.6)	38.9	15.2	
Deferred income tax charge for change in Greek tax rates 1	(3.2)	60.4	0.0	
Total adjusted net earnings	(19.3)	13.2	138.7	
Weighted average shares outstanding	716,587	716,586	716,288	
Adjusted net earnings ($/share)	(0.03)	0.02	0.19	
  1 Attributable to shareholders of the Company	 	 	 	

Gross profit from gold mining operations
Gross profit from gold mining operations represents gross revenues from gold mining operations less production costs and depreciation, depletion and amortization related to those operations.
 
Financial condition & liquidity

Operating activities
Operating activities before changes in non-cash working capital generated $193.1 million in cash in 2015, compared to $342.9 million in 2014.

 
13

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
Investing activities
The Company invested $396.0 million in capital expenditures this year. Evaluation and development expenditures, including capitalized drilling programs and Olympias tailings retreatment, totalled $262.9 million while sustaining capital spending at our producing mines totalled $98.1 million ($94.9 million at our producing gold mines and $3.2 million at Stratoni and Vila Nova). We also spent $5.0 million on land acquisitions in Turkey and Romania. A total of $27.2 million in bond interest was also charged to capital projects. The remaining $2.8 million related to fixed assets for our corporate offices in Canada, Brazil, Turkey, Greece, Romania, and China. In addition, cash proceeds of $17.9 million related to gold concentrate sales proceeds from tailings retreatment were recorded as cash flows from investment activities.

Financing activities
The Company paid dividends of $10.9 million to non-controlling interests and $11.3 million to shareholders during 2015.

The Company is suspending the cash payment of its semi-annual dividend payment effective the first quarter of 2016. The decision of the Board of Directors has been made in view of the low gold price, the terms and conditions of the Dividend Policy and the requirements of the Canada Business Corporations Act (“CBCA”). We continue to believe that a portion of funds from operations should be shared with our investors and look forward to resuming dividend payments in an environment of stronger gold prices.

Capital resources

$ millions	2015	2014	
Cash, cash equivalents and term deposits	292.6	501.3	
Working capital	335.4	646.2	
Restricted collateralized accounts	0.2	0.3	
Debt – current and long-term	589.4	603.5	

Management believes that the working capital at December 31, 2015, together with future cash flows from operations and, where appropriate, selected financing sources, including available credit lines, are sufficient to support our planned and foreseeable commitments, and dividends, if declared, in 2016 and beyond.

Contractual obligations

As at December 31, 2015
 
$ millions	 	Within 1 year	 	2 to 3 years	 	4 to 5 years	 	Over 5 years	 	 	Total	
Debt	 	-	 	-	 	600.0	 	-	 	 	600.0	
Capital leases	 	0.7	 	0.7	 	-	 	-	 	 	1.4	
Operating leases	 	5.9	 	6.0	 	6.2	 	6.1	 	 	24.2	
Purchase obligations	 	53.1	 	2.5	 	0.2	 	-	 	 	55.8	
Totals	 	59.7	 	9.2	 	606.4	 	6.1	 	 	681.4	

The table does not include interest on debt.

As at December 31, 2015, Hellas Gold had entered into off-take agreements pursuant to which Hellas Gold agreed to sell a total of 17,280 dry metric tonnes of zinc concentrates, 9,860 dry metric tonnes of lead/silver concentrates, and 26,225 gold concentrate through the financial year ending December 31, 2016.

14

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
In April 2007, Hellas agreed to sell to Silver Wheaton (Caymans) Ltd. (“Silver Wheaton”) all of the payable silver contained in lead concentrate produced within an area of approximately seven square kilometres around Stratoni. The sale was made in consideration of a prepayment to Hellas of $57.5 million in cash, plus a fixed price per ounce of payable silver to be delivered of the lesser of $3.90 and the prevailing market price per ounce, adjusted higher every April by 1%. For the period April 2015 through March 2016, this amount is equal to $4.14 per ounce. In October 2015 the agreement with Silver Wheaton was amended to provide an increase in the price per ounce of payable silver to be delivered to Hellas based on Hellas achieving certain exploration drilling milestones.

In May 2013, the Company, in connection with Hellas Gold, entered into a Letter of Guarantee in favour of the Greek Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, in the amount of EUR50.0 million, as security for the due and proper performance of rehabilitation works committed in connection with the Environmental Impact Assessment approved for the Kassandra Mines (Stratoni, Olympias and Skouries). The Letter of Guarantee is renewed annually and expires on July 26, 2026. The Letter of Guarantee has an annual fee of 57 basis points.

As at December 31, 2015, Tuprag Metal Madencilik Sanayi Ve Ticaret A.S. (“Tuprag”) had entered into off-take agreements pursuant to which Tuprag agreed to sell a total of 36,000 dry metric tonnes of gold concentrate through the financial year ending December 31, 2016.
 
Debt

Jinfeng
On January 16, 2013, Jinfeng entered into a RMB 100.0 million ($15.4 million) working capital loan with China Commerce Bank (“CMB”). Each drawdown had a fixed interest rate of 5.6% and had a term of six months. The Facility had a term of up to one year, from January 16, 2013 to January 14, 2014. In January 2014 the term of the facility was extended to January 28, 2015 and was not subsequently renewed. This Facility was unsecured. The proceeds were used to fund working capital obligations.As at December 31, 2015, Jinfeng repaid the full amount under this facility.
 
Revolving credit facility
The Company has a $375.0 million revolving credit facility with a syndicate of banks ("the credit facility" or "ARCA").  The ARCA matures on November 23, 2016.  The ARCA is secured by the shares of SG Resources and Tuprag, wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company. The ARCA contains covenants that restrict, among other things, the ability of the Company to incur an aggregate unsecured indebtedness exceeding $850.0 million, incur secured indebtedness up to $200.0 million, make distributions in certain circumstances, sell material assets and carry on a business other than one related to the mining business. Significant financial covenants include a maximum debt to Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization ("EBITDA") of 3.5:1 and a minimum EBITDA to interest of 3:1. The Company is in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2015. Loan interest is variable depending on a leverage ratio pricing grid. The Company's current leverage ratio is approximately 1.99:1. At this ratio, interest charges and fees are as follows: LIBOR plus margin of 2.00% and undrawn standby fee of 0.50%. Fees of $4.7 million were paid in relation to the credit facility. This amount was deferred as pre-payments for liquidity services and was amortized to financing costs. No amounts were drawn down under the ARCA as at December 31, 2015.

Senior notes
On December 10, 2012, the Company completed an offering of $600.0 million senior notes ("the notes") at par value, with a coupon rate of 6.125% due December 15, 2020.  The notes pay interest semi-annually on June 15 and December 15.  The Company received proceeds of $589.5 million from the offering, which is net of the commission payment. The notes are redeemable by the Company in whole or in part, for cash:

 
15

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

 	a)	At any time prior to December 15, 2016 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes at the treasury yield plus 50 basis points, and any accrued and unpaid interest;	
 	b)	b) on and after the dates provided below, at the redemption prices, expressed as a percentage of principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest on the notes:	

December 15, 2016                                           103.063%
December 15, 2017                                           101.531%
2018 and thereafter                                          100.000%

The early prepayment prices are to reimburse the lender for lost interest for the remaining term.  The fair market value of the notes as at December 31, 2015 is $526.9 million.
 
Entrusted loan
In November 2010, Eastern Dragon, HSBC Bank (China) and QDML, our 90% owned subsidiary, entered into a RMB 12.0 million ($2.0 million) entrusted loan agreement, which has been increased to RMB 720.0 million ($110.9 million) through a series of amendments. Under the terms of the entrusted loan, QDML with its own funds entrusts HSBC Bank (China) to provide a loan facility in the name of QDML to Eastern Dragon. The loan can be drawn down in tranches. Each drawdown bears interest fixed at the prevailing lending rate stipulated by the People's Bank of China on the date of drawdown. Each draw down has a term of one year and can be rolled forward at the discretion of QDML. The interest rate on this loan as at December 31, 2015 was 4.59%. As at December 31, 2015, RMB 667.1 million ($102.7 million) had been drawn under the entrusted loan.   Subsequent to December 31, 2015, RMB 3.1 million ($0.5 million) was drawn under this loan. The entrusted loan has been recorded on a net settlement basis.
 
Defined benefit plans
 
The Company operates defined benefit pension plans in Canada with two components: a registered pension plan (“the Pension Plan”) and a supplementary pension plan (“the SERP”). During the second quarter of 2012, the SERP was converted into a Retirement Compensation Arrangement (“RCA”), a trust account. As it is a trust account, the assets in the account are protected from the Company’s creditors.  The RCA requires the Company to remit 50% of any contributions and any realized investment gains to the Receiver General of Canada as refundable tax.

These plans, which are only available to certain qualifying employees, provide benefits based on an employee’s years of service and final average earnings at retirement. Annual contributions related to these plans are actuarially determined and made at or in excess of minimum requirements prescribed by legislation.

Eldorado’s plans have actuarial valuations performed for funding purposes. The Pension Plan last had an actuarial valuation performed as of January 1, 2014 for funding purposes with the next required valuation as of January 1, 2017. The SERP’s last valuation was on January 1, 2015 for funding purposes and the next valuation will be prepared in accordance with the terms of the pension plan. The measurement date to determine the pension obligation and assets for accounting purposes was December 31, 2015.

The SERP is designed to provide supplementary pension benefits to qualifying employees affected by the maximum pension limits under the Income Tax Act pursuant to the registered Pension Plan. Further, the Company is not required to pre-fund any benefit obligation under the SERP.

Cash contributed to the Pension Plan and the SERP was $2.8 million (2014 – $2.7 million). Cash payments totaling $0.1 million were made directly to beneficiaries during the year (2014 – $0.2 million). The Company expects to contribute $0.04 million to the Pension Plan and $1.7 million to the SERP in 2016.

 
16

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
Equity
 
In 2015 the Company received net proceeds of $0.1 million for issuing 22,610 common shares related to stock options and warrants being exercised.

Common shares outstanding
- as of March 23, 2016
- as of December 31, 2015	 
716,587,134
716,587,134	
Share purchase options - as of March 23, 2016
(Weighted average exercise price per share: $7.67 Cdn)	32,290,135	
 
Managing risk

This section describes the types of risks we are exposed to and our objectives and policies for managing them (please read the Company’s Annual Information Form for additional information).

We monitor risk using our risk management review process. Management prepares a risk assessment report every quarter outlining our operational and financial risks. The Board reviews the report to evaluate and assess the risks we are exposed to in various markets, and discusses the steps management takes to manage and mitigate them.

Financial risk

Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that we cannot meet our financial obligations. The Company mitigates liquidity risk through the implementation of its capital management policy by spreading the maturity dates of investments over time, managing its capital expenditures and operational cash flows, and by maintaining adequate lines of credit. We use a rigorous planning, budgeting and forecasting process to help determine the funds we will need to support our ongoing operations and our expansion plans. Management believes that the working capital at December 31, 2015, together with future cash flows from operations and, where appropriate, selected financing sources, is sufficient to support our planned and foreseeable commitments in 2016 and beyond.

Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty to a financial instrument will not meet its obligations and will cause the Company to incur a financial loss. The Company limits counterparty risk by entering into business arrangements with high credit-quality counterparties, limiting the amount of exposure to each counterparty and monitoring the financial condition of counterparties. For cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable, credit risk is represented by the carrying amount on the balance sheet.
Payment for metal sales is normally in advance or within fifteen days of shipment depending on the buyer. The historical level of customer defaults is negligible which reduces the credit risk associated with trade receivables at December 31, 2015.

We invest our cash and cash equivalents in major financial institutions and in government issuances, according to our short-term investment policy. The credit risk associated with these investments is considered to be low.

Currency risk
We sell gold in US dollars, but our costs are mainly in US dollars, Canadian dollars, Turkish lira, Brazilian real, Euros, Romanian lei, and Chinese renminbi. An increase in the value of any of these currencies against the US dollar can increase our production costs and capital expenditures, which can affect future cash flows. The Company has a risk management policy that includes hedging its foreign exchange

 
17

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
   
exposure to reduce the risk associated with currency fluctuations. The Company currently does not have any currency hedges, but may hedge in the future.

The table below shows our assets and liabilities and debt denominated in currencies other than the US dollar at December 31, 2015. We recognized a loss of $16.8 million on foreign exchange this year, compared to a loss of $7.2 million in 2014.

(thousands)	Canadian
dollar	Australian
dollar	Euro	Turkish
lira	Chinese
renminbi	Swedish
krona	Romanian
lei	Great
British
pound	Brazilian
real	
Cash and cash equivalents	4,705	172	4,737	2,165	357,183	1,774	8,014	244	21,559	
Marketable securities	25,369	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	
Accounts receivable and
other	2,261	1	6,143	54,785	182,288	-	9,212	-	10,255	
Accounts payable and
accrued liabilities	(12,111)	(192)	(58,596)	(97,073)	(434,573)	-	(6,027)	-	(3,953)	
Other non-current liabilities	-	-	(2,158)	(11,116)	-	-	-	-	-	
Debt	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	
Net balance	20,224	(19)	(49,874)	(51,239)	104,898	1,774	11,199	244	27,861	
Equivalent in US dollars	14,614	(14)	(54,143)	(17,622)	16,155	210	2,700	360	7,112	

Accounts receivable and other current and long-term assets relate to goods and services taxes, income taxes, value-added taxes and insurance receivables. Based on the balances at December 31, 2015, a 10% increase/decrease in the exchange rates on that date would have resulted in a decrease/increase of approximately $3.1 million in profit before taxes.

Interest rate risk
Interest rates determine how much interest we pay on our debt, and how much we earn on our cash and cash equivalents, which can affect future cash flows.
 
All of our debt is in the form of notes with a fixed interest rate of 6.125%. However borrowings under the ARCA are at variable rates of interest and any borrowings would expose the Company to interest rate cost and interest rate risk. In the future we may enter into interest rate swaps that involve the exchange of floating for fixed rate interest payments in order to reduce interest rate volatility.

Price risk
Our profitability depends on the price of gold, which is affected by many things, including the sale or purchase of gold by central banks and financial institutions, interest rates, exchange rates, inflation or deflation, fluctuations in the value of the US dollar and foreign currencies, global and regional supply and demand, and the political and economic conditions of the world’s major gold-producing countries. The cost of production, development and exploration varies depending on the market prices of certain mining consumables, including diesel fuel and electricity. Electricity is regionally priced in Turkey and China and semi-regulated by the federal governments of those countries, which reduces the risk of price fluctuations. The Company currently does not have any long term gold hedges or other commodity hedges, but we may hedge in the future.

 
18

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

Sensitivity analysis for key variables
 	A change of	Would change our
after-tax net earnings by	
Currency values against the US dollar	10%	$3.1 million	
Price of gold (based on the expectations and assumptions we used in our 2016 outlook)	10%	$49.0 million	
Interest rate on variable interest debt	10%	n/a (1)	
Price of diesel fuel	10%	$2.1 million	
 	(1)	The Company did not have any variable interest debt outstanding at the end of 2015.	

Other risks and uncertainties

Exploration and development
The cost and results of our exploration and development programs affect our profitability and value. The life of a mine is fixed based on its mineral reserves, so we actively seek to replace and expand our reserves, mainly through exploration, acquisition and the development of our existing operations. Exploring for minerals involves many risks and may not lead to new economically viable mining operations or yield new reserves to replace and expand current reserves. Our reserve estimates are based on certain assumptions and affected by the inherent limitations of the estimation process.

Acquiring title to mineral properties is a detailed and time-consuming process. We take steps, in accordance with industry standards, to verify and secure legal title to mineral properties that we have, or are seeking, an interest in. Although we take every precaution to ensure that legal title to our properties is properly recorded in our name, there can be no assurance we will ultimately secure title on every property. Legal title to our properties depends on the laws in the countries we operate in, and their appropriate and consistent application.

Operations
The business of gold mining involves many operational risks and hazards. We work to reduce the risks associated with our projects by setting high operational standards, hiring and training appropriately skilled personnel, and making improvements to our operations. We maintain adequate insurance to cover normal business risk. We rely on a number of key employees. Our success depends on attracting and retaining qualified personnel in a competitive labour environment.

Environment
There may be environmental hazards at our mines or projects that we are unaware of. We may be liable for any associated losses, or be forced to do extensive remedial cleanup or pay for governmental remedial cleanup, even if the hazards were caused by previous or existing owners or operators of the property, past or present owners of adjacent properties or by natural conditions. The costs of any cleanup could have a material and adverse effect on our operations and profitability.

Laws, regulations and permits
Our activities are subject to extensive federal, provincial, state and local laws and regulations governing environmental protection and employee health and safety. We must obtain government permits and provide associated financial assurance to conduct certain activities. We are also subject to various conditions related to reclamation that are imposed under federal, state or provincial air, water quality and mine reclamation rules and permits.

We have budgeted for future capital and operating expenditures to obtain such permits and maintain compliance with these environmental, health and safety laws, however, any changes to these laws in the future could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations and could delay our ability to obtain such permits.

 
19

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
If these laws are not complied with, we may face injunctions, damages and penalties, or our permits could be suspended or revoked. There is no assurance that we have been, or will be, in compliance with environmental, health and safety laws at all times, that our compliance will not be challenged, or that the cost of complying with current or future laws will not have a material and adverse effect on our future cash flow, results of operations and financial condition.

Litigation
All industries, including the mining industry, are subject to legal claims that are with and without merit.
 
We are currently involved in various routine legal and regulatory proceedings. It’s unlikely that the final outcome of these routine proceedings will have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations; however, defense and settlement costs can be substantial, even for claims that are without merit. Due to the inherent uncertainty of the litigation process and dealings with regulatory bodies, there is no assurance that any legal or regulatory proceeding will be resolved in a manner that will not have a material and adverse effect on our future cash flow, results of operations or financial condition.

Political risk
We operate in five countries outside of North America: Turkey, China, Brazil, Romania, and Greece. Our operations in these countries may be subject to political, economic and other risks that may affect our future operations and financial position.

We review these and other risks related to the business in foreign countries on an ongoing basis. Such reviews may cause us to re-evaluate and realign our business objectives and strategic direction from time to time, including considering suspension of projects or disposition of certain assets.

Other information

Critical accounting policies and estimates
We are required to make estimates that affect the amount of assets, liabilities, contingent liabilities revenue and expenses we report. We have identified the following critical accounting policies and estimates. You can find all of our significant accounting policies in note 3 of our 2015 consolidated financial statements.

Inventories
We value finished goods (including metal concentrates, dore and iron ore), work-in-process, heap leach ore and stockpiled ore at the average production cost or its net realizable value – whichever is lower.

We consider ore stacked on our leach pads and in process at our mines as work-in-process inventory and record their value in earnings, and include them in the cost of sales based on ounces of gold sold, using the following assumptions in our estimates:

 	·	the amount of gold we estimate is in the ore stacked on the leach pads	
 	·	the amount of gold we expect to recover from the stacks	
 	·	the amount of gold and other metals in the mill circuits	
 	·	the amount of gold and other metals in concentrates	
 	·	the gold and other metal prices we expect to realize when the gold and other metals is sold.	
 
If our estimates or assumptions are inaccurate, we could be required to write down the value we have recorded on our work-in-process inventories, which would reduce our earnings and working capital. At December 31, 2015, the average cost of inventory was below its net realizable value.

Reserves and resources
Our estimates for Kisladag, Efemcukuru, Tanjianshan, Jinfeng, White Mountain, Perama Hill, Tocantinzinho, Eastern Dragon, Skouries, Olympias, Stratoni, Certej and Vila Nova are based on the

 
20

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
   
definitions adopted by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, and in compliance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101), developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators.
 
You will not be able to compare the mineral reserve and resources information in this report with similar information from U.S. companies. The United States Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) defines a mineral reserve as the part of a mineral deposit that can be economically and legally extracted or produced. It does not recognize the terms measured, indicated and inferred mineral resources
(mining terms under NI 43-101), and does not accept them in reports and registration statements. You should not assume that:

 	·	the mineral reserves defined in this report qualify as reserves under SEC standards	
 	·	the measured and indicated mineral resources in this report will ever be converted to reserves	
 	·	the inferred mineral resources in this report are economically mineable, or will ever be upgraded to a higher category.	

Value beyond proven and probable reserves (“VBPP”)
On acquisition of a mineral property, we prepare an estimate of the fair value of the exploration potential of that property and record this amount as an asset, called value beyond proven and probable , as at the date of acquisition. As part of our annual business cycle, we prepare estimates of proven and probable reserves for each mineral property. The change in reserves, net of production, is used to determine the amount to be converted from VBPP to proven and probable reserves subject to amortization.

Property, plant and equipment
We depreciate most of our mining properties, plant and equipment using the unit-of-production method, where the value of property is reduced as reserves are depleted. We base this on mining rates and our estimates of reserves. If these change, we could be required to write down the recorded value of our mining properties, plant and equipment, or to increase the amount of future depreciation, depletion and amortization expense, both of which would reduce our earnings and net assets.

At each reporting period if there are indicators of an impairment of property, plant and equipment we assess whether there has been impairment. In the event of impairment we would be required to write down the recorded value of our mining properties, plant and equipment, which would reduce our earnings and net assets.

For producing properties, we base our assessment on the future net cash flows we expect the property will generate. There may be an impairment if metal prices have declined, production costs have increased, or metal recoveries are lower than previously estimated.

For non-producing properties, we base our assessment on whether there are factors that might indicate the need for a write-down. There may be an impairment if we believe current economics or permitting issues will prevent us from recovering the costs we have deferred for the property.

Goodwill and impairment testing
We account for business combinations using the purchase method of accounting. We record the fair market value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition, and record any excess of the purchase price over fair value as goodwill. When the excess is negative it is recognized immediately in income. The assumptions underlying fair value estimates are subject to significant risks and uncertainties.

We review and evaluate the carrying amount of goodwill in the fourth quarter of every fiscal year, and when events or changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. Management is required to make a judgment with respect to which CGU’s should be grouped together for goodwill testing purposes, including the assessment of operating segments, the highest level at which goodwill can be tested.

 
21

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
To test the recoverability of the carrying amount of goodwill we compare the fair value of our cash generating units (“CGU’s”) or operating segments to their carrying amounts. Calculating the estimated fair values of these CGU’s or operating segments requires management to make estimates and assumptions with respect to future production levels, operating and capital costs in our life-of-mine (“LOM”) plans, long-term metal prices, foreign exchange rates and discount rates. Changes in any of the assumptions or estimates used in determining the fair values could impact the impairment analysis. If a CGU’s or operating segment’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, we compare its carrying value to the implied fair value of its goodwill, and charge the amount the carrying value exceeds fair value to operations.

At December 31, 2015, our consolidated balance sheet included $50.3 million in goodwill all pertaining to White Mountain.

Asset retirement obligations
We estimate the mine closure date, the discount rate, the inflation rate and the timing reclamation costs to determine the carrying value of an asset retirement obligation.

Income taxes
We record income taxes using income tax rates we expect to apply in the years we estimate the various temporary differences will be recovered or settled. Where the tax laws and regulations are unclear or subject to varying interpretations, these estimates could change, and materially affect the amount of income tax liabilities recorded at the balance sheet date.

Pension plans
We use various actuarial assumptions to estimate our obligations and expenses, including a long-term estimate of the expected rate of return on plan assets, the discount rate, the rate of salary escalation and the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits.

Key assumptions – 
pension plans	December 31, 2015	December 31, 2014	
	Pension
plan	SERP	Pension
plan	SERP	
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	4.0%	4.0%	4.0%	4.0%	
Discount rate beginning of year	4.0%	4.0%	4.8%	4.8%	
Discount rate end of year	4.0%	4.0%	4.0%	4.0%	
Rate of salary escalation	2.0	2.0	2.5	2.5	
Average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits	8.5 years	8.5 years	7.2 years	7.2 years	
 
Upcoming changes in accounting standards

The following standards have been published and are mandatory for Eldorado’s annual accounting periods no earlier than January 1, 2018:

•           IFRS 9 ‘Financial Instruments’ – This standard was published in July 2014 and replaces the existing guidance in IAS 39, ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’. IFRS 9 includes revised guidance on the classification and measurement of financial instruments, including a new expected credit loss model for calculating impairment on financial assets, and the new general hedge accounting requirements. It also carries forward the guidance on recognition and derecognition of financial instruments from IAS 39. IFRS 9 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the extent of the impact of the adoption of this standard.

 
22

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	

•           IFRS 15 ‘Revenue from Contracts with Customers’ – This standard contains a single model that applies to contracts with customers and two approaches to recognising revenue: at a point in time or over time. The model features a contract-based five-step analysis of transactions to determine whether, how much and when revenue is recognized. New estimates and judgmental thresholds have been introduced, which may affect the amount and/or timing of revenue recognized. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

•           IFRS 16 ‘Leases’ – This standard was published in January 2016 and replaces the existing guidance in IAS 17, ‘Leases’ . IFRS 16 introduces a single accounting model for lessees and for all leases with a term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value. A lessee will be required to recognize a right-of-use asset, representing its right to use the underlying asset, and a lease liability, representing its obligation to make lease payments. The accounting treatment for lessors will remain largely the same as under IAS 17. IFRS 16 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the extent of the impact of the adoption of this standard.

There are other new standards, amendments to standards and interpretations that have been published and are not yet effective. The Company believes they will have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Disclosure controls and procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that material information is gathered and reported to senior management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions about public disclosure.

Management, including the CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as at December 31, 2015, as defined in the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and Canadian Securities Administrators. Based on this evaluation, they concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in providing reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed in reports we filed or submitted under United States and Canadian securities legislation was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in those rules.

Internal controls over financial reporting
Management, including the CEO and CFO, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, and used the framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013) to evaluate the effectiveness of our controls in 2015. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as at December 31, 2015 and provided a reasonable assurance of the reliability of our financial reporting and preparation of the financial statements.
 
No matter how well designed; however, any system of internal control has inherent limitations. Even systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance of the reliability of financial statement preparation and presentation.
 
KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, and has expressed their opinion in their report included with our annual consolidated financial statements in Form 40-F.
 
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 
23

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For the year ended December 31, 2015	  	
 
Qualified Person
Except as otherwise noted, Paul Skayman, P. Eng., the Company’s Chief Operating Officer, is the Qualified Person under NI 43-101 who approved the scientific or technical information contained in this MD&A and has verified the technical data disclosed in this document.

Forward-looking information and risks
This MD&A includes statements and information about what we expect to happen in the future. When we discuss our strategy, plans and future financial and operating performance, or other things that have not yet happened in this review, we are making statements considered to be forward-looking information or forward-looking statements under Canadian and United States securities laws. We refer to them in this document as forward-looking information .
 
Key things to understand about the forward-looking information in this document:
 
•	It typically includes words and phrases about the future, such as:   plan, expect, forecast, intend, anticipate, believe, estimate, budget, scheduled, may, could, would, might, will , as well as the negative of these words and phrases.	
•	Although it represents our current views, which we consider to be reasonable, we can give no assurance that the forward-looking information will prove to be accurate.	
•	It is based on a number of assumptions, including things like the future price of gold, anticipated costs and spending, and our ability to achieve our goals.	
•	It is also subject to the risks associated with our business, including	
 	•	the changing price of gold and currencies and the impact of any hedging activities,	
 	•	actual and estimated production and cost of production,	
 	•	discrepancies between actual and estimated mineral reserves and resources,	
 	•	the speculative nature of gold exploration,	
 	•	risks associated with mining operations and development,	
 	•	regulatory, title, permitting and licensing risks,	
 	•	acquisition risks, and	
 	•	other risks that are set out in our Annual Information Form.	
 
If our assumptions prove to be incorrect or the risks materialize, our actual results and events may vary materially from what we currently expect.
 
Forward-looking information is designed to help you understand management’s current views of our near and longer term prospects, and it may not be appropriate for other purposes. We will not necessarily update this information unless we are required to by securities laws.
 
The Company’s operations are subject to a number of risks and other uncertainties, including risks related to the Company’s foreign operations, government, environmental and other regulations and operating costs.  Occurrence of various factors and uncertainties of risk cannot be accurately predicted and could cause actual results to differ significantly from our current expectations and result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations or profitability.  A comprehensive discussion of the Company’s risks and uncertainties is set out in our Annual Information Form dated March 27, 2015. By this reference we hereby incorporate this discussion as a part of this MD&A. The reader is directed to carefully review this discussion for a proper understanding of these risks and uncertainties.

24

EXHIBIT 99.4

CERTIFICATION

I, Paul N. Wright, certify that:
 
1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Eldorado Gold Corporation;	
 
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	
 
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	
 
4.	The issuer’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have:	
 
 	a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;	
 
 	b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;	
 
 	c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and	
 
 	d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and	
 
5.	The issuer’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditor and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	
 
 	a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and	
 
 	b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting.	

 
 	 	 	 	 	
Date:  March 30, 2016	 	By:	 	/s/ Paul N. Wright            
Paul N. Wright
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)	

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.5

 
CERTIFICATION
 
I, Fabiana Chubbs, certify that:
 
1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Eldorado Gold Corporation;	
 
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	
 
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	
 
4.	The issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have:	
 
 	a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;	
 
 	b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;	
 
 	c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and	
 
 	d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and	
 
5.	The issuer’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditor and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	
 
 	a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and	
 
 	b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting.	

 
 	 	 	 	 	
Date:  March 30, 2016	 	By:	 	/s/ Fabiana Chubbs            
Fabiana Chubbs
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	

EXHIBIT 99.6

 

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. Sec.1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 40-F for the period ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Paul N. Wright, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sec.1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
 
 (1)           The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
 
 (2)           The information contained in this Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

 	 	 	 	 	
Date:  March 30, 2016	 	By:	 	/s/ Paul N. Wright            
Paul N. Wright
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)	

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Eldorado Gold Corporation and will be retained by Eldorado Gold Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.7

 

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. Sec.1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 40-F for the period ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Fabiana Chubbs, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sec.1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
 
 (1)           The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
 
 (2)           The information contained in this Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:  March 30, 2016	 	By:	 	/s/ Fabiana Chubbs            
Fabiana Chubbs
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Eldorado Gold Corporation and will be retained by Eldorado Gold Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.8

 
  	KPMG LLP
Chartered Accountants
PO Box 10426 777 Dunsmuir Street
Vancouver BC V7Y 1K3
Canada	Telephone
Fax
Internet	(604) 691-3000
(604) 691-3031
www.kpmg.ca	

 
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 
To the Board of Directors of Eldorado Gold Corporation.
 
We consent to the use of our reports, each dated March 23, 2016, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in this annual report on Form 40-F.
 
We also consent to the incorporation by reference of such reports into the Registration Statements (Nos. 333-103898, 333-107138, 333-122683, 333-145854, 333-153894, 333-160349, 333-176184, 333-180504 and 333-197861) on Form S-8 of Eldorado Gold Corporation filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Chartered Accountants

March 30, 2016
 Vancouver, Canada

 
KPMG LLP is a Canadian limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG
network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative
(“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity.
KPMG Canada provides services to KPMG LLP.

 

EXHIBIT 99.9
 
CONSENT OF EXPERT

March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
I, Antony Francis, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding the technical reports entitled (i) the “Skouries Cu/Au Project, Greece – NI43-101 Technical Report” dated July 14, 2011, and (ii) the “Technical Report on the Olympias Project, Au Pb Zn Ag Deposit, Northern Greece” dated July 14, 2011 and of extracts from or a summary of  the technical reports and other information pertaining to these projects, and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F.

 	By:	/s/ Antony Francis, FIMMM            	
 	 	Antony Francis, FIMMM	

 	 	 	

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.10

 
CONSENT OF EXPERT
 
March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
I, Colm Keogh, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding the description of mineral reserves of Skouries (underground) properties and of extracts from or a summary of other information pertaining to this project, and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F.

 	By:	/s/ Colm Keogh, P. Eng.        	
 	 	Colm Keogh, P. Eng.	
 	 	AMC Mining Consultants (Canada)  Ltd.	

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.11
 
CONSENT OF EXPERT
 
March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
I, Patrick Forward, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding the technical reports entitled (i) the “Skouries Cu/Au Project, Greece – NI43-101 Technical Report” dated July 14, 2011, (ii) the “Technical Report on the Olympias Project, Au Pb Zn Ag Deposit, Northern Greece” dated July 14, 2011 and of extracts from or a summary of  the technical reports and other information pertaining to these projects, and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F.

 	By:	/s/ Patrick Forward, FIMMM           	
 	 	Patrick Forward, FIMMM	

 	 	 	

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.12

CONSENT OF EXPERT

March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
I, Norman Pitcher, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding the technical report entitled the “Technical Report for Jinfeng Gold Mine, China” dated January 13, 2012 and effective March 15, 2011, and of extracts from or a summary of this technical report and other information pertaining to this project, and the use of my name in the AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto, and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F.

 	By:	/s/ Norman Pitcher, P. Geo.    	
 	 	Norman Pitcher, P. Geo.	

 	 	 	

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.13

 

CONSENT OF EXPERT

March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
I, Richard Miller, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding the description of mineral reserves of Kisladag and the technical reports entitled (i) the “Technical Report for Kisladag Gold Mine, Turkey”, dated March 15, 2010 and effective January 2010, (ii) the “Technical Report for Jinfeng Gold Mine, China” dated January 13, 2012 and effective March 15, 2011, and of extracts from or a summary of the respective technical reports and other information pertaining to these projects, and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F.

 	By:	  /s/ Richard Miller, P.Eng.            	
 	 	Richard Miller, P.Eng.	
 	 	Eldorado Gold Corporation	
 	 	General Manager, Kisladag Mine	

 

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.14

 
CONSENT OF EXPERT
 
March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
I, Paul Skayman, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding:
 
1.	the technical reports entitled (i) the “Technical Report for Kisladag Gold Mine, Turkey”, dated March 15, 2010 and effective January 2010, (ii) the “Technical Report for Jinfeng Gold Mine, China” dated January 13, 2012 and effective March 15, 2011, and of extracts from or a summary of  the respective technical reports and other information pertaining to these projects, (iii) the description of all scientific or technical information relating to the Kisladag, Efemcukuru, Jinfeng, Olympias and Skouries properties and (iv) certain technical information, mineral reserve estimates of the Tocantinzinho Mine and the Skouries (underground) in Eldorado Gold Corporation’s (the “Company”) Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2014 (the “AIF”); and	
 
2.	All scientific and technical information contained in the Company’s Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation for the year ended December 31, 2015 (the “MD&A”), 	
 
and the use of my name in the AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto, and the Company’s MD&A, and any amendments thereto, and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s AIF, MD&A and Annual Report on Form 40-F.

 	By:	/s/ Paul Skayman, FAusIMM            	
 	 	Paul Skayman, FAusIMM	
 	 	Eldorado Gold Corporation	
 	 	Chief Operating Officer	

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.15

 
CONSENT OF EXPERT

March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation

I, Stephen Juras, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding the technical reports entitled (i) the “Technical Report for Kisladag Gold Mine, Turkey”, dated March 15, 2010 and effective January 2010, (ii) the “Technical Report on the Efemcukuru Project” dated September 17, 2007, and effective August 1, 2007, (iii) the “Technical Report for Jinfeng Gold Mine, China” dated January 13, 2012 and effective March 15, 2011 and of extracts from or a summary of  the respective technical reports and of certain mineral resource estimates and other information pertaining to these projects, and the description of all mineral resources, with the exception of the Sapes Project, of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) in the Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2015 (the “AIF”),  and the use of my name in the AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F.

 	By:	/s/ Stephen Juras, P.Geo           	
 	 	Stephen Juras, P.Geo	
 	 	Eldorado Gold Corporation	
 	 	Director, Technical Services	

 

 

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.16

 
 
CONSENT OF EXPERT

March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
I, Douglas Jones, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding the description of mineral reserves of the Stratoni, Olympias, White Mountain, Eastern Dragon, Tanjianshan, Jinfeng, Perama Hill, and Efemcukuru properties and of extracts from or a summary of other information pertaining to these projects, and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F.

 
 	By:	/s/ Douglas Jones, SME Registered Member        	
 	 	Douglas Jones, SME Registered Member	
 	 	Eldorado Gold Corporation	
 	 	Senior Vice President, Operations	

 

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.17

 
CONSENT OF EXPERT
 
March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
I, John Nilsson, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding the description of mineral reserves of Certej, Tocantinzinho and Skouries (open pit) properties and of extracts from or a summary of other information pertaining to this project, and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F.

 	By:	/s/ John Nilsson, P.Eng            	
 	 	John Nilsson, P.Eng
Nilsson Mine Services Ltd.	

 

 

EXHIBIT 99.18

 
CONSENT OF EXPERT

 
March 30, 2016
 
Eldorado Gold Corporation 
United States Securities and Exchange Commission
 
Ladies and Gentlemen:
 
Re:   Eldorado Gold Corporation
 
I, Peter Lewis, do hereby consent to the filing of the written disclosure regarding the description of mineral resources of the Sapes Project and of extracts from or a summary of other information pertaining to this project, and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of Eldorado Gold Corporation (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2015 and any amendments thereto and any Registration Statement on Form S-8 incorporating by reference the Company’s Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F.
 
 	By:	/s/ Peter Lewis, P.Geo            	
 	 	Peter Lewis, P.Geo
Eldorado Gold Corporation
Vice President, Exploration