Table of Contents

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

		
þ	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2016  

OR

		
¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	

For the Transition Period from             to             
Commission File No. 1-11778

CHUBB LIMITED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

	
		
Switzerland	98-0091805	
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)	

Baerengasse 32
Zurich, Switzerland CH-8001
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
+41 (0)43 456 76 00
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
YES  þ                                                   NO   ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
YES  þ                                                  NO   ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

							
Large accelerated filer þ	 	 	 	 	 	Accelerated filer  ¨	
Non-accelerated filer ¨	(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company  ¨	

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
YES  ¨                                                 NO   þ
The number of registrant’s Common Shares (CHF 24.15 par value) outstanding as of April 22, 2016 was 464,478,489 .

Table of Contents

CHUBB LIMITED
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

 

				
 	 	 	Page	
Part I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	 	
Item 1.	Financial Statements:	 	
 	Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015	3	
 	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015	4	
 	Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015	5	
 	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015	6	
 	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	 	
 	Note 1.	General	7	
 	Note 2.	Acquisitions	8	
 	Note 3.	Investments	11	
 	Note 4.	Fair value measurements	16	
 	Note 5.	Assumed life reinsurance programs involving minimum benefit guarantees under variable annuity contracts	25	
 	Note 6.	Goodwill and other intangible assets	26	
 	Note 7.	Debt	27	
 	Note 8.	Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees	29	
 	Note 9.	Shareholders’ equity	34	
 	Note 10.	Share-based compensation	35	
 	Note 11.	Postretirement benefits	35	
 	Note 12.	Segment information	37	
 	Note 13.	Earnings per share	40	
 	Note 14.	Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries	41	
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	47	
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	88	
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	92	
 	 	 	
Part II.	OTHER INFORMATION	 	
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	93	
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	93	
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities	93	
Item 6.	Exhibits	93	

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PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

	
	
ITEM 1. Financial Statements	

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

								
 	March 31		 	December 31		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)	2016		 	2015		
Assets	 	 	 	
Investments	 	 	 	
Fixed maturities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost – $75,991 and $43,149)	$	77,538		 	$	43,587		
    (includes hybrid financial instruments of $3 and $31)								
Fixed maturities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value – $11,580 and $8,552)	11,280		 	8,430		
Equity securities, at fair value (cost – $841 and $441)	893		 	497		
Short-term investments, at fair value and amortized cost	3,382		 	10,446		
Other investments (cost – $4,233 and $2,993)	4,493		 	3,291		
Total investments	97,586		 	66,251		
Cash	1,091		 	1,775		
Securities lending collateral	1,003		 	1,046		
Accrued investment income	891		 	513		
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	7,692		 	5,323		
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	12,891		 	11,386		
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	185		 	187		
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,376		 	2,873		
Value of business acquired	390		 	395		
Goodwill	15,404		 	4,796		
Other intangible assets	7,955		 	887		
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	2,376		 	2,082		
Deferred tax assets	—		 	318		
Investments in partially-owned insurance companies	654		 	653		
Other assets	5,150		 	3,821		
Total assets	$	156,644		 	$	102,306		
Liabilities	 	 	 	
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	60,206		 	$	37,303		
Unearned premiums	14,896		 	8,439		
Future policy benefits	4,869		 	4,807		
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable	4,733		 	4,270		
Securities lending payable	1,004		 	1,047		
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	9,050		 	6,205		
Deferred tax liabilities	1,142		 	—		
Repurchase agreements	1,403		 	1,404		
Short-term debt	500		 	—		
Long-term debt	12,636		 	9,389		
Trust preferred securities	308		 	307		
Total liabilities	110,747		 	73,171		
Commitments and contingencies		 		
Shareholders’ equity	 	 	 	
Common Shares (CHF 24.15 par value; 479,783,864 and 342,832,412 shares issued; 464,283,520 and 324,563,441 shares outstanding)	11,121		 	7,833		
Common Shares in treasury ( 15,500,344  and 18,268,971 shares)	(1,648	)	 	(1,922	)	
Additional paid-in capital	16,140		 	4,481		
Retained earnings	19,917		 	19,478		
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI)	367		 	(735	)	
Total shareholders’ equity	45,897		 	29,135		
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	156,644		 	$	102,306		
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	
								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)	2016		 	2015		
Revenues	 	 	 	
Net premiums written	$	5,995		 	$	4,076		
Decrease (increase) in unearned premiums	602		 	(149	)	
Net premiums earned	6,597		 	3,927		
Net investment income	674		 	551		
Net realized gains (losses):	 	 	 	
Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses gross	(71	)	 	(13	)	
Portion of OTTI losses recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI)	8		 	—		
Net OTTI losses recognized in income	(63	)	 	(13	)	
Net realized gains (losses) excluding OTTI losses	(331	)	 	(76	)	
Total net realized gains (losses) (includes $(152) and $(3) reclassified from AOCI)	(394	)	 	(89	)	
Total revenues	6,877		 	4,389		
Expenses	 	 	 	
Losses and loss expenses	3,674		 	2,122		
Policy benefits	126		 	142		
Policy acquisition costs	1,413		 	707		
Administrative expenses	772		 	554		
Interest expense	146		 	68		
Other (income) expense	28		 	(35	)	
Amortization of purchased intangibles	7		 	30		
Chubb integration expenses	148		 	—		
Total expenses	6,314		 	3,588		
Income before income tax	563		 	801		
Income tax (benefits) expense (includes $(1) and $4 on reclassified unrealized gains and losses)	124		 	120		
Net income	$	439		 	$	681		
Other comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	 	
Unrealized appreciation	$	905		 	$	441		
Reclassification adjustment for net realized losses included in net income	152		 	3		
 	1,057		 	444		
Change in:	 	 	 	
Cumulative translation adjustment	312		 	(421	)	
Pension liability	2		 	13		
Other comprehensive income, before income tax	1,371		 	36		
Income tax expense related to OCI items	(269	)	 	(75	)	
Other comprehensive income (loss)	1,102		 	(39	)	
Comprehensive income	$	1,541		 	$	642		
Earnings per share	 	 	 	
Basic earnings per share	$	0.98		 	$	2.08		
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.97		 	$	2.05		
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	
								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
Common Shares	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of period	$	7,833		 	$	8,055		
Shares issued for Chubb Corp acquisition	3,288		 	—		
Dividends declared on Common Shares – par value reduction	—		 	(222	)	
Balance – end of period	11,121		 	7,833		
Common Shares in treasury	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of period	(1,922	)	 	(1,448	)	
Common Shares repurchased	—		 	(340	)	
Net shares redeemed under employee share-based compensation plans	274		 	143		
Balance – end of period	(1,648	)	 	(1,645	)	
Additional paid-in capital	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of period	4,481		 	5,145		
Shares issued for Chubb Corp acquisition	11,916		 	—		
Equity awards assumed in Chubb Corp acquisition	323		 	—		
Net shares redeemed under employee share-based compensation plans	(310	)	 	(153	)	
Exercise of stock options	(21	)	 	(18	)	
Share-based compensation expense and other	65		 	63		
Funding of dividends declared to Retained earnings	(314	)	 	—		
Balance – end of period	16,140		 	5,037		
Retained earnings	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of period	19,478		 	16,644		
Net income	439		 	681		
Funding of dividends declared from Additional paid-in capital	314		 	—		
Dividends declared on Common Shares	(314	)	 	—		
Balance – end of period	19,917		 	17,325		
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	 	
Net unrealized appreciation on investments	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of period	874		 	1,851		
Change in period, before reclassification from AOCI, net of income tax expense of $(232) and $(87)	673		 	354		
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax benefit (expense) of $(1) and $4	151		 	7		
Change in period, net of income tax expense of $(233) and $(83)	824		 	361		
Balance – end of period	1,698		 	2,212		
Cumulative translation adjustment	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of period	(1,539	)	 	(581	)	
Change in period, net of income tax benefit (expense) of $(35) and $11	277		 	(410	)	
Balance – end of period	(1,262	)	 	(991	)	
Pension liability adjustment	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of period	(70	)	 	(79	)	
Change in period, net of income tax expense of $(1) and $(3)	1		 	10		
Balance – end of period	(69	)	 	(69	)	
Accumulated other comprehensive income	367		 	1,152		
Total shareholders’ equity	$	45,897		 	$	29,702		
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	
								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
Cash flows from operating activities	 	 	 	
Net income	$	439		 	$	681		
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities		 		
Net realized (gains) losses	394		 	89		
Amortization of premiums/discounts on fixed maturities	174		 	36		
Deferred income taxes	(42	)	 	7		
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	(72	)	 	(320	)	
Unearned premiums	(616	)	 	212		
Future policy benefits	28		 	48		
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable	(15	)	 	158		
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	(34	)	 	(46	)	
Income taxes payable	143		 	20		
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	601		 	240		
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	194		 	185		
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	3		 	2		
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(480	)	 	(128	)	
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	14		 	(32	)	
Other	289		 	(77	)	
Net cash flows from operating activities	1,020		 	1,075		
Cash flows from investing activities	 	 	 	
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	(8,104	)	 	(4,305	)	
Purchases of to be announced mortgage-backed securities	—		 	(31	)	
Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity	(77	)	 	(21	)	
Purchases of equity securities	(33	)	 	(39	)	
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	6,329		 	2,002		
Sales of equity securities	761		 	28		
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale	1,553		 	1,481		
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity	249		 	324		
Net change in short-term investments	11,932		 	(255	)	
Net derivative instruments settlements	(22	)	 	(51	)	
Acquisition of subsidiaries (net of cash acquired of $57)	(14,262	)	 	—		
Other	59		 	(153	)	
Net cash flows used for investing activities	(1,615	)	 	(1,020	)	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	 	
Dividends paid on Common Shares	(218	)	 	(214	)	
Common Shares repurchased	—		 	(347	)	
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	—		 	800		
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements	853		 	477		
Repayment of repurchase agreements	(853	)	 	(477	)	
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans, including windfall tax benefits	51		 	39		
Policyholder contract deposits	118		 	101		
Policyholder contract withdrawals	(49	)	 	(40	)	
Other	(4	)	 	(6	)	
Net cash flows (used for) from financing activities	(102	)	 	333		
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	13		 	(95	)	
Net (decrease) increase in cash	(684	)	 	293		
Cash – beginning of period	1,775		 	655		
Cash – end of period	$	1,091		 	$	948		
Supplemental cash flow information	 	 	 	
Taxes paid	$	106		 	$	96		
Interest paid	$	71		 	$	48		
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

1 . General

a) Basis of presentation
On January 14, 2016, we completed the acquisition of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp acquisition), creating a global leader in property and casualty insurance. We have changed our name from ACE Limited to Chubb Limited and plan to adopt the Chubb name globally, although some subsidiaries may continue to use ACE as a part of their name.

Chubb Limited is a holding company incorporated in Zurich, Switzerland. Chubb Limited, through its subsidiaries, provides a broad range of insurance and reinsurance products to insureds worldwide. Effective the first quarter of 2016, our results are reported through the following business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. This reflects our significantly larger and expanded operations subsequent to our acquisition of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp). We have also redefined Corporate to include all run-off asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, the results of its run-off Brandywine business, the results of Westchester specialty operations for 1996 and prior years and certain mass tort exposures. Prior period amounts of Chubb Limited (i.e., excluding the historical results of Chubb Corp) contained in this report have been adjusted to conform to the new segment presentation. Refer to Note 12 for additional information.

The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively, Chubb, we, us, or our), have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (consisting of normally recurring accruals) necessary for a fair statement of the results and financial position for such periods. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions, including internal reinsurance transactions, have been eliminated.

The results of operations and cash flows of Chubb Corp are included from the acquisition date forward (i.e., after January 14, 2016). The results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2015 Form 10-K.

b) Accounting guidance adopted in 2016

Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs
In April 2015, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) issued new guidance related to the accounting for debt issuance costs.  The new guidance requires presentation of debt issuance costs in the Consolidated balance sheets as a reduction of the carrying amount of the related debt liability instead of as a deferred charge. We retrospectively adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2016 and reclassified $ 60 million of debt issuance costs from Other assets to Long term debt ($ 58 million ) and Trust preferred securities ($ 2 million ) as of December 31, 2015.
 
c) Accounting guidance not yet adopted

Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In May 2014, the FASB issued an accounting standard that supersedes most existing revenue recognition guidance. The standard excludes from its scope the accounting for insurance contracts, leases, financial instruments, and certain other agreements that are governed under other GAAP guidance, but could affect the revenue recognition for certain of our claims management and risk control services. The updated guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue as performance obligations are met, in order to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity is entitled to receive for those goods or services. The standard is effective for us in the first quarter of 2018 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Short-Duration Contracts
In May 2015, the FASB issued guidance that requires additional disclosures for short-duration insurance contracts. New disclosure will be required to provide more information about initial claim estimates and subsequent adjustments to those estimates, the methodologies and judgments used to estimate claims, and the timing, frequency, and severity of claims. The guidance is effective for us beginning with our 2016 annual reporting on Form 10-K. The guidance requires a change in disclosure only and adoption of this guidance will not have an impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

2 . Acquisitions

The Chubb Corporation
On January 14, 2016, we completed the acquisition of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp acquisition), a leading provider of middle-market commercial, specialty, surety, and personal insurance for $29.5 billion , comprising $14.3 billion in cash and $15.2 billion in newly-issued stock, based on the Chubb Limited (formerly ACE Limited) closing price on the acquisition date. In addition, we assumed outstanding equity awards to employees and directors with an attributed value of approximately $323 million . The total consideration, including the assumption of equity awards, was $29.8 billion. We financed the cash portion of the transaction through a combination of $9.0 billion sourced from various Chubb Limited and Chubb Corp companies plus $5.3 billion of senior notes, which were issued in November 2015. Refer to Note 7 for additional information on the senior notes .
   
Upon completion of the merger, each Chubb Corp common share (other than shares held by certain legacy Chubb Corp employee benefit plans) was canceled and converted, in accordance with the procedures set forth in the merger agreement, into the right to receive (i) 0.6019 of a Chubb Limited common share and (ii) $62.93 in cash. In addition, replacement equity awards were issued by Chubb Limited to the holders of Chubb Corp's outstanding equity awards (stock options, restricted stock units, deferred stock units, deferred unit obligations, and performance units).

We believe the Chubb Corp acquisition is highly complementary to our existing business lines, distribution channels, customer segments and underwriting skills. The Chubb Corp had a substantial presence in the U.S. with a broad variety of coverages serving large corporate and upper middle market accounts, middle market and small commercial accounts, and personal lines. Together we are one of the largest commercial insurers in the U.S. Internationally, where legacy ACE is a truly global insurer with extensive presence in 54 countries, Chubb Corp's operations in 25 markets are expected to add to our presence and capabilities and position us to better pursue important market opportunities globally. The combined company is expected to be a leader in a number of global specialty and traditional products such as professional lines, risk management, workers' compensation, accident and health (A&H), and other property and general casualty lines.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The table below details the purchase consideration and preliminary allocation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.  The fair values listed below are preliminary estimates and are subject to adjustment, including assessment of the net realizable value for Reinsurance recoverables on losses and loss expenses and Insurance and reinsurance balances receivables and certain components of the Deferred tax liabilities. While they are not expected to be materially different than those shown, any material adjustments to the estimates will be reflected, retroactively, as of the date of the acquisition. 

				
 	 	
(in millions, except per share data)	 	
Purchase consideration	 	
Chubb Limited common shares	 	
Chubb Corp common shares outstanding	228		
Per share exchange ratio	0.6019		
Common shares issued by Chubb Limited	137		
Common share price of Chubb Limited at January 14, 2016	$	111.02		
Fair value of common shares issued by Chubb Limited to common shareholders of Chubb Corp	$	15,204		
Cash consideration	 	
Chubb Corp common shares outstanding	228		
Agreed cash price per share paid to common shareholders of Chubb Corp	$	62.93		
Cash consideration paid by Chubb Limited to common shareholders of Chubb Corp	$	14,319		
Stock-based awards	 	
Fair value of equity awards issued (1)	$	323		
Fair value of purchase consideration	$	29,846		
Preliminary estimate of assets acquired and (liabilities) assumed	 	
Cash	$	57		
Investments	42,869		
Accrued investment income	337		
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	2,948		
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	1,657		
Indefinite lived intangible assets	2,860		
Finite lived intangible assets	4,795		
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	280		
Other assets	989		
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	(22,878	)	
Unearned premium	(7,016	)	
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable	(468	)	
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	(1,919	)	
Deferred tax liabilities	(1,350	)	
Long-term debt	(3,760	)	
Total identifiable net assets acquired	19,401		
Goodwill	10,445		
Purchase price	$	29,846		

(1)  	The estimated fair value of the replacement equity awards was $525 million, of which $323 million was attributed to service periods prior to the acquisition and was included in the purchase consideration. Refer to Note 10 for further information on these replacement equity awards.	
Direct costs related to the Chubb Corp acquisition were expensed as incurred. Chubb integration expenses were $ 148 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and include all internal and external costs directly related to the integration activities of the Chubb Corp acquisition, primarily personnel-related expenses including severance, retention and relocation; consulting fees; and advisor fees.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

We recognized goodwill of $10.4 billion, attributable to expected growth and profitability, none of which is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes, indefinite lived intangible assets of $2.9 billion and other intangible assets of $4.8 billion, which will be amortized over their estimated useful lives, ranging from one to 24 years. Refer to Note 6 for additional information.
The following table summarizes the results of the acquired Chubb Corp operations since the acquisition date that have been included within our consolidated statements of income:

				
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	January 14, 2016 to March 31, 2016		
Total revenues	$	2,487		
Net income	$	255		

The results of the Chubb Corp have been included in our unaudited consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date to March 31, 2016. The following table provides supplemental unaudited pro forma consolidated information for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, as if Chubb Corp had been acquired as of January 1, 2015. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial statements are presented solely for informational purposes and are not necessarily indicative of the consolidated results of operations that might have been achieved had the transaction been completed as of the date indicated, nor are they meant to be indicative of any anticipated consolidated future results of operations that the combined company will experience after the transaction. 

								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)	2016		 	2015		
Total revenues	$	7,322		 	$	7,695		
Net income	$	534		 	$	959		
Earnings per share	 	 	 	
Basic earnings per share	$	1.14		 	$	2.05		
Diluted earnings per share	$	1.14		 	$	2.03		

Prior year acquisition

Fireman's Fund Insurance Company High Net Worth Personal Lines Insurance Business in the U.S. (Fireman's Fund)
On April 1, 2015, we acquired the Fireman's Fund Insurance Company high net worth personal lines insurance business in the U.S., which included the renewal rights for new and existing business and reinsurance of all existing reserves for $365 million in cash. We acquired assets with a fair value of $ 753 million , consisting primarily of cash of $ 629 million and insurance and reinsurance balances receivable of $ 124 million . We assumed liabilities with a fair value of $ 863 million , consisting primarily of unpaid losses and loss expenses of $ 417 million and unearned premiums of $ 428 million . This acquisition generated $ 196 million of goodwill, attributable to expected growth and profitability, all of which is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes, and other intangible assets of $ 278 million , primarily related to renewal rights, based on Chubb’s purchase price allocation. During the third quarter of 2015, we applied the new measurement-period adjustment guidance and recorded an adjustment to the valuation of our other intangible assets. The acquisition expanded our position in the high net worth personal lines insurers in the U.S. The Fireman’s Fund business was integrated into our existing high net worth personal lines business, offering a broad range of coverage including homeowners, automobile, umbrella and excess liability, collectibles and yachts. Goodwill and other intangible assets arising from this acquisition are included in our North America Personal P&C Insurance segment.

The consolidated financial statements include results of acquired businesses from the acquisition dates.

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3 . Investments

a) Fixed maturities

	
																				
March 31, 2016	Amortized
Cost		 	Gross
Unrealized
Appreciation		 	Gross
Unrealized
Depreciation		 	Fair
Value		 	OTTI Recognized
in AOCI		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			
Available for sale	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	2,984		 	$	85		 	$	—		 	$	3,069		 	$	—		
Foreign	20,026		 	685		 	(118	)	 	20,593		 	(16	)	
Corporate securities	21,783		 	640		 	(212	)	 	22,211		 	(21	)	
Mortgage-backed securities	11,766		 	289		 	(10	)	 	12,045		 	(1	)	
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	19,432		 	200		 	(12	)	 	19,620		 	—		
 	$	75,991		 	$	1,899		 	$	(352	)	 	$	77,538		 	$	(38	)	
Held to maturity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	700		 	$	23		 	$	—		 	$	723		 	$	—		
Foreign	749		 	38		 	(4	)	 	783		 	—		
Corporate securities	2,951		 	98		 	(16	)	 	3,033		 	—		
Mortgage-backed securities	1,652		 	65		 	(1	)	 	1,716		 	—		
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	5,228		 	99		 	(2	)	 	5,325		 	—		
 	$	11,280		 	$	323		 	$	(23	)	 	$	11,580		 	$	—		

	
																				
December 31, 2015	Amortized
Cost		 	Gross
Unrealized
Appreciation		 	Gross
Unrealized
Depreciation		 	Fair
Value		 	OTTI Recognized
in AOCI		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			
Available for sale	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	2,481		 	$	52		 	$	(5	)	 	$	2,528		 	$	—		
Foreign	13,190		 	468		 	(213	)	 	13,445		 	(13	)	
Corporate securities	15,028		 	355		 	(454	)	 	14,929		 	(28	)	
Mortgage-backed securities	9,827		 	183		 	(52	)	 	9,958		 	(1	)	
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	2,623		 	110		 	(6	)	 	2,727		 	—		
 	$	43,149		 	$	1,168		 	$	(730	)	 	$	43,587		 	$	(42	)	
Held to maturity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	733		 	$	13		 	$	(1	)	 	$	745		 	$	—		
Foreign	763		 	30		 	(8	)	 	785		 	—		
Corporate securities	3,054		 	57		 	(55	)	 	3,056		 	—		
Mortgage-backed securities	1,707		 	38		 	(2	)	 	1,743		 	—		
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	2,173		 	52		 	(2	)	 	2,223		 	—		
 	$	8,430		 	$	190		 	$	(68	)	 	$	8,552		 	$	—		

As discussed in Note 3 c ), if a credit loss is incurred on an impaired fixed maturity, an OTTI is considered to have occurred and the portion of the impairment not related to credit losses (non-credit OTTI) is recognized in OCI. Included in the “OTTI Recognized in AOCI” columns above are the cumulative amounts of non-credit OTTI recognized in OCI adjusted for subsequent sales, maturities, and redemptions. OTTI recognized in AOCI does not include the impact of subsequent changes in fair value of the related securities. In periods subsequent to a recognition of OTTI in OCI, changes in the fair value of the related fixed maturities are reflected in Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) in the consolidated statement of shareholders’ equity. For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, $23 million and $4 million , respectively, of net unrealized appreciation related to such securities is included in OCI. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , AOCI included cumulative net unrealized

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depreciation of $24 million and $35 million, respectively, related to securities remaining in the investment portfolio for which a non-credit OTTI was recognized.

Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) issued by U.S. government agencies are combined with all other to be announced mortgage derivatives held (refer to Note 8 c) (iv)) and are included in the category, “Mortgage-backed securities.” Approximately 77 percent and 81 percent of the total mortgage-backed securities at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, are represented by investments in U.S. government agency bonds. The remainder of the mortgage exposure consists of collateralized mortgage obligations and non-government mortgage-backed securities, the majority of which provide a planned structure for principal and interest payments and carry a rating of AAA by the major credit rating agencies.

The following table presents fixed maturities by contractual maturity:

																
 	 	 	March 31		 	 	 	December 31		
 	 	 	2016		 	 	 	2015		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Amortized Cost		 	Fair Value		 	Amortized Cost		 	Fair Value		
Available for sale	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Due in 1 year or less	$	3,712		 	$	3,724		 	$	1,856		 	$	1,865		
Due after 1 year through 5 years	25,064		 	25,492		 	14,936		 	15,104		
Due after 5 years through 10 years	25,453		 	25,887		 	12,258		 	12,173		
Due after 10 years	9,996		 	10,390		 	4,272		 	4,487		
 	64,225		 	65,493		 	33,322		 	33,629		
Mortgage-backed securities	11,766		 	12,045		 	9,827		 	9,958		
 	$	75,991		 	$	77,538		 	$	43,149		 	$	43,587		
Held to maturity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Due in 1 year or less	$	425		 	$	429		 	$	492		 	$	495		
Due after 1 year through 5 years	2,505		 	2,597		 	2,443		 	2,517		
Due after 5 years through 10 years	2,918		 	2,991		 	2,292		 	2,313		
Due after 10 years	3,780		 	3,847		 	1,496		 	1,484		
 	9,628		 	9,864		 	6,723		 	6,809		
Mortgage-backed securities	1,652		 	1,716		 	1,707		 	1,743		
 	$	11,280		 	$	11,580		 	$	8,430		 	$	8,552		

Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties. 

b) Equity securities

								
	March 31			December 31		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016			2015		
Cost	$	841		 	$	441		
Gross unrealized appreciation	84		 	74		
Gross unrealized depreciation	(32	)	 	(18	)	
Fair value	$	893		 	$	497		

c ) Net realized gains (losses)
In accordance with guidance related to the recognition and presentation of OTTI, when an impairment related to a fixed maturity has occurred, OTTI is required to be recorded in Net income if management has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost. Further, in cases where we do not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the security, Chubb must evaluate the security to determine the portion of the impairment, if any, related to credit losses. If a credit loss is incurred, an OTTI is considered to have occurred and any portion of the OTTI related to credit losses must be reflected in Net income while the

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portion of OTTI related to all other factors is recognized in OCI. For fixed maturities held to maturity, OTTI recognized in OCI is accreted from AOCI to the amortized cost of the fixed maturity prospectively over the remaining term of the securities.

Each quarter, securities in an unrealized loss position (impaired securities), including fixed maturities, securities lending collateral, equity securities, and other investments, are reviewed to identify impaired securities to be specifically evaluated for a potential OTTI.

For all non-fixed maturities, OTTI is evaluated based on the following:

•	the amount of time a security has been in a loss position and the magnitude of the loss position;	
		
•	the period in which cost is expected to be recovered, if at all, based on various criteria including economic conditions and other issuer-specific developments; and	
		
•	Our ability and intent to hold the security to the expected recovery period.	

As a general rule, we also consider that equity securities in an unrealized loss position for twelve consecutive months are other than temporarily impaired. For mutual funds included in equity securities in our consolidated balance sheet, we employ analysis similar to fixed maturities, when applicable.

We review each fixed maturity in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security is a candidate for credit loss. Specifically, we consider credit rating, market price, and issuer-specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities for which we determine that credit loss is likely are subjected to further analysis to estimate the credit loss recognized in Net income, if any. In general, credit loss recognized in Net income equals the difference between the security’s amortized cost and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security. All significant assumptions used in determining credit losses are subject to change as market conditions evolve.

Projected cash flows for corporate securities (principally senior unsecured bonds) are driven primarily by assumptions regarding probability of default and also the timing and amount of recoveries associated with defaults. Chubb developed projected cash flows for corporate securities using market observable data, issuer-specific information, and credit ratings. We use historical default data by Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) rating category to calculate a 1-in-100 year probability of default, which results in a default assumption in excess of the historical mean default rate. Consistent with management's approach, Chubb assumed a 32 percent recovery rate (the par value of a defaulted security that will be recovered) across all rating categories rather than using Moody's historical mean recovery rate of 42 percent. We believe that use of a default assumption in excess of the historical mean is conservative in light of current market conditions.

For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, credit losses recognized in Net income for corporate securities were $17 million and $4 million , respectively.

For mortgage-backed securities, credit impairment is assessed using a cash flow model that estimates the cash flows on the underlying mortgages, using the security-specific collateral and transaction structure. The model estimates cash flows from the underlying mortgage loans and distributes those cash flows to various tranches of securities, considering the transaction structure and any subordination and credit enhancements that exist in that structure. The cash flow model incorporates actual cash flows on the mortgage-backed securities through the current period and then projects the remaining cash flows using a number of assumptions, including default rates, prepayment rates, and loss severity rates (the par value of a defaulted security that will not be recovered) on foreclosed properties.

For both the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 , there were no credit losses recognized in Net income for mortgage-backed securities.

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The following table presents the Net realized gains (losses) and the losses included in Net realized gains (losses) and OCI as a result of conditions which caused us to conclude the decline in fair value of certain investments was “other-than-temporary”:

								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
Fixed maturities:	 	 	 	
OTTI on fixed maturities, gross	$	(67	)	 	$	(13	)	
OTTI on fixed maturities recognized in OCI (pre-tax)	8		 	—		
OTTI on fixed maturities, net	(59	)	 	(13	)	
Gross realized gains excluding OTTI	65		 	44		
Gross realized losses excluding OTTI	(196	)	 	(35	)	
Total fixed maturities	(190	)	 	(4	)	
Equity securities:	 	 	 	
OTTI on equity securities	(1	)	 	—		
Gross realized gains excluding OTTI	40		 	3		
Gross realized losses excluding OTTI	(1	)	 	(2	)	
Total equity securities	38		 	1		
OTTI on other investments	(3	)	 	—		
Foreign exchange gains (losses)	39		 	(31	)	
Investment and embedded derivative instruments	(39	)	 	1		
Fair value adjustments on insurance derivative	(228	)	 	(45	)	
S&P put options and futures	(15	)	 	(12	)	
Other derivative instruments	(2	)	 	—		
Other	6		 	1		
Net realized gains (losses)	$	(394	)	 	$	(89	)	
 
The following table presents a roll-forward of pre-tax credit losses related to fixed maturities for which a portion of OTTI was recognized in OCI:  

								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – beginning of period	$	53		 	$	28		
Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded	11		 	3		
Additions where an OTTI was previously recorded	6		 	1		
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(13	)	 	(10	)	
Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – end of period	$	57		 	$	22		

d) Gross unrealized loss
At March 31, 2016 , there were 5,636 fixed maturities out of a total of 30,019 fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position. The largest single unrealized loss in the fixed maturities was $4 million . There were 94 equity securities out of a total of 304 equity securities in an unrealized loss position. The largest single unrealized loss in the equity securities was $2 million . Fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2016 , comprised both investment grade and below investment grade securities for which fair value declined primarily due to widening credit spreads since the date of purchase.

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The following tables present, for all securities in an unrealized loss position (including securities on loan), the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

																								
 	0 – 12 Months	 	 	Over 12 Months	 	 	Total	 	
March 31, 2016	Fair Value		 	Gross
Unrealized
Loss		 	Fair Value		 	Gross
Unrealized
Loss		 	Fair Value		 	Gross
Unrealized
Loss		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			 			
Foreign	$	3,204		 	$	(69	)	 	$	486		 	$	(53	)	 	$	3,690		 	$	(122	)	
Corporate securities	4,014		 	(152	)	 	651		 	(76	)	 	4,665		 	(228	)	
Mortgage-backed securities	1,190		 	(4	)	 	854		 	(7	)	 	2,044		 	(11	)	
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	3,848		 	(12	)	 	73		 	(2	)	 	3,921		 	(14	)	
Total fixed maturities	12,256		 	(237	)	 	2,064		 	(138	)	 	14,320		 	(375	)	
Equity securities	310		 	(32	)	 	—		 	—		 	310		 	(32	)	
Other investments	229		 	(18	)	 	—		 	—		 	229		 	(18	)	
Total	$	12,795		 	$	(287	)	 	$	2,064		 	$	(138	)	 	$	14,859		 	$	(425	)	

	
																								
 	0 – 12 Months	 	 	Over 12 Months	 	 	Total	 	
December 31, 2015	Fair Value		 	Gross
Unrealized
Loss		 	Fair Value		 	Gross
Unrealized
Loss		 	Fair Value		 	Gross
Unrealized
Loss		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			 			
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	996		 	$	(5	)	 	$	153		 	$	(1	)	 	$	1,149		 	$	(6	)	
Foreign	3,953		 	(148	)	 	436		 	(73	)	 	4,389		 	(221	)	
Corporate securities	7,518		 	(371	)	 	738		 	(138	)	 	8,256		 	(509	)	
Mortgage-backed securities	3,399		 	(42	)	 	516		 	(12	)	 	3,915		 	(54	)	
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	556		 	(6	)	 	42		 	(2	)	 	598		 	(8	)	
Total fixed maturities	16,422		 	(572	)	 	1,885		 	(226	)	 	18,307		 	(798	)	
Equity securities	131		 	(18	)	 	—		 	—		 	131		 	(18	)	
Other investments	210		 	(11	)	 	—		 	—		 	210		 	(11	)	
Total	$	16,763		 	$	(601	)	 	$	1,885		 	$	(226	)	 	$	18,648		 	$	(827	)	

e) Restricted assets
Chubb is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Chubb is also required to restrict assets pledged under repurchase agreements, which represent Chubb's agreement to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. We also use trust funds in certain large reinsurance transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. We also have investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOC and derivative transactions. Included in restricted assets at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , are investments, primarily fixed maturities, totaling $18.2 billion and $16.9 billion, respectively, and cash of $119 million and $110 million, respectively.
The following table presents the components of restricted assets: 

								
 	March 31		 	December 31		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
Trust funds	$	11,681		 	$	11,862		
Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities	2,260		 	2,075		
Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities	2,523		 	1,242		
Assets pledged under repurchase agreements	1,473		 	1,459		
Other pledged assets	400		 	392		
 	$	18,337		 	$	17,030		

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4 . Fair value measurements

In 2015, we retrospectively adopted new accounting guidance that no longer requires investments measured at fair value using NAV to be categorized within the fair value hierarchy. Therefore, we no longer include our investments in partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships within the fair value hierarchy and the Level 3 rollforward tables disclosed below. Prior period amounts within the fair value hierarchy disclosures contained in this section have been revised to conform to the current period presentation.

a ) Fair value hierarchy
Fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is estimated based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance. The guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data.
 
The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

•	Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;	
		
•	Level 2 – Includes, among other items, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability such as	
interest rates and yield curves, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; and
		
•	Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants	
would use in pricing an asset or liability.

We categorize financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy at the balance sheet date based upon the lowest level of inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement. Accordingly, transfers between levels within the valuation hierarchy occur when there are significant changes to the inputs, such as increases or decreases in market activity, changes to the availability of current prices, changes to the transparency to underlying inputs, and whether there are significant variances in quoted prices. Transfers in and/or out of any level are assumed to occur at the end of the period.

We use pricing services to obtain fair value measurements for the majority of our investment securities. Based on management’s understanding of the methodologies used, these pricing services only produce an estimate of fair value if there is observable market information that would allow them to make a fair value estimate. Based on our understanding of the market inputs used by the pricing services, all applicable investments have been valued in accordance with GAAP. We do not adjust prices obtained from pricing services. The following is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair values for financial instruments carried at fair value, as well as the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Fixed maturities
We use pricing services to estimate fair value measurements for the majority of our fixed maturities. The pricing services use market quotations for fixed maturities that have quoted prices in active markets; such securities are classified within Level 1. For fixed maturities other than U.S. Treasury securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements using their pricing applications, which include available relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing. Additional valuation factors that can be taken into account are nominal spreads, dollar basis, and liquidity adjustments. The pricing services evaluate each asset class based on relevant market and credit information, perceived market movements, and sector news. The market inputs used in the pricing evaluation, listed in the approximate order of priority include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, and industry and economic events. The extent of the use of each input is dependent on the asset class and the market conditions. Given the asset class, the priority of the use of inputs may change, or some market inputs may not be relevant. Additionally, fixed maturities valuation is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market based inputs (i.e., stale pricing), which may increase the potential that an investment's estimated fair value is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur. The overwhelming majority of fixed maturities are classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. For a small number of fixed maturities, we obtain a single broker quote (typically from a market maker). Due to the disclaimers on the quotes that indicate that the price is indicative only, we include these fair value estimates in Level 3. 

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Equity securities
Equity securities with active markets are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. For equity securities in markets which are less active, fair values are based on market valuations and are classified within Level 2. Equity securities for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.

Short-term investments
Short-term investments, which comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase that are traded in active markets, are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. Securities such as commercial paper and discount notes are classified within Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity and, as such, their cost approximates fair value. Short-term investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.

Other investments
Fair values for the majority of Other investments including investments in partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships are based on their respective net asset values or equivalent (NAV) and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy table below. Certain of our long-duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. These assets comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Other investments also include equity securities classified within Level 1, and fixed maturities, classified within Level 2, held in rabbi trusts maintained by Chubb for deferred compensation plans, and are classified within the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities and fixed maturities. Other investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.

Securities lending collateral
The underlying assets included in Securities lending collateral in the consolidated balance sheets are fixed maturities which are classified in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other fixed maturities. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy is the corresponding liability related to Chubb’s obligation to return the collateral plus interest as it is reported at contract value and not fair value in the consolidated balance sheets.

Investment derivative instruments
Actively traded investment derivative instruments, including futures, options, and forward contracts are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. The fair value of cross-currency swaps are based on market valuations and are classified within Level 2. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Other derivative instruments
We generally maintain positions in other derivative instruments including exchange-traded equity futures contracts and option contracts designed to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, an increase in reserves for our guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed living benefits (GLB) reinsurance business. Our position in exchange-traded equity futures contracts is classified within Level 1. At March 31, 2016, we held no positions in option contracts on equity market indices. The fair value of the majority of the remaining positions in other derivative instruments is based on significant observable inputs including equity security and interest rate indices. Accordingly, these are classified within Level 2. Other derivative instruments based on unobservable inputs are classified within Level 3. Other derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Separate account assets
Separate account assets represent segregated funds where investment risks are borne by the customers, except to the extent of certain guarantees made by Chubb. Separate account assets comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Separate account assets also include fixed maturities classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy are the corresponding liabilities as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. Separate account assets are recorded in Other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Guaranteed living benefits
The GLB arises from life reinsurance programs covering living benefit guarantees whereby we assume the risk of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) and guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (GMAB) associated with variable annuity contracts. GLB’s are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities and Future policy benefits in the

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consolidated balance sheets. For GLB reinsurance, Chubb estimates fair value using an internal valuation model which includes current market information and estimates of policyholder behavior. All of the treaties contain claim limits, which are factored into the valuation model. The fair value depends on a number of factors, including interest rates, equity markets, credit risk, current account value, market volatility, expected annuitization rates and other policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality.

The most significant policyholder behavior assumptions include lapse rates and the GMIB annuitization rates. Assumptions regarding lapse rates and GMIB annuitization rates differ by treaty, but the underlying methodologies to determine rates applied to each treaty are comparable.

A lapse rate is the percentage of in-force policies surrendered in a given calendar year. All else equal, as lapse rates increase, ultimate claim payments will decrease.

GMIB annuitization rate is the percentage of policies for which the policyholder will elect to annuitize using the guaranteed benefit provided under the GMIB. All else equal, as GMIB annuitization rates increase, ultimate claim payments will increase, subject to treaty claim limits.

The effect of changes in key market factors on assumed lapse and annuitization rates reflect emerging trends using data available from cedants. For treaties with limited experience, rates are established in line with data received from other ceding companies adjusted, as appropriate, with industry estimates. The model and related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of updated information such as market conditions, market participant assumptions, and demographics of in-force annuities. Because of the significant use of unobservable inputs including policyholder behavior, GLB reinsurance is classified within Level 3. For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, no material technical refinements were made to the model. For detailed information on our lapse and annuitization rate assumptions, refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2015 Form 10-K.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by valuation hierarchy 

																
March 31, 2016	Level 1		 	Level 2		 	Level 3		 	Total		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	2,444		 	$	625		 	$	—		 	$	3,069		
Foreign	—		 	20,531		 	62		 	20,593		
Corporate securities	—		 	21,950		 	261		 	22,211		
Mortgage-backed securities	—		 	11,997		 	48		 	12,045		
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—		 	19,620		 	—		 	19,620		
 	2,444		 	74,723		 	371		 	77,538		
Equity securities	864		 	—		 	29		 	893		
Short-term investments	1,405		 	1,977		 	—		 	3,382		
Other investments (1)	362		 	237		 	211		 	810		
Securities lending collateral	—		 	1,003		 	—		 	1,003		
Investment derivative instruments	11		 	—		 	—		 	11		
Other derivative instruments	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Separate account assets	1,499		 	90		 	—		 	1,589		
Total assets measured at fair value (1)	$	6,585		 	$	78,030		 	$	611		 	$	85,226		
Liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Investment derivative instruments	$	23		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	23		
Other derivative instruments	36		 	—		 	10		 	46		
GLB (2)	—		 	—		 	839		 	839		
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	59		 	$	—		 	$	849		 	$	908		
		
(1)  	Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $ 3,658 million and other investments of $ 25 million at March 31, 2016 measured using NAV.	
		
(2)  	Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5 for additional information.	

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

 

																
December 31, 2015	Level 1		 	Level 2		 	Level 3		 	Total		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	1,712		 	$	816		 	$	—		 	$	2,528		
Foreign	—		 	13,388		 	57		 	13,445		
Corporate securities	—		 	14,755		 	174		 	14,929		
Mortgage-backed securities	—		 	9,905		 	53		 	9,958		
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—		 	2,727		 	—		 	2,727		
 	1,712		 	41,591		 	284		 	43,587		
Equity securities	481		 	—		 	16		 	497		
Short-term investments	7,171		 	3,275		 	—		 	10,446		
Other investments (1)	347		 	230		 	212		 	789		
Securities lending collateral	—		 	1,046		 	—		 	1,046		
Investment derivative instruments	12		 	—		 	—		 	12		
Separate account assets	1,464		 	88		 	—		 	1,552		
Total assets measured at fair value (1)	$	11,187		 	$	46,230		 	$	512		 	$	57,929		
Liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Investment derivative instruments	$	13		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	13		
Other derivative instruments	4		 	—		 	6		 	10		
GLB (2)	—		 	—		 	609		 	609		
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	17		 	$	—		 	$	615		 	$	632		
		
(1)  	Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $2,477 million and other investments of $25 million at December 31, 2015 measured using NAV.	
		
(2)  	Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5 for additional information.	

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.

Fair value of alternative investments
Alternative investments include investment funds, limited partnerships, and partially-owned investment companies measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following table presents, by investment category, the expected liquidation period, fair value, and maximum future funding commitments of alternative investments:

																		
 	 	 	 	 	March 31		 	 	 	December 31		
 	Expected
Liquidation
Period of Underlying Assets	 	 	 	2016		 	 	 	2015		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			Fair
Value		 	Maximum
Future Funding
Commitments		 	Fair
Value		 	Maximum
Future Funding
Commitments		
Financial	5 to 9 Years	 	$	580		 	$	210		 	$	300		 	$	105		
Real Assets	3 to 7 Years	 	577		 	321		 	474		 	140		
Distressed	5 to 9 Years	 	451		 	217		 	261		 	218		
Private Credit	3 to 7 Years	 	272		 	349		 	265		 	209		
Traditional	3 to 9 Years	 	1,498		 	1,001		 	895		 	152		
Vintage	1 to 2 Years	 	36		 	14		 	13		 	—		
Investment funds	Not Applicable	 	244		 	—		 	269		 	—		
 	 	 	$	3,658		 	$	2,112		 	$	2,477		 	$	824		

Included in all categories in the above table except for Investment funds are investments for which Chubb will never have the contractual option to redeem but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. Further, for all categories except for Investment funds, Chubb does not have the ability to sell or transfer the investments without the consent from the general partner of individual funds.

			
Investment Category	 	Consists of investments in private equity funds:	
Financial	 	targeting financial services companies such as financial institutions and insurance services worldwide	
Real Assets	 	targeting investments related to hard physical assets such as real estate, infrastructure and natural resources	
Distressed	 	targeting distressed corporate debt/credit and equity opportunities in the U.S.	
Private Credit	 	targeting privately originated corporate debt investments including senior secured loans and subordinated bonds	
Traditional	 	employing traditional private equity investment strategies such as buyout and growth equity globally	
Vintage	 	made before 2002 and where the funds’ commitment periods had already expired	

Investment funds
Chubb’s investment funds employ various investment strategies such as long/short equity and arbitrage/distressed. Included in this category are investments for which Chubb has the option to redeem at agreed upon value as described in each investment fund’s subscription agreement. Depending on the terms of the various subscription agreements, investment fund investments may be redeemed monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. If Chubb wishes to redeem an investment fund investment, it must first determine if the investment fund is still in a lock-up period (a time when Chubb cannot redeem its investment so that the investment fund manager has time to build the portfolio). If the investment fund is no longer in its lock-up period, Chubb must then notify the investment fund manager of its intention to redeem by the notification date prescribed by the subscription agreement. Subsequent to notification, the investment fund can redeem Chubb’s investment within several months of the notification. Notice periods for redemption of the investment funds range between 5 and 120 days. Chubb can redeem its investment funds without consent from the investment fund managers.

Level 3 financial instruments
The fair values of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) consist of various inputs and assumptions that management makes when determining fair value. Management analyzes changes in fair value measurements classified within Level 3 by comparing pricing and returns of our investments to benchmarks, including month-over-month movements, investment credit spreads, interest rate movements, and credit quality of securities.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs used in the Level 3 liability valuations. Excluded from the table below are inputs used to determine the fair value of Level 3 assets which are based on single broker quotes and contain no quantitative unobservable inputs developed by management. 

														
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	Fair Value	 	Valuation
Technique	 	Significant
Unobservable Inputs	 	Ranges	
	March 31, 2016		 	December 31, 2015		 		 		 		
GLB (1)	$	839		 	$	609		 	Actuarial model	 	Lapse rate	 	1% – 30%	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Annuitization rate	 	0% – 55%	
		
(1)  	Discussion of the most significant inputs used in the fair value measurement of GLB and the sensitivity of those assumptions is included within Note 4 a) Guaranteed living benefits.	

The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of financial instruments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).

																												
 	Assets	 	 	 	 	Liabilities		
Three Months Ended	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities	 	 	Equity
securities		 	Other
investments		 	Other
derivative
instruments		 	GLB (1)		
March 31, 2016	Foreign		 	Corporate
securities		 	MBS		 						 						
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 						 						
Balance–Beginning of Period	$	57		 	$	174		 	$	53		 	$	16		 	$	212		 	$	6		 	$	609		
Transfers into Level 3	6		 	16		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Transfers out of Level 3	(2	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI	6		 	2		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Net Realized Gains/Losses	(5	)	 	(6	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	2		 	230		
Purchases (2)	5		 	93		 	—		 	13		 	6		 	2		 	—		
Sales	(1	)	 	(14	)	 	(5	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Settlements	(4	)	 	(4	)	 	—		 	—		 	(7	)	 	—		 	—		
Balance–End of Period	$	62		 	$	261		 	$	48		 	$	29		 	$	211		 	$	10		 	$	839		
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date	$	(4	)	 	$	(7	)	 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	2		 	$	230		
		
(1)  	Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5 for additional information.	
		
(2)  	Includes acquired invested assets as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition.	

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	
																												
  	Assets	 	 	 	 	Liabilities		
Three Months Ended	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities	 	 	Equity
securities		 	Other
investments		 	Other derivative instruments		 	GLB (1)		
March 31, 2015	Foreign		 	Corporate
securities		 	MBS		 			 			 						
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			 						
Balance–Beginning of Period	$	22		 	$	187		 	$	15		 	$	2		 	$	204		 	$	4		 	$	406		
Transfers into Level 3	—		 	1		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI	—		 	3		 	—		 	—		 	(2	)	 	—		 	—		
Net Realized Gains/Losses	—		 	(3	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	45		
Purchases	1		 	8		 	18		 	—		 	9		 	—		 	—		
Sales	(1	)	 	(3	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Settlements	—		 	(26	)	 	—		 	—		 	(3	)	 	—		 	—		
Balance–End of Period	$	22		 	$	167		 	$	33		 	$	2		 	$	208		 	$	4		 	$	451		
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date	$	—		 	$	(2	)	 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	45		
		
(1)  	Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $716 million at March 31, 2015 , and $663 million at December 31, 2014, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $451 million and $406 million, respectively.	

b) Financial instruments disclosed, but not measured, at fair value
Chubb uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. Our insurance contracts are excluded from fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance, and therefore, are not included in the amounts discussed below.

The carrying values of cash, other assets, other liabilities, and other financial instruments not included below approximated their fair values.

Investments in partially-owned insurance companies
Fair values for investments in partially-owned insurance companies are based on Chubb’s share of the net assets based on the financial statements provided by those companies and are excluded from the valuation hierarchy tables below.

Short- and long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust preferred securities
Where practical, fair values for short-term debt, long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust preferred securities are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations based principally on observable inputs including incremental borrowing rates, which reflect Chubb’s credit rating, for similar types of borrowings with maturities consistent with those remaining for the debt being valued.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following tables present fair value, by valuation hierarchy, and carrying value of the financial instruments not measured at fair value: 

																				
March 31, 2016	Fair Value	 	 	Carrying Value		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1		 	Level 2		 	Level 3		 	Total		 			
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed maturities held to maturity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	598		 	$	125		 	$	—		 	$	723		 	$	700		
Foreign	—		 	783		 	—		 	783		 	749		
Corporate securities	—		 	3,020		 	13		 	3,033		 	2,951		
Mortgage-backed securities	—		 	1,716		 	—		 	1,716		 	1,652		
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—		 	5,325		 	—		 	5,325		 	5,228		
Total assets	$	598		 	$	10,969		 	$	13		 	$	11,580		 	$	11,280		
Liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Repurchase agreements	$	—		 	$	1,403		 	$	—		 	$	1,403		 	$	1,403		
Short-term debt	—		 	519		 	—		 	519		 	500		
Long-term debt	—		 	13,317		 	—		 	13,317		 	12,636		
Trust preferred securities	—		 	433		 	—		 	433		 	308		
Total liabilities	$	—		 	$	15,672		 	$	—		 	$	15,672		 	$	14,847		

	
																				
December 31, 2015	Fair Value	 	 	Carrying Value		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1		 	Level 2		 	Level 3		 	Total		 			
Assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed maturities held to maturity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	583		 	$	162		 	$	—		 	$	745		 	$	733		
Foreign	—		 	785		 	—		 	785		 	763		
Corporate securities	—		 	3,042		 	14		 	3,056		 	3,054		
Mortgage-backed securities	—		 	1,743		 	—		 	1,743		 	1,707		
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—		 	2,223		 	—		 	2,223		 	2,173		
Total assets	$	583			$	7,955			$	14			$	8,552			$	8,430		
Liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Repurchase agreements	$	—		 	$	1,404		 	$	—		 	$	1,404		 	$	1,404		
Long-term debt	—		 	9,678		 	—		 	9,678		 	9,389		
Trust preferred securities	—		 	446		 	—		 	446		 	307		
Total liabilities	$	—		 	$	11,528		 	$	—		 	$	11,528		 	$	11,100		

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

5 . Assumed life reinsurance programs involving minimum benefit guarantees under variable annuity contracts

The following table presents income and expenses relating to GMDB and GLB reinsurance. GLBs include GMIBs as well as some GMABs originating in Japan.

								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
GMDB	 	 	 	
Net premiums earned	$	14		 	$	16		
Policy benefits and other reserve adjustments	$	8		 	$	9		
GLB	 	 	 	
Net premiums earned	$	29		 	$	32		
Policy benefits and other reserve adjustments	11		 	12		
Net realized gains (losses)	(234	)	 	(45	)	
Loss recognized in Net income	$	(216	)	 	$	(25	)	
Less: Net cash received	18		 	28		
Net increase in liability	$	(234	)	 	$	(53	)	

Net realized gains (losses) in the table above include gains (losses) related to foreign exchange and fair value adjustments on insurance derivatives and exclude gains (losses) on S&P put options and futures used to partially offset the risk in the GLB reinsurance portfolio. Refer to Note 8 for additional information.

The reported liability for GMDB reinsurance was $115 million and $ 117 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the reported liability for GLB reinsurance was $1.1 billion and $888 million, respectively, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $ 839 million and $609 million, respectively. Reported liabilities for both GMDB and GLB reinsurance are determined using internal valuation models. Such valuations require considerable judgment and are subject to significant uncertainty. The valuation of these products is subject to fluctuations arising from, among other factors, changes in interest rates, changes in equity markets, changes in credit markets, changes in the allocation of the investments underlying annuitants’ account values, and assumptions regarding future policyholder behavior. These models and the related assumptions are regularly reviewed by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon improvements in modeling assumptions and availability of updated information, such as market conditions and demographics of in-force annuities.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

6 . Goodwill and other intangible assets
At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, goodwill was $ 15.4 billion and $ 4.8 billion , respectively, and Other intangible assets were $ 8.0 billion and $ 887 million , respectively. The increase in goodwill and Other intangible assets reflects the goodwill and intangible assets recorded in connection with the Chubb Corp acquisition. The preliminary purchase price allocation to intangible assets recorded in connection with the Chubb Corp acquisition and their related useful lives are as follows:

						
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Amount		 	Estimated useful life	
Definite life	 	 	 	
Unearned premium reserves (UPR) intangible asset	$	1,550		 	1 year	
Agency distribution relationships and renewal rights	3,150		 	24 years	
Internally developed technology	95		 	3 years	
Indefinite life	 	 	 	
Trademarks	2,800		 	Indefinite	
Licenses	50		 	Indefinite	
Syndicate capacity	10		 	Indefinite	
Total identified intangible assets	$	7,655		 	 	

At the date of acquisition, we recorded a deferred tax liability of $ 2,679 million associated with intangible assets in the table above. At March 31, 2016, the deferred tax liability balance was $ 2,465 million .

Additionally, in connection with the Chubb Corp acquisition, we recorded an increase to unpaid losses and loss expenses acquired as part of Chubb Corp of $ 715 million to adjust the carrying value of Chubb Corp's historical unpaid losses and loss expenses to fair value as of the acquisition date. The estimated fair value consists of the present value of the expected net unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses payments adjusted for an estimated risk margin. The expected cash flows are discounted at a risk free rate. The estimated risk margin varies based on the inherent risks associated with each type of reserve. This fair value adjustment was recorded within Unpaid losses and loss expenses on the Consolidated balance sheets and will amortize through Amortization of purchased intangibles on the consolidated statements of operations over a range of 5 to 17 years, based on the estimated payout patterns of unpaid loss and loss expenses as of the acquisition date.

The following table presents, as of March 31, 2016 , the expected estimated pre-tax amortization expense related to purchased intangibles as well as the amortization of the fair value adjustment to loss reserve described above:

																			
 	Associated with the Chubb Corp Acquisition	 	 	
For the Year Ending December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Agency distribution relationships and renewal rights		Internally developed technology		Fair Value adjustment to Unpaid losses and loss expense		Total		Other intangible assets		Total amortization of purchased intangibles		
Second quarter of 2016	$	33		$	8		$	(61	)	$	(20	)	$	21		$	1		
Third quarter of 2016	33		8		(61	)	(20	)	21		1		
Fourth quarter of 2016	33		8		(61	)	(20	)	21		1		
2017	293		32		(160	)	165		79		244		
2018	320		32		(101	)	251		70		321		
2019	279		—		(62	)	217		64		281		
2020	239		—		(35	)	204		58		262		
2021	216		—		(20	)	196		52		248		
Total	$	1,446		$	88		$	(561	)	$	973		$	386		$	1,359		

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

As noted above, the deferred tax liability balance at March 31, 2016 was $ 2,465 million . The following table presents the expected reduction to the deferred tax liability, which assumed an expected 35 percent tax rate, associated with the amortization of the Chubb Corp purchased intangible assets. In addition, the table presents the expected amortization pattern of the UPR intangible asset.

							
 	Chubb Corp acquisition	 	
For the Year Ending December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Reduction to deferred tax liability associated with other intangibles		Amortization of UPR intangible asset to be recorded through Policy acquisition costs on the income statement		
Second quarter of 2016	$	(196	)	$	518		
Third quarter of 2016	(126	)	319		
Fourth quarter of 2016	(65	)	143		
2017	(114	)	—		
2018	(123	)	—		
2019	(98	)	—		
2020	(84	)	—		
2021	(75	)	—		
Total	$	(881	)	$	980		

The following table presents a roll-forward of Goodwill by segment:

																												
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		 	North America Personal P&C Insurance		 	North America Agricultural Insurance		 	Overseas General Insurance		 	Global Reinsurance		 	Life Insurance		 	Chubb Consolidated		
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	1,203		 	$	196		 	$	134		 	$	2,078		 	$	365		 	$	820		 	$	4,796		
Acquisition of Chubb Corp	5,667		 	2,025		 	—		 	2,753		 	—		 	—		 	10,445		
Foreign exchange revaluation and other	40		 	13		 	—		 	109		 	—		 	1		 	163		
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	6,910		 	$	2,234		 	$	134		 	$	4,940		 	$	365		 	$	821		 	$	15,404		

7 . Debt
In connection with the Chubb Corp acquisition, Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (formerly ACE INA Holdings Inc.) assumed $ 3.3 billion par value outstanding debt of Chubb Corp, fair valued at $ 3.8 billion . Chubb INA Holdings assumed Chubb Corp's rights, duties and obligations and Chubb Limited fully and unconditionally guarantees Chubb INA Holding Inc.'s payment obligations under these debts. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2016 we adopted new guidance that required debt issuance costs be recorded as a reduction of the carrying amount of the related debt liability (these costs were previously included in Other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets). The debt balances at December 31, 2015 have been updated to reflect the adoption of this guidance.

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 	March 31		 	December 31		 	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		 	Early Redemption Option	
Repurchase agreements (weighted average interest rate of 0.8% in 2016 and 0.6% in 2015)	$	1,403		 	$	1,404		 	None	
Short-term debt	 	 	 	 	 	
Chubb INA senior notes:	 	 	 	 	 	
$500 million 5.7% due February 2017	$	500		 	$	—		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.20%	
Total short-term debt	$	500		 	$	—		 	 	
Long-term debt	 	 	 	 	 	
Chubb INA senior notes:	 	 	 	 	 	
$500 million 5.7% due February 2017	$	—		 	$	500		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.20%	
$300 million 5.8% due March 2018	299		 	299		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.35%	
$600 million 5.75% due May 2018	654		 	—		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.30%	
$100 million 6.6% due August 2018	111		 	—		 	None	
$500 million 5.9% due June 2019	497		 	497		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.40%	
$1,300 million 2.3% due November 2020	1,293		 	1,294		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.15%	
$1,000 million 2.875% due November 2022	993		 	994		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.20%	
$475 million 2.7% due March 2023	471		 	471		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.10%	
$700 million 3.35% due May 2024	694		 	694		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.15%	
$800 million 3.15% due March 2025	794		 	794		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.15%	
$1,500 million 3.35% due May 2026	1,487		 	1,487		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.20%	
$100 million 8.875% due August 2029	100		 	100		 	None	
$200 million 6.8% due November 2031	260		 	—		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.25%	
$300 million 6.7% due May 2036	297		 	297		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.20%	
$800 million 6.0% due May 2037	992		 	—		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.20%	
$600 million 6.5% due May 2038	784		 	—		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.30%	
$475 million 4.15% due March 2043	469		 	469		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.15%	
$1,500 million 4.35% due November 2045	1,482		 	1,482		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.25%	
Chubb INA $1,000 million 6.375% capital securities due March 2067	948		 	—		 	Make-whole premium plus 0.25%-0.50%	
Other long-term debt (2.75% to 7.1% due December 2019 to September 2020)	11		 	11		 	None	
Total long-term debt	$	12,636		 	$	9,389		 	 	
Trust preferred securities	 	 	 	 	 	
Chubb INA capital securities due April 2030	$	308		 	$	307		 	Redemption price (1)	

(1)  	Redemption price is equal to accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date plus the greater of (i) 100 percent of the principal amount thereof, or (ii) sum of present value of scheduled payments of principal and interest on the debentures from the redemption date to April 1, 2030.	

All of Chubb INA's senior notes are redeemable at any time at Chubb INA's option subject to the provisions described in the table above. A "make-whole" premium is the present value of the remaining principal and interest discounted at the applicable U.S. Treasury rate. The senior notes are also redeemable at par plus accrued and unpaid interest in the event of certain changes in tax law. The debentures, subject to certain exceptions, are not redeemable before maturity.

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We had outstanding $ 1.0 billion of unsecured junior subordinated capital securities at March 31, 2016, which were assumed by Chubb INA Holdings Inc. in connection with the Chubb Corp acquisition. The capital securities will become due on April 15, 2037, the scheduled maturity date, but only to the extent that we have received sufficient net proceeds from the sale of certain qualifying capital securities. We must use commercially reasonable efforts, subject to certain market disruption events, to sell enough qualifying capital securities to permit repayment of the capital securities on the schedule maturity date or as soon thereafter as possible. Any remaining outstanding principal amount will be due on March 29, 2067, the final maturity date. The capital securities bear interest at a rate of 6.375 percent through April 14, 2017. Thereafter, the capital securities will bear interest at a rate equal to the three-month LIBOR rate plus 2.25 percent. Subject to certain conditions, we have the right to defer the payment of interest on the capital securities for a period not exceeding ten consecutive years. During any such period, interest will continue to accrue and we generally may not declare or pay any dividends on or purchase any shares of our capital stock.
In connection with the issuance of capital securities, a replacement capital covenant was entered into in which we agreed that we will not repay, redeem, or purchase capital securities before March 29, 2047, unless, subject to certain limitations, we have received proceeds from the sale of specified replacement capital securities. The replacement capital covenant is not intended for the benefit of holders of the capital securities and may not be enforced by them. The replacement capital covenant is for the benefit of holders of one or more designated series of Chubb's indebtedness, which initially was and continues to be its 6.8 percent debentures due November 2031.
Subject to the replacement capital covenant, the capital securities may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time on or after April 15, 2017 at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus any accrued interest or prior to April 15, 2017 at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) the principal amount or (ii) a make-whole premium, in each case plus any accrued interest.

8 . Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees

a) Derivative instruments
Foreign currency management
As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities, and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives discussed below. We do not hedge our net asset non-U.S. dollar capital positions; however, we do consider hedging for planned cross border transactions.

Derivative instruments employed
Chubb maintains positions in derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts for which the primary purposes are to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, yield enhancement, or to obtain an exposure to a particular financial market. Chubb also maintains positions in convertible securities that contain embedded derivatives. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets (OA) or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (AP), convertible bonds are recorded in Fixed maturities available for sale (FM AFS), and convertible equity securities are recorded in Equity securities (ES) in the consolidated balance sheets. These are the most numerous and frequent derivative transactions.

In addition, Chubb from time to time purchases to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) as part of its investing activities.

Under reinsurance programs covering GLBs, Chubb assumes the risk of GLBs, including GMIB and GMAB, associated with variable annuity contracts. The GMIB risk is triggered if, at the time the contract holder elects to convert the accumulated account value to a periodic payment stream (annuitize), the accumulated account value is not sufficient to provide a guaranteed minimum level of monthly income. The GMAB risk is triggered if, at contract maturity, the contract holder’s account value is less than a guaranteed minimum value. The GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument. Benefit reserves in respect of GLBs are classified as Future policy benefits (FPB) while the fair value derivative adjustment is classified within AP. Chubb also generally maintains positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts and options on equity market indices to limit equity exposure in the GMDB and GLB blocks of business. At March 31, 2016, we held no positions in option contracts on equity market indices.

All derivative instruments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations. None of the derivative instruments are designated as hedges for accounting purposes.

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The following table presents the balance sheet locations, fair values of derivative instruments in an asset or (liability) position, and notional values/payment provisions of our derivative instruments:

																										
 	 	 	 	 	March 31, 2016	 	 	 	 	December 31, 2015	 	
 	Consolidated
Balance Sheet
Location	 	Fair Value	 	 	Notional
Value/
Payment
Provision		 	Fair Value	 	 	Notional
Value/
Payment
Provision		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)		 	Derivative Asset		 	Derivative (Liability)		 			 	Derivative Asset		 	Derivative (Liability)		 			
Investment and embedded derivative instruments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Foreign currency forward contracts	OA / (AP)	 	$	6		 	$	(19	)	 	$	903		 	$	7		 	$	(11	)	 	$	1,029		
Cross-currency swaps	OA / (AP)	 	—		 	—		 	95		 	—		 	—		 	95		
Options/Futures contracts on notes and bonds	OA / (AP)	 	5		 	(4	)	 	1,235		 	5		 	(2	)	 	751		
Convertible securities (1)	FM AFS / ES	 	3		 	—		 	7		 	31		 	—		 	40		
 	 	 	$	14		 	$	(23	)	 	$	2,240		 	$	43		 	$	(13	)	 	$	1,915		
Other derivative instruments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Futures contracts on equities  (2)	OA / (AP)	 	$	—		 	$	(36	)	 	$	1,171		 	$	—		 	$	(4	)	 	$	1,197		
Other	OA / (AP)	 	—		 	(10	)	 	71		 	—		 	(6	)	 	15		
 	 	 	$	—		 	$	(46	)	 	$	1,242		 	$	—		 	$	(10	)	 	$	1,212		
GLB (3)	(AP) / (FPB)	 	$	—		 	$	(1,122	)	 	$	1,377		 	$	—		 	$	(888	)	 	$	1,155		
		
(1)  	Includes fair value of embedded derivatives.	
		
(2)  	Related to GMDB and GLB blocks of business.	
		
(3)  	Includes both future policy benefits reserves and fair value derivative adjustment. Refer to Note 5 for additional information. Note that the payment provision related to GLB is the net amount at risk. The concept of a notional value does not apply to the GLB reinsurance contracts.	

At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, derivative liabilities of $44 million and derivative assets of $1 million , respectively, included in the table above were subject to a master netting agreement. The remaining derivatives included in the table above were not subject to a master netting agreement. 

b) Secured borrowings
Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our securities lending collateral was $1,003 million and $1,046 million, respectively, and our securities lending payable, reflecting our obligation to return the collateral plus interest, was $1,004 million and $1,047 million, respectively. The securities lending collateral can only be drawn down by Chubb in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The collateral is recorded in Securities lending collateral and the liability is recorded in Securities lending payable in the consolidated balance sheets.

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The following table presents the carrying value of collateral held under securities lending agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

					
 	 	Remaining contractual maturity		
March 31, 2016	 	Overnight and Continuous		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 			
Collateral held under securities lending agreements:	 	 	
Cash	 	$	434		
U.S. Treasury and agency	 	89		
Foreign	 	212		
Corporate securities	 	2		
Equity securities	 	266		
 	 	$	1,003		
Gross amount of recognized liability for securities lending payable	 	$	1,004		
Difference (1)	 	$	(1	)	
		
(1)  	The carrying value of the securities lending collateral held is $1 million lower than the securities lending payable due to accrued interest recorded in the securities lending payable.	

At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our repurchase agreement obligations of $1,403 million and $1,404 million , respectively, were fully collateralized. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted for the repurchase obligations. The fair value of the underlying securities sold remains in Fixed maturities available for sale and Equity securities and the repurchase agreement obligation is recorded in Repurchase agreements in the consolidated balance sheets.  

The following table presents the carrying value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

				
 	Remaining contractual maturity		
March 31, 2016	Greater than 90 Days		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			
Collateral pledged under repurchase agreements:	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	238		
Mortgage-backed securities	1,235		
 	$	1,473		
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements	$	1,403		
Difference (1)	$	70		
		
(1)  	Per the repurchase agreements, the amount of collateral posted is required to exceed the amount of gross liability.	

Potential risks exist in our secured borrowing transactions due to market conditions and counterparty exposure.  With collateral that we pledge, there is a risk that the collateral may not be returned at the expiration of the agreement. If the counterparty fails to return the collateral, Chubb will have free use of the borrowed funds until our collateral is returned.  In addition, we may encounter the risk that Chubb may not be able to renew outstanding borrowings with a new term or with an existing counterparty due to market conditions including a decrease in demand as well as more restrictive terms from banks due to increased regulatory and capital constraints. Should this condition occur, Chubb may seek alternative borrowing sources or reduce borrowings.  Additionally, increased margins and collateral requirements due to market conditions would increase our restricted assets as we are required to provide additional collateral to support the transaction.

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The following table presents net realized gains (losses) related to derivative instrument activity in the consolidated statements of operations:

								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
Investment and embedded derivative instruments	 	 	 	
Foreign currency forward contracts	$	(10	)	 	$	25		
All other futures contracts and options	(34	)	 	(29	)	
Convertible securities (1)	5		 	5		
Total investment and embedded derivative instruments	$	(39	)	 	$	1		
GLB and other derivative instruments	 	 	 	
GLB (2)	$	(228	)	 	$	(45	)	
Futures contracts on equities (3)	(15	)	 	(11	)	
Options on equity market indices (3)	—		 	(1	)	
Other	(2	)	 	—		
Total GLB and other derivative instruments	$	(245	)	 	$	(57	)	
 	$	(284	)	 	$	(56	)	
		
(1)  	Includes embedded derivatives.	
		
(2)  	Excludes foreign exchange gains (losses) related to GLB.	
		
(3)  	Related to GMDB and GLB blocks of business.	

c) Derivative instrument objectives
(i) Foreign currency exposure management
A foreign currency forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange specific foreign currencies at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies as discussed above.

(ii) Duration management and market exposure
Futures
Futures contracts give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements, determined by the index or underlying security on which the futures contract is based. Settlement is made daily in cash by an amount equal to the change in value of the futures contract times a multiplier that scales the size of the contract. Exchange-traded futures contracts on money market instruments, notes and bonds are used in fixed maturity portfolios to more efficiently manage duration, as substitutes for ownership of the money market instruments, bonds and notes without significantly increasing the risk in the portfolio. Investments in futures contracts may be made only to the extent that there are assets under management not otherwise committed.

Exchange-traded equity futures contracts are used to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and therefore, an increase in reserves for GMDB and GLB reinsurance business.

Options
An option contract conveys to the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a specified amount or value of an underlying security at a fixed price. Option contracts are used in the investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the duration of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using options in the portfolio, the overall interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced. Option contracts may also be used as an alternative to futures contracts in the synthetic strategy as described above.

Another use for option contracts is to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and therefore, an increase in reserves for GMDB and GLB reinsurance business.

The price of an option is influenced by the underlying security, expected volatility, time to expiration, and supply and demand.

The credit risk associated with the above derivative financial instruments relates to the potential for non-performance by counterparties. Although non-performance is not anticipated, in order to minimize the risk of loss, management monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties and obtains collateral. The performance of exchange-traded instruments is guaranteed by

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the exchange on which they trade. For non-exchange-traded instruments, the counterparties are principally banks which must meet certain criteria according to our investment guidelines.

Cross-currency swaps
Cross-currency swaps are agreements under which two counterparties exchange interest payments and principal denominated in different currencies at a future date.  We use cross-currency swaps to reduce the foreign currency and interest rate risk by converting cash flows back into local currency.  We invest in foreign currency denominated investments to improve credit diversification and also to obtain better duration matching to our liabilities that is limited in the local currency market.

Other
Included within Other are derivatives intended to reduce potential losses which may arise from certain exposures in our insurance business.  The economic benefit provided by these derivatives is similar to purchased reinsurance.  For example, Chubb may enter into crop derivative contracts to protect underwriting results in the event of a significant decline in commodity prices. Also included within Other are certain life insurance products that meet the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes. 

(iii) Convertible security investments
A convertible security is a debt instrument or preferred stock that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the issuer’s equity. The convertible option is an embedded derivative within the host instruments which are classified in the investment portfolio as either available for sale or as an equity security. Chubb purchases convertible securities for their total return and not specifically for the conversion feature.

(iv) TBA
By acquiring TBAs, we make a commitment to purchase a future issuance of mortgage-backed securities. For the period between purchase of the TBAs and issuance of the underlying security, we account for our position as a derivative in the consolidated financial statements. Chubb purchases TBAs both for their total return and for the flexibility they provide related to our mortgage-backed security strategy.

(v) GLB
Under the GLB program, as the assuming entity, Chubb is obligated to provide coverage until the expiration or maturity of the underlying deferred annuity contracts or the expiry of the reinsurance treaty. Premiums received under the reinsurance treaties are classified as premium. Expected losses allocated to premiums received are classified as Future policy benefits and valued similar to GMDB reinsurance. Other changes in fair value, principally arising from changes in expected losses allocated to expected future premiums, are classified as Net realized gains (losses). Fair value represents management’s estimate of an exit price and thus, includes a risk margin. We may recognize a realized loss for other changes in fair value due to adverse changes in the capital markets (e.g., declining interest rates and/or declining equity markets) and changes in actual or estimated future policyholder behavior (e.g., increased annuitization or decreased lapse rates) although we expect the business to be profitable. We believe this presentation provides the most meaningful disclosure of changes in the underlying risk within the GLB reinsurance programs for a given reporting period.

d) Fixed maturities
At March 31, 2016 , we have commitments to purchase fixed income securities of $243 million over the next several years.

e) Other investments
At March 31, 2016 , included in Other investments in the consolidated balance sheet are investments in limited partnerships and partially-owned investment companies with a carrying value of $3.4 billion. In connection with these investments, we have commitments that may require funding of up to $2.1 billion over the next several years. 

f) Taxation
At March 31, 2016 , $19 million of unrecognized tax benefits remains outstanding. It is reasonably possible that over the next twelve months, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change resulting from the re-evaluation of unrecognized tax benefits arising from examinations of taxing authorities. With few exceptions, Chubb is no longer subject to state and local or non-U.S. income tax examinations for years before 2005.

g) Legal proceedings
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims

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on policies issued by our subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in our loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to claims litigation, we are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity, or disputes arising from our business ventures. In the opinion of management, our ultimate liability for these matters could be, but we believe is not likely to be, material to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

9 . Shareholders’ equity

All of Chubb’s Common Shares are authorized under Swiss corporate law. Though the par value of Common Shares is stated in Swiss francs, Chubb continues to use U.S. dollars as its reporting currency for preparing consolidated financial statements. Under Swiss corporate law, dividends, including distributions through a reduction in par value (par value reduction) or from legal reserves, must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. At March 31, 2016, our Common Shares had a par value of CHF 24.15 per share.

At our May 2014 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of $2.60 per share, payable in four quarterly installments of $0.65 per share after the annual general meeting in the form of a distribution by way of a par value reduction.

At our May 2015 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $ 2.68 per share, which was paid in four quarterly installments of $ 0.67 per share at dates determined by the Board of Directors (Board) after the annual general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment.

The following table presents dividend distributions per Common Share in Swiss francs (CHF) and U.S. dollars (USD):

														
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
	CHF		 	USD		 	CHF		 	USD		
Dividends – par value reduction	—		 	$			 	0.62		 	$	0.65		
Dividends –  distributed from capital contribution reserves	0.66		 	0.67		 	—		 	—		
Total dividend distributions per common share	0.66		 	$	0.67		 	0.62		 	$	0.65		

Common Shares in treasury are used principally for issuance upon the exercise of employee stock options, grants of restricted stock, and purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). At March 31, 2016 , 15,500,344 Common Shares remain in treasury after net shares redeemed under employee share-based compensation plans.

Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorization
In November 2014, the Board announced authorization of a share repurchase program of $1.5 billion of Chubb's Common Shares for the period January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015 to replace the previous authorization when it expired on December 31, 2014. There are no outstanding repurchase authorizations subsequent to December 31, 2015.

The following table presents repurchases of Chubb's Common Shares conducted in a series of open market transactions under the Board authorization:

								
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)	Three Months Ended
March 31	 	
	2016		 	2015		
Number of shares repurchased	—		 	3,027,463		
Cost of shares repurchased	$	—		 	$	340		
Repurchase authorization remaining at end of period	$	—		 	$	1,160		

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10 . Share-based compensation

The ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 2004 LTIP) permits grants of both incentive and non-qualified stock options principally at an option price per share equal to the grant date fair value of Chubb's Common Shares. Stock options are generally granted with a 3-year vesting period and a 10-year term. Stock options typically vest in equal annual installments over the vesting period, which is also the requisite service period. On February 25, 2016 , Chubb granted 1,926,842 stock options with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $21.52 each. The fair value of the options issued is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

The 2004 LTIP also permits grants of service-based restricted stock and restricted stock units as well as performance-based restricted stock awards. Chubb generally grants service-based restricted stock and restricted stock units with a 4-year vesting period, based on a graded vesting schedule. The performance-based stock awards comprise target awards which have four installments that vest annually based on tangible book value (shareholders' equity less goodwill and intangible assets) per share growth compared to a defined group of peer companies, and premium awards, which are earned only if tangible book value per share growth over the cumulative 4-year period after the grant of the associated target awards exceeds a higher threshold compared to our peer group. The restricted stock is granted at market close price on the grant date. On February 25, 2016 , Chubb granted 1,119,686 service-based restricted stock awards, 337,581 service-based restricted stock units, and 452,820 performance-based awards to employees and officers with a grant date fair value of $118.39 each. Each restricted stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one Common Share upon vesting.

In connection with the Chubb Corp acquisition, we assumed outstanding equity awards consisting of service-based restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units, and stock options issued by Chubb Corporation to employees and directors with a fair value of approximately $525 million , of which $323 million is attributed to purchase consideration for the acquisition. These awards were generally granted with a 3-year vesting period, and the stock options generally have a 10-year term.

11. Postretirement benefits

We maintain non-contributory defined pension benefit plans and other postretirement plans that cover certain employees located in the U.S., Europe, Asia, Canada, and Mexico. All underlying plans are subject to periodic actuarial valuations by qualified actuarial firms using actuarial models to calculate the expense and liability for each plan. Components of the funded status of the pension and other postretirement benefit plans are included in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Chubb provides pension benefits to eligible employees and their dependents through various defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans sponsored by Chubb. With the acquisition, Chubb assumed the outstanding pension obligations of Chubb Corp which consisted of several non-contributory defined benefit pension plans covering substantially all its employees.

We also assumed the legacy Chubb Corp other postretirement benefits plans, principally health care and life insurance, to retired employees, their beneficiaries, and covered dependents. Health care coverage is contributory. Retiree contributions vary based upon retiree’s age, type of coverage, and years of service requirements. Life insurance coverage is non-contributory. Chubb funds a portion of the health care benefits obligation where such funding can be accomplished on a tax-effective basis. Benefits are paid as covered expenses are incurred.

As part of purchase accounting, Chubb eliminated legacy Chubb Corp’s postretirement benefit costs not yet recognized in Net income that were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income at the time of the acquisition. In addition Chubb conformed the accounting policies for the acquired plans of Chubb Corp to the accounting policy of Chubb to select the applicable discount rates using specific spot rates along a yield curve determined by the projected cash flows assumptions. This resulted in a lower overall discount rate used to determine the benefit obligation and therefore increased that obligation at the date of the acquisition.

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At the date of the acquisition of Chubb Corp, we assumed the following postretirement benefit plan assets and obligations:

																								
 	Pension Benefits	 	 	Other Postretirement Benefits	 	
 	U.S. Plans		 	Non U.S. Plans		 	Total		 	U.S. Plans		 	Non U.S. Plans		 	Total		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			 			
Fair value of plan assets	$	2,473		 	$	315		 	$	2,788		 	$	138		 	$	—		 	$	138		
Benefit obligation	(3,153	)	 	(372	)	 	(3,525	)	 	(491	)	 	(15	)	 	(506	)	
Funded status	$	(680	)	 	$	(57	)	 	$	(737	)	 	$	(353	)	 	$	(15	)	 	$	(368	)	

Chubb’s funding policy is to contribute amounts that meet regulatory requirements plus additional amounts determined based on actuarial valuations, market conditions and other factors. All benefit plans satisfy minimum funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). 

For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we contributed $ 27 million to our U.S. and non-U.S. pension and other postretirement benefits plans, and we estimate that we will contribute an additional $ 38 million for the remainder of 2016. These estimates are subject to change due to contribution decisions which are affected by various factors including our liquidity, market performance and management discretion.

The following table summarizes the components of net periodic benefit costs for our pension and postretirement benefit plans recognized in the consolidated statements of operations:

																								
 	Pension Benefits	 	 	Other Postretirement Benefits	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	U.S. Plans		 	Non-U.S. Plans		 	Total		 	U.S. Plans		 	Non-U.S. Plans		 	Total		
Three months ended March 31, 2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net periodic benefit cost:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
     Service cost	$	17		 	$	5		 	$	22		 	$	2		 	$	—		 	$	2		
     Interest cost	27		 	8		 	35		 	5		 	—		 	5		
     Expected return on plan assets	(37	)	 	(10	)	 	(47	)	 	(2	)	 	—		 	(2	)	
     Amortization of unrecognized:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
         Net actuarial loss	—		 	1		 	1		 	—		 	—		 	—		
             Net periodic benefit cost	$	7		 	$	4		 	$	11		 	$	5		 	$	—		 	$	5		
Three months ended March 31, 2015	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net periodic benefit cost:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
     Service cost	$	—		 	$	2		 	$	2		 	 	 	 	 	 	
     Interest cost	—		 	5		 	5		 	 	 	 	 	 	
     Expected return on plan assets	—		 	(7	)	 	(7	)	 	 	 	 	 	 	
     Amortization of unrecognized:			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
         Net actuarial loss	—		 	1		 	1		 	 	 	 	 	 	
             Net periodic benefit cost	$	—		 	$	1		 	$	1		 	 	 	 	 	 	

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The weighted average assumptions used to determine net pension and other postretirement benefit costs were as follows: 

												
 	Pension Benefits	 	 	Other Postretirement Benefits	 	
 	U.S. Plans		 	Non-U.S. Plans		 	U.S. Plans		 	Non-U.S. Plans		
As of March 31, 2016	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Discount rate	4.28	%	 	3.74	%	 	4.41	%	 	4.30	%	
Rate of compensation increase	4.00	%	 	3.40	%	 	N/A		 	N/A		
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	7.00	%	 	4.90	%	 	7.00	%	 	N/A		
As of December 31, 2015		 		 		 		
Discount rate	N/A		 	3.51	%	 	N/A		 	N/A		
Rate of compensation increase	N/A		 	3.09	%	 	N/A		 	N/A		
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	N/A		 	4.81	%	 	N/A		 	N/A		

12 . Segment information

Effective the first quarter of 2016, we are reporting our financial results within the following business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. We have also redefined Corporate to include all run-off asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, the results of run-off Brandywine business, the results of Westchester specialty operations for 1996 and prior years and certain mass tort exposures. All legacy ACE prior period amounts (i.e., legacy Chubb Corp prior period results are not included in the prior period amounts in the tables below) have been adjusted to conform to the new segment presentation.

•	The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment includes the business written by Chubb divisions that provide property and casualty (P&C) insurance and services to large, middle market and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Bermuda and Canada. These divisions write a variety of coverages, including traditional commercial property, marine, general casualty, workers’ compensation, package policies, and risk management; specialty categories such as professional lines, marine and construction risk, environmental and cyber risk, excess casualty, as well as group accident and health (A&H) insurance.  The divisions included in this segment are North America Major Accounts, North America Commercial Insurance, Westchester and North America Small Commercial.	

•	The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment includes the business written by Chubb’s North America Personal Risk Services division, which provides affluent and high net worth individuals and families with homeowners, automobile, valuables, umbrella and recreational marine insurance and services.	

•	The North America Agricultural Insurance segment continues to include the business written by Rain and Hail Service, Inc. which provides comprehensive multiple peril crop and crop-hail insurance, and Chubb Agribusiness, which offers farm and ranch property as well as specialty P&C coverages, including commercial agriculture products.	

•	The Overseas General Insurance segment includes the business written by two Chubb divisions that provide P&C insurance and services in the 51 countries outside of North America where the company operates.  Chubb International provides commercial P&C traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers, A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines through retail brokers, agents and other channels locally around the world. Chubb Global Markets provides commercial P&C excess and surplus lines and A&H through wholesale brokers in the London market and through Lloyd’s.  These divisions write a variety of coverages, including traditional commercial property and casualty, specialty categories such as financial lines, marine, energy, aviation, political risk and construction risk, as well as group A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines. 	

•	The Global Reinsurance segment primarily includes the reinsurance business written by Chubb Tempest Re as well as the legacy Chubb U.K. Assumed Reinsurance business, which is active, and the legacy Chubb run-off Reinsurance business.	

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

		
•	There were no material changes to the Life Insurance segment, which continues to include the business written by Chubb Life, Chubb Tempest Life Re and Combined Insurance’s North America operations. The legacy Chubb life insurance business in Latin America was also included in this segment.	

Corporate primarily includes loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) run-off liabilities, and the results of our non-insurance companies including Chubb Limited, Chubb Group Management and Holdings Ltd, and Chubb INA Holdings, Inc. Our exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and legacy Chubb Corp run-off business in 2016, and certain other mass tort exposures.

In addition, effective the first quarter of 2016, revenue and expenses managed at the corporate level, including realized gains and losses, interest expense, other income and expenses, amortization of purchased intangibles, Chubb integration expenses, and income taxes will be reported within Corporate. The amortization of purchased intangibles includes amortization of agency distribution relationships and renewal rights, internally developed technology, and the fair value adjustment on acquired loss reserves. Also the amortization of fair value adjustments on acquired invested assets and debt associated with the Chubb Corp acquisition is considered a corporate cost and is therefore included in Corporate. These items will not be allocated to the segment level; therefore, the segment income statement will only include underwriting income and net investment income. The prior period has been revised to conform to the new segment presentation. Chubb integration expenses are one-time in nature and are not related to the on-going business activities of the segments. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income.

For segment reporting purposes, certain items have been presented in a different manner below than in the consolidated financial statements. Management uses underwriting income as the main measure of segment performance. Chubb calculates underwriting income by subtracting Losses and loss expenses, Policy benefits, Policy acquisition costs, and Administrative expenses from Net premiums earned. To calculate segment income, include net investment income. For the North America Agricultural segment, management includes gains and losses on crop derivatives as a component of underwriting income. For the Life Insurance segment, management includes (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP as components of Life Insurance segment income. For example, for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , Life segment income of $ 64 million includes losses from fair value changes in separate account assets of $ 3 million (reported within Other (income) expense in the Corporate column below).

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following tables present the Statement of Operations by segment: 

																																
For the Three Months Ended	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		 	North America Personal P&C Insurance		 	North America Agricultural Insurance		 	Overseas General Insurance		 	Global
Reinsurance		 	Life Insurance		 	Corporate		 	Chubb
Consolidated		
March 31, 2016			 						 			 			 			 			 			
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 						 			 			 			 			 			
Net premiums written	$	2,302		 	$	871		 	$	64		 	$	2,041		 	$	201		 	$	516		 	$	—		 	$	5,995		
Net premiums earned	2,896		 	1,024		 	23		 	1,955		 	202		 	497		 	—		 	6,597		
Losses and loss expenses	1,747		 	661		 	(30	)	 	1,021		 	89		 	177		 	9		 	3,674		
Policy benefits	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	126		 	—		 	126		
Policy acquisition costs	482		 	249		 	4		 	503		 	53		 	122		 	—		 	1,413		
Administrative expenses	266		 	88		 	(4	)	 	263		 	14		 	72		 	73		 	772		
Underwriting income (loss)	401		 	26		 	53		 	168		 	46		 	—		 	(82	)	 	612		
Net investment income (loss)	426		 	47		 	5		 	146		 	67		 	67		 	(84	)	 	674		
Segment income (loss)	827		 	73		 	58		 	314		 	113		 	67		 	(166	)	 	1,286		
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(394	)	 	(394	)	
Interest expense			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	146		 	146		
Other (income) expense:			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	3		 	3		
Other			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	25		 	25		
Amortization of purchased intangibles			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	7		 	7		
Chubb integration expenses			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	148		 	148		
Income tax expense			 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	124		 	124		
Net income (loss)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	(1,013	)	 	$	439		

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	
																																
For the Three Months Ended	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		 	North America Personal P&C Insurance		 	North America Agricultural Insurance		 	Overseas General Insurance		 	Global
Reinsurance		 	Life Insurance		 	Corporate		 	Chubb
Consolidated		
March 31, 2015									 			 			 			 			 			
(in millions of U.S. dollars)									 			 			 			 			 			
Net premiums written	$	1,297		 	$	133		 	$	88		 	$	1,794		 	$	273		 	$	491		 	$	—		 	$	4,076		
Net premiums earned	1,380		 	146		 	64		 	1,637		 	226		 	474		 	—		 	3,927		
Losses and loss expenses	915		 	111		 	22		 	814		 	99		 	152		 	9		 	2,122		
Policy benefits	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	142		 	—		 	142		
Policy acquisition costs	130		 	31		 	(4	)	 	389		 	54		 	107		 	—		 	707		
Administrative expenses	151		 	19		 	(1	)	 	256		 	12		 	73		 	44		 	554		
Underwriting income (loss)	184		 	(15	)	 	47		 	178		 	61		 	—		 	(53	)	 	402		
Net investment income	258		 	5		 	6		 	138		 	75		 	66		 	3		 	551		
Segment income (loss)	442		 	(10	)	 	53		 	316		 	136		 	66		 	(50	)	 	953		
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI			 			 			 			 			 			 	(89	)	 	(89	)	
Interest expense			 			 			 			 			 			 	68		 	68		
Other (income) expense:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets			 			 			 			 			 			 	(11	)	 	(11	)	
Other			 			 			 			 			 			 	(24	)	 	(24	)	
Amortization of purchased intangibles			 			 			 			 			 			 	30		 	30		
Income tax expense			 			 			 			 			 			 	120		 	120		
Net income (loss)			 			 			 			 			 		 	$	(322	)	 	$	681		

Underwriting assets are reviewed in total by management for purposes of decision-making. Other than goodwill and other intangible assets, Chubb does not allocate assets to its segments.

13 . Earnings per share

								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)	2016		 	2015		
Numerator:	 	 	 	
Net income	$	439		 	$	681		
Denominator:	 	 	 	
Denominator for basic earnings per share:	 	 	 	
Weighted-average shares outstanding	446,739,586		 	328,212,376		
Denominator for diluted earnings per share:	 	 	 	
Share-based compensation plans	3,270,156		 	3,480,344		
Weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions	450,009,742		 	331,692,720		
Basic earnings per share	$	0.98		 	$	2.08		
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.97		 	$	2.05		
Potential anti-dilutive share conversions	2,074,308		 	715,148		

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Excluded from weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions is the impact of securities that would have been anti-dilutive during the respective periods.

14 . Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries

In connection with the Chubb Corp acquisition, Chubb INA Holdings Inc., entered into a series of intercompany loans totaling $10 billion involving its parents, Chubb Group Holdings Inc. and Chubb Limited. The weighted-average interest rate is 3.3 percent with fixed interest rates ranging from 2.3 percent to 4.35 percent and various maturity dates from 2021 to 2046.

As part of the acquisition, Chubb INA Holdings Inc. assumed $3.3 billion par value outstanding debt of Chubb Corp, fair valued at $3.8 billion. Chubb INA Holdings Inc. assumed Chubb Corp's rights, duties and obligations and Chubb Limited fully and unconditionally guarantees Chubb INA Holding Inc.'s payment obligations under these debts.

The following tables present condensed consolidating financial information at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , and for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 for Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) and Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer). The transactions noted above are reflected in the tables below. The Subsidiary Issuer is an indirect 100 percent-owned subsidiary of the Parent Guarantor. The Parent Guarantor fully and unconditionally guarantees certain of the debt of the Subsidiary Issuer. Condensed consolidating financial information of the Parent Guarantor and Subsidiary Issuer are presented on the equity method of accounting. The revenues and expenses and cash flows of the subsidiaries of the Subsidiary Issuer are presented in the Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries column on a combined basis.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at March 31, 2016 

																				
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Chubb
Limited
(Parent
Guarantor)		 	Chubb INA
Holdings Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)		 	Other Chubb
Limited
Subsidiaries		 	Consolidating
Adjustments and Eliminations		 	Chubb Limited
Consolidated		
Assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Investments	$	29		 	$	643		 	$	96,914		 	$	—		 	$	97,586		
Cash (1)	2		 	3		 	2,406		 	(1,320	)	 	1,091		
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	—		 	—		 	10,884		 	(3,192	)	 	7,692		
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	—		 	—		 	22,065		 	(9,174	)	 	12,891		
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	—		 	—		 	1,144		 	(959	)	 	185		
Value of business acquired	—		 	—		 	390		 	—		 	390		
Goodwill and other intangible assets	—		 	—		 	23,359		 	—		 	23,359		
Investments in subsidiaries	35,426		 	49,240		 	—		 	(84,666	)	 	—		
Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net	11,267		 	—		 	—		 	(11,267	)	 	—		
Other assets	4		 	503		 	17,291		 	(4,348	)	 	13,450		
Total assets	$	46,728		 	$	50,389		 	$	174,453		 	$	(114,926	)	 	$	156,644		
Liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	68,917		 	$	(8,711	)	 	$	60,206		
Unearned premiums	—		 	—		 	18,522		 	(3,626	)	 	14,896		
Future policy benefits	—		 	—		 	5,828		 	(959	)	 	4,869		
Due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net	—		 	11,199		 	68		 	(11,267	)	 	—		
Affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1)	521		 	799		 	—		 	(1,320	)	 	—		
Repurchase agreements	—		 	—		 	1,403		 	—		 	1,403		
Short-term debt	—		 	500		 	—		 	—		 	500		
Long-term debt	—		 	12,625		 	11		 	—		 	12,636		
Trust preferred securities	—		 	308		 	—		 	—		 	308		
Other liabilities	310		 	1,575		 	18,421		 	(4,377	)	 	15,929		
Total liabilities	831		 	27,006		 	113,170		 	(30,260	)	 	110,747		
Total shareholders’ equity	45,897		 	23,383		 	61,283		 	(84,666	)	 	45,897		
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	46,728		 	$	50,389		 	$	174,453		 	$	(114,926	)	 	$	156,644		
		
(1)  	Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At March 31, 2016 , the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.	

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at December 31, 2015

																				
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Chubb
Limited
(Parent
Guarantor)		 	Chubb INA
Holdings Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)		 	Other Chubb
Limited
Subsidiaries		 	Consolidating
Adjustments and Eliminations		 	Chubb Limited
Consolidated		
Assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Investments	$	28		 	$	7,839		 	$	58,384		 	$	—		 	$	66,251		
Cash (1)	1		 	2		 	2,743		 	(971	)	 	1,775		
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	—		 	—		 	6,075		 	(752	)	 	5,323		
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	—		 	—		 	20,124		 	(8,738	)	 	11,386		
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	—		 	—		 	1,129		 	(942	)	 	187		
Value of business acquired	—		 	—		 	395		 	—		 	395		
Goodwill and other intangible assets	—		 	—		 	5,683		 	—		 	5,683		
Investments in subsidiaries	29,612		 	18,386		 	—		 	(47,998	)	 	—		
Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net	644		 	1,800		 	—		 	(2,444	)	 	—		
Other assets	8		 	457		 	14,434		 	(3,593	)	 	11,306		
Total assets	$	30,293		 	$	28,484		 	$	108,967		 	$	(65,438	)	 	$	102,306		
Liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	45,490		 	$	(8,187	)	 	$	37,303		
Unearned premiums	—		 	—		 	10,243		 	(1,804	)	 	8,439		
Future policy benefits	—		 	—		 	5,749		 	(942	)	 	4,807		
Due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net	—		 	—		 	2,444		 	(2,444	)	 	—		
Affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1)	882		 	89		 	—		 	(971	)	 	—		
Repurchase agreements	—		 	—		 	1,404		 	—		 	1,404		
Long-term debt	—		 	9,378		 	11		 	—		 	9,389		
Trust preferred securities	—		 	307		 	—		 	—		 	307		
Other liabilities	276		 	1,422		 	12,916		 	(3,092	)	 	11,522		
Total liabilities	1,158		 	11,196		 	78,257		 	(17,440	)	 	73,171		
Total shareholders’ equity	29,135		 	17,288		 	30,710		 	(47,998	)	 	29,135		
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	30,293		 	$	28,484		 	$	108,967		 	$	(65,438	)	 	$	102,306		
		
(1)  	Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At December 31, 2015 , the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.	

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Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

																				
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016	Chubb
Limited
(Parent
Guarantor)		 	Chubb INA
Holdings Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)		 	Other Chubb
Limited
Subsidiaries		 	Consolidating
Adjustments and Eliminations		 	Chubb
Limited
Consolidated		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			
Net premiums written	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	5,995		 	$	—		 	$	5,995		
Net premiums earned	—		 	—		 	6,597		 	—		 	6,597		
Net investment income	1		 	4		 	669		 	—		 	674		
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	375		 	506		 	—		 	(881	)	 	—		
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI	—		 	—		 	(394	)	 	—		 	(394	)	
Losses and loss expenses	—		 	—		 	3,674		 	—		 	3,674		
Policy benefits	—		 	—		 	126		 	—		 	126		
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	17		 	36		 	2,132		 	—		 	2,185		
Interest (income) expense	(80	)	 	215		 	11		 	—		 	146		
Other (income) expense	(9	)	 	10		 	27		 	—		 	28		
Amortization of purchased intangibles	—		 	—		 	7		 	—		 	7		
Chubb integration expenses	3		 	137		 	8		 	—		 	148		
Income tax expense (benefit)	6		 	(150	)	 	268		 	—		 	124		
Net income	$	439		 	$	262		 	$	619		 	$	(881	)	 	$	439		
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	1,541		 	$	1,056		 	$	1,721		 	$	(2,777	)	 	$	1,541		

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income 

																				
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2015	Chubb
Limited
(Parent
Guarantor)		 	Chubb INA
Holdings Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)		 	Other Chubb
Limited
Subsidiaries		 	Consolidating
Adjustments and Eliminations		 	Chubb
Limited
Consolidated		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			
Net premiums written	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	4,076		 	$	—		 	$	4,076		
Net premiums earned	—		 	—		 	3,927		 	—		 	3,927		
Net investment income	1		 	1		 	549		 	—		 	551		
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	648		 	204		 	—		 	(852	)	 	—		
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI	—		 	—		 	(89	)	 	—		 	(89	)	
Losses and loss expenses	—		 	—		 	2,122		 	—		 	2,122		
Policy benefits	—		 	—		 	142		 	—		 	142		
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	14		 	6		 	1,241		 	—		 	1,261		
Interest (income) expense	(8	)	 	69		 	7		 	—		 	68		
Other (income) expense	(41	)	 	(3	)	 	9		 	—		 	(35	)	
Amortization of purchased intangibles	—		 	—		 	30		 	—		 	30		
Income tax expense (benefit)	3		 	(26	)	 	143		 	—		 	120		
Net income	$	681		 	$	159		 	$	693		 	$	(852	)	 	$	681		
Comprehensive income	$	642		 	$	24		 	$	654		 	$	(678	)	 	$	642		

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

																				
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016	Chubb
Limited
(Parent
Guarantor)		 	Chubb INA
Holdings Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)		 	Other Chubb
Limited
Subsidiaries		 	Consolidating
Adjustments and Eliminations		 	Chubb
Limited
Consolidated		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			
Net cash flows from operating activities	$	3,272		 	$	3,109		 	$	1,011		 	$	(6,372	)	 	$	1,020		
Cash flows from investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	—		 	—		 	(8,104	)	 	—		 	(8,104	)	
Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity	—		 	—		 	(77	)	 	—		 	(77	)	
Purchases of equity securities	—		 	—		 	(33	)	 	—		 	(33	)	
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	—		 	—		 	6,329		 	—		 	6,329		
Sales of equity securities	—		 	—		 	761		 	—		 	761		
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale	—		 	—		 	1,553		 	—		 	1,553		
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity	—		 	—		 	249		 	—		 	249		
Net change in short-term investments	—		 	7,788		 	4,144		 	—		 	11,932		
Net derivative instruments settlements	—		 	—		 	(22	)	 	—		 	(22	)	
Acquisition of subsidiaries (net of cash acquired of $57)	—		 	(14,282	)	 	20		 	—		 	(14,262	)	
Capital contribution	(2,330	)	 	—		 	(2,330	)	 	4,660		 	—		
Other	—		 	—		 	59		 	—		 	59		
Net cash flows (used for) from investing activities	(2,330	)	 	(6,494	)	 	2,549		 	4,660		 	(1,615	)	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dividends paid on Common Shares	(218	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(218	)	
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements	—		 	—		 	853		 	—		 	853		
Repayment of repurchase agreements	—		 	—		 	(853	)	 	—		 	(853	)	
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans, including windfall tax benefits	—		 	—		 	51		 	—		 	51		
Dividend to parent company	—		 	—		 	(6,372	)	 	6,372		 	—		
Advances (to) from affiliates	(362	)	 	350		 	12		 	—		 	—		
Capital contribution	—		 	2,330		 	2,330		 	(4,660	)	 	—		
Net proceeds from (payments to) affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1)	(361	)	 	710		 	—		 	(349	)	 	—		
Policyholder contract deposits	—		 	—		 	118		 	—		 	118		
Policyholder contract withdrawals	—		 	—		 	(49	)	 	—		 	(49	)	
Other	—		 	(4	)	 	—		 	—		 	(4	)	
Net cash flows (used for) from financing activities	(941	)	 	3,386		 	(3,910	)	 	1,363		 	(102	)	
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	—		 	—		 	13		 	—		 	13		
Net increase (decrease) in cash	1		 	1		 	(337	)	 	(349	)	 	(684	)	
Cash – beginning of period (1)	1		 	2		 	2,743		 	(971	)	 	1,775		
Cash – end of period (1)	$	2		 	$	3		 	$	2,406		 	$	(1,320	)	 	$	1,091		
		
(1)  	Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.	

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)
Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

																				
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2015	Chubb
Limited
(Parent
Guarantor)		 	Chubb INA
Holdings Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)		 	Other Chubb
Limited
Subsidiaries		 	Consolidating
Adjustments and Eliminations		 	Chubb
Limited
Consolidated		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			 			 			 			 			
Net cash flows from operating activities	$	48		 	$	4		 	$	1,023		 	$	—		 	$	1,075		
Cash flows from investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	—		 	—		 	(4,336	)	 	—		 	(4,336	)	
Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity	—		 	—		 	(21	)	 	—		 	(21	)	
Purchases of equity securities	—		 	—		 	(39	)	 	—		 	(39	)	
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	—		 	—		 	2,002		 	—		 	2,002		
Sales of equity securities	—		 	—		 	28		 	—		 	28		
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities
   available for sale	—		 	—		 	1,481		 	—		 	1,481		
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity	—		 	—		 	324		 	—		 	324		
Net change in short-term investments	—		 	216		 	(471	)	 	—		 	(255	)	
Net derivative instruments settlements	—		 	—		 	(51	)	 	—		 	(51	)	
Other	—		 	—		 	(153	)	 	—		 	(153	)	
Net cash flows from (used for) investing activities	—		 	216		 	(1,236	)	 	—		 	(1,020	)	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dividends paid on Common Shares	(214	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	(214	)	
Common Shares repurchased	—		 	—		 	(347	)	 	—		 	(347	)	
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	—		 	800		 	—		 	—		 	800		
Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt	—		 	—		 	477		 	—		 	477		
Repayment of short-term debt	—		 	—		 	(477	)	 	—		 	(477	)	
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans, including windfall tax benefits	—		 	—		 	39		 	—		 	39		
Advances (to) from affiliates	336		 	(340	)	 	4		 	—		 	—		
Net proceeds from (payments to) affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1)	(168	)	 	(309	)	 	—		 	477		 	—		
Policyholder contract deposits			 			 	101		 			 	101		
Policyholder contract withdrawals	—		 	—		 	(40	)	 	—		 	(40	)	
Other	—		 	(6	)	 	—		 	—		 	(6	)	
Net cash flows (used for) from financing activities	(46	)	 	145		 	(243	)	 	477		 	333		
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	—		 	—		 	(95	)	 	—		 	(95	)	
Net increase (decrease) in cash	2		 	365		 	(551	)	 	477		 	293		
Cash – beginning of period (1)	—		 	1		 	1,209		 	(555	)	 	655		
Cash – end of period (1)	$	2		 	$	366		 	$	658		 	$	(78	)	 	$	948		
		
(1)  	Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At March 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.	

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ITEM 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	

The following is a discussion of our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity and capital resources as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2016 .

All comparisons in this discussion are to the corresponding prior year periods unless otherwise indicated.

Our results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of our results for the full year. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 ( 2015 Form 10-K).

Other Information
We routinely post important information for investors on our website (investors.chubb.com). We use this website as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Investor Information portion of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this report.

		
MD&A Index	Page	
Forward-Looking Statements	48	
Overview	50	
Financial Highlights	52	
Consolidated Operating Results	54	
Prior Period Development	57	
Segment Operating Results	59	
Other Income and Expense Items	74	
Amortization of Purchased Intangibles	74	
Net Investment Income	75	
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)	76	
Investments	76	
Critical Accounting Estimates	80	
Reinsurance Recoverable on Ceded Reinsurance	80	
Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses	80	
Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)	81	
Fair Value Measurements	81	
Assumed Reinsurance Programs Involving Minimum Benefit Guarantees under Variable Annuity Contracts	81	
Catastrophe Management	83	
Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program	83	
Crop Insurance	84	
Liquidity	85	
Capital Resources	87	

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Forward-Looking Statements	
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements. Any written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could, should potential events occur, cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. These risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are described in more detail elsewhere herein and in other documents we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), include but are not limited to:
		
•	losses arising out of natural or man-made catastrophes such as hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, floods, climate change (including effects on weather patterns; greenhouse gases; sea; land and air temperatures; sea levels; and rain and snow), nuclear accidents, or terrorism which could be affected by:	
		
•	the number of insureds and ceding companies affected;	
		
•	the amount and timing of losses actually incurred and reported by insureds;	
		
•	the impact of these losses on our reinsurers and the amount and timing of reinsurance recoverable actually received;	
		
•	the cost of building materials and labor to reconstruct properties or to perform environmental remediation following a catastrophic event; and	
		
•	complex coverage and regulatory issues such as whether losses occurred from storm surge or flooding and related lawsuits;	
		
•	actions that rating agencies may take from time to time, such as financial strength or credit ratings downgrades or placing these ratings on credit watch negative or the equivalent;	
		
•	the ability to collect reinsurance recoverable, credit developments of reinsurers, and any delays with respect thereto and changes in the cost, quality, or availability of reinsurance;	
		
•	actual loss experience from insured or reinsured events and the timing of claim payments;	
		
•	the uncertainties of the loss-reserving and claims-settlement processes, including the difficulties associated with assessing environmental damage and asbestos-related latent injuries, the impact of aggregate-policy-coverage limits, the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other related businesses, and the timing of loss payments;	
		
•	changes to our assessment as to whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, or have the intent to sell, available for sale fixed maturity investments before their anticipated recovery;	
		
•	infection rates and severity of pandemics and their effects on our business operations and claims activity;	
		
•	developments in global financial markets, including changes in interest rates, stock markets, and other financial markets, increased government involvement or intervention in the financial services industry, the cost and availability of financing, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations (which we refer to in this report as foreign exchange and foreign currency exchange), which could affect our statement of operations, investment portfolio, financial condition, and financing plans;	
		
•	general economic and business conditions resulting from volatility in the stock and credit markets and the depth and duration of potential recession;	
		
•	global political conditions, the occurrence of any terrorist attacks, including any nuclear, radiological, biological, or chemical events, or the outbreak and effects of war, and possible business disruption or economic contraction that may result from such events;	
		
•	judicial decisions and rulings, new theories of liability, legal tactics, and settlement terms;	
		
•	the effects of public company bankruptcies and/or accounting restatements, as well as disclosures by and investigations of public companies relating to possible accounting irregularities, and other corporate governance issues, including the effects of such events on:	
		
•	the capital markets;	
		
•	the markets for directors and officers (D&O) and errors and omissions (E&O) insurance; and	
		
•	claims and litigation arising out of such disclosures or practices by other companies;	

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•	uncertainties relating to governmental, legislative and regulatory policies, developments, actions, investigations, and treaties, which, among other things, could subject us to insurance regulation or taxation in additional jurisdictions or affect our current operations;	
		
•	the actual amount of new and renewal business, market acceptance of our products, and risks associated with the introduction of new products and services and entering new markets, including regulatory constraints on exit strategies;	
		
•	the competitive environment in which we operate, including trends in pricing or in policy terms and conditions, which may differ from our projections and changes in market conditions that could render our business strategies ineffective or obsolete;	
		
•	acquisitions made by us performing differently than expected, our failure to realize anticipated expense-related efficiencies or growth from acquisitions, the impact of acquisitions on our pre-existing organization, or announced acquisitions not closing;	
		
•	risks and uncertainties relating to our acquisition of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp acquisition) including our ability to successfully integrate the acquired company;	
		
•	risks associated with being a Swiss corporation, including reduced flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management and the potential for additional regulatory burdens;	
		
•	the potential impact from government-mandated insurance coverage for acts of terrorism;	
		
•	the availability of borrowings and letters of credit under our credit facilities;	
		
•	the adequacy of collateral supporting funded high deductible programs;	
		
•	changes in the distribution or placement of risks due to increased consolidation of insurance and reinsurance brokers;	
		
•	material differences between actual and expected assessments for guaranty funds and mandatory pooling arrangements;	
		
•	the effects of investigations into market practices in the property and casualty (P&C) industry;	
		
•	changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions, for example, recession;	
		
•	the amount of dividends received from subsidiaries;	
		
•	loss of the services of any of our executive officers without suitable replacements being recruited in a reasonable time frame;	
		
•	the ability of our technology resources, including information systems and security, to perform as anticipated such as with respect to preventing material information technology failures or third-party infiltrations or hacking resulting in consequences adverse to Chubb or its customers or partners; and	
		
•	management’s response to these factors and actual events (including, but not limited to, those described above).	
The words “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “hope,” “feel,” “foresee,” “will likely result,” or “will continue,” and variations thereof and similar expressions, identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

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Overview	
Chubb Limited is the Swiss-incorporated holding company of the Chubb Group of Companies. Chubb Limited, which is headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the Chubb Group of Companies, Chubb, we, us, or our) are a global insurance and reinsurance organization, serving the needs of a diverse group of clients worldwide. At March 31, 2016 , we had total assets of $157 billion and shareholders’ equity of $46 billion . Chubb was incorporated in 1985 at which time it opened its first business office in Bermuda and continues to maintain operations in Bermuda.

On January 14, 2016, we completed the acquisition of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp), creating a global leader in property and casualty insurance. We have changed our name from ACE Limited to Chubb Limited and plan to adopt the Chubb name globally, although some subsidiaries may continue to use ACE as part of their names.

Products and Services

•	We are a global leader in traditional and specialty P&C coverage for industrial, commercial and mid-market companies with claims and risk engineering capabilities to serve companies of all sizes. Our commercial P&C business is focused on large corporate customers that are served by retail brokers, middle market and small commercial companies served by retail independent agents and brokers, and specialty excess and surplus lines (E&S) distributed through wholesale brokers.	

•	On the consumer insurance side, we have a broad range of products for individual consumers and their families that include automobile, homeowners, fine art, planes and boats, personal liability, cell phones, accident, travel, supplemental health and life insurance. The consumer insurance product area where the Chubb Corp acquisition makes the greatest impact is property and casualty personal lines, primarily in the U.S. where the new Chubb remains the premier provider of personal lines to high net worth individuals and families. The balance of our global personal lines business is written outside the U.S. and ranges from general-market auto in Malaysia, Thailand and in Mexico, where we have over one million customers, to specialty mobile phone replacement coverage in Europe.	

•	A&H business comprises personal accident and supplemental health coverage typically sold as either a group benefit via employer plans or as special insurance protection offerings from a sponsoring organization for its members and customers. We sell our A&H products through a variety of channels including independent agents, brokers, tied agents, direct marketing and bank branches.	

•	Chubb Life is focused on Asia and primarily uses exclusive agency and bancassurance distribution.	

•	Chubb Tempest Re, our global reinsurance business provides a broad range of traditional reinsurance coverage to a diverse array of primary P&C companies. This business has been shrinking for several years in the face of declining reinsurance rates and increasing competition in an overcapitalized market.	

Customers
The new Chubb today has an extremely broad mix of commercial and personal customers. On the commercial side, our customers range from large domestic companies and multinational corporations to middle market commercial businesses of all sizes to small commercial enterprises and even the microbusiness market. On the personal insurance side, our customers range from high net worth families in the U.S., where we insure their homes, cars and precious valuables, to lower-middle income consumers in emerging markets purchasing accident insurance from their credit card, cell phone or utility provider. The addition of Chubb’s leading franchises serving middle market commercial customers in the U.S., Europe and several major markets in Asia and Latin America, as well as their premier business serving U.S. high net worth individuals and families, substantially deepen and broaden the company’s portfolio of customer segments.

Segment Reporting
Effective the first quarter of 2016 we are reporting our financial results within following business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. This reflects our significantly larger and expanded operations subsequent to the Chubb Corp acquisition. All legacy ACE prior period results were revised to conform to the new segment presentation and only include legacy ACE results (i.e., does not include legacy Chubb results except in pro forma presentations as defined below).

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The new segments are as follows:

•	The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment includes the business written by Chubb divisions that provide property and casualty (P&C) insurance and services to large, middle market and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Bermuda and Canada. These divisions write a variety of coverages, including traditional commercial property, marine, general casualty, workers’ compensation, package policies, and risk management; specialty categories such as professional lines, marine and construction risk, environmental and cyber risk, excess casualty, as well as group accident and health (A&H) insurance.  The divisions included in this segment are North America Major Accounts, North America Commercial Insurance, Westchester and North America Small Commercial.	
		
•	The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment includes the business written by Chubb’s North America Personal Risk Services division, which provides affluent and high net worth individuals and families with homeowners, automobile, valuables, umbrella and recreational marine insurance and services.	
		
•	The North America Agricultural Insurance segment continues to include the business written by Rain and Hail Service, Inc. which provides comprehensive multiple peril crop and crop-hail insurance, and Chubb Agribusiness, which offers farm and ranch property as well as specialty P&C coverages, including commercial agriculture products.	
		
•	The Overseas General Insurance segment includes the business written by two Chubb divisions that provide P&C insurance and services in the 51 countries outside of North America where the company operates.  Chubb International provides commercial P&C traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers. In addition, Chubb International provides A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines through retail brokers, agents and other channels locally around the world. Chubb Global Markets provides commercial P&C excess and surplus lines and A&H through wholesale brokers in the London market and through Lloyd’s.  These divisions write a variety of coverages, including traditional commercial property and casualty, specialty categories such as financial lines, marine, energy, aviation, political risk and construction risk, as well as group A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines. 	
		
•	The Global Reinsurance segment primarily includes the reinsurance business written by Chubb Tempest Re as well as the legacy Chubb U.K. Assumed Reinsurance business, which is active, and the legacy Chubb run-off Reinsurance business.	
		
•	There were no material changes to the Life Insurance segment, which continues to include the business written by Chubb Life, Chubb Tempest Life Re and Combined Insurance’s North America operations. The legacy Chubb life insurance business in Latin America is also included in this segment.	

In addition to the new segment structure, the company redefined Corporate to include all run-off asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, the results of its run-off Brandywine business, the results of its Westchester Specialty operations for 1996 and prior years, and certain other mass tort exposures. Chubb’s exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when it purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and legacy Chubb business in 2016. These A&E liabilities principally relate to claims arising from bodily-injury claims related to asbestos products and remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites.  Corporate also includes the results of Chubb’s non-insurance companies, including Chubb Limited, Chubb Group Management and Holdings Ltd., and Chubb INA Holdings Inc.  Corporate results consist primarily of investment income, including the amortization of the fair value adjustments of acquired invested assets and debt related to the Chubb Corp acquisition, interest expense, corporate staff expenses, Chubb integration expenses and other expenses not attributable to specific reportable segments. Chubb integration expenses are one-time in nature and are not related to the on-going business activities of the segments. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income.

Pro forma measures presented throughout this section are prepared exclusive of the impact of the unearned premium reserves intangible amortization and the elimination of the historical policy acquisition costs as a result of purchase accounting in order to present the underlying profitability of our insurance business.  We believe this measure provides visibility into our results and allows for comparability to our historical results and is consistent with how management evaluates results.  We have discussed our results on a pro forma basis for both the current and prior year periods, which are defined below:

2016 Pro forma results: The combined company results are inclusive of the first 14 days of January 2016 (the acquisition closed January 14, 2016) and do not include the impact of the unearned premium reserves intangible amortization and the elimination of the historical policy acquisition costs as a result of purchase accounting related to the Chubb Corp acquisition.

2015 Pro forma results: Legacy ACE plus Legacy Chubb Corp historical results after accounting policy alignment adjustments, including reclassifying certain Legacy Chubb Corp corporate expenses to administrative expenses and redefining legacy Chubb

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Corp segment underwriting income by allocating the amortization of deferred acquisition costs to each segment.  2015 pro forma excludes purchase accounting adjustments.

A reconciliation of pro forma results as defined above to pro forma results in accordance with SEC guidance under Article 11, is provided under the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section starting on page 70.

	
	
Financial Highlights for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016	

•	Net income was $439 million compared with $681 million in the prior year period.	
		
•	As reported, Global P&C net premiums written of $5.4 billion, up 63.6% in constant dollars; Global P&C net premiums written of $6.3 billion, which include our results for the first 14 days of January (2016 pro forma results), down 1.0% in constant dollars when compared to prior year as if legacy ACE and legacy Chubb were one company in 2015 (2015 pro forma results).	
		
•	Total company net premiums earned increased 68.0% reflecting the acquisition of Chubb Corp. On a 2016 and 2015 pro forma basis, P&C net premiums earned decreased 0.7%, or increased 2.9% in constant dollars.	
		
•	As reported, P&C underwriting income was $612 million, up 52.3%, or 59.4% in constant dollars, with a P&C combined ratio of 90.0%; on a 2016 and 2015 pro forma basis, P&C underwriting income was $720 million, up 23.2%, or 28.6% in constant dollars, with a pro forma P&C combined ratio of 88.9%	
		
•	Operating cash flow was $1,020 million	
		
•	On an as reported basis, the P&C expense ratio was 32.7%, compared with 31.3% last year. On a 2016 and 2015 pro forma basis, the P&C expense ratio was 31.6%, compared with 31.8% last year.	
		
•	On an as reported basis, total pre-tax and after-tax catastrophe losses, including reinstatement premiums, were $258 million (4.3 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $204 million, respectively, compared with $51 million (1.5 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $40 million, respectively, last year. On a 2015 pro forma basis, total pre-tax and after-tax catastrophe losses, including reinstatement premiums, were $315 million (4.8 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $243 million, respectively.	
		
•	On an as reported basis, total P&C pre-tax and after-tax favorable prior period development was $247 million (4.2 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $198 million, respectively, compared with $83 million pre-tax (2.4 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $67 million after-tax last year. On a 2015 pro forma basis, total P&C pre-tax and after-tax favorable prior period development for first quarter of 2015 was $192 million (2.9 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $148 million, respectively.	
		
•	Net investment income was $674 million which is net of $93 million related to the amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets of Chubb Corp. Excluding this amortization, net investment income was $767 million, compared with $551 million last year. The current period excludes $45 million related to the 14-day stub period (defined as the 14 days prior to the acquisition close on January 14, 2016).	

Outlook

The pricing environment continues to grow incrementally more competitive, particularly in shorter-tail lines, and varies depending on the territory, line of business and size of risk.  Large account business, particularly shared and layered, is more competitive than mid-sized; wholesale is more competitive than retail; and property is more competitive than casualty-related, though casualty pricing is not keeping pace with loss cost trends.  During the quarter, for our large middle market commercial business, pricing was marginally better than we had anticipated and for major accounts about in line with expectations. As a result of the acquisition, in 2016 and 2017, we will be shrinking net premiums written in certain portfolios because we cannot earn adequate underwriting returns or because we want to reduce net catastrophe-related exposures. This is in addition to the business-as-usual underwriting actions we take as market conditions warrant.

In terms of integration-related savings, we are now projecting to exceed our original target of $650 million and expect an annualized run rate of approximately $750 million by year end 2018. Total one-time costs related to the merger are projected to be $811 million and consist of one-time expenses of $525 million directly attributable to achieving the $750 million savings, and other one-time expenses of $286 million related to the acquisition such as transaction costs, branding and employee retention costs. 

In addition, by the fourth quarter of 2016, we are also now projecting an improvement to our annual investment income run-rate of $100 million to $120 million, without taking any significant additional risk, from what we would otherwise earn as we improve investment portfolio management.

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We believe we are on track with integration plans - including organization structure, process, people, technology and growth initiatives, which are at a very early stage. Integration is going as expected, including cultural integration.

The following table presents expected annualized and realized integration-related savings and integration and merger-related expenses by year:

																					
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2015		 	2016		 	2017		 	2018		 	Total		
Chubb integration-related savings (1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
        Annualized savings	 	$	—		 	$	470		 	$	690		 	$	750		 	$	750		
        Realized savings	 	$	—		 	$	275		 	$	530		 	$	715		 	$	750		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Chubb integration and merger-related expenses (2)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		
        One-time integration expenses related to savings	 	$	22		 	$	343		 	$	119		 	$	41		 	$	525		
        Other one-time merger-related expenses	 	11		 	210		 	56		 	9		 	286		
               Total expected integration and merger-related expenses	 	$	33		 	$	553		 	$	175		 	$	50		 	$	811		
(1) Realized savings are the portion that is recorded in the financial statements in the current period. Annualized savings are the annualized run rate of the realized savings that will impact future years.
(2) Integration expenses related to savings are one-time costs that are directly attributable to the achievement of the annualized savings, including employee severance, third-party consulting fees, and systems integration expenses. Other merger-related expenses are one-time costs directly attributable to the merger, including rebranding, employee retention costs and other professional and legal fees related to the acquisition.

The anticipated integration-related savings and integration and merger-related expenses may not be realized fully, or may take longer to realize than expected or could have other adverse effects that we do not currently foresee. Some of the assumptions that we have made, such as the achievement of operating synergies, may not be realized. Refer to the Risk Factors under Part II, Item 1A on page 93 for additional information.

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Consolidated Operating Results – Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015	

											
 	Three Months Ended	 	 	 	
 	March 31	 	 	% Change		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		 	Q-16 vs.
Q-15		
Net premiums written (1)	$	5,995		 	$	4,076		 	47.1	 %	
Net premiums earned (1)	6,597		 	3,927		 	68.0	 %	
Net investment income	674		 	551		 	22.3	 %	
Net realized gains (losses)	(394	)	 	(89	)	 	342.7	 %	
Total revenues	6,877		 	4,389		 	56.7	 %	
Losses and loss expenses	3,674		 	2,122		 	73.1	 %	
Policy benefits (2)	126		 	142		 	(11.3	)%	
Policy acquisition costs	1,413		 	707		 	99.9	 %	
Administrative expenses	772		 	554		 	39.4	 %	
Interest expense	146		 	68		 	114.7	 %	
Other (income) expense (2)	28		 	(35	)	 	NM		
Amortization of purchased intangibles	7		 	30		 	(76.7	)%	
Chubb integration expenses	148		 	—		 	NM		
Total expenses	6,314		 	3,588		 	76.0	 %	
Income before income tax	563		 	801		 	(29.7	)%	
Income tax expense	124		 	120		 	3.3	 %	
Net income	$	439		 	$	681		 	(35.6	)%	
NM – not meaningful	 	 	 	 	 	
		
(1)  	On a constant-dollar basis for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , net premiums written increased $2,130 million or 55.1 percent in constant dollars and net premiums earned increased $2,852 million or 76.2 percent in constant dollars. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period.	
		
(2)  	Other (income) expense includes (gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, these (gains) losses were $3 million compared with $(11) million in the prior year period. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits.	

Net premiums written reflect the premiums we retain after purchasing reinsurance protection. On an as-reported basis, consolidated net premiums written increased 47.1 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the Chubb Corp acquisition, which added $2,182 million, or 53.5 percent to premiums. This increase in premiums was partially offset by the adverse impact of foreign exchange of $211 million, or 8.0 percent. On a pro forma constant-dollar basis, net premiums written decreased $66 million or 1.0 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

•	On an as-reported basis, net premiums written in our North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment increased $1,005 million, or 77.4 percent. On a pro forma constant-dollar basis, net premiums written declined $103 million, or 3.5 percent, primarily in our retail property and specialty lines, construction and retail financial lines. Within our Property and Specialty lines, construction business and retail financial lines, principally in our Major Account Management Liability and Financial Institution business, overall renewal retention was in line with prior year. The premium declines reflect lower new business driven by competitive market conditions and rate declines.	
		
•	On an as-reported basis, net premiums written in our North America Personal P&C Insurance segment increased $738 million, primarily due to our acquisitions of the Chubb Corp (January 14, 2016) and Fireman's Fund (April 1, 2015). On a pro forma basis, net premiums written increased 6.8 percent, primarily due to growth in both our high net worth and ACE Private Risk Services businesses, primarily within our U.S. Homeowners line. The growth was driven by strong renewal premium retention, rate and exposure increases as well as modest growth in new business premiums. The growth in the quarter was also favorably impacted by the acquisition of the Fireman’s Fund, which contributed 4.3 percent of growth.	
		
•	On an as-reported basis, net premiums written in our Overseas General Insurance segment increased $247 million, or 13.8 percent. On a pro forma constant-dollar basis, net premiums written increased $37 million, or 1.7 percent,	

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primarily driven by growth in personal lines, partially offset by declines in our excess and surplus lines. Personal lines growth was primarily in Europe, reflecting new business in specialty products, and in Asia, driven by new personal residential business.
		
•	On an as-reported basis, net premiums written in our Life Insurance segment increased $25 million, or 5.1 percent. On a pro forma constant-dollar basis, net premiums written increased $23 million, or 4.6 percent, primarily due to growth in our Life insurance and Combined Insurance supplemental A&H businesses.	
		
•	On an as-reported basis, net premiums written in our Global Reinsurance segment decreased $72 million, or 26.3 percent. On a pro forma constant-dollar basis, net premiums written declined $67 million, or 23.4 percent, as we maintained underwriting discipline in an environment of flat to declining rates and increasing competition.	
		
•	On an as-reported basis, net premiums written in our North America Agricultural Insurance segment decreased $24 million, or 27.0 percent, primarily due to lower premium retention as a result of the premium-sharing formulas with the U.S. government. Under the government's crop insurance profit and loss calculation formulas, we retained less premiums in 2016 as losses were lower compared to 2015.  This decline was partially offset by lower cessions under existing third party proportional reinsurance programs.	

Net premiums earned for short-duration contracts, typically P&C contracts, generally reflect the portion of net premiums written that were recorded as revenues for the period as the exposure periods expire.  Net premiums earned for long-duration contracts, typically traditional life contracts, generally are recognized as earned when due from policyholders. On an as-reported basis, net premiums earned increased $2,670 million, or 68.0 percent , for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the Chubb Corp acquisition which added $2,763 million, or 70.4 percent, of growth to premiums partially offset by the adverse impact of foreign currency of $182 million, or 4.6 percent. On a constant-dollar basis, net premiums earned increased $2,852 million, or 76.2 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

On a pro forma constant-dollar basis, net premiums earned increased $203 million, or 3.0 percent, primarily in our North America Personal P&C Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, and Life Insurance segments due to the same factors driving the increase in net premiums written as described above. In addition, North America Commercial P&C Insurance net premiums earned increased $30 million despite the decline in net premiums written reflecting the earning in of prior year premium growth. Our North America Agricultural Insurance and Global Reinsurance segments net premiums earned declined due to the same factors driving the decrease in net premiums written as described above.

In evaluating our segments excluding Life, we use the combined ratio, the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. We calculate these ratios by dividing the respective expense amounts by net premiums earned. We do not calculate these ratios for the Life segment as we do not use these measures to monitor or manage that segment. The combined ratio is determined by adding the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. A combined ratio under 100 percent indicates underwriting income, and a combined ratio exceeding 100 percent indicates underwriting loss.

The following table presents the components of GAAP combined ratio:

						
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
 	2016		 	2015		
Loss and loss expense ratio	57.3	%	 	57.1	%	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	21.2	%	 	17.4	%	
Administrative expense ratio	11.5	%	 	13.9	%	
GAAP combined ratio	90.0	%	 	88.4	%	

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The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums and prior period reserve development on our consolidated loss and loss expense ratio. The loss ratio numerator includes adjusted losses and loss expenses adjusted to exclude catastrophe losses and PPD. The loss ratio denominator includes Net premiums earned adjusted to exclude the amount of reinstatement premiums (expensed) collected. In periods where there are adjustments on loss sensitive policies, these adjustments are excluded from PPD and net earned premiums when calculating this ratio. We believe that excluding the impact of catastrophe losses and PPD provides a better evaluation of our core underwriting performance and enhances the understanding of the trends in our property & casualty business that may be obscured by these items.

						
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
 	2016		 	2015		
Loss and loss expense ratio	57.3	 %	 	57.1	 %	
Catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums	(4.2	)%	 	(1.5	)%	
Prior period development	4.3	 %	 	2.5	 %	
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	57.4	 %	 	58.1	 %	

On an as-reported basis, total net pre-tax catastrophe losses, excluding related reinstatement premiums, were $ 258 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $51 million in the prior year period. Catastrophe losses through March 31, 2016 were primarily related to severe weather-related events in the U.S. and U.K., and an earthquake in Taiwan. Catastrophe losses in the prior year period were primarily related to severe weather-related events in the U.S. and Asia. 

The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio decreased 0.7 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to the net favorable impact of the Chubb Corp acquisition which carries a relatively lower loss ratio in our North America P&C businesses but carries higher loss ratio in our international business.

On a pro forma basis, total net pre-tax catastrophe losses, excluding related reinstatement premiums, were $ 258 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $315 million in the prior year period. Catastrophe losses through March 31, 2016 were primarily related to severe weather-related events in the U.S. and U.K., and an earthquake in Taiwan. Catastrophe losses in the prior year period were primarily related to severe weather-related events in the U.S. and Asia. The pro forma adjusted loss and loss expense ratio decreased 0.1 percentage points primarily due to lower non-catastrophe weather related losses in the current year.

Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. On an as-reported basis, we experienced net favorable prior period development of $ 247 million and $83 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Refer to “Prior Period Development” for additional information.

On a pro forma basis, prior period development was $247 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, compared with $192 million in the prior year period.

Policy acquisition costs consist of commissions, premium taxes, and certain underwriting costs directly related to the successful acquisition of a new or renewal insurance contract. On an as-reported basis, our policy acquisition cost ratio increased 3.8 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to the impact of normal initial year purchase accounting adjustments related to the Chubb Corp acquisition.  As a result of purchase accounting requirements, the fair value adjustment related to the unearned premiums at the date of the purchase is amortized over the remaining coverage period as additional policy acquisition costs, which increased policy acquisition costs by $570 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Partially offsetting this adjustment is the $506 million favorable impact from the acquired unearned premiums recognized over the remaining coverage period with no expense for the historical acquisition costs that were incurred to write these policies (the acquired deferred acquisition cost asset is written off in purchase accounting). The net unfavorable impact of these purchase accounting adjustments was 1.0 percentage points to the ratio. In addition, during 2016, we determined that certain underwriting costs that are directly attributable to the successful acquisition of business were more appropriately classified as policy acquisition costs. This resulted in a $71 million increase to policy acquisition costs and a 1.2 percentage point increase to the policy acquisition cost ratio, with an offsetting decrease to administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

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On a pro forma basis, the policy acquisition cost ratio increased by 0.2 percentage points primarily due to a shift in the mix of business towards more personal lines products that carried a higher acquisition cost ratio.

On an as-reported basis, our administrative expense ratio declined 2.4 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to the $71 million reclassification of underwriting costs that are directly attributable to the successful acquisition of business, which decreased the administrative expense ratio by 1.2 percentage points, as discussed above, and cost savings realized as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition of $28 million by segment as follows: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, $14 million; North America Personal P&C Insurance, $5 million; Overseas General Insurance, $6 million; and Corporate, $3 million.

On a pro forma basis, our administrative expense ratio decreased 0.4 percentage points, primarily due to cost savings realized as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition, partially offset by the impact of the Fireman’s Fund acquisition, which carries a higher administrative expense ratio.

Our effective income tax rate, which we calculate as income tax expense divided by income before income tax, is dependent upon the mix of earnings from different jurisdictions with various tax rates. A change in the geographic mix of earnings would change the effective income tax rate. Our effective income tax rate was 22.1 percent and 15.0 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in the effective rate is primarily due to a higher percentage of realized losses being generated in lower taxing jurisdictions and a higher percentage of operating profits being generated in higher taxing jurisdictions, primarily driven by the earnings generated as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition. The lower tax rates attributed to our foreign operations primarily reflect the lower corporate tax rates that prevail outside of the U.S. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, approximately 39 percent of our total pre-tax income was tax effected based on these lower rates compared with 66 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2015. The significant lower taxing jurisdictions outside of the U.S. include the U.K., Switzerland, and Bermuda with effective federal income tax rates in those countries of 20.0 percent, 7.83 percent, and 0.0 percent, respectively. In addition, as part of the Chubb Corp acquisition, we have an intercompany loan that benefits our income tax expense by $19 million in the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Prior Period Development
The following tables summarize (favorable) and adverse prior period development (PPD) by segment. Long-tail lines include lines such as workers' compensation, general liability, and professional liability; while short-tail lines include lines such as most property lines, energy, personal accident, aviation, marine (including associated liability-related exposures) and agriculture. Significant prior period movements by segment, principally driven by reserve reviews completed during each respective period, are discussed in more detail below. The remaining net development for long-tail and short-tail business for each segment comprises numerous favorable and adverse movements across a number of lines and accident years, none of which is significant individually or in the aggregate.

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Three Months Ended March 31	Long-tail    		 	Short-tail		 	Total		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)			 			 			
2016	 	 	 	 	 	
North America Commercial P&C Insurance	$	(142	)	 	$	(36	)	 	$	(178	)	
North America Personal P&C Insurance	—		 	(3	)	 	(3	)	
North America Agricultural Insurance	—		 	(41	)	 	(41	)	
Overseas General Insurance	—		 	(30	)	 	(30	)	
Global Reinsurance	(2	)	 	(1	)	 	(3	)	
Corporate	8		 	—		 	8		
Total	$	(136	)	 	$	(111	)	 	$	(247	)	
2015	 	 	 	 	 	
North America Commercial P&C Insurance	$	(2	)	 	$	(28	)	 	$	(30	)	
North America Personal P&C Insurance	—		 	—		 	—		
North America Agricultural Insurance	—		 	(33	)	 	(33	)	
Overseas General Insurance	—		 	(24	)	 	(24	)	
Global Reinsurance	(1	)	 	(4	)	 	(5	)	
Corporate	9		 	—		 	9		
Total	$	6		 	$	(89	)	 	$	(83	)	

North America Commercial P&C Insurance
For the three months ended March 31, 2016 , net favorable PPD was $178 million , which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $142 million in long-tail business, primarily from:	

•	Favorable development of $140 million in our commercial excess and umbrella business, driven by continued lower than expected reported loss activity in accident years 2010 and prior; in general, the severity of claims has been less than previously expected;	

•	Favorable development of $43 million in our professional errors and omissions (E&O) business, mainly impacting the 2012 and prior accident years, arising from both lower than expected reported loss activity and a claims review of case reserves held for a small number of large claims; and	

•	Adverse development of $26 million in several primary casualty books of business, with higher than expected reported loss activity, mainly associated with construction defect coverages, leading to upward revisions of ultimate liability primarily impacting the 2006 through 2008 accident years.	

•	Net favorable development of $36 million in short-tail business which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movement, none of which was significant individually or in the aggregate.	

For the three months ended March 31, 2015, net favorable PPD was $30 million , which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, driven by the following principal change:

•	Net favorable development of $28 million in short-tail business, primarily from favorable development of $24 million in our surety business, due to favorable claim emergence in the 2013 accident year.	

North America Personal P&C Insurance
For the three months ended March 31, 2016 , net favorable PPD was $3 million , which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate. There was no prior period development in the prior year period.

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North America Agricultural Insurance
For the three months ended March 31, 2016 , net favorable PPD was $41 million . Actual claim development in the three months ended March 31, 2016 for the 2015 crop year for the Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) business was favorable due to better than expected crop yield results in certain states at year-end 2015.

For the three months ended March 31, 2015, net favorable PPD was $33 million . Actual claim development in the three months ended March 31, 2015 for the 2014 crop year for the MPCI business was favorable due to better than expected crop yield results in certain states at year-end 2014.

Overseas General Insurance
For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, net favorable PPD was $30 million and $24 million , respectively, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements across a number of short-tail and specialty lines, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate.

Global Reinsurance
For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, net favorable PPD was $3 million and $5 million , respectively, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements across a number of lines and across a number of treaty years, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate.

Corporate
For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, adverse PPD was $8 million and $9 million , respectively, due to unallocated loss adjustment expenses paid and incurred in the respective periods on our run-off lines.

	
	
Segment Operating Results – Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 and 2015	

Effective the first quarter of 2016, reflecting our significantly larger and expanded operations, subsequent to the Chubb acquisition, we implemented organizational changes that resulted in new business segments. We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life. We have also redefined Corporate to include all run-off asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, the results of run-off Brandywine business, the results of Westchester specialty operations for 1996 and prior years and certain mass tort exposures. Prior period amounts contained in this report have been adjusted to conform to the new segment presentation.

Pro forma measures presented throughout this section are prepared exclusive of the impact of the unearned premium reserves intangible amortization and the elimination of the historical policy acquisition costs as a result of purchase accounting in order to present the underlying profitability of our insurance business.  We believe this measure provides visibility into our results and allows for comparability to our historical results and is consistent with how management evaluates results.  We have discussed our results on a pro forma basis for both the current and prior year periods, which are defined below:

2016 Pro forma results: The combined company results are inclusive of the first 14 days of January 2016 (the acquisition closed January 14, 2016) and do not include the impact of the unearned premium reserves intangible amortization and the elimination of the historical policy acquisition costs as a result of purchase accounting related to the Chubb Corp acquisition.

2015 Pro forma results: Legacy ACE plus Legacy Chubb Corp historical results after accounting policy alignment adjustments, including reclassifying certain Legacy Chubb Corp corporate expenses to administrative expenses and redefining legacy Chubb Corp segment underwriting income by allocating the amortization of deferred acquisition costs to each segment.  2015 pro forma excludes purchase accounting adjustments.

A reconciliation of pro forma results as defined above to pro forma results in accordance with SEC guidance under Article 11 is provided under the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section starting on page 70.

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North America Commercial P&C Insurance

The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide property and casualty (P&C) insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes our North American Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance (principally large corporate and upper middle market accounts), and the North American Commercial Insurance divisions (principally middle market and small commercial accounts).

											
 	Three Months Ended	 	 	 	
 	March 31	 	 	% Change		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		 	Q-16 vs.
Q-15		
Net premiums written	$	2,302		 	$	1,297		 	77.4	%	
Net premiums earned	2,896		 	1,380		 	109.9	%	
Losses and loss expenses	1,747		 	915		 	90.9	%	
Policy acquisition costs	482		 	130		 	270.8	%	
Administrative expenses	266		 	151		 	76.2	%	
Underwriting income	401		 	184		 	117.9	%	
Adjusted net investment income	426		 	258		 	65.1	%	
Segment income	$	827		 	$	442		 	87.1	%	
Loss and loss expense ratio	60.3	%	 	66.3	%	 	 	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	16.7	%	 	9.4	%	 	 	
Administrative expense ratio	9.1	%	 	11.0	%	 	 	
Combined ratio	86.1	%	 	86.7	%	 	 	

On an as-reported basis, net premiums written increased 77.4 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to the Chubb Corp acquisition which added $1,081 million.
On a pro forma constant-dollar basis, net premiums written declined $103 million, or 3.5 percent, primarily in our retail property and specialty lines, construction and retail financial lines. Within our Property and Specialty lines and construction business the premium declines reflect lower new business driven by competitive market conditions and rate declines. Within our retail financial lines, overall renewal retention was in line with prior year. The declines in financial lines premium were principally in our Major Account Management Liability and Financial Institutions business, where we are experiencing competitive market conditions and rate declines.
On an as-reported basis, net premiums earned increased 109.9 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the Chubb Corp acquisition which added $1,515 million, or 110 percent of growth to premiums. On a pro forma basis, net premiums earned increased $30 million or 1.0 percent, reflecting the earning in of prior year premium growth.
The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums and prior period reserve development on our loss and loss expense ratio:

						
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
 	2016		 	2015		
Loss and loss expense ratio, as reported	60.3	 %	 	66.3	 %	
Catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums	(2.8	)%	 	(0.7	)%	
Prior period development	6.2	 %	 	2.3	 %	
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	63.7	 %	 	67.9	 %	

Net pre-tax catastrophe losses, excluding reinstatement premiums, were $ 81 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $9 million in the prior year period on an as-reported basis and $66 million on a pro forma basis. Catastrophe losses through both March 31, 2016 and 2015 were primarily from severe weather-related events in the U.S. Net

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favorable prior period development was $ 178 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, compared with $ 30 million in the prior year period on an as-reported basis and $115 million on a pro forma basis. Refer to “Prior Period Development” for additional information on an as-reported basis. The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio decreased 4.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the addition of Chubb Corp business, which carried a lower loss ratio. On a pro forma basis, the adjusted loss and loss expense ratio increased 0.3 percentage points.

On an as-reported basis, the policy acquisition cost ratio increased 7.3 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the addition of the Chubb Corp business which has a higher acquisition ratio and the impact of purchase accounting adjustments related to the Chubb Corp acquisition. As a result of purchase accounting requirements, the fair value adjustment related to the unearned premiums at the date of the purchase is amortized over the remaining coverage period through policy acquisition costs, which increased policy acquisition costs by $315 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Partially offsetting this amortization is the $269 million favorable impact from the acquired unearned premiums recognized over the remaining coverage period with no expense for the historical acquisition costs that were incurred to write these policies. The net unfavorable impact of these purchase accounting adjustments was 1.6 percentage points to the ratio. In addition, during 2016, we determined that certain underwriting costs that are directly attributable to the successful acquisition of business were more appropriately classified as policy acquisition costs. This resulted in a $31 million increase to policy acquisition costs and a 1.1 percentage point increase to the policy acquisition cost ratio, with an offsetting decrease to administrative expenses ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

On a pro forma basis, the policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.3 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016.
The administrative expense ratio was lower by 1.9 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to the $31 million reclassification of certain underwriting costs that are directly attributable to the successful acquisition of business to policy acquisition costs, which decreased the administrative expense ratio by 1.1 percentage points, as discussed above, cost savings realized, and the inclusion of the Chubb Corp businesses which carried a lower administrative expense ratio.
On a pro forma basis, the administrative expense ratio remained relatively flat for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

North America Personal P&C Insurance

The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment is the business written by the North America Personal Risk Services, which comprises Chubb high net worth personal lines business and ACE Private Risk Services, which includes operations in the U.S. and Canada.

										
 	Three Months Ended	 	 	 	
 	March 31	 	 	% Change	
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		 	Q-16 vs.
Q-15	
Net premiums written	$	871		 	$	133		 	NM	
Net premiums earned	1,024		 	146		 	NM	
Losses and loss expenses	661		 	111		 	NM	
Policy acquisition costs	249		 	31		 	NM	
Administrative expenses	88		 	19		 	NM	
Underwriting income (loss)	26		 	(15	)	 	NM	
Adjusted net investment income	47		 	5		 	NM	
Segment income (loss)	$	73		 	$	(10	)	 	NM	
Loss and loss expense ratio	64.6	%	 	76.4	%	 	 	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	24.3	%	 	21.0	%	 	 	
Administrative expense ratio	8.6	%	 	12.8	%	 	 	
Combined ratio	97.5	%	 	110.2	%	 	 	

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On an as-reported basis, net premiums written increased $738 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to the acquisitions of the Chubb Corp (January 14, 2016) and the Fireman's Fund (April 2015) which added $691 million and $39 million, respectively, of growth to premiums.
On a pro forma basis, net premiums written increased 6.8 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to the acquisition of the Fireman’s Fund, which contributed to 4.3 percent of growth, and growth in both our Chubb high net worth and ACE Private Risk services businesses, primarily within our U.S. Homeowners line. The growth was driven by strong renewal premium retention, rate and exposure increases as well as modest growth in new business.
On an as-reported basis, net premiums earned increased $878 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the acquisitions described above. On a pro forma basis, net premiums earned increased $127 million or 12.7 percent reflecting good net premiums written growth and the acquisition of the Fireman’s Fund.
The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums and prior period reserve development on our loss and loss expense ratio:

						
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
 	2016		 	2015		
Loss and loss expense ratio, as reported	64.6	 %	 	76.4	 %	
Catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums	(15.2	)%	 	(24.9	)%	
Prior period development	0.2	 %	 	—		
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	49.6	 %	 	51.5	 %	

Net pre-tax catastrophe losses, excluding reinstatement premiums, were $156 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $36 million in the prior year period on an as-reported basis, and $243 million on a pro forma basis. Catastrophe losses through both March 31, 2016 and 2015 were primarily from severe weather-related events in the U.S. Net favorable prior period development was $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with nil in the prior year period. The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio decreased 1.9 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , and decreased 3.3 percentage points on a pro forma basis, reflecting lower non-catastrophe weather related losses in the current year.

On an as-reported basis, the policy acquisition cost ratio increased 3.3 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the impact of purchase accounting adjustments related to the Chubb Corp acquisition. As a result of purchase accounting requirements, the fair value adjustment related to the unearned premiums at the date of the purchase is amortized over the remaining coverage period through policy acquisition costs, which increased policy acquisition costs by $181 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Partially offsetting this amortization is the $150 million favorable impact from the acquired unearned premiums recognized over the remaining coverage period with no expense for the historical acquisition costs that were incurred to write these policies. The net unfavorable impact of these purchase accounting adjustments was 3.0 percentage points to the ratio.

The administrative expense ratio decreased 4.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the Chubb acquisition (4.9 percentage points impact), which carried a lower administrative expense ratio, partially offset by the Fireman's Fund acquisition, which carries a higher administrative expense ratio (1.1 percentage points).

On a pro forma basis, the administrative expense ratio increased 0.8 percentage points reflecting the Fireman's Fund acquisition, which carries a higher administrative expense ratio, partially offset by cost savings realized as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition.

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North America Agricultural Insurance

The North America Agricultural Insurance segment comprises our North American based businesses that provides a variety of coverages in the U.S. and Canada including crop insurance, primarily Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail through Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. (Rain and Hail) as well as farm and ranch and specialty P&C commercial insurance products and services through our Chubb Agribusiness unit.

											
 	Three Months Ended	 	 	 	
 	March 31	 	 	% Change		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		 	Q-16 vs.
Q-15		
Net premiums written	$	64		 	$	88		 	(27.0	)%	
Net premiums earned	23		 	64		 	(63.7	)%	
Losses and loss expenses	(30	)	 	22		 	NM		
Policy acquisition costs	4		 	(4	)	 	NM		
Administrative expenses	(4	)	 	(1	)	 	NM		
Underwriting income	53		 	47		 	12.8	 %	
Adjusted net investment income	5		 	6		 	(16.7	)%	
Segment income	$	58		 	$	53		 	9.4	 %	
Loss and loss expense ratio	(125.2	)%	 	33.3	 %	 	 	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	15.9	 %	 	(6.0	)%	 	 	
Administrative expense ratio	(17.6	)%	 	(0.9	)%	 	 	
Combined ratio	(126.9	)%	 	26.4	 %	 	 	
Net premiums written decreased 27.0 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to lower premium retention as a result of the premium-sharing formulas with the U.S. government. Under the government's crop insurance profit and loss calculation formulas, we retained less premiums in 2016 as losses were lower compared to 2015.  This decline was partially offset by lower cessions under existing third party proportional reinsurance programs for the three months ended March 31, 2016.
Net premiums earned decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to the same factors driving the decrease in net premiums written as described above.
The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums and prior period reserve development on our loss and loss expense ratio: 

						
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
 	2016		 	2015		
Loss and loss expense ratio, as reported	(125.2	)%	 	33.3	 %	
Catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums	(2.9	)%	 	(1.1	)%	
Prior period development	203.2	 %	 	51.0	 %	
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	75.1	 %	 	83.2	 %	

Net pre-tax catastrophe losses, were $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $1 million in the prior year period. For the three months ended March 31, 2016 net favorable prior period development was $41 million , which included $85 million of favorable incurred losses due to lower than expected MPCI losses for the 2015 crop year, partially offset by $48 million of unfavorable decrease in net premium earned related to the government’s crop insurance profit and loss calculation formula. Also included in prior period development but not impacting the loss ratio was a $4 million favorable benefit of ceded profit share commissions earned from third-party reinsurers. For the three months ended March 31, 2015, net prior period development was $33 million favorable, which included a decrease in incurred losses of $36 million for lower than expected MPCI losses for the 2014 crop year, partially offset by $3 million of unfavorable decrease in net premium earned related to the governments crop insurance profit and loss calculation formulas. Refer to “Prior Period Development” for additional information. The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio decreased 8.1 percentage points for the three months ended

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March 31, 2016 compared to the prior year period which included higher loss adjustment expenses reflecting a revision in estimated claims handling costs.

The policy acquisition cost ratio increased 21.9 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 due primarily to the $48 million reduction in net premium earned this year, compared to a reduction of $3 million in the prior year. Excluding the impact of these reductions in net premium earned, the policy acquisition ratio increased over prior year by 10 percentage points due to higher agent profit sharing commissions in the current year, partially offset by higher ceded profit share commission benefits on third-party reinsurance for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

The administrative expense ratio decreased 16.7 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to the $48 million reduction in net premium earned this year, compared to a reduction of $3 million in the prior year. Excluding the impact of these reductions in net premium earned, the administrative expense ratio decreased over prior year by 4 percentage points due to a larger benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2016 from higher Administrative and Operating (A&O) reimbursements on the MPCI business.

Overseas General Insurance

Overseas General Insurance segment comprises Chubb International and Chubb Global Markets (CGM). Chubb International comprises our commercial P&C traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers, A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines business serving local territories outside the U.S., Bermuda, and Canada. CGM, our London-based international commercial P&C excess and surplus lines business, includes Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) Syndicate 2488 and Lloyd's Syndicate 1882. Chubb provides funds at Lloyd's to support underwriting by Syndicate 2488 and Syndicate 1882, which are managed by Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited. The reinsurance operation of CGM is included in the Global Reinsurance segment.

											
 	Three Months Ended	 	 	 	
 	March 31	 	 	% Change		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		 	Q-16 vs.
Q-15		
Net premiums written (1)	$	2,041		 	$	1,794		 	13.8	 %	
Net premiums earned	1,955		 	1,637		 	19.4	 %	
Losses and loss expenses	1,021		 	814		 	25.4	 %	
Policy acquisition costs	503		 	389		 	29.3	 %	
Administrative expenses	263		 	256		 	2.7	 %	
Underwriting income (2)	168		 	178		 	(5.6	)%	
Adjusted net investment income	146		 	138		 	5.8	 %	
Segment income	$	314		 	$	316		 	(0.6	)%	
Loss and loss expense ratio	52.2	%	 	49.7	%	 	 	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	25.7	%	 	23.8	%	 	 	
Administrative expense ratio	13.5	%	 	15.6	%	 	 	
Combined ratio	91.4	%	 	89.1	%	 	 	
		
(1)  	For the three months ended March 31, 2016 , net premiums written increased $ 421 million or 26.1 percent on a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period. 	
		
(2)  	For the three months ended March 31, 2016 , underwriting income decreased $6 million or 3.5 percent on a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period	
On an as-reported basis, net premiums written increased 13.8 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to the impact of the Chubb Corp acquisition, which added $385 million, or 21.5 percent of growth to premiums, partially offset by the adverse impact of foreign exchange which decreased premium by $174 million.
On a pro forma constant-dollar basis, net premiums written increased by $37 million, or 1.7 percent, for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily driven by growth in personal lines, partially offset by declines in our excess and surplus lines. Personal lines growth was across all regions but primarily in Europe, reflecting new business in specialty products, and in Asia, driven by new personal residential business.

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On an as-reported basis, net premiums earned increased 19.4 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the same factors driving the increase in net premiums written as described above.
Overseas General Insurance conducts business internationally and in most major foreign currencies. The following table presents a regional breakdown of Overseas General Insurance net premiums written on an as-reported basis: 

																								
 	Three Months Ended March 31	 	 	% Change	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016			2016
% of Total			2015			2015
% of Total			C$ (1)
 2015			Q-16 vs.
Q-15			C$ (1) Q-16 vs.
Q-15		
Region	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Europe (2)	$	899		 	44	%	 	$	780		 	43	%	 	$	734		 	15.3	 %	 	22.5	 %	
Latin America	482		 	24	%	 	459		 	26	%	 	372		 	5.0	 %	 	29.6	 %	
Asia	570		 	28	%	 	452		 	25	%	 	421		 	26.1	 %	 	35.4	 %	
Other (3)	90		 	4	%	 	103		 	6	%	 	93		 	(12.6	)%	 	(3.2	)%	
Net premiums written	$	2,041		 	100	%	 	$	1,794		 	100	%	 	$	1,620		 	13.8	 %	 	26.1	 %	
(1) On a constant-dollar basis.  Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period. 
(2) Europe excluding Eurasia and Africa region.
(3) Combined International, Eurasia and Africa region, other international.
The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums and prior period reserve development on our loss and loss expense ratio: 

						
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
 	2016		 	2015		
Loss and loss expense ratio, as reported	52.2	 %	 	49.7	 %	
Catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums	(0.9	)%	 	(0.3	)%	
Prior period development	1.5	 %	 	1.5	 %	
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	52.8	 %	 	50.9	 %	

On an as-reported and pro forma basis, net pre-tax catastrophe losses, excluding reinstatement premiums, were $ 18 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $5 million in the prior year period. Catastrophe losses through March 31, 2016 were primarily related to severe weather related events in the U.K. and an earthquake in Taiwan. Catastrophe losses through March 31, 2015 were primarily related to severe storms in Asia. As-reported net favorable prior period development was $30 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $24 million in the prior year period. Refer to “Prior Period Development” for additional information. The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio increased 1.9 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 due to the Chubb Corp acquisition which carries a higher loss ratio.

Pro forma net favorable prior period development was $30 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $50 million in the prior year period. The pro forma adjusted loss and loss expense ratio decreased 1.0 percentage points, primarily due to primarily due to a low level of short-tail large losses in the prior year period and a shift in the mix of business.
On an as-reported basis, the policy acquisition cost ratio increased 1.9 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily because we determine that certain underwriting costs that are directly attributable to the successful acquisition of business previously classified as administrative expenses were more appropriately classified as policy acquisition costs. This resulted in a $36 million increase to policy acquisition costs and a 1.8 percentage point increase to the policy acquisition cost ratio, and an offsetting decrease to administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2016.
On a pro forma basis, the policy acquisition cost ratio increased 1.1 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016, as there was a shift in the mix of business towards more personal lines products as described above.
On an as-reported basis, the administrative expense ratio decreased 2.1 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 due to the $36 million reclassification of underwriting costs that are directly attributable to the successful acquisition of business as discussed above, which decreased the administrative expense ratio by 1.8 percentage points, as

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discussed above, and cost savings realized as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition.
On a pro forma basis, the administrative expense ratio decreased 0.9 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to cost savings realized as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition.

Global Reinsurance

The Global Reinsurance segment represents our reinsurance operations comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Following the Chubb Corp acquisition, Chubb Tempest Re USA includes the run-off business of legacy Chubb Re, and Chubb Tempest Re International includes the active legacy Chubb U.K. assumed reinsurance business. Global Reinsurance markets its reinsurance products worldwide under the Chubb Tempest Re brand name and provides a broad range of traditional reinsurance coverage to a diverse array of primary P&C companies.

											
 	Three Months Ended	 	 	 	
 	March 31	 	 	% Change		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		 	Q-16 vs.
Q-15		
Net premiums written	$	201		 	$	273		 	(26.3	)%	
Net premiums earned	202		 	226		 	(10.7	)%	
Losses and loss expenses	89		 	99		 	(10.1	)%	
Policy acquisition costs	53		 	54		 	(1.9	)%	
Administrative expenses	14		 	12		 	16.7	 %	
Underwriting income	46		 	61		 	(24.6	)%	
Adjusted net investment income	67		 	75		 	(10.7	)%	
Segment income	$	113		 	$	136		 	(16.9	)%	
Loss and loss expense ratio	44.3	%	 	43.6	%	 	 	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	26.2	%	 	24.0	%	 	 	
Administrative expense ratio	6.8	%	 	5.6	%	 	 	
Combined ratio	77.3	%	 	73.2	%	 	 	

On an as-reported basis, net premiums written decreased 26.3 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016 as we maintained underwriting discipline in an environment of flat to declining rates and increasing competition.

On a pro forma basis, net premiums written declined 25.1 percent, or $74 million, due to the same factors as described above.

On an as-reported basis, net premiums earned decreased 10.7 percent primarily due to the same factors driving the decrease in net premiums written as described above. Net premiums earned declined less than net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, 2016 due to the favorable contribution to earned premium of written premium activity throughout 2015.
On a pro forma basis, net premiums earned decreased 11.5 percent, or $26 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to the same factors as described above.

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The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums and prior period reserve development on our loss and loss expense ratio:

						
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
 	2016		 	2015		
Loss and loss expense ratio, as reported	44.3	 %	 	43.6	%	
Catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums	(0.3	)%	 	—		
Prior period development	1.5	 %	 	2.4	%	
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	45.5	 %	 	46.0	%	

On an as-reported and pro forma basis, net pre-tax catastrophe losses, excluding reinstatement premiums, were $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with nil in the prior year period. As-reported net favorable prior period development was $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $5 million in the prior year period. Refer to “Prior Period Development” for additional information. The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio declined 0.5 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to a change in the mix of business towards products that have a lower loss ratio.

Pro forma net favorable prior period development was $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared with $6 million in the prior year period. The pro forma adjusted loss and loss expense ratio declined slightly for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

The policy acquisition cost ratio increased 2.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to a change in the mix of business towards higher acquisition cost ratio proportional reinsurance products.

On a pro forma basis, the policy acquisition cost ratio increased 2.8 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to the factors as described above.

The administrative expense ratio increased 1.2 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily from lower net premiums earned.

On a pro forma basis, the administrative expense ratio remained flat for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

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Life Insurance

The Life Insurance segment comprises Chubb's international life operations (Chubb Life), Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and the life business of Combined Insurance. We assess the performance of our life business based on Life segment income, which includes (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP.

											
 	Three Months Ended	 	 			
 	March 31	 	 	% Change		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		 	Q-16 vs.
Q-15		
Net premiums written	$	516		 	$	491		 	5.1	 %	
Net premiums earned	497		 	474		 	4.9	 %	
Losses and loss expenses	177		 	152		 	16.4	 %	
Policy benefits (1)	126		 	142		 	(11.3	)%	
(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets (1)	3		 	(11	)	 	NM		
Policy acquisition costs	122		 	107		 	14.0	 %	
Administrative expenses	72		 	73		 	(1.4	)%	
Net investment income	67		 	66		 	1.5	 %	
Life Insurance segment income	$	64		 	$	77		 	(16.9	)%	
		
(1)  	(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP have been reclassified for Life Insurance segment income presentation from Other (income) expense in Corporate. For example, the three months ended March 31, 2016 included losses on these assets of $3 million; the offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in and reduces Policy benefits.	

On an as-reported basis, net premiums written increased 5.1 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily reflecting the impact of the Chubb Corp acquisition, which added $22 million, or 4.5 percent of growth to premiums. On a constant-dollar basis, net premiums written increased 10.2 percent, or $48 million due to growth in our Life insurance business primarily in Asia, and in our Combined Insurance supplemental A&H business from growth in our program business. Our life reinsurance business continues to decline as there is no new life reinsurance business currently being written.
On a pro forma basis, net premiums written were flat as growth in our Life insurance and Combined Insurance supplemental A&H businesses as noted above, was offset by the adverse impact of foreign exchange of $23 million.

																		
 	Three Months Ended	 	 			 	 	
 	March 31	 	 	 	 	% Change		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		 	C$ (1) 2015		 	Q-16 vs.
Q-15		 	C$ Q-16 vs.
Q-15		
Deposits collected on Universal life and investment contracts	$	213		 	$	253		 	$	241		 	(15.9	)%	 	(11.5	)%	

Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts (life deposits) are not reflected as revenues in our consolidated statements of operations in accordance with GAAP.  New life deposits are an important component of production, and although they do not significantly affect current period income from operations they are key to our efforts to grow our business. Life deposits collected decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to a decline in Taiwan driven by competitive market conditions, partially offset by growth in other Asian markets.

Life Insurance segment income decreased $13 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to unfavorable loss reserve development related to our Combined Insurance supplemental A&H business. Also, our life reinsurance business continued to decline as there is no new life reinsurance being written.

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Corporate

Corporate results primarily includes the results of our non-insurance companies, income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) run-off liabilities and certain other mass tort exposures.
Our exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and legacy Chubb Corp A&E claims in 2016. Corporate staff expenses and net investment income of Chubb Limited, including the amortization of the fair valued of acquired invested assets and debt, interest expense, Chubb integration expenses and the results of Chubb Group Management and Holdings Ltd, and Chubb INA Holdings, Inc. are reported within Corporate.

											
 	Three Months Ended	 	 	 	
 	March 31	 	 	% Change		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		 	Q-16 vs.
Q-15		
Losses and loss expenses	9		 	9		 	—		
Administrative expenses	73		 	44		 	65.9	 %	
Underwriting loss	82		 	53		 	54.7	 %	
Net investment income (loss)	(84	)	 	3		 	NM		
Interest expense	146		 	68		 	114.7	 %	
Net realized gains (losses)	(394	)	 	(89	)	 	342.7	 %	
Other (income) expense	25		 	(24	)	 	NM		
Amortization of purchased intangibles	7		 	30		 	(76.7	)%	
Chubb integration expenses	148		 	—		 	NM		
Income tax expense	124		 	120		 	3.3	 %	
Net loss	$	(1,010	)	 	$	(333	)	 	203.3	 %	
NM – not meaningful	 	 	 	 	 	

On an as-reported basis, losses and loss expenses were $9 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, related primarily to unallocated loss adjustment expenses of the A&E claim operations. On a pro forma basis, losses and loss expenses were $9 million and $17 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The incurred losses and loss expenses were higher in the prior year period primarily due to the environmental reserve action as a result of a quarterly A&E reserve review of legacy Chubb Corp business.

Administrative expense increased by $29 million, or 65.9 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily due to the Chubb Corp acquisition. On a pro forma basis, administrative expenses decreased $6 million primarily due to cost savings realized as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition.

Net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2016 included amortization of $93 million related to the fair value adjustment on invested assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition. Excluding the fair value adjustment amortization, net investment income increased by $6 million. Refer to the Net Investment Income section for a discussion on consolidated Net investment income.

Interest expense increased $78 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily driven by the $5.3 billion senior notes issued in November 2015, as well as the $3.3 billion par value of debt assumed in connection with the Chubb Corp acquisition.

Net realized losses for three months ended March 31, 2016, consisted primarily of $210 million of losses on our investment portfolios. In addition, realized losses of $230 million were associated with a net increase in the fair value of GLB liabilities. These increases were primarily due to lower interest rates, falling international equity market levels, and the unfavorable impact of discounting future claims for one less quarter.  In addition, we maintain positions in derivative instruments that decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 we experienced realized losses of $15 million related to these derivative instruments.  For further discussion of the remaining Net realized gains and (losses), refer to "Net realized and unrealized gains and (losses)".

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Other expense of $25 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 related primarily to losses of partially owned entities. Refer to the Other Income and Expense Items section for further information.

Chubb integration expenses were $148 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily comprising $75 million of personnel-related expenses, including severance and employee retention and relocation, $38 million of advisor fees, and $12 million of consulting fees. Chubb integration expenses are one-time in nature and are not related to the on-going business activities of the segments. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income.

Amortization of purchased intangibles of $7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, primarily related to the Chubb Corp acquisition, which included a favorable impact of the amortization of the fair value adjustment to acquired loss reserves as part of the Chubb Corp acquisition. Refer to the Amortization of Purchased Intangibles section for further information.

Non-GAAP Reconciliation

We provide financial measures such as net premiums written, net premiums earned and underwriting income on a constant-dollar basis. We believe it is useful to evaluate the trends in these measures exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which our international business is transacted, as these exchange rates could fluctuate significantly between periods and distort the analysis of trends. The impact is determined by assuming constant foreign exchange rates between periods by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

Pro forma measures presented throughout this section are prepared exclusive of the impact of the unearned premium reserves intangible amortization and the elimination of the historical policy acquisition costs as a result of purchase accounting in order to present the underlying profitability of our insurance business.  We believe this measure provides visibility into our results and allows for comparability to our historical results and is consistent with how management evaluates results.  We have discussed our results on a pro forma basis for both the current and prior year periods, which are defined below:

2016 Pro forma results: The combined company results are inclusive of the first 14 days of January 2016 (the acquisition closed January 14, 2016) and do not include the impact of the unearned premium reserves intangible amortization and the elimination of the historical policy acquisition costs as a result of purchase accounting related to the Chubb Corp acquisition.

2015 Pro forma results: Legacy ACE plus Legacy Chubb Corp historical results after accounting policy alignment adjustments, including reclassifying certain Legacy Chubb Corp corporate expenses to administrative expenses and redefining legacy Chubb Corp segment underwriting income by allocating the amortization of deferred acquisition costs to each segment.  2015 pro forma excludes purchase accounting adjustments.

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The following tables present a reconciliation of 2016 pro forma results to as-reported 2016 results as well as 2015 pro forma results to as-reported 2015 results and pro forma results as calculated in accordance with SEC Article 11: 

																																
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except percentages)	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		 	North America Personal P&C Insurance		 	North American Agricultural Insurance		 	Overseas General Insurance		 	Global Reinsurance		 	Life Insurance		 	Consolidated		 	Global P&C (1)		
Net premiums written	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2016 pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	2,302		 	$	871		 	$	64		 	$	2,041		 	$	201		 	$	516		 	$	5,995		 	$	5,415		
14 day stub period	519		 	100		 	—		 	215		 	20		 	1		 	855		 	854		
2016 pro forma	$	2,821		 	$	971		 	$	64		 	$	2,256		 	$	221		 	$	517		 	$	6,850		 	$	6,269		
2015 SEC pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	1,297		 	$	133		 	$	88		 	$	1,794		 	$	273		 	$	491		 	$	4,076		 	$	3,497		
Legacy Chubb	1,631		 	776		 	—		 	667		 	22		 	10		 	3,106		 	3,096		
Accounting policy alignment	—		 	—		 	—		 	19		 	—		 	15		 	34		 	19		
2015 SEC pro forma	$	2,928		 	$	909		 	$	88		 	$	2,480		 	$	295		 	$	516		 	$	7,216			$	6,612		
Constant-dollar 2015 pro forma	$	2,924		 	$	904		 	$	88		 	$	2,219		 	$	288		 	$	494		 	$	6,916		 	$	6,334		
Constant-dollar change pro forma	$	(103	)	 	$	67		 	(24	)	 	$	37		 	$	(67	)	 	23		 	$	(66	)	 	$	(65	)	
Constant-dollar percent change pro forma	(3.5	)%	 	7.4	%	 	(27.0	)%	 	1.7	%	 	(23.4	)%	 	4.6	%	 	(1.0	)%	 	(1.0	)%	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net premiums earned	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2016 pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	2,896		 	$	1,024		 	$	23		 	$	1,955		 	$	202		 	$	497		 	$	6,597		 	$	6,077		
14 day stub period	208		 	110		 	—		 	71		 	—		 	2		 	391		 	389		
2016 pro forma	$	3,104		 	$	1,134		 	$	23		 	$	2,026		 	$	202		 	$	499		 	$	6,988		 	$	6,466		
2015 SEC pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	1,380		 	$	146		 	$	64		 	$	1,637		 	$	226		 	$	474		 	$	3,927		 	$	3,389		
Legacy Chubb	1,694		 	861		 	—		 	538		 	2		 	10		 	3,105		 	3,095		
Accounting policy alignment	—		 	—		 	—		 	(9	)	 	—		 	14		 	5		 	(9	)	
2015 SEC pro forma	$	3,074		 	$	1,007		 	$	64		 	$	2,166		 	$	228		 	$	498		 	$	7,037		 	$	6,475		
Constant-dollar 2015 pro forma	$	3,065		 	$	1,006		 	$	64		 	$	1,949		 	$	224		 	$	477		 	$	6,785		 	$	6,244		
Constant-dollar change pro forma	$	39		 	$	128		 	$	(41	)	 	$	77		 	$	(22	)	 	$	22		 	$	203		 	$	222		
Constant-dollar percent change pro forma	1.3	 %	 	12.7	%	 	(63.7	)%	 	4.0	%	 	(10.0	)%	 	4.7	%	 	3.0	 %	 	3.6	 %	
(1) Global P&C performance metrics are non-GAAP financial measures and comprise consolidated operating results (including corporate) and exclude the operating results of the company’s Life Insurance and North American Agricultural Insurance segments. We believe that these measures are useful and meaningful to investors as they are used by management to assess the company’s global P&C operations which are the most economically similar. We exclude the North American Agricultural Insurance and Life Insurance segments because the results of these businesses do not always correlate with the results of our global P&C operations.

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 	Three months ended	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except percentages)	March 31	 	
 	 	 	 	Total P&C (1)		
Underwriting income	 	 	 	 	
2016 pro forma	 	 	 	 	
As reported (2)	 	 	 	$	612		
14 day stub period	 	 	 	44		
Amortization of acquired unearned premium reserves intangible asset	 	 	 	570		
Elimination of deferred acquisition cost benefit	 	 	 	(506	)	
2016 pro forma	 	 	 	$	720		
2015 SEC pro forma	 	 	 	 	
As reported (2)	 	 	 	$	402		
Legacy Chubb	 	 	 	207		
Accounting policy alignment	 	 	 	(24	)	
2015 pro forma	 	 	 	$	585		
Amortization of acquired unearned premium reserves intangible asset	 	 	 	(674	)	
Elimination of deferred acquisition cost benefit	 	 	 	543		
2015 SEC proforma	 	 	 	$	454		
 	 	 	 	 	
Constant-dollar 2015 pro forma	 	 	 	$	560		
Change pro forma	 	 	 	$	135		
Percentage change pro forma	 	 	 	23.2	%	
Constant-dollar change pro forma	 	 	 	$	160		
Constant-dollar change pro forma	 	 	 	28.6	%	
(1) P&C performance metrics are non-GAAP financial measures and excludes the Life Insurance segment.
(2) Refer to footnote 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation to Net income.

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 	Three Months Ended March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	North America Commercial P&C Insurance		 	North America Personal P&C Insurance		 	North American Agricultural Insurance		 	Overseas General Insurance		 	Global Reinsurance		 	Corporate		 	Total P&C		
Loss and loss expenses	
2016 pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	1,747		 	$	661		 	$	(30	)	 	$	1,021		 	$	89		 	$	9		 	$	3,497		
14 day stub period	127		 	53		 	—		 	42		 	—		 	—		 	222		
2016 pro forma	$	1,874		 	$	714		 	$	(30	)	 	$	1,063		 	$	89		 	$	9		 	$	3,719		
2015 SEC pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	915		 	$	111		 	$	22		 	$	814		 	$	99		 	$	9		 	$	1,970		
Legacy Chubb	977		 	656		 	—		 	268		 	(1	)	 	14		 	1,914		
Accounting policy alignments	—		 	—		 	—		 	(1	)	 	—		 	(6	)	 	(7	)	
2015 SEC pro forma	$	1,892		 	$	767		 	$	22		 	$	1,081		 	$	98		 	$	17		 	$	3,877		
Policy acquisition costs	
2016 pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	482		 	$	249		 	$	4		 	$	503		 	$	53		 	$	—		 	$	1,291		
Amortization of acquired unearned premium reserves intangible asset	(315	)	 	(181	)	 	—		 	(74	)	 	—		 	—		 	(570	)	
Elimination of deferred acquisition cost benefit	269		 	150		 	—		 	87		 	—		 	—		 	506		
14 day stub period	33		 	14		 	—		 	13		 	—		 	—		 	60		
2016 pro forma	$	469		 	$	232		 	$	4		 	$	529		 	$	53		 	$	—		 	$	1,287		
2015 SEC pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	130		 	$	31		 	$	(4	)	 	$	389		 	$	54		 	$	—		 	$	600		
Legacy Chubb	311		 	186		 	—		 	127		 	(1	)	 	—		 	623		
Accounting policy alignment	32		 	3		 	—		 	26		 	—		 	—		 	61		
2015 pro forma	$	473		 	$	220		 	$	(4	)	 	$	542		 	$	53		 	$	—		 	$	1,284		
Amortization of acquired unearned premium reserves intangible asset	373		 	214		 	—		 	87		 	—		 	—		 	674		
Elimination of deferred acquisition cost benefit	(301	)	 	(173	)	 	—		 	(69	)	 	$	—		 	—		 	(543	)	
2015 SEC pro forma	$	545		 	$	261		 	$	(4	)	 	$	560		 	$	53		 	$	—		 	$	1,415		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Administrative expenses	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2016 pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	266		 	$	88		 	$	(4	)	 	$	263		 	$	14		 	$	73		 	$	700		
14 day stub period	35		 	13		 	—		 	12		 	—		 	3		 	63		
2016 pro forma	$	301		 	$	101		 	$	(4	)	 	$	275		 	$	14		 	$	76		 	$	763		
2015 SEC pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	151		 	$	19		 	$	(1	)	 	$	256		 	$	12		 	$	44		 	$	481		
Legacy Chubb	179		 	67		 	—		 	86		 	3		 	15		 	350		
Accounting policy alignment	(32	)	 	(3	)	 	—		 	(26	)	 	—		 	23		 	(38	)	
2015 SEC pro forma	$	298		 	$	83		 	$	(1	)	 	$	316		 	$	15		 	$	82		—		$	793		
(Favorable) and unfavorable PPD, pre-tax	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2015 SEC pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	(30	)	 	$	—		 	$	(33	)	 	$	(24	)	 	$	(5	)	 	$	9		 	$	(83	)	
Legacy Chubb	(85	)	 	(5	)	 	—		 	(26	)	 	(1	)	 	8		 	(109	)	
2015 SEC pro forma	$	(115	)	 	$	(5	)	 	$	(33	)	 	$	(50	)	 	$	(6	)	 	$	17		 	$	(192	)	
Catastrophe losses, pre-tax	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2015 SEC pro forma	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	$	9		 	$	36		 	$	1		 	$	5		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	51		
Legacy Chubb	57		 	207		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	264		
2015 SEC pro forma	$	66		 	$	243		 	$	1		 	$	5		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	315		

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Other Income and Expense Items	

								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
Equity in net (income) loss of partially-owned entities	$	15		 	$	(33	)	
(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets	3		 	(11	)	
Federal excise and capital taxes	1		 	3		
Acquisition-related costs (1)	1		 	2		
Other	8		 	4		
Other (income) expense	$	28		 	$	(35	)	
(1) Excludes integration costs related to the Chubb acquisition

Other (income) expense includes equity in net (income) loss of partially-owned entities, which includes our share of net (income) loss related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity) and partially-owned insurance companies. Also included in Other (income) expense are (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits in the consolidated statements of operations. Certain federal excise and capital taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives are included in Other (income) expense as these are considered capital transactions and are excluded from underwriting results.

	
					
Amortization of Purchased Intangibles	

Amortization of purchased intangibles was $7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, compared with $30 million in the prior year period.  Amortization of purchased intangibles was lower in 2016 due primarily to the favorable impact of the amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired Unpaid losses and loss expense  of $61 million, offset by the amortization of other intangibles, including agency distribution relationships, of $41 million related to the Chubb Corp acquisition.

The following table presents, as of March 31, 2016, the estimated pre-tax amortization expense for the second through fourth quarter of 2016 and the next five years for intangibles related to the Chubb Corp acquisition and intangibles from prior acquisitions.

																			
 	Chubb Corp acquisition	 	 	 	
For the Year Ending December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Agency distribution relationships and renewal rights		Internally developed technology		Fair Value of Unpaid losses		Subtotal Chubb Corp acquisition		Other intangible assets		Total
Amortization of purchased intangibles		
Second quarter of 2016	$	33		$	8		$	(61	)	$	(20	)	$	21		$	1		
Third quarter of 2016	33		8		(61	)	(20	)	21		1		
Fourth quarter of 2016	33		8		(61	)	(20	)	21		1		
2017	293		32		(160	)	165		79		244		
2018	320		32		(101	)	251		70		321		
2019	279		—		(62	)	217		64		281		
2020	239		—		(35	)	204		58		262		
2021	216		—		(20	)	196		52		248		
Total	$	1,446		$	88		$	(561	)	$	973		$	386		$	1,359		

At the date of acquisition, we recorded a deferred tax liability of $2,679 million associated with other intangible assets and unearned premium reserves intangibles related to the Chubb Corp acquisition. At March 31, 2016, the deferred tax liability associated with these intangibles was $2,465 million. The following table presents the expected reduction to the deferred tax liability, which assumed an expected 35 percent tax rate, which reduces as the other intangible assets and the Unearned

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premium reserves (UPR) intangible assets amortizes.  In addition, the table below presented the expected amortization for the remainder of the UPR intangible.

							
 	Chubb Corp acquisition	
For the Year Ending December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Reduction to deferred tax liability associated with other intangibles		Amortization of UPR intangible asset to be recorded through policy acquisition costs on the income statement		
Second quarter of 2016	$	(196	)	$	518		
Third quarter of 2016	(126	)	319		
Fourth quarter of 2016	(65	)	143		
2017	(114	)	—		
2018	(123	)	—		
2019	(98	)	—		
2020	(84	)	—		
2021	(75	)	—		
Total	$	(881	)	$	980		

In addition to the amortization of purchased intangibles outlined in the table above, we expect amortization expense of the fair value of acquired invested assets of approximately $80 million for each of the remaining quarters in 2016 and $330 million for each of the years through 2020.  This estimate could vary materially based on current market conditions, bond calls, and overall duration of the acquired investment portfolio. The amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets is recorded as a reduction to net investment income in the consolidated statements of operations.

We also expect a benefit from the amortization of the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt of $12 million for each of the remaining quarters in 2016, $49 million in 2017, $31 million in 2018 and $19 million in 2019 and thereafter. The amortization of the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt is recorded as a reduction to interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

	
	
Net Investment Income	

								
 	Three Months Ended	 	
 	March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
Fixed maturities	$	643		 	$	542		
Short-term investments	23		 	13		
Equity securities	12		 	4		
Other investments	27		 	21		
Gross investment income	705		 	580		
Investment expenses	(31	)	 	(29	)	
Net investment income	$	674		 	$	551		

Net investment income is influenced by a number of factors including the amounts and timing of inward and outward cash flows, the level of interest rates, and changes in overall asset allocation. Net investment income increased 22.3 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with the prior year period, primarily due to the Chubb Corp acquisition which added $261 million of net investment income, partially offset by the unfavorable impact of liquidating investments to fund the acquisition, the negative impact of foreign exchange, and the unfavorable impact of amortizing the purchase accounting fair value adjustment to investments at the date of acquisition of $93 million.

The investment portfolio’s average market yield on fixed maturities was 2.5 percent and 2.6 percent at March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Average market yield on fixed maturities represents the weighted average yield to maturity of our fixed income portfolio based on the market prices of the holdings at that date.

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The 1.3 percent yield on short-term investments for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , reflects the global nature of our insurance operations.

The 3.9 percent and 3.3 percent yield on our equity securities portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, reflects the yield on a global high dividend equity portfolio.

	
	
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)	

We take a long-term view with our investment strategy, and our investment managers manage our investment portfolio to maximize total return within certain specific guidelines designed to minimize risk. The majority of our investment portfolio is available for sale and reported at fair value. Our held to maturity investment portfolio is reported at amortized cost.

The effect of market movements on our available for sale investment portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold or when we record an Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) charge in Net income. For a discussion related to how we assess OTTI for all of our investments, including credit-related OTTI, and the related impact on Net income, refer to Note 3 c) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, Net income is impacted through the reporting of changes in the fair value of derivatives, including financial futures, options, swaps, and GLB reinsurance. Changes in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on available for sale securities resulting from the revaluation of securities held, changes in cumulative translation adjustment, and unrealized pension liability adjustment, are reported as separate components of Accumulated other comprehensive income in Shareholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents our net realized and unrealized gains (losses): 

																								
 	Three Months Ended March 31, 2016	 	 	Three Months Ended March 31, 2015	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Net
Realized
Gains
(Losses)   (1)		 	Net
Unrealized
Gains
(Losses)		 	Net
Impact		 	Net
Realized
Gains
(Losses) (1)		 	Net
Unrealized
Gains
(Losses)		 	Net
Impact		
Fixed maturities	$	(190	)	 	$	1,088		 	$	898		 	$	(4	)	 	$	438		 	$	434		
Fixed income derivatives	(39	)	 	—		 	(39	)	 	1		 	—		 	1		
Public equity	38		 	(4	)	 	34		 	1		 	18		 	19		
Private equity	3		 	(27	)	 	(24	)	 	—		 	(12	)	 	(12	)	
Total investment portfolio	(188	)	 	1,057		 	869		 	(2	)	 	444		 	442		
Variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions, net of applicable hedges	(243	)	 	—		 	(243	)	 	(57	)	 	—		 	(57	)	
Other derivatives	(2	)	 	—		 	(2	)	 	—		 	—		 	—		
Foreign exchange	39		 	312		 	351		 	(31	)	 	(421	)	 	(452	)	
Other	—		 	2		 	2		 	1		 	13		 	14		
Net gains (losses) before tax	(394	)	 	1,371		 	977		 	(89	)	 	36		 	(53	)	
Income tax (benefit) expense	(4	)	 	269		 	265		 	1		 	75		 	76		
Net gains (losses)	$	(390	)	 	$	1,102		 	$	712		 	$	(90	)	 	$	(39	)	 	$	(129	)	
		
(1)  	For the three months ended March 31, 2016 , other-than-temporary impairments included $59 million for fixed maturities, $1 million for public equity, and $3 million for private equity. For the three months ended March 31, 2015 , other-than-temporary impairments included $13 million for fixed maturities.	

	
	
Investments	

Our investment portfolio is invested primarily in publicly traded, investment grade, fixed income securities with an average credit quality of AA/Aa as rated by the independent investment rating services Standard and Poor’s (S&P)/ Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s). The portfolio is externally managed by independent, professional investment managers and is broadly diversified across geographies, sectors, and issuers. Other investments principally comprise direct investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships. We hold no collateralized debt obligations or collateralized loan obligations in our investment portfolio, and we provide no credit default protection. We have long-standing global credit limits for our entire portfolio across the

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organization. Exposures are aggregated, monitored, and actively managed by our Global Credit Committee, comprising senior executives, including our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Risk Officer, our Chief Investment Officer, and our Treasurer. We also have well-established, strict contractual investment rules requiring managers to maintain highly diversified exposures to individual issuers and closely monitor investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.

The average duration of our fixed income securities, including the effect of options and swaps, was 3.9 years and 3.5 years at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. We estimate that a 100 basis point (bps) increase in interest rates would reduce the valuation of our fixed income portfolio by approximately $3.6 billion at March 31, 2016 .

The following table shows the fair value and cost/amortized cost of our invested assets:

																
 	March 31, 2016	 	 	December 31, 2015	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Fair
Value		 	Cost/
Amortized
Cost		 	Fair
Value		 	Cost/
Amortized
Cost		
Fixed maturities available for sale	$	77,538		 	$	75,991		 	$	43,587		 	$	43,149		
Fixed maturities held to maturity	11,580		 	11,280		 	8,552		 	8,430		
Short-term investments	3,382		 	3,382		 	10,446		 	10,446		
 	92,500		 	90,653		 	62,585		 	62,025		
Equity securities	893		 	841		 	497		 	441		
Other investments	4,493		 	4,233		 	3,291		 	2,993		
Total investments	$	97,886		 	$	95,727		 	$	66,373		 	$	65,459		

The fair value of our total investments increased $31.5 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2016 , primarily due to the Chubb Corp acquisition, which added $42.9 billion, the investing of operating cash flows, unrealized appreciation, and the favorable impact of foreign exchange, partially offset by investments sold to fund the Chubb Corp acquisition.
The following tables present the market value of our fixed maturities and short-term investments at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 . The first table lists investments according to type and second according to S&P credit rating: 

														
 	March 31, 2016	 	 	December 31, 2015	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	Market
Value		 	% of Total		 	Market
Value		 	% of Total		
Treasury	$	3,145		 	3	%	 	$	2,395		 	4	%	
Agency	647		 	1	%	 	878		 	1	%	
Corporate and asset-backed securities	25,244		 	27	%	 	17,985		 	28	%	
Mortgage-backed securities	13,761		 	15	%	 	11,701		 	19	%	
Municipal	24,945		 	27	%	 	4,950		 	8	%	
Non-U.S.	21,376		 	23	%	 	14,230		 	23	%	
Short-term investments	3,382		 	4	%	 	10,446		 	17	%	
Total	$	92,500		 	100	%	 	$	62,585		 	100	%	
AAA	$	19,524		 	21	%	 	$	14,369		 	23	%	
AA	34,399		 	37	%	 	22,141		 	36	%	
A	17,726		 	19	%	 	10,163		 	16	%	
BBB	11,604		 	13	%	 	8,941		 	14	%	
BB	5,484		 	6	%	 	3,775		 	6	%	
B	3,494		 	4	%	 	3,018		 	5	%	
Other	269		 	—	%	 	178		 	—	%	
Total	$	92,500		 	100	%	 	$	62,585		 	100	%	

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Corporate and asset-backed securities
The following table presents our 10 largest global exposures to corporate bonds by market value at March 31, 2016 :  

				
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Market Value		
JP Morgan Chase & Co	$	557		
General Electric Co	495		
Wells Fargo & Co	443		
Goldman Sachs Group Inc	403		
Verizon Communications Inc	389		
Bank of America Corp	383		
Anheuser-Busch InBev NV	341		
AT&T Inc	334		
Rabobank Nederland NV	300		
Berkshire Hathaway Inc	293		

Mortgage-backed securities

																												
 	S&P Credit Rating	 	 	Market
 Value		 	Amortized Cost		
March 31, 2016 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	AAA		 	AA		 	A		 	BBB		 	BB and
below		 	Total		 	Total		
Agency residential mortgage-backed (RMBS)	$	—		 	$	10,658		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	—		 	$	10,658		 	$	10,364		
Non-agency RMBS	6		 	6		 	11		 	11		 	44		 	78		 	75		
Commercial mortgage-backed	2,985		 	27		 	13		 	—		 	—		 	3,025		 	2,979		
Total mortgage-backed securities	$	2,991		 	$	10,691		 	$	24		 	$	11		 	$	44		 	$	13,761		 	$	13,418		

Municipal
As part of our overall investment strategy, we may invest in states, municipalities, and other political subdivisions fixed maturity securities (Municipal). We apply the same investment selection process described previously to our Municipal investments. The portfolio is highly diversified primarily in state general obligation bonds and essential service revenue bonds including education and utilities (water, power, and sewers).

Non-U.S.
Our exposure to the Euro results primarily from Chubb European Group which is headquartered in London and offers a broad range of coverages throughout the European Union, Central, and Eastern Europe. Chubb primarily invests in Euro denominated investments to support its local currency insurance obligations and required capital levels. Chubb’s local currency investment portfolios have strict contractual investment guidelines requiring managers to maintain a high quality and diversified portfolio to both sector and individual issuers. Investment portfolios are monitored daily to ensure investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.

Our non-U.S. investment grade fixed income portfolios are currency-matched with the insurance liabilities of our non-U.S. operations. The average credit quality of our non-U.S. fixed income securities is A and 59 percent of our holdings are rated AAA or guaranteed by governments or quasi-government agencies. Within the context of these investment portfolios, our government and corporate bond holdings are highly diversified across industries and geographies. Issuer limits are based on credit rating (AA— two percent, A— one percent, BBB— 0.5 percent of the total portfolio) and are monitored daily via an internal compliance system. Because of this investment approach, we do not have a direct exposure to troubled sovereign borrowers in Europe. We manage our indirect exposure using the same credit rating based investment approach. Accordingly, we do not believe our indirect exposure is material.

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The following table summarizes the market value and amortized cost of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. government securities at March 31, 2016 : 

								
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Market Value		 	Amortized Cost		
United Kingdom	$	1,848		 	$	1,803		
Canada	1,391		 	1,378		
Republic of Korea	970		 	839		
Federative Republic of Brazil	774		 	771		
Germany	680		 	665		
United Mexican States	515		 	510		
Province of Ontario	480		 	464		
Kingdom of Thailand	409		 	359		
Province of Quebec	398		 	385		
Australia	308		 	296		
Other Non-U.S. Government Securities (1)	4,189		 	4,075		
Total	$	11,962		 	$	11,545		
		
(1)  	There are no investments in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece or Spain.	

The following table summarizes the market value and amortized cost of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. corporate securities at March 31, 2016 : 

								
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Market Value		 	Amortized Cost		
United Kingdom	$	1,967		 	$	1,916		
Canada	998		 	994		
United States (1)	783		 	771		
France	731		 	711		
Netherlands	728		 	708		
Australia	577		 	563		
Germany	457		 	439		
Switzerland	307		 	302		
Sweden	252		 	246		
China	240		 	230		
Other Non-U.S. Corporate Securities	2,374		 	2,350		
Total	$	9,414		 	$	9,230		
(1) The countries that are listed in the non-U.S. corporate fixed income portfolio above represent the ultimate parent company's country of risk. Non-U.S. corporate securities could be issued by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. corporations.

Below-investment grade corporate fixed income portfolio
Below-investment grade securities have different characteristics than investment grade corporate debt securities. Risk of loss from default by the borrower is greater with below-investment grade securities. Below-investment grade securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. Also, issuers of below-investment grade securities usually have higher levels of debt and are more sensitive to adverse economic conditions, such as recession or increasing interest rates, than investment grade issuers. At March 31, 2016 , our corporate fixed income investment portfolio included below-investment grade and non-rated securities which, in total, comprised approximately 8 percent of our fixed income portfolio. Our below-investment grade and non-rated portfolio includes over 1,100 issuers, with the greatest single exposure being $135 million .

We manage high-yield bonds as a distinct and separate asset class from investment grade bonds. The allocation to high-yield bonds is explicitly set by internal management and is targeted to securities in the upper tier of credit quality (BB/B). Our minimum rating for initial purchase is BB/B. Nine external investment managers are responsible for high-yield security selection and portfolio construction. Our high-yield managers have a conservative approach to credit selection and very low historical

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default experience. Holdings are highly diversified across industries and generally subject to a 1.5 percent issuer limit as a percentage of high-yield allocation. We monitor position limits daily through an internal compliance system. Derivative and structured securities (e.g., credit default swaps and collateralized loan obligations) are not permitted in the high-yield portfolio.

	
	
Critical Accounting Estimates	
As of March 31, 2016 , there were no material changes to our critical accounting estimates. For a full discussion of our critical accounting estimates, refer to Item 7 in our 2015 Form 10-K.

Reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance

								
 	March 31		 	December 31		
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016		 	2015		
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses (1)	$	12,127		 	$	10,741		
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses   (1)	764		 	645		
Net reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	$	12,891		 	$	11,386		
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	$	185		 	$	187		
		
(1)  	Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance	

We evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and potential reinsurers on a regular basis and also monitor concentrations of credit risk with reinsurers. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is required principally due to the potential failure of reinsurers to indemnify us, primarily because of disputes under reinsurance contracts and insolvencies. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is based on a default analysis applied to gross reinsurance recoverables, net of approximately $ 3.1 billion and $ 2.6 billion of collateral at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. The increase in net reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses was primarily due to the Chubb Corp acquisition.

Unpaid losses and loss expenses
As an insurance and reinsurance company, we are required by applicable laws and regulations and GAAP to establish loss and loss expense reserves for the estimated unpaid portion of the ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims that are discounted in statutory filings, our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money.

The following table presents a roll-forward of our unpaid losses and loss expenses: 

												
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Gross
Losses		 	Reinsurance
Recoverable (1)		 	Net
Losses		
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	37,303		 	$	10,741		 	$	26,562		
Losses and loss expenses incurred	4,663		 	989		 	3,674		
Losses and loss expenses paid	(4,692	)	 	(1,143	)	 	(3,549	)	
Other (including foreign exchange translation)	54		 	25		 	29		
Losses and loss expenses acquired	22,878		 	1,515		 	21,363		
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	60,206		 	$	12,127		 	$	48,079		
		
(1)  	Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance	

Unpaid losses and loss expenses acquired from Chubb Corp included an increase to adjust the carrying value of Chubb Corp's historical unpaid losses and loss expenses of $715 million to fair value as of the acquisition date. The estimated fair value consists of the present value of the expected net unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses payments adjusted for an estimated risk margin.  The expected cash flows are discounted at a risk free rate. The estimated risk margin varies based on the inherent risks associated with each type of reserve. This adjustment will be amortized to Amortization of purchased intangibles on the consolidated statements of operations over a range of 5 to 17 years, based on the estimated payout pattern of loss reserves as of the acquisition date.

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The estimate of the liabilities includes provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date (case reserves) and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported (IBNR) at the balance sheet date. IBNR may also include provisions to account for the possibility that reported claims may settle for amounts that differ from the established case reserves. Loss reserves also include an estimate of expenses associated with processing and settling unpaid claims (loss expenses).

The following table presents our total reserves segregated between case reserves (including loss expense reserves) and IBNR reserves: 

																								
 	March 31, 2016	 	 	December 31, 2015	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Gross		 	Ceded		 	Net		 	Gross		 	Ceded		 	Net		
Case reserves	$	22,395		 	$	5,810		 	$	16,585		 	$	16,647		 	$	5,291		 	$	11,356		
IBNR reserves	37,811		 	6,317		 	31,494		 	20,656		 	5,450		 	15,206		
Total	$	60,206		 	$	12,127		 	$	48,079		 	$	37,303		 	$	10,741		 	$	26,562		

Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)
There was no significant A&E reserve activity during the three months ended March 31, 2016.  A&E reserves are included in Corporate.  Refer to Corporate in the Overview section and to our 2015 Form 10-K for further information on our A&E exposures.

Fair value measurements
Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our fair value measurements.

Assumed reinsurance programs involving minimum benefit guarantees under variable annuity contracts
Chubb reinsures various death and living benefit guarantees associated with variable annuities issued primarily in the United States and Japan.

We ceased writing this business in 2007. Guarantees which are payable on death are referred to as guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB). Guarantees on living benefits (GLB) includes guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) and guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (GMAB). For further description of this product and related accounting treatment, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2015 Form 10-K.

Guaranteed living benefits (GLB) derivatives
Our GLB reinsurance is classified as a derivative for accounting purposes and therefore carried at fair value. We believe that the most meaningful presentation of these GLB derivatives is as follows:

•	Estimates of the average modeled value of future cash outflows is recorded as incurred losses (i.e., benefit reserves). Cash inflows or revenue are reported as net premiums earned and changes in the benefit reserves are reflected as Policy benefits expense in the consolidated statements of operations, which is included in underwriting income.	
		
•	The incremental difference between the fair value of GLB reinsurance contracts and benefit reserves is reflected in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and related changes in fair value are reflected in Net realized gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations.	

Determination of GLB fair value
The fair value of GLB reinsurance is estimated using an internal valuation model, which includes current market information and estimates of policyholder behavior from the perspective of a theoretical market participant that would assume these liabilities. All of our treaties contain claim limits, which are factored into the valuation model. The fair value depends on a number of factors, including interest rates, equity markets, credit risk, current account value, market volatility, expected annuitization rates and other policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality. The model and related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of more timely market information. Due to the inherent uncertainties of the assumptions used in the valuation models to determine the fair value of these derivative products, actual experience may differ materially from the estimates reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

We intend to hold these derivative contracts to maturity (i.e., the expiration of the underlying liabilities through lapse, annuitization, death, or expiration of the reinsurance contract). To partially offset the risk of changes in the fair value of GLB

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reinsurance contracts, we invest in derivative hedge instruments. At maturity, the cumulative realized gains and losses (excluding cumulative hedge gains or losses) from fair value changes of GLB reinsurance contracts will net to zero because, over time, the insurance liability will be increased or decreased to equal our obligation.

Determination of GLB and Guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) benefit reserves
Management established benefit reserves based on a long-term benefit ratio (or loss ratio) calculated using assumptions reflecting management’s best estimate of the future short-term and long-term performance of the variable annuity line of business. Despite the long-term nature of the risk, the benefit ratio calculation is impacted by short-term market movements that may be judged by management to be transient. Management regularly examines both qualitative and quantitative analysis, including a review of the differential between the benefit ratio used at the most recent valuation date and the benefit ratio calculated on subsequent dates. Management regularly evaluates its estimates and uses judgment to determine the extent to which assumptions underlying the benefit ratio calculation should be adjusted. For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 , management determined that no change to the benefit ratio was warranted.

For further information on the estimates and assumptions used in determining the fair value of GLB reinsurance, refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2015 Form 10-K. For a sensitivity discussion of the effect of changes in interest rates, equity indices, and other assumptions on the fair value of GLBs, and the resulting impact on our net income, refer to Item 3.

Risk Management
We employ a strategy to manage the financial market and policyholder behavior risks embedded in the reinsurance of variable annuity (VA) guarantees. Risk management begins with underwriting a prospective client and guarantee design, with particular focus on protecting our position from policyholder options that, because of anti-selective behavior, could adversely impact our obligation.

A second layer of risk management is the structure of the reinsurance contracts. All VA guarantee reinsurance contracts include some form of annual or aggregate claim limit(s). For further information on the different categories of claim limits, refer to "Guaranteed living benefits derivatives" in our 2015 Form 10-K under Item 7.

A third layer of risk management is the hedging strategy which looks to mitigate both long-term economic loss over time as well as dampen income statement volatility. We owned financial market instruments as part of the hedging strategy with a fair value liability of $ 36 million and $4 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. The instruments are substantially collateralized by our counterparties, on a daily basis.

We also limit the aggregate amount of variable annuity reinsurance guarantee risk we are willing to assume. The last substantive transactions were quoted in late 2007. The aggregate number of policyholders is currently decreasing through policyholder withdrawals, annuitizations, and deaths at a rate of 5 percent to 15 percent per annum.

Note that GLB claims cannot occur for any reinsured policy until it has reached the end of its “waiting period”. As shown in the table below, 56 percent of the policies we reinsure reached the end of their “waiting periods” prior to March 31, 2016 .

			
Year of first payment eligibility	Percent of living benefit
account values		
March 31, 2016 and prior	56	%	
Remainder of 2016	5	%	
2017	19	%	
2018	11	%	
2019	2	%	
2020	1	%	
2021 and after	6	%	
Total	100	%	

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The following table presents the historical cash flows under these policies for the periods indicated. The amounts represent accrued past premium received and claims paid, split by benefit type.

																								
 	Three Months Ended March 31	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2016	 	 	2015	 	
	GMDB		 	GLB		 	Total		 	GMDB		 	GLB		 	Total		
Premium received	$	14		 	$	29		 	$	43		 	$	16		 	$	31		 	$	47		
Less paid claims	10		 	11		 	21		 	8		 	3		 	11		
Net cash received	$	4		 	$	18		 	$	22		 	$	8		 	$	28		 	$	36		

Collateral
Chubb holds collateral on behalf of most of its clients in the form of qualified assets in trust or letters of credit, typically in an amount sufficient for the client to obtain statutory reserve credit for the reinsurance. The timing of the calculation and amount of the collateral varies by client according to the particulars of the reinsurance treaty and the statutory reserve guidelines of the client’s domicile.

	
Catastrophe management	
We actively monitor our catastrophe risk accumulation around the world. The table below presents our modeled annual aggregate pre-tax probable maximum loss (PML), net of reinsurance, for 100-year and 250-year return periods for U.S. hurricane and California earthquake at March 31, 2016 and 2015 . The table also presents Chubb’s corresponding share of pre-tax industry losses for each of the return periods for U.S. hurricane and California earthquake. For example, according to the model, for the 1-in-100 return period scenario, there is a one percent chance that our losses incurred in any year from U.S. hurricane events could be in excess of $3,261 million (or 7.1 percent of our total shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2016 ). We estimate that at such hypothetical loss levels, Chubb’s share of aggregate industry losses would be approximately 2.0 percent.

																													
 	 	Modeled Annual Aggregate Net PML	
 	 	U.S. Hurricane	 	California Earthquake	
 	 	March 31	 	 	March 31		 	March 31	 	 	March 31		
 	 	2016	 	 	2015		 	2016	 	 	2015		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	 	Chubb	 	% of Total
Shareholders’
Equity	 	% of
Industry	 	Chubb	 	Chubb	 	% of Total
Shareholders’
Equity	 	% of
Industry	 	Chubb	
1-in-100	 	$	3,261		 	7.1	%	 	2.0	%	 	$	1,766		 	$	1,499		 	3.3	%	 	3.9	%	 	$	808		
1-in-250	 	$	5,593		 	12.2	%	 	2.4	%	 	$	2,430		 	$	2,030		 	4.4	%	 	3.4	%	 	$	1,044		

The above modeled loss information at March 31, 2016 reflects our in-force portfolio at January 1, 2016 for legacy ACE and July 1, 2015 for legacy Chubb and reinsurance program at April 1, 2016 (see Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program section below) and anticipated inuring reinsurance protections.

The modeling estimates of both Chubb and industry loss levels are inherently uncertain owing to key assumptions. First, while the use of third-party catastrophe modeling packages to simulate potential hurricane and earthquake losses is prevalent within the insurance industry, the models are reliant upon significant meteorology, seismology, and engineering assumptions to estimate hurricane and earthquake losses. In particular, modeled hurricane and earthquake events are not always a representation of actual events and ensuing additional loss potential. Second, there is no universal standard in the preparation of insured data for use in the models and the running of the modeling software. Third, we are reliant upon third-party estimates of industry insured exposures and there is significant variation possible around the relationship between our loss and that of the industry following an event. Fourth, we assume that our reinsurance recoveries following an event are fully collectible. These loss estimates do not represent our potential maximum exposures and it is highly likely that our actual incurred losses would vary materially from the modeled estimates.

	
	
Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program	
Chubb’s core property catastrophe reinsurance program provides protection against natural catastrophes impacting its primary property operations (i.e., excluding our Global Reinsurance and Life Insurance segments).

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We regularly review our reinsurance protection and corresponding property catastrophe exposures. This may or may not lead to the purchase of additional reinsurance prior to a program’s renewal date. In addition, prior to each renewal date, we consider how much, if any, coverage we intend to buy and we may make material changes to the current structure in light of various factors, including modeled PML assessment at various return periods, reinsurance pricing, our risk tolerance and exposures, and various other structuring considerations.

Chubb purchases a Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program for our North American and International operations. The program is effective April 1, 2016 through March 31, 2017, and consists of three layers in excess of losses retained by Chubb. In addition, we also purchased terrorism coverage (excluding nuclear, biological, chemical and radiation coverage, with an inclusion of coverage for biological and chemical coverage for personal lines) for the United States from April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017 with the same limits and retention and percentage placed except that the majority of terrorism coverage is on an aggregate basis above our retentions without a reinstatement.

	
						
Loss Location	 	Layer of Loss	 	Comments	Notes	
United States
(excluding Alaska and Hawaii)	 	$0 million –  
$1.0 billion	 	Losses retained by Chubb	(a)	
United States
(excluding Alaska and Hawaii)	 	$1.0 billion –
$1.25 billion	 	All natural perils, and terrorism	(b)	
United States
(excluding Alaska and Hawaii)	 	$1.25 billion –
$2.0 billion	 	All natural perils, and terrorism	(c)	
United States
(excluding Alaska and Hawaii)	 	$2.0 billion –
$3.5 billion	 	All natural perils, and terrorism	(d)	
International
(including Alaska and Hawaii)	 	$0 million –
$175 million	 	Losses retained by Chubb	(a)	
International
(including Alaska and Hawaii)	 	$175 million –
$925 million	 	All natural perils, and terrorism	(c)	
Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada	 	$925 million –
$2.425 billion	 	All natural perils, and terrorism	(d)	

	
(a) Ultimate retention will depend upon the nature of the loss and the interplay between the underlying per risk programs and certain other catastrophe programs purchased by individual business units. These other catastrophe programs have the potential to reduce our effective retention below the stated levels.	
(b) These coverages are 20% placed with Reinsurers.	
(c) These coverages are both part of the same Second layer within the Global Catastrophe Program and are 100% placed with Reinsurers. As such, it may be exhausted in one region and not available in the other.	
(d)  These coverages are both part of the same Third layer within the Global Catastrophe Program and are 100% placed with Reinsurers. As such, it may be exhausted in one region and not available in the other.	

Chubb also has two series of property catastrophe bonds in place (assumed as part of the Chubb Corp acquisition) that offer additional natural catastrophe protection for certain parts of the portfolio.  The geographic scope of this coverage is from Virginia through Maine. The East Lane VI 2014 series currently provides $270 million of coverage as part of a $300 million layer in excess of $3.453 billion retention through March 14, 2018. The East Lane VI 2015 series currently provides $250 million of coverage as part of a $500 million layer in excess of $2.602 billion retention through March 13, 2020.

	
	
Crop Insurance	
We are, and have been since the 1980s, one of the leading writers of crop insurance in the U.S. and have conducted that business through a managing general agent subsidiary of Rain and Hail. We provide protection throughout the U.S. on a variety of crops and are therefore geographically diversified, which reduces the risk of exposure to a single event or a heavy accumulation of losses in any one region. Our crop insurance business comprises two components – Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail insurance.

The MPCI program is offered in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The policies cover revenue shortfalls or production losses due to natural causes such as drought, excessive moisture, hail, wind, frost, insects, and disease.

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Generally, policies have deductibles ranging from 10 percent to 50 percent of the insured's risk. The USDA's Risk Management Agency (RMA) sets the policy terms and conditions, rates and forms, and is also responsible for setting compliance standards. As a participating company, we report all details of policies underwritten to the RMA and are party to a Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA). The SRA sets out the relationship between private insurance companies and the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) concerning the terms and conditions regarding the risks each will bear including the pro-rata and state stop-loss provisions which allows companies to limit the exposure of any one state or group of states on their underwriting results. In addition to the pro-rata and excess of loss reinsurance protections inherent in the SRA, we also purchase third-party proportional and stop-loss reinsurance for our MPCI business to reduce our exposure. We may also enter into crop derivative contracts to further manage our risk exposure.

Each year the RMA issues a final SRA for the subsequent reinsurance year. In June 2015, the RMA released the 2016 SRA which establishes the terms and conditions for the 2016 reinsurance year (i.e., July 1, 2015 through June 30, 2016) that replaced the 2015 SRA.  There were no significant changes in the terms and conditions, and therefore the new SRA does not materially impact Chubb's outlook on the crop program relative to 2016.

On the MPCI business, we recognize net premiums written as soon as estimable, which is generally when we receive acreage reports from the policyholders on the various crops throughout the U.S. This allows us to best determine the premium associated with the liability that is being planted. The MPCI program has specific timeframes as to when producers must report acreage to us and in certain cases, the reporting occurs after the close of the respective reinsurance year. Once the net premium written has been recorded, the premium is then earned over the growing season for the crops. A majority of the crops that are covered in the program are typically subject to the SRA in effect at the beginning of the year. Given the major crops covered in the program, we typically see a substantial written and earned premium impact in the second and third quarters.

The pricing of MPCI premium is determined using a number of factors including commodity prices and related volatility. For instance, in most states the pricing for the MPCI Revenue Product for corn includes a factor that is based on the average price in February of the Chicago Board of Trade December corn futures. To the extent that the corn commodity prices are higher in February than they were in the previous February, and all other factors are the same, the increase in corn prices will increase the corn premium year over year.

Our crop-hail program is a private offering. Premium is earned on the crop-hail program over the coverage period of the policy. Given the very short nature of the growing season, most crop-hail business is typically written in the second and third quarters with the earned premium also more heavily occurring during this time frame. We use industry data to develop our own rates and forms for the coverage offered. The policy primarily protects farmers against yield reduction caused by hail and/or fire, and related costs such as transit to storage. We offer various deductibles to allow the grower to partially self-insure for a reduced premium cost. We limit our crop-hail exposures through the use of township liability limits and third-party proportional and stop-loss reinsurance on our net retained hail business.

	
	
Liquidity	
We anticipate that positive cash flows from operations (underwriting activities and investment income) should be sufficient to cover cash outflows under most loss scenarios for the near term. In addition to cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements, we have agreements with a third-party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs to enhance cash management efficiency during periods of short-term timing mismatches between expected inflows and outflows of cash by currency. The programs allow us to optimize investment income by avoiding portfolio disruption. Should the need arise, we generally have access to capital markets and an available $1.5 billion letter of credit/revolver facility. At March 31, 2016 , our usage of this letter of credit was $725 million . Our access to funds under an existing credit facility is dependent on the ability of the bank that is a party to the facility to meet its funding commitments. Our existing credit facility has a remaining term expiring in November 2017 and requires that we maintain certain financial covenants, all of which we met at March 31, 2016 . Should our existing credit provider experience financial difficulty, we may be required to replace credit sources, possibly in a difficult market. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing our credit facility . Refer to “Credit Facilities” in our 2015 Form 10-K for additional information.

The payment of dividends or other statutorily permissible distributions from our operating companies are subject to the laws and regulations applicable to each jurisdiction, as well as the need to maintain capital levels adequate to support the insurance and reinsurance operations, including financial strength ratings issued by independent rating agencies. During the three months

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ended March 31, 2016 , we were able to meet all of our obligations, including the payments of dividends on our Common Shares, with our net cash flows.

We assess which subsidiaries to draw dividends from based on a number of factors. Considerations such as regulatory and legal restrictions as well as the subsidiary’s financial condition are paramount to the dividend decision. Chubb Limited received dividends of $5.0 billion from its Bermuda subsidiaries in 2015, of which $2.7 billion of the 2015 dividends were paid in 2015, while the remaining $2.3 billion of 2015 dividends were paid during the three months ended March 31, 2016. These dividends included $5.0 billion used to finance a portion of the Chubb acquisition. Chubb Limited received no dividends from its Bermuda subsidiaries during the three months ended March 31, 2015. Chubb Limited received dividends of $600 million and nil from ACE Tempest Re during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Chubb Limited received $100 million and nil from ACE Tempest Life Re during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The payment of any dividends from AGM or its subsidiaries is subject to applicable U.K. insurance laws and regulations. In addition, the release of funds by Syndicate 2488 to subsidiaries of AGM is subject to regulations promulgated by the Society of Lloyd’s. The U.S. insurance subsidiaries of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Chubb INA) may pay dividends, without prior regulatory approval, subject to restrictions set out in state law of the subsidiary’s domicile (or, if applicable, commercial domicile). Chubb INA’s international subsidiaries are also subject to insurance laws and regulations particular to the countries in which the subsidiaries operate. These laws and regulations sometimes include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends payable without prior approval of regulatory insurance authorities. Chubb Limited received no dividends from AGM or Chubb INA during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 . Debt issued by Chubb INA is serviced by statutorily permissible distributions by Chubb INA’s insurance subsidiaries to Chubb INA as well as other group resources. Chubb INA received dividends of $150 million and nil from its subsidiaries during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The dividends received in 2016 were used to finance a portion of the Chubb acquisition.

Chubb INA received $1.04 billion in capital contribution from Chubb Limited and $4.2 billion from Chubb Group Holdings during the three months ended March 31, 2016. Chubb INA also received $5.1 billion in capital contributions in 2015, of which $2.8 billion were paid in 2015, while the remaining $2.3 billion were paid in 2016. $5.0 billion of these capital contributions were sourced from the dividends from the Bermuda subsidiaries to fund the Chubb acquisition as noted above.

Cash Flows
Our sources of liquidity include cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements. The following is a discussion of our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 .

Operating cash flows were $1.02 billion in the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $1.08 billion in the prior year period. The $ 55 million decrease in operating cash flow is primarily due to lower premiums collected of $247 million on legacy ACE business and integration expenses paid of $135 million partially offset by operating cash flows from legacy Chubb Corp business of $340 million.

Cash used for investing was $1.62 billion in the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with $1.02 billion in the prior year period. The increase in cash used for investing of $ 595 million was primarily due to cash paid for the purchase of Chubb Corp of $14.26 billion, which was largely funded by sales in our investment portfolio, including net proceeds in short-term investments of $11.93 billion and in fixed maturities and equity securities of $678 million which offset the cash paid for Chubb Corp.

Cash used for financing was $102 million in the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared with cash from financing of $333 million in the prior year period. The current year included $218 million of dividends paid on Common shares, offset by policyholder deposits, net of withdrawals, of $69 million. Cash from financing in the prior year included proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt of $800 million, partially offset by $347 million of share repurchases and $214 million of dividends paid on Common shares.

Both internal and external forces influence our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Claim settlements, premium levels, and investment returns may be impacted by changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions. In many cases, significant periods of time, ranging up to several years or more, may lapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us, and the settlement of the liability for that loss.

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In the current low interest rate environment, we use repurchase agreements as a low-cost alternative for short-term funding needs and to address short-term cash timing differences without disrupting our long-term investment portfolio holdings. At March 31, 2016 , there were $ 1.4 billion in repurchase agreements outstanding with various maturities over the next 9 months.

	
	
Capital Resources	
Capital resources consist of funds deployed or available to be deployed to support our business operations.

								
 	March 31		 	December 31		
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2016		 	2015		
Short-term debt	$	500		 	$	—		
Long-term debt	12,636		 	9,389		
Total debt	13,136		 	9,389		
Trust preferred securities	308		 	307		
Total shareholders’ equity	45,897		 	29,135		
Total capitalization	$	59,341		 	$	38,831		
Ratio of debt to total capitalization	22.1	%	 	24.2	%	
Ratio of debt plus trust preferred securities to total capitalization	22.6	%	 	25.0	%	

In April 2015, the FASB issued new guidance related to the accounting for debt issuance costs.  The new guidance requires presentation of debt issuance costs in the balance sheet as a deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability instead of a deferred charge.  We retrospectively adopted this guidance effective first quarter of 2016 and reclassified $60 million of debt issuance costs balance at December 31, 2015 from other assets to long-term debt (reduction of $58 million) and Trust preferred securities (reduction of $2 million) to conform to the current period presentation.

On January 14, 2016, we acquired Chubb Corp for approximately $29.5 billion, comprising $14.3 billion in cash and $15.2 billion in newly-issued stock, based on the Chubb Limited (formerly ACE Limited) closing price on the acquisition date. In addition, we assumed outstanding equity awards to employees, directors, and consultants with an attributed value of approximately $323 million. The total consideration, including assumption of equity awards, was $29.8 billion. We financed the cash portion of the transaction through a combination of $9 billion sourced from various Chubb Limited and Chubb Corporation companies plus $5.3 billion of senior notes which were issued in November 2015. Refer to Note 2 and Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the acquisition and the $5.3 billion debt issuance, respectively.

As part of the acquisition, we assumed Chubb Corp’s senior and subordinated debt obligations, totaling $3.3 billion par value (fair valued at $3.8 billion), which is guaranteed by Chubb Limited. Included in the debt obligation are junior subordinated capital securities of $1 billion that bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.375 percent through April 14, 2017 and at a rate equal to the three-month Libor rate plus 2.25 percent thereafter. If the current three-month Libor rate is not substantially higher in early 2017, and the near-term expectations are similar, it is our expectation that these securities would not be redeemed at the reset date. However, our expectations are subject to change depending on market conditions and other factors.

In February 2016, we reclassified $500 million of 5.7 percent senior notes, due to mature in February 2017, from Long-term debt to Short-term debt in the consolidated balance sheet.

For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, we repurchased nil and $340 million of Common Shares, respectively, in a series of open market transactions under the Board of Directors (Board) authorization which expired on December 31, 2015. At this time, management has elected to discontinue share repurchases. There are no outstanding repurchase authorizations at March 31, 2016. Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the repurchase authorization. At March 31, 2016 , there were 15,500,344 Common Shares in treasury with a weighted average cost of $106.35 per share.

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We generally maintain the ability to issue certain classes of debt and equity securities via an unlimited Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) shelf registration which is renewed every three years. This allows us capital market access for refinancing as well as for unforeseen or opportunistic capital needs. In October 2015, we filed a new unlimited shelf registration which allows us to issue certain classes of debt and equity. This shelf registration expires in October 2018.

Dividends
We have paid dividends each quarter since we became a public company in 1993. Under Swiss law, dividends must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our dividend methodology. At our May 2015 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $2.68 per share, or CHF 2.48 per share, calculated using the USD/CHF exchange rate as published in the Wall Street Journal on May 21, 2015, which was paid in four quarterly installments of $0.67 per share after the general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board determined the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend was paid.

The following table represents dividends paid per Common Share to shareholders of record on each of the following dates:  

					
Shareholders of record as of:	 	Dividends paid as of:	 	 	
December 31, 2015	 	January 21, 2016	 	$0.67 (CHF 0.67)	
March 31, 2016	 	April 21, 2016	 	$0.67 (CHF 0.66)	

	
	
ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	

Market Sensitive Instruments and Risk Management
Market risk represents the potential for loss due to adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. We are exposed to potential losses from various market risks including changes in interest rates, equity prices, and foreign currency exchange rates. Further, through writing the GLB and GMDB products, we are exposed to volatility in the equity and credit markets, as well as interest rates. Our investment portfolio consists primarily of fixed income securities, denominated in both U.S. dollars and foreign currencies, which are sensitive to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The majority of our fixed income portfolio is classified as available for sale. The effect of market movements on our available for sale investment portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold or when we record an OTTI charge in Net income. Changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates will have an immediate effect on Shareholders' equity and Comprehensive income and in certain instances, Net income. From time to time, we also use derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts to manage the duration of our investment portfolio and foreign currency exposures and also to obtain exposure to a particular financial market. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our notional exposure to derivative instruments was $3.5 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively. These instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities in our consolidated financial statements and are sensitive to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and equity security prices. As part of our investing activities, we from time to time purchase to be announced mortgage backed securities (TBAs). Changes in the fair value of TBAs are included in Net realized gains (losses) and therefore, have an immediate effect on both our Net income and Shareholders' equity.

We seek to mitigate market risk using a number of techniques, including maintaining and managing the assets and liabilities of our international operations consistent with the foreign currencies of the underlying insurance and reinsurance businesses, thereby limiting exchange rate risk to net assets denominated in foreign currencies.

The following is a discussion of our primary market risk exposures at March 31, 2016. Our policies to address these risks in 2016 were not materially different from 2015. We do not currently anticipate significant changes in our primary market risk exposures or in how those exposures are managed in future reporting periods based upon what is known or expected to be in effect in future reporting periods.

Interest rate risk – fixed income portfolio and debt obligations
Our fixed income portfolio and debt obligations have exposure to interest rate risk. Changes in investment values attributable to interest rate changes are mitigated by corresponding and partially offsetting changes in the economic value of our insurance reserves and debt obligations. We monitor this exposure through periodic reviews of our asset and liability positions.

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The following table presents the impact at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, on the fair value of our fixed income portfolio of a hypothetical increase in interest rates of 100 bps applied instantly across the U.S. yield curve (an immediate time horizon was used as this presents the worst case scenario):

									
(in billions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	March 31 2016		 	December 31 2015		
Fair value of fixed income portfolio	$	92.5		 	$	62.6		
Pre-tax impact of 100 bps increase in interest rates:		 		
 	In dollars	$	3.6		 	$	2.2		
 	As a percentage of total fixed income portfolio at fair value	3.9	%	 	3.5	%	

Changes in interest rates will have an immediate effect on Comprehensive income and Shareholders' equity but will not ordinarily have an immediate effect on Net income. Variations in market interest rates could produce significant changes in the timing of prepayments due to available prepayment options. For these reasons, actual results could differ from those reflected in the tables.

Changes in interest rates could have a material impact on our debt and trust preferred securities fair value, albeit there would be no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

The following table presents the impact at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, on the fair value of our debt obligations of a hypothetical decrease in interest rates of 100 bps applied instantly across the U.S. yield curve (an immediate time horizon was used as this presents the worst case scenario):

									
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	March 31 2016		 	December 31 2015		
Fair value of debt obligations, including repurchase agreements	$	15,672		 	$	11,528		
Impact of 100 bps decrease in interest rates:	 	 			
     In dollars	 	$	743		 	$	921		
     As a percentage of total debt obligations at fair value	 	4.7	%	 	8.0	%	

Foreign currency management
As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives. We do not hedge our net asset non-U.S. dollar capital positions; however, we do consider hedging for planned cross border transactions.

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The following table summarizes the net assets in non-U.S. currencies at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

																	
 	 	March 31, 2016	 	December 31, 2015	 	 	2016 vs. 2015 % change in exchange rate per USD		
 	 	Value of		 	Exchange rate	 	Value of		 	Exchange rate		 			
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	 	Net Assets		 	per USD	 	Net Assets		 	per USD		 			
British pound sterling (GBP)	 	$	2,859		 	1.4360	 	$	1,200		 	1.4736		 	(2.6	)%	
Canadian dollar (CAD)	 	1,927		 	0.7690	 	507		 	0.7226		 	6.4	 %	
Euro (EUR)	 	1,835		 	1.1380	 	749		 	1.0862		 	4.8	 %	
Australian dollar (AUD)	 	1,371		 	0.7657	 	373		 	0.7286		 	5.1	 %	
Brazilian real (BRL)	 	1,218		 	0.2784	 	682		 	0.2525		 	10.3	 %	
Mexican peso (MXN)	 	718		 	0.0579	 	683		 	0.0581		 	(0.3	)%	
Korean Won (KRW) (x100)	 	657		 	0.0875	 	613		 	0.0851		 	2.8	 %	
Japanese yen (JPY)	 	495		 	0.0089	 	493		 	0.0083		 	7.2	 %	
Thailand Baht (THB)	 	422		 	0.0285	 	377		 	0.0278		 	2.5	 %	
Other foreign currencies	 	1,691		 	     various	 	1,189		 	     various		 	NM		
Value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies	 	$	13,193		(1)  	 	 	$	6,866		 	 	 	 	
As a percentage of total net assets	 	28.7	%	 	 	 	23.6	%	 	 	 	 	
Pre-tax impact on Shareholders' equity of a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of the U.S. dollar	 	$	1,199		 	 	 	$	624		 	 	 	 	
(1) Comprises approximately 38% tangible assets and 62% intangible assets, primarily goodwill.  The increase in foreign denominated net assets is due to the Chubb Corp acquisition.

Reinsurance of GMDB and GLB guarantees
Chubb views its variable annuity reinsurance business as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance with the probability of long-term economic loss relatively small, at the time of pricing. Adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an impact on both life underwriting income and net income. When evaluating these risks, we expect to be compensated for taking both the risk of a cumulative long-term economic net loss, as well as the short-term accounting variations caused by these market movements. Therefore, we evaluate this business in terms of its long-term economic risk and reward.

Net income is directly impacted by changes in benefit reserves calculated in connection with reinsurance of variable annuity guarantees, primarily GMDB and GLB. In addition, net income is directly impacted by changes in the fair value of the GLB liability (FVL), which is classified as a derivative for accounting purposes. The FVL established for a GLB reinsurance contract represents the difference between the fair value of the contract and the benefit reserves. Benefit reserves and FVL calculations are directly affected by market factors, including equity levels, interest rate levels, credit risk, and implied volatilities, as well as policyholder behaviors, such as annuitization and lapse rates.

The tables below are estimates of the sensitivities to instantaneous changes in economic inputs (e.g., equity shock, interest rate shock etc.) or actuarial assumptions at March 31, 2016 of the FVL and of the fair value of specific derivative instruments held (hedge value) to partially offset the risk in the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio. The following assumptions should be considered when using the below tables:

•	No changes to the benefit ratio used to establish benefit reserves at March 31, 2016	

•	Equity shocks impact all global equity markets equally	
		
•	Our liabilities are sensitive to global equity markets in the following proportions: 70 percent— 80 percent U.S. equity, 10 percent— 20 percent international equity ex-Japan, up to 10 percent Japan equity.	
		
•	Our current hedge portfolio is sensitive to global equity markets in the following proportions: 100 percent U.S. equity.	
		
•	We would suggest using the S&P 500 index as a proxy for U.S. equity, the MSCI EAFE index as a proxy for international equity, and the TOPIX as a proxy for Japan equity.	

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•	Interest rate shocks assume a parallel shift in the U.S. yield curve	
		
•	Our liabilities are also sensitive to global interest rates at various points on the yield curve, mainly the U.S. Treasury curve in the following proportions: up to 10 percent short-term rates (maturing in less than 5 years), 20 percent— 30 percent medium-term rates (maturing between 5 years and 10 years, inclusive), and 70 percent— 80 percent long-term rates (maturing beyond 10 years).	
		
•	A change in AA-rated credit spreads (AA-rated credit spreads are a proxy for both our own credit spreads and the credit spreads of the ceding insurers) impacts the rate used to discount cash flows in the fair value model.	

•	The hedge sensitivity is from  March 31, 2016  market levels.	

•	The sensitivities are not directly additive because changes in one factor will affect the sensitivity to changes in other factors. The sensitivities do not scale linearly and may be proportionally greater for larger movements in the market factors. The sensitivities may also vary due to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The calculation of the FVL is based on internal models that include assumptions regarding future policyholder behavior, including lapse, annuitization, and asset allocation. These assumptions impact both the absolute level of the FVL as well as the sensitivities to changes in market factors shown below. Actual sensitivity of our net income may differ from those disclosed in the tables below due to differences between short-term market movements and management judgment regarding the long-term assumptions implicit in our benefit ratios. Furthermore, the sensitivities below could vary by multiples of the sensitivities in the tables below.	

•	In addition, the tables below do not reflect the expected quarterly run rate of net income generated by the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio if markets remain unchanged during the period. All else equal, if markets remain unchanged during the period, the Gross FVL will increase, resulting in a realized loss. The realized loss occurs primarily because, during the period, we will collect premium on the full population while only 56 percent of that population has become eligible to annuitize and generate a claim (since approximately 44 percent of policies are not eligible to annuitize until after March 31, 2016 ). This increases the Gross FVL because future premiums are lower by the amount collected in the quarter, and also because future claims are discounted for a shorter period. We refer to this increase in Gross FVL as “timing effect”. The unfavorable impact of timing effect on our Gross FVL in a quarter is not reflected in the sensitivity tables below. For this reason, when using the tables below to estimate the sensitivity of Gross FVL in the second quarter to various changes, it is necessary to assume an additional $5 million to $45 million increase in Gross FVL and realized losses. However, the impact to Net income is substantially mitigated because the majority of this realized loss is offset by the positive quarterly run rate of Life underwriting income generated by the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio if markets remain unchanged during the period. Note that both the timing effect and the quarterly run rate of Life underwriting income change over time as the book ages.	

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Interest Rate Shock	Worldwide Equity Shock	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	+10%	 	Flat	 	-10%	 	-20%	 	-30%	 	-40%	
+100 bps	(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	$	570		 	$	349		 	$	62		 	$	(282	)	 	$	(681	)	 	$	(1,130	)	
 	Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	(121	)	 	—		 	121		 	241		 	362		 	483		
 	Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	449		 	$	349		 	$	183		 	$	(41	)	 	$	(319	)	 	$	(647	)	
Flat	(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	$	267		 	$	—		 	$	(330	)	 	$	(717	)	 	$	(1,157	)	 	$	(1,635	)	
 	Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	(121	)	 	—		 	121		 	241		 	362		 	483		
 	Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	146		 	$	—		 	$	(209	)	 	$	(476	)	 	$	(795	)	 	$	(1,152	)	
-100 bps	(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	$	(103	)	 	$	(409	)	 	$	(778	)	 	$	(1,203	)	 	$	(1,672	)	 	$	(2,162	)	
 	Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	(121	)	 	—		 	121		 	241		 	362		 	483		
 	Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	(224	)	 	$	(409	)	 	$	(657	)	 	$	(962	)	 	$	(1,310	)	 	$	(1,679	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Sensitivities to Other Economic Variables	AA-rated Credit Spreads	 	 Interest Rate Volatility	 	 Equity Volatility	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	+100 bps		 	-100 bps	 	+2%	 	-2%	 	+2%	 	-2%	
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	$	82		 	$	(93	)	 	$	(2	)	 	$	—		 	$	(14	)	 	$	12		
Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	82		 	$	(93	)	 	$	(2	)	 	$	—		 	$	(14	)	 	$	12		
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Sensitivities to Actuarial Assumptions	 	 	 	 	Mortality	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	 	 	 	+20%	 	+10%	 	-10%	 	-20%	
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	 	 	 	 	$	30		 	$	15		 	$	(15	)	 	$	(31	)	
Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	 	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Increase/(decrease) in net income	 	 	 	 	$	30		 	$	15		 	$	(15	)	 	$	(31	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	Lapses	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	 	 	 	+50%	 	+25%	 	-25%	 	-50%	
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	 	 	 	 	$	296		 	$	162		 	$	(197	)	 	$	(422	)	
Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	 	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Increase/(decrease) in net income	 	 	 	 	$	296		 	$	162		 	$	(197	)	 	$	(422	)	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	Annuitization	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	 	 	 	+50%	 	+25%	 	-25%	 	-50%	
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	 	 	 	 	$	(384	)	 	$	(212	)	 	$	273		 	$	572		
Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	 	 	 	 	—		 	—		 	—		 	—		
Increase/(decrease) in net income	 	 	 	 	$	(384	)	 	$	(212	)	 	$	273		 	$	572		

	
	
ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures	
Chubb’s management, with the participation of Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of March 31, 2016. Based upon that evaluation, which excluded the impact of the acquisition of The Chubb Corporation discussed below, Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in allowing information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 to be recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Chubb’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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During the first quarter 2016, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of The Chubb Corporation (Legacy Chubb). As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2016, Legacy Chubb represented approximately 36 percent of consolidated revenues, approximately 60 percent of pre-tax income, and approximately 41 percent of total assets. We currently exclude, and are in the process of working to incorporate, Legacy Chubb in our evaluation of internal controls over financial reporting and related disclosure controls and procedures.

Other than the acquisition mentioned above, there has been no change in Chubb’s internal controls over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Chubb’s internal controls over financial reporting.

PART II OTHER INFORMATION

	
ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings	
The information required with respect to this item is included in Note 8 g) to the Consolidated Financial Statements which is hereby incorporated by reference.

	
	
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors	
Refer to "Risk Factors" under Item 1A of Part I of our 2015 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A of Part I of our 2015 Form 10-K.

	
	
ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities	

Issuer’s Repurchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information with respect to purchases by Chubb of its Common Shares during the three months ended March 31, 2016 :

							
Period	Total
Number of
Shares
Purchased (1)		 	Average Price Paid per Share		
January 1 through January 31	22,123		 	$	109.72		
February 1 through February 29	640,321		 	$	116.97		
March 1 through March 31	168,774		 	$	118.42		
Total	831,218		 	 	

(1)  	This column includes activity related to the surrender to Chubb of common shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees and the exercising of options by employees.	

	
	
ITEM 6. Exhibits	
Refer to the Exhibit Index.

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SIGNATURES	

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		
 	CHUBB LIMITED	
 	(Registrant)	
 	 	
May 9, 2016	/s/ Evan G. Greenberg	
 	Evan G. Greenberg	
 	Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer	
 	 	
May 9, 2016	/s/ Philip V. Bancroft	
 	Philip V. Bancroft	
 	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	

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 	 	 	 	Incorporated by Reference	 	 	
Exhibit
Number	 	Exhibit Description	 	Form	 	Original
Number	 	Date Filed	 	Filed
Herewith	
2.1	 	Agreement and Plan of Merger, by and among ACE Limited, William Investment Holdings Corporation and The Chubb Corporation, dated as of June 30, 2015	 	8-K	 	2.1	 	July 7, 2015	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3.1	 	Articles of Association of the Company, as amended	 	8-K	 	3.1	 	January 15, 2016	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3.2	 	Organizational Regulations of the company, as amended	 	8-K	 	3.2	 	May 22, 2015	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4.1	 	Articles of Association of the Company, as amended	 	S-3	 	4.1(b)	 	October 23, 2015	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4.2	 	Organizational Regulations of the company, as amended	 	8-K	 	3.1	 	March 2, 2016	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.1	 	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
31.2	 	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
32.1	 	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
32.2	 	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.1	 	The following financial information from Chubb Limited’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2016, and December 31, 2015; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
* Management Contract or Compensation Plan

95

Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Evan G. Greenberg, certify that:

1)	I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Chubb Limited;	

2)	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	

3)	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	

4)	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:	
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5)	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: May 9, 2016

	
/s/ Evan G. Greenberg	
Evan G. Greenberg	
Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer	

Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, Philip V. Bancroft, certify that:

1)	I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Chubb Limited;	

2)	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	

3)	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	

4)	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:	
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5)	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Date: May 9, 2016

	
/s/ Philip V. Bancroft	
Philip V. Bancroft	
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	

Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
The undersigned officer of Chubb Limited (the Corporation) hereby certifies that the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016, fully complies with the applicable reporting requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m(a)) and that the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Corporation.

		
Dated: May 9, 2016	/s/ Evan G. Greenberg	
 	Evan G. Greenberg	
 	Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer	

Exhibit 32.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
The undersigned officer of Chubb Limited (the Corporation) hereby certifies that the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016, fully complies with the applicable reporting requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m(a)) and that the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Corporation.

		
Dated: May 9, 2016	/s/ Philip V. Bancroft	
 	Philip V. Bancroft	
 	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer