TAUBMAN CENTERS INC, 10-K filed on 2/23/2016
Annual Report
Document and Entity Information Document (USD $)
In Billions, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Feb. 22, 2016
Jun. 30, 2015
Entity Information [Line Items]
 
 
 
Entity Registrant Name
TAUBMAN CENTERS INC. 
 
 
Entity Central Index Key
0000890319 
 
 
Current Fiscal Year End Date
--12-31 
 
 
Entity Filer Category
Large Accelerated Filer 
 
 
Document Type
10-K 
 
 
Document Period End Date
Dec. 31, 2015 
 
 
Document Fiscal Year Focus
2015 
 
 
Document Fiscal Period Focus
FY 
 
 
Amendment Flag
false 
 
 
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding
 
60,236,681 
 
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer
Yes 
 
 
Entity Voluntary Filers
No 
 
 
Entity Current Reporting Status
Yes 
 
 
Share Price
$ 76.72 
 
$ 69.50 
Entity Public Float
 
 
$ 4.1 
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (USD $)
In Thousands, unless otherwise specified
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Assets:
 
 
Properties (Notes 4 and 8)
$ 3,713,215 
$ 3,262,505 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(1,052,027)
(970,045)
Real Estate Investment Property, Net
2,661,188 
2,292,460 
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Notes 2 and 5)
433,911 
370,004 
Cash and cash equivalents
206,635 
276,423 
Restricted cash (Note 8)
6,447 
37,502 
Accounts and notes receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,974 and $2,927 in 2015 and 2014 (Note 6)
54,547 
49,245 
Accounts receivable from related parties (Note 12)
2,478 
832 
Deferred charges and other assets (Note 7)
198,174 
188,435 
Total Assets
3,563,380 
3,214,901 
Liabilities:
 
 
Notes payable (Note 8)
2,643,958 
2,025,505 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
334,525 
292,802 
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Note 5)
464,086 
476,651 
Total Liabilities
3,442,569 
2,794,958 
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 15)
   
   
Equity:
 
 
Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.001 par and liquidation value, 40,000,000 shares authorized, 25,044,939 and 25,117,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014
25 
25 
Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 60,233,561 and 63,324,409 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014
602 
633 
Additional paid-in capital
652,146 
815,961 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 19)
(27,220)
(15,068)
Dividends in excess of net income
(512,746)
(483,188)
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent
112,807 
318,363 
Noncontrolling interests (Note 9)
8,004 
101,580 
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
120,811 
419,943 
Total Liabilities and Equity
$ 3,563,380 
$ 3,214,901 
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (Parenthetical) (USD $)
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Allowance for doubtful accounts
$ 2,974,000 
$ 2,927,000 
Common stock, par value per share
$ 0.01 
$ 0.01 
Common stock, shares authorized
250,000,000 
250,000,000 
Common stock, shares issued
60,233,561 
63,324,409 
Common stock, shares outstanding
60,233,561 
63,324,409 
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
 
 
Preferred Stock, par value
$ 0.001 
$ 0.001 
Preferred Stock, liquidation value per share
$ 0.001 
$ 0.001 
Preferred Stock, shares authorized
40,000,000 
40,000,000 
Preferred Stock, shares issued
25,044,939 
25,117,000 
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding
25,044,939 
25,117,000 
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
 
 
Preferred Stock, par value
$ 0 
$ 0 
Preferred Stock, liquidation preference, value
192,500,000 
192,500,000 
Preferred Stock, shares authorized
7,700,000 
7,700,000 
Preferred Stock, shares issued
7,700,000 
7,700,000 
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding
7,700,000 
7,700,000 
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
 
 
Preferred Stock, par value
$ 0 
$ 0 
Preferred Stock, liquidation value per share
$ 25 
 
Preferred Stock, liquidation preference, value
$ 170,000,000 
$ 170,000,000 
Preferred Stock, shares authorized
6,800,000 
6,800,000 
Preferred Stock, shares issued
6,800,000 
6,800,000 
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding
6,800,000 
6,800,000 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (USD $)
In Thousands, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Revenues:
 
 
 
Minimum rents
$ 310,831 
$ 371,454 
$ 417,729 
Percentage rents
20,233 
22,929 
28,512 
Expense recoveries
188,023 
239,782 
272,494 
Management, leasing, and development services
13,177 
12,349 
16,142 
Other
24,908 
32,615 
32,277 
Total Revenues
557,172 
679,129 
767,154 
Expenses:
 
 
 
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, and promotion
145,118 
190,119 
215,825 
Other operating
58,131 
65,142 
71,235 
Management, leasing, and development services
5,914 
6,220 
5,321 
General and administrative (Note 13)
45,727 
48,292 
50,014 
Restructuring charge (Note 2)
   
3,706 
 
Interest expense
63,041 
90,803 
130,023 
Depreciation and amortization
106,355 
120,207 
155,772 
Total Expenses
424,286 
524,489 
628,190 
Nonoperating income (expense) (Notes 2 and 10)
5,256 
(42,807)
1,348 
Income before income tax expense, equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, and gain on dispositions, net of tax
138,142 
111,833 
140,312 
Income tax expense (Note 3)
(2,248)
(2,267)
(3,409)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Note 5)
56,226 
62,002 
52,465 
Income before gain on dispositions, net of tax
192,120 
171,568 
189,368 
Gain on dispositions, net of tax (Note 2)
437 
1,106,554 
 
Net income
192,557 
1,278,122 
189,368 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (Note 9)
(58,430)
(385,109)
(56,778)
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc.
134,127 
893,013 
132,590 
Distributions to participating securities of TRG (Note 13)
(1,969)
(6,018)
(1,749)
Preferred stock dividends (Note 14)
(23,138)
(23,138)
(20,933)
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareowners
109,020 
863,857 
109,908 
Other comprehensive income (Note 19):
 
 
 
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other
(13,668)
(18,004)
8,817 
Cumulative translation adjustment
(15,279)
(7,193)
4,407 
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income
12,021 
16,729 
5,583 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax
(16,926)
(8,468)
18,807 
Comprehensive income
175,631 
1,269,654 
208,175 
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(53,458)
(382,825)
(62,443)
Comprehensive income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc.
$ 122,173 
$ 886,829 
$ 145,732 
Basic earnings per common share (Note 16)
$ 1.78 
$ 13.65 
$ 1.73 
Diluted earnings per common share (Note 16)
$ 1.76 
$ 13.47 
$ 1.71 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding – basic
61,389,113 
63,267,800 
63,591,523 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (USD $)
In Thousands, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
Total
Preferred Stock [Member]
Common Stock [Member]
Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
Accumulated Distributions in Excess of Net Income [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Balance at Dec. 31, 2012
$ (344,926)
$ 25 
$ 633 
$ 657,071 
$ (22,064)
$ (891,283)
$ (89,308)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2012
 
33,027,699 
63,310,148 
 
 
 
 
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15)
 
(2)
 
 
 
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15), shares
 
(176,630)
176,640 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of Series K Preferred Stock, net of offering costs (Note 14)
164,395 
 
 
164,395 
 
 
 
Issuance of Series K Preferred Stock, net of offering costs (Note 14), shares
 
6,800,000 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase of common stock (Note 14)
(52,287)
 
(8)
(52,279)
 
 
 
Repurchase of common stock (Note 14), shares
 
 
(786,805)
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13)
13,055 
 
13,051 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13), shares
 
 
401,631 
 
 
 
 
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Notes 2 and 9)
 
 
15,129 
 
(15,137)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
4,729 
 
 
 
 
 
4,729 
Dividends and distributions (Note 2)
(208,047)
 
 
 
 
(149,787)
 
Noncontrolling Interest, Decrease from Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest Holders
 
 
 
 
 
 
(58,260)
Other
(754)
 
 
(578)
 
(176)
 
Net income
189,368 
 
 
 
 
132,590 
56,778 
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other
8,817 
 
 
 
6,117 
 
2,700 
Cumulative translation adjustment
4,407 
 
 
 
3,150 
 
1,257 
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income
5,583 
 
 
 
3,875 
 
1,708 
Balance at Dec. 31, 2013
(215,660)
25 
631 
796,787 
(8,914)
(908,656)
(95,533)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2013
 
39,651,069 
63,101,614 
 
 
 
 
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15), shares
 
(35,500)
35,500 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase of common stock (Note 14)
(17)
 
 
(17)
 
 
 
Repurchase of common stock (Note 14), shares
 
 
(266)
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13)
18,932 
 
18,930 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13), shares
 
 
187,561 
 
 
 
 
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Notes 2 and 9)
 
 
83 
30 
 
(113)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
22,345 
 
 
 
 
 
22,345 
Dividends and distributions (Note 2)
(674,685)
 
 
 
 
(466,731)
 
Noncontrolling Interest, Decrease from Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest Holders
 
 
 
 
 
 
(207,954)
Other
(626)
 
 
178 
 
(814)
10 
Other, Shares
 
1,431 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
1,278,122 
 
 
 
 
893,013 
385,109 
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other
(18,004)
 
 
 
(12,783)
 
(5,221)
Cumulative translation adjustment
(7,193)
 
 
 
(5,148)
 
(2,045)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income
16,729 
 
 
 
11,747 
 
4,982 
Balance at Dec. 31, 2014
419,943 
25 
633 
815,961 
(15,068)
(483,188)
101,580 
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2014
 
39,617,000 
63,324,409 
 
 
 
 
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15)
 
(1)
 
 
 
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 13, 14, and 15), shares
 
(72,061)
73,295 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase of common stock (Note 14)
(252,633)
 
(35)
(252,598)
 
 
 
Repurchase of common stock (Note 14), shares
 
 
(3,460,796)
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13)
19,252 
 
19,249 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13), shares
 
 
296,653 
 
 
 
 
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Notes 2 and 9)
(9,296)
 
 
69,521 
(198)
 
(78,619)
Dividends and distributions (Note 2)
(231,502)
 
 
 
 
(163,087)
 
Noncontrolling Interest, Decrease from Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest Holders
 
 
 
 
 
 
(68,415)
Other
(584)
 
 
14 
 
(598)
   
Net income
192,557 
 
 
 
 
134,127 
58,430 
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other
(13,668)
 
 
 
(9,653)
 
(4,015)
Cumulative translation adjustment
(15,279)
 
 
 
(10,790)
 
(4,489)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income
12,021 
 
 
 
8,489 
 
3,532 
Balance at Dec. 31, 2015
$ 120,811 
$ 25 
$ 602 
$ 652,146 
$ (27,220)
$ (512,746)
$ 8,004 
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2015
 
39,544,939 
60,233,561 
 
 
 
 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (USD $)
In Thousands, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
 
 
 
Net income
$ 192,557 
$ 1,278,122 
$ 189,368 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
106,355 
120,207 
155,772 
Provision for bad debts
1,994 
2,900 
489 
Gain on dispositions (Note 2)
 
(1,116,287)
 
Debt extinguishment costs (Note 2)
 
36,372 
 
Discontinuation of hedge accounting (Note 10)
 
7,763 
 
Income from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in excess of distributions
 
   
(3,076)
Other
15,799 
18,728 
11,315 
Increase (decrease) in cash attributable to changes in assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
Receivables, restricted cash, deferred charges, and other assets
(15,636)
(595)
(12,053)
Accounts payable and other liabilities
6,616 
16,476 
29,557 
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities
307,685 
363,686 
371,372 
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
 
 
 
Additions to properties
(440,678)
(442,991)
(283,864)
Cash drawn from (provided to) escrow related to center construction projects (Notes 7 and 8)
28,857 
(70,607)
 
Proceeds from dispositions, net of transaction costs (Note 2)
 
1,776,394 
 
Contributions to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Note 2)
(97,293)
(45,974)
(108,918)
Distributions from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in excess of income
5,755 
68,388 
   
Other
(1,762)
7,329 
21,349 
Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Investing Activities
(505,121)
1,292,539 
(371,433)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
 
 
 
Payments to revolving lines of credit, net
   
(158,040)
(274,235)
Debt proceeds
1,198,640 
163,779 
703,980 
Extinguishment of debt (Note 2)
   
(658,092)
 
Other debt payments
(578,790)
(106,844)
(317,365)
Debt issuance costs
(12,743)
(8,208)
(9,479)
Repurchase of common stock
(252,633)
(17)
(52,287)
Issuance of common stock and/or partnership units in connection with incentive plans
(4,526)
 
 
Issuance of common stock and/or partnership units in connection with incentive plans
 
(943)
(1,644)
Issuance of Series K Preferred Stock, net of offering costs
 
   
164,395 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests
(68,415)
(207,954)
(58,260)
Distributions to participating securities of TRG (Note 2)
(1,969)
(6,018)
(1,749)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
   
22,345 
4,729 
Cash dividends to preferred shareowners
(23,138)
(23,138)
(20,933)
Cash dividends to common shareowners (Note 2)
(137,830)
(437,665)
(127,105)
Other
   
   
(1,050)
Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Financing Activities
127,648 
(1,420,795)
8,997 
Net Increase (Decrease) In Cash and Cash Equivalents
(69,788)
235,430 
8,936 
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year
276,423 
40,993 
32,057 
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year
$ 206,635 
$ 276,423 
$ 40,993 
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Basis of Presentation

General

Taubman Centers, Inc. (the Company or TCO) is a Michigan corporation that operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (REIT). The Taubman Realty Group Limited Partnership (the Operating Partnership or TRG) is a majority-owned partnership subsidiary of TCO that owns direct or indirect interests in all of the Company’s real estate properties. In this report, the term “Company" refers to TCO, the Operating Partnership, and/or the Operating Partnership's subsidiaries as the context may require. The Company engages in the ownership, management, leasing, acquisition, disposition, development, and expansion of regional and super-regional retail shopping centers and interests therein. The Company’s owned portfolio as of December 31, 2015 included 19 urban and suburban shopping centers operating in 10 states and Puerto Rico.

Taubman Properties Asia LLC and its subsidiaries (Taubman Asia), which is the platform for the Company’s operations and developments in China and South Korea, is headquartered in Hong Kong.

Dollar amounts presented in tables within the notes to the financial statements are stated in thousands, except share data or as otherwise noted.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include all accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership, and its consolidated subsidiaries, including The Taubman Company LLC (the Manager) and Taubman Asia. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The entities included in these consolidated financial statements are separate legal entities and maintain records and books of account separate from any other entity. However, inclusion of these separate entities in the consolidated financial statements does not mean that the assets and credit of each of these legal entities are available to satisfy the debts or other obligations of any other such legal entity included in the consolidated financial statements.

Investments in entities not controlled but over which the Company may exercise significant influence (Unconsolidated Joint Ventures or UJVs) are accounted for under the equity method. The Company has evaluated its investments in the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures under guidance for determining whether an entity is a variable interest entity and has concluded that the ventures are not variable interest entities. Accordingly, the Company accounts for its interests in these entities under general accounting standards for investments in real estate ventures (including guidance for determining effective control of a limited partnership or similar entity). The Company’s partners or other owners in these Unconsolidated Joint Ventures have substantive participating rights including approval rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, financing, admission of new partners/members, or sale of the properties and the Company has concluded that the equity method of accounting is appropriate for these interests. Specifically, the Company’s 79% and 50.1% investments in Westfarms and International Plaza, respectively, are through general partnerships in which the other general partners have participating rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, refinancing, or sale of the property.

The Operating Partnership

At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Operating Partnership’s equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K Preferred Equity) and the net equity of the partnership unitholders (Note 14). Net income and distributions of the Operating Partnership are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in the Operating Partnership in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and K Preferred Equity are owned by the Company and are eliminated in consolidation.

The partnership equity of the Operating Partnership and the Company's ownership therein are shown below:
Year
 
TRG units outstanding at December 31
 
TRG units owned by TCO at December 31(1)
 
TRG units owned by noncontrolling interests at December 31
 
TCO's % interest in TRG at December 31
 
TCO's average interest % in TRG
2015
 
85,295,720

 
60,233,561

 
25,062,159

 
71%
 
71%
2014
 
88,459,859

 
63,324,409

 
25,135,450

 
72
 
72
2013
 
88,271,133

 
63,101,614

 
25,169,519

 
71
 
72

(1)
There is a one-for-one relationship between TRG units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding; amounts in this column are equal to TCO’s common shares outstanding as of the specified dates.

Outstanding voting securities of the Company at December 31, 2015 consisted of 25,044,939 shares of Series B Preferred Stock (Note 14) and 60,233,561 shares of common stock.

Revenue Recognition

Shopping center space is generally leased to tenants under short and intermediate term leases that are accounted for as operating leases. Minimum rents are recognized on the straight-line method. Percentage rent is accrued when lessees' specified sales targets have been met. For traditional net leases, where tenants reimburse the landlord for an allocation of reimbursable costs incurred, the Company recognizes revenue in the period the applicable costs are chargeable to tenants. For tenants paying a fixed common area maintenance charge (which typically includes fixed increases over the lease term), the Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Management, leasing, and development revenue is recognized as services are rendered, when fees due are determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. Fees for management, leasing, and development services are established under contracts and are generally based on negotiated rates, percentages of cash receipts, and/or actual costs incurred. Fixed-fee development services contracts are generally accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method, using cost to cost measurements of progress. Profits on real estate sales are recognized whenever (1) a sale is consummated, (2) the buyer has demonstrated an adequate commitment to pay for the property, (3) the Company’s receivable is not subject to future subordination, and (4) the Company has transferred to the buyer the risks and rewards of ownership. Other revenues, including fees paid by tenants to terminate their leases, are recognized when fees due are determinable, no further actions or services are required to be performed by the Company, and collectibility is reasonably assured. Taxes assessed by government authorities on revenue-producing transactions, such as sales, use, and value-added taxes, are primarily accounted for on a net basis on the Company’s income statement.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Notes

The Company records a provision for losses on accounts receivable to reduce them to the amount estimated to be collectible. The Company records a provision for losses on notes receivable to reduce them to the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loans’ effective interest rates or the fair value of the collateral if the loans are collateral dependent.

Depreciation and Amortization

Buildings, improvements, and equipment are primarily depreciated on straight-line bases over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which generally range from 3 to 50 years. Capital expenditures that are recoverable from tenants are generally depreciated over the estimated recovery period. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Tenant allowances are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the lease term. Deferred leasing costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the related leases. In the event of early termination of such leases, the unrecoverable net book values of the assets are recognized as depreciation and amortization expense in the period of termination.

Capitalization

Direct and indirect costs that are clearly related to the acquisition, development, construction, and improvement of properties are capitalized. Compensation costs are allocated based on actual time spent on a project. Costs incurred on real estate for ground leases, property taxes, insurance, and interest costs for qualifying assets are capitalized during periods in which activities necessary to get the property ready for its intended use are in progress.

The viability of all projects under construction or development, including those owned by Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, are regularly evaluated on an individual basis under the accounting for abandonment of assets or changes in use. To the extent a project, or individual components of the project, are no longer considered to have value, the related capitalized costs are charged against operations. Additionally, all properties are reviewed for impairment on an individual basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment of a shopping center owned by consolidated entities is recognized when the sum of expected cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying value of the property. Other than temporary impairment of an investment in an Unconsolidated Joint Venture is recognized when the carrying value of the investment is not considered recoverable based on evaluation of the severity and duration of the decline in value, including the results of discounted cash flow and other valuation techniques. To the extent impairment has occurred, the excess carrying value of the asset over its estimated fair value is charged to income.

In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company recognized an impairment charge on previously capitalized pre-development costs related to its enclosed regional mall project that was intended to be part of the Miami Worldcenter mixed-use, urban development in Miami, Florida (Note 5).

In leasing a shopping center space, the Company may provide funding to the lessee through a tenant allowance. In accounting for a tenant allowance, the Company determines whether the allowance represents funding for the construction of leasehold improvements and evaluates the ownership, for accounting purposes, of such improvements. If the Company is considered the owner of the leasehold improvements for accounting purposes, the Company capitalizes the amount of the tenant allowance and depreciates it over the shorter of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the lease term. If the tenant allowance represents a payment for a purpose other than funding leasehold improvements, or in the event the Company is not considered the owner of the improvements for accounting purposes, the allowance is considered to be a lease incentive and is recognized over the lease term as a reduction of rental revenue. Factors considered during this evaluation usually include (1) who holds legal title to the improvements, (2) evidentiary requirements concerning the spending of the tenant allowance, and (3) other controlling rights provided by the lease agreement (e.g. unilateral control of the tenant space during the build-out process). Determination of the accounting for a tenant allowance is made on a case-by-case basis, considering the facts and circumstances of the individual tenant lease. Substantially all of the Company’s tenant allowances have been determined to be leasehold improvements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with a maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase. The Company deposits cash and cash equivalents with institutions with high credit quality. From time to time, cash and cash equivalents may be in excess of FDIC insurance limits. Substantially all cash equivalents at December 31, 2015 were not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency and were invested across four separate financial institutions as of December 31, 2015.

The Company is required to escrow cash balances for specific uses stipulated by certain of its lenders and other various agreements. As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company’s cash balances restricted for these uses were $6.4 million and $37.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, $4.8 million of the $6.4 million of restricted cash was required under certain debt agreements to be in escrow for a major construction project. Included in restricted cash is $5.5 million at December 31, 2015 on deposit in excess of the FDIC insured limit.

Acquisitions

The Company recognizes the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The cost of acquiring a controlling ownership interest or an additional ownership interest (if not already consolidated) is allocated to the tangible assets acquired (such as land and building) and to any identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The fair value of a property is determined on an “as-if-vacant” basis. Management considers various factors in estimating the "as-if-vacant" value including an estimated lease up period, lost rents, and carrying costs. The identifiable intangible assets would include the estimated value of “in-place” leases, above and below market “in-place” leases, and tenant relationships. The portion of the purchase price that management determines should be allocated to identifiable intangible assets is amortized in depreciation and amortization or as an adjustment to rental revenue, as appropriate, over the estimated life of the associated intangible asset (for instance, the remaining life of the associated tenant lease). The Company records goodwill when the cost of an acquired entity exceeds the net of the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Costs related to the acquisition of a controlling interest, including due diligence costs, professional fees, and other costs to effect an acquisition, are expensed as incurred.
Deferred Charges and Other Assets

Direct financing costs are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method, over the terms of the related agreements as a component of interest expense. Direct costs related to successful leasing activities are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the related leases. Cash expenditures for leasing costs are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as operating activities. All other deferred charges are amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the agreements to which they relate.

Share-Based Compensation Plans

The cost of share-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and is recognized over the requisite employee service period which is generally the vesting period of the grant. The Company recognizes compensation costs for awards with graded vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in-substance, multiple awards.

Interest Rate Hedging Agreements

All derivatives, whether designated in hedging relationships or not, are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. If a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portions of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (OCI) and are recognized in the income statement when the hedged item affects income. Ineffective portions of changes in the fair value of a cash flow hedge are recognized in the Company’s income generally as interest expense (Note 10).

The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various hedge transactions. The Company assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged items.

Income Taxes

The Company operates in such a manner as to qualify as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gains, to its shareowners and meet certain other requirements. As a REIT, the Company is entitled to a dividends paid deduction for the dividends it pays to its shareowners. Therefore, the Company will generally not be subject to federal income taxes as long as it currently distributes to its shareowners an amount equal to or in excess of its taxable income. REIT qualification reduces but does not eliminate the amount of state and local taxes paid by the Company. In addition, a REIT may be subject to certain excise taxes if it engages in certain activities.
No provision for federal income taxes for consolidated partnerships has been made; as such taxes are the responsibility of the individual partners. There are certain state income taxes incurred which are provided for in the Company’s financial statements.
The Company has made Taxable REIT Subsidiary (TRS) elections for all of its corporate subsidiaries pursuant to section 856 (I) of the Internal Revenue Code. The TRSs are subject to corporate level income taxes, including federal, state, and certain foreign income taxes for foreign operations, which are provided for in the Company’s financial statements.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the bases of such assets and liabilities as measured by tax laws. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the amount where realization is more likely than not assured after considering all available evidence, including expected taxable earnings. The Company’s temporary differences primarily relate to deferred compensation, depreciation, and net operating loss carryforwards.
Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests in the Company are comprised of the ownership interests of (1) noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and (2) the noncontrolling interests in joint ventures controlled by the Company through ownership or contractual arrangements. Consolidated net income and comprehensive income includes amounts attributable to the Company and the noncontrolling interests. Transactions that change the Company's ownership interest in a subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions if the Company retains its controlling financial interest in the subsidiary.
The Company evaluates whether noncontrolling interests are subject to any redemption features outside of the Company's control that would result in presentation outside of permanent equity pursuant to general accounting standards regarding the classification and measurement of redeemable equity instruments. Certain noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and consolidated ventures of the Company qualify as redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9). To the extent such noncontrolling interests are currently redeemable or it is probable that they will eventually become redeemable, these interests are adjusted to the greater of their redemption value or their carrying value at each balance sheet date.

Foreign Currency Translation
The Company has certain entities in Asia for which the functional currency is the local currency. The assets and liabilities of the entities are translated from their functional currency into U.S. Dollars at the rate of exchange in effect on the balance sheet date. Income statement accounts are generally translated using the average exchange rate for the period. Income statement amounts of significant transactions are translated at the rate in effect as of the date of the transaction. The Company's share of unrealized gains and losses resulting from the translation of the entities' financial statements are reflected in shareholders' equity as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet (Note 19).
Discontinued Operations

Prior to 2014, the Company reclassified to discontinued operations any material operations and gains or losses on disposal related to properties that are held for sale or disposed of during the period in accordance with the applicable accounting standards. In 2014 the Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-08, "Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity" issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). ASU No. 2014-08 changes the definition of a discontinued operation to include only those disposals of components of an entity that represent a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results. The Company applied the revised definition to all disposals on a prospective basis beginning January 1, 2014.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Segments and Related Disclosures

The Company has one reportable operating segment: it owns, develops, and manages regional shopping centers. The Company has aggregated its shopping centers into this one reportable segment, as the shopping centers share similar economic characteristics and other similarities. The shopping centers are located in major metropolitan areas, have similar tenants (most of which are national chains), are operated using consistent business strategies, and are expected to exhibit similar long-term financial performance. Net Operating Income (NOI) is often used by the Company's chief operating decision makers in assessing segment operating performance. NOI is believed to be a useful indicator of operating performance as it is customary in the real estate and shopping center business to evaluate the performance of properties on a basis unaffected by capital structure.

No single retail company represents 10% or more of the Company's revenues. Although the Company does business in China and South Korea, there are not yet any material revenues from customers or long-lived assets attributable to a country other than the United States of America. At December 31, 2015, the Company's investments in Asia are in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures and accounted for under the equity method.
Dispositions, Acquisition, and Developments
Dispositions, Acquisition, and Development [Text Block]
Dispositions, Acquisition, and Developments

Dispositions

Sale of Centers to Starwood

In October 2014, the Company completed the disposition of a portfolio of seven centers to an affiliate of the Starwood Capital Group (Starwood). The following centers (Sale Centers) were sold: MacArthur Center in Norfolk, Virginia, Stony Point Fashion Park in Richmond, Virginia, Northlake Mall in Charlotte, North Carolina, The Mall at Wellington Green in Wellington, Florida, The Shops at Willow Bend in Plano, Texas, The Mall at Partridge Creek in Clinton Township, Michigan, and Fairlane Town Center in Dearborn, Michigan. The results of the seven centers are in the Company's continuing operations for all periods prior to the October 2014 sale, pursuant to the Company's previous adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-08, "Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity" beginning January 1, 2014.

In connection with the sale, the Company received consideration of $1.4 billion. The proceeds were used to prepay or defease $623 million of property-level debt and accrued interest and to pay $51.2 million of transaction and debt extinguishment costs. The net cash proceeds were used to pay $424.3 million to shareholders and unitholders as a special dividend (Note 3). The debt extinguished consisted of four loans secured by Northlake Mall, The Mall at Wellington Green, MacArthur Center, and The Mall at Partridge Creek (Note 8).

The Company recognized a gain of $629.7 million ($606.2 million at TRG's beneficial share) as a result of the disposition of the Sale Centers. In addition, the Company recorded debt extinguishment costs of $36.4 million, ($36.0 million at TRG's beneficial share) which were classified as Nonoperating Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

In 2014, the Company incurred $7.8 million of expenses ($7.4 million at TRG's beneficial share) related to the discontinuation of hedge accounting on the swap previously designated to hedge the MacArthur Center note payable. In addition, the Company incurred $3.3 million of disposition costs related to the Sale Centers. These expenses were included in Nonoperating Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

As a result of the sale, the Company underwent a restructuring plan to reduce its workforce across various areas of the organization. In 2014, the Company incurred $3.7 million of expenses related to the reduction in workforce. These expenses were classified as Restructuring Charge on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. As of December 31, 2015, substantially all of the restructuring costs have been paid.

International Plaza

In January 2014, the Company sold a total of 49.9% of the Company's interests in the entity that owns International Plaza, including certain governance rights, for $499 million (excluding transaction costs), which consisted of $337 million of cash and approximately $162 million of beneficial interest in debt. The Company's ownership in the center decreased to a noncontrolling 50.1% interest, which is accounted for under the equity method subsequent to the disposition. During 2014, a gain of $368 million (net of tax of $9.7 million) was recognized as a result of the sale. In September 2015, an adjustment of $0.4 million was made, reducing the tax recognized as a result of the sale.

Arizona Mills/Oyster Bay

In January 2014, the Company completed the sale of its 50% interest in Arizona Mills, an Unconsolidated Joint Venture, and land in Syosset, New York related to the former Oyster Bay project, to Simon Property Group (SPG). The consideration, excluding transaction costs, consisted of $60 million of cash and 555,150 partnership units in Simon Property Group Limited Partnership. The number of partnership units received was determined based on a value of $154.91 per unit. The fair value of the partnership units recognized for accounting purposes was $77.7 million, after considering the one-year restriction on the sale of these partnership units (Note 17). The number of partnership units subsequently increased to 590,124, in lieu of the Company's participation in a distribution of certain partnership units of another entity by SPG and Simon Property Group Limited Partnership. The increase in the number of partnership units was neutral to the market value of the Company's holdings as of the transaction date. The Company's investment in the partnership units is classified within Deferred Charges and Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As a result of the sale, the Company was relieved of its $84 million share of the $167 million mortgage loan outstanding on Arizona Mills at the time of the sale. A gain of $109 million was recognized as a result of the transaction.

Acquisition

Purchase of U.S. Headquarters Building

In February 2014, the Company purchased the U.S. headquarters building located in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan for approximately $16.1 million from an affiliate of the Taubman family. In exchange for the building, the Company assumed the $17.4 million, 5.90% fixed rate loan on the building, issued 1,431 Operating Partnership units (and a corresponding number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock), and received $1.4 million in escrowed and other cash from the affiliate. In March 2015, the Company refinanced the loan on the building (Note 8).

U.S. Development

International Market Place

International Market Place, a 0.4 million square foot center, is under construction in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii. The center will be anchored by Saks Fifth Avenue and is scheduled to open in August 2016. The Company owns a 93.5% interest in the project, which is subject to a participating ground lease. As of December 31, 2015, the Company's capitalized costs for the project were $282.5 million ($264.7 million at TRG's share).

The Mall of San Juan

The Mall of San Juan, a 0.6 million square foot center in San Juan, Puerto Rico, opened in March 2015. The center is anchored by Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue. As of December 31, 2015, the Company owned a 95% interest in the center subsequent to the acquisition of an additional 15% interest in April 2015. The additional interest was acquired at cost. In connection with the acquisition, the noncontrolling owner used $9.3 million of previously contributed capital to fund its obligation to reimburse the Company for certain shared infrastructure costs, which was classified as a reduction of the Noncontrolling interests and an offsetting reduction of Properties on the Consolidated Balance Sheet (Note 18).

Asia Development

CityOn.Xi'an

The Company has a joint venture with Wangfujing Group Co., Ltd (Wangfujing), one of China's largest department store chains, which will own a 60% controlling interest in and manage an approximately 1.0 million square foot shopping center, CityOn.Xi'an, to be located at Xi'an Saigao City Plaza, a large-scale mixed-use development under construction in Xi'an, China. Through this joint venture, the Company will beneficially own a 30% interest in the shopping center, which is scheduled to open in April 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the Company's share of total project costs were $107.3 million, as decreased by $3.3 million for the change in exchange rates. This investment is classified within Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

CityOn.Zhengzhou

The Company also has a second joint venture with Wangfujing which owns a majority interest in and will manage an approximately 1.0 million square foot multi-level shopping center, CityOn.Zhengzhou, under construction in Zhengzhou, China. Through this joint venture, the Company beneficially owns a 32% interest in the shopping center, which is scheduled to open in fall 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the Company's share of total project costs were $72.3 million, as decreased by $2.5 million for the change in exchange rates. This investment is classified within Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Hanam Union Square

The Company's joint venture with Shinsegae Group, South Korea's largest retailer, is developing an approximately 1.7 million square foot shopping center, Hanam Union Square, under construction in Hanam, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, which is scheduled to open in early fall 2016. The Company has partnered with a major institution in Asia for a 49% ownership interest in Hanam Union Square. The institutional partner owns 14.7% of the project, bringing the Company's effective ownership to 34.3%. As of December 31, 2015, the Company's share of total project costs were $207.2 million, as decreased by $12.5 million for the change in exchange rates. This investment is classified within Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

Income Tax Expense

The Company’s income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 consisted of the following:

 
2015
 
2014

2013
Federal current
$
1,931

 
$
8,036


$
547

Federal deferred
(34
)
 
1,354


632

Foreign current
628


1,300


2,193

Foreign deferred
(114
)

(48
)

(116
)
State current
(528
)
 
1,361

 
230

State deferred
(72
)
 
(3
)
 
(77
)
Total income tax expense
$
1,811

 
$
12,000


$
3,409

Less income tax (expense) benefit allocated to Gain on Dispositions (1)
437

 
(9,733
)

 
Income tax expense as reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income
$
2,248


$
2,267


$
3,409



(1)
Amount represents the income taxes incurred as part of the Company's sale of interests in International Plaza in January 2014. The tax on the sale is classified within Gain on Dispositions, Net of Tax on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. In September 2015, an adjustment of $0.4 million was made to reduce the tax recognized as a result of the sale.

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards

As of December 31, 2015, the Company had a foreign net operating loss carryforward of $4.2 million. Of the $4.2 million, $0.2 million had a carryforward period of 10 years and the remaining had an indefinite carryforward period.

Deferred Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:

 
2015
 
2014
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Federal
$
1,427

 
$
1,382

Foreign
1,676

 
1,806

State
944

 
471

Total deferred tax assets
$
4,047

 
$
3,659

Valuation allowances
(1,913
)
 
(1,703
)
Net deferred tax assets
$
2,134

 
$
1,956

Deferred tax liabilities:
 

 
 

Federal
$
602

 
$
592

Foreign
501

 
473

State
70

 
89

Total deferred tax liabilities
$
1,173

 
$
1,154



The Company believes that it is more likely than not the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to recognize the net deferred tax assets. These future operations are primarily dependent upon the Manager's profitability, the timing and amounts of gains on peripheral land sales, the profitability of Taubman Asia's operations, and other factors affecting the results of operations of the Taxable REIT Subsidiaries. The valuation allowances relate to net operating loss carryforwards and tax basis differences where there is uncertainty regarding their realizability.

International Plaza

In November 2013, substantially all of the interest in International Plaza acquired by the Company in 2012 was transferred to a Taxable REIT Subsidiary of the Company. Prior to the transfer in November 2013, substantially all of the interest was held by a nontaxable subsidiary of the Company. No deferred taxes were recorded related to any book-tax basis differences related to this transaction because of its intercompany nature.

Tax Status of Dividends

Dividends declared on the Company’s common and preferred stock and their tax status are presented in the following tables. The tax status of the Company’s dividends in 2015, 2014, and 2013 may not be indicative of future periods.
Year
 
Dividends per common share declared
 
Return of capital
 
Ordinary income
 
Long term capital gain
 
Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
 
2015
 
$
2.2600

 
$
0.0972

 
$
2.1621

 
$
0.0004

 
$
0.0003

 
2014
 
4.7500

(1) 
0.7057

 
0.0000

 
1.8748

(2) 
2.1695

(2) 
2014
 
2.1600

 
0.3208

 
1.7773

 
0.0287

(2) 
0.0332

(2) 
2013
 
2.0000

 
0.2636

 
1.7364

 
0.0000

 
0.0000

 


(1)
Includes a special dividend of $4.75 per share of common stock declared and paid during December 2014, which was declared as a result of the Company's disposition of a portfolio of seven centers to Starwood in October 2014 (Note 2).
(2)
The portion of the per share common dividends paid on December 31, 2014 designated as capital gain (long term and unrecaptured Sec. 1250) dividends for tax purposes is $0.0619 per share of the $0.54 dividend and $4.0443 per share of the $4.75 dividend). 
Year

Dividends per Series J Preferred share declared

Ordinary income

Long term capital gain

Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
 
2015

$
1.6250


$
1.6245


$
0.0003


$
0.0002

 
2014

1.6250


0.49072


0.52580

(1) 
0.60848

(1) 
2013
 
1.6250

 
1.6250

 
0.0000

 
0.0000

 


(1)
The portion of the per share Series J preferred dividends designated as capital gain (long term and unrecaptured Sec. 1250) for tax purposes is as follows; $0.32178 per share of the $0.40625 paid on June 30, 2014, $0.40625 per share of the $0.40625 paid on September 30, 2014, and $0.40625 per share of the $0.40625 paid on December 31, 2014.

Year
 
Dividends per Series K Preferred share declared
 
Ordinary income
 
Long term capital gain
 
Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
 
2015
 
$
1.56250

 
$
1.5620

 
$
0.0003

 
$
0.0002

 
2014
 
1.56250

 
0.47185

 
0.50558

(1) 
0.58507

(1) 
2013
 
1.24132

 
1.24132

 
0.0000

 
0.0000

 


(1)
The portion of the per share Series K preferred dividends designated as capital gain (long term and unrecaptured Sec. 1250) for tax purposes is as follows; $0.30939 per share of the $0.39063 paid on June 30, 2014, $0.39063 per share of the $0.39063 paid on September 30, 2014, and $0.39063 per share of the $0.39063 paid on December 31, 2014.

Uncertain Tax Positions

The Company expects no significant increases or decreases in unrecognized tax benefits due to changes in tax positions within one year of December 31, 2015. The Company has no material interest or penalties relating to income taxes recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 or in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. As of December 31, 2015, returns for the calendar years 2012 through 2015 remain subject to examination by U.S. and various state and foreign tax jurisdictions.
Properties
Real Estate Disclosure [Text Block]
Properties

Properties at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows:
 
2015
 
2014
Land
$
243,870


$
226,252

Buildings, improvements, and equipment
3,107,338


2,457,660

Construction in process and pre-development costs
362,007


578,593

 
$
3,713,215


$
3,262,505

Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(1,052,027
)

(970,045
)
 
$
2,661,188


$
2,292,460



Depreciation expense for 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $98.8 million, $110.1 million, and $142.5 million, respectively.

The charge to operations in 2015, 2014, and 2013 for domestic and non-U.S. pre-development activities was $4.3 million, $4.2 million, and $10.6 million, respectively.
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

General Information

The Company owns beneficial interests in joint ventures that own shopping centers. The Operating Partnership is the sole direct or indirect managing general partner or managing member of Fair Oaks, International Plaza, Stamford Town Center, Sunvalley, The Mall at University Town Center, and Westfarms. The Operating Partnership also provides certain management, leasing, and/or development services to the other shopping centers noted below.
Shopping Center
 
Ownership as of
December 31, 2015 and 2014
CityOn.Xi'an (under construction)
 
Note 2
CityOn.Zhengzhou (under construction)
 
Note 2
Fair Oaks
 
50%
Hanam Union Square (under construction)
 
Note 2
International Plaza
 
50.1
The Mall at Millenia
 
50
Stamford Town Center
 
50
Sunvalley
 
50
The Mall at University Town Center
 
50
Waterside Shops
 
50
Westfarms
 
79


The Company's carrying value of its Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures differs from its share of the partnership or members’ equity reported in the combined balance sheet of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures due to (i) the Company's cost of its investment in excess of the historical net book values of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures and (ii) the Operating Partnership’s adjustments to the book basis, including intercompany profits on sales of services that are capitalized by the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The Company's additional basis allocated to depreciable assets is recognized on a straight-line basis over 40 years. The Operating Partnership’s differences in bases are amortized over the useful lives or terms of the related assets and liabilities.

In its Consolidated Balance Sheet, the Company separately reports its investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures for which accumulated distributions have exceeded investments in and net income of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The net equity of certain joint ventures is less than zero because distributions are usually greater than net income, as net income includes non-cash charges for depreciation and amortization. In addition, any distributions related to refinancing of the centers further decrease the net equity of the centers.


The Mall at Miami Worldcenter

In 2015, the Company made a decision not to move forward with an enclosed regional mall that was intended to be part of the Miami Worldcenter mixed-use, urban development in Miami, Florida. As a result of this decision, an impairment charge of $11.8 million was recognized in the fourth quarter of 2015, which represents previously capitalized costs related to the pre-development of the enclosed mall plan. The impairment charge was recorded within Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income.
Combined Financial Information

Combined balance sheet and results of operations information is presented in the following table for the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, followed by the Operating Partnership's beneficial interest in the combined operations information. The combined information of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 excludes the balances of CityOn.Xi'an, CityOn.Zhengzhou, and Hanam Union Square which are currently under construction (Note 2). Beneficial interest is calculated based on the Operating Partnership's ownership interest in each of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures.

 
December 31 2015
 
December 31 2014
Assets:
 
 
 
Properties
$
1,628,492

 
$
1,580,926

Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(589,145
)
 
(548,646
)
 
$
1,039,347

 
$
1,032,280

Cash and cash equivalents
36,047

 
49,765

Accounts and notes receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,602 and $1,590 in 2015 and 2014
42,361

 
38,788

Deferred charges and other assets
39,562

 
33,200

 
$
1,157,317

 
$
1,154,033

 


 
 
Liabilities and accumulated deficiency in assets:
 

 
 

Notes payable (1)
$
2,001,200

 
$
1,989,546

Accounts payable and other liabilities
70,539

 
103,161

TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets
(512,256
)
 
(525,759
)
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Partners' accumulated deficiency in assets
(402,166
)
 
(412,915
)
 
$
1,157,317

 
$
1,154,033

 


 
 
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (above)
$
(512,256
)
 
$
(525,759
)
TRG's investment in properties under construction (Note 2)
296,847

 
232,091

TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit
132,218

 
132,058

TCO's additional basis
53,016

 
54,963

Net Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
$
(30,175
)
 
$
(106,647
)
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
464,086

 
476,651

Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
$
433,911

 
$
370,004


(1)
As the balances presented exclude those of centers under construction, the Notes Payable amount excludes the construction loans outstanding for Hanam Union Square of $52.9 million ($18.1 million at TRG's share) and CityOn.Zhengzhou of $44.7 million ($14.2 million at TRG's share) at December 31, 2015.
 
Year Ended December 31
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Revenues
$
378,280

 
$
338,017

 
$
294,720

Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses
$
118,909

 
$
106,249

 
$
92,901

Interest expense
85,198

 
74,806

 
68,998

Depreciation and amortization
55,318

 
47,377

 
36,644

Total operating costs
$
259,425

 
$
228,432

 
$
198,543

Nonoperating expense
(1
)
 
(22
)
 


Net income
$
118,854

 
$
109,563

 
$
96,177

 


 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to TRG
$
65,384

 
$
60,690

 
$
53,166

Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments
4,542

 
3,258

 
1,245

Depreciation of TCO's additional basis
(1,946
)
 
(1,946
)
 
(1,946
)
Beneficial interest in UJV impairment charge - Miami Worldcenter
(11,754
)
 
 
 
 
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
$
56,226

 
$
62,002

 
$
52,465

 
 
 
 
 
 
Beneficial interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ operations:
 

 
 

 
 

Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses
$
147,905

 
$
132,652

 
$
114,939

Interest expense
(45,564
)
 
(40,416
)
 
(37,554
)
Depreciation and amortization
(34,361
)
 
(30,234
)
 
(24,920
)
Beneficial interest in UJV impairment charge - Miami Worldcenter
(11,754
)
 
 
 
 
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
$
56,226

 
$
62,002

 
$
52,465



Related Party

TRG owns a 50% general partnership interest in Sunvalley, while the other 50% is controlled by the A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust. A. Alfred Taubman was the former Chairman of the Board and the father of Robert S. and William S. Taubman. Sunvalley is subject to a ground lease on the land, which is 50% owned through an affiliate of TRG and 50% by an entity owned and controlled by Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, and Gayle Taubman Kalisman. The Manager is the manager of the Sunvalley shopping center.

Other

The provision for losses on accounts receivable of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures was $0.9 million, $1.7 million, and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively.

Deferred charges and other assets of $39.6 million at December 31, 2015 were comprised of leasing costs of $39.7 million, before accumulated amortization of $(17.8) million, net deferred financing costs of $7.0 million, and other net charges of $10.6 million. Deferred charges and other assets of $33.2 million at December 31, 2014 were comprised of leasing costs of $37.2 million, before accumulated amortization of $(16.6) million, net deferred financing costs of $9.6 million, and other net charges of $3.0 million.

Depreciation expense on properties for 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $50.0 million, $40.9 million, and $35.6 million, respectively.
Accounts and Notes Receivable
Loans, Notes, Trade and Other Receivables Disclosure [Text Block]
Accounts and Notes Receivable

Accounts and notes receivable at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows:

 
2015
 
2014
Trade
$
29,559

 
$
24,757

Notes
1,297

 
2,037

Straight-line rent and recoveries
26,665

 
25,378

 
$
57,521

 
$
52,172

Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts
(2,974
)
 
(2,927
)
 
$
54,547

 
$
49,245



Deferred Charges Other Assets
Deferred Charges and Other Assets [Text Block]
Deferred Charges and Other Assets

Deferred charges and other assets at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows:

 
2015
 
2014
Leasing costs
$
29,097


$
27,454

Accumulated amortization
(10,702
)

(10,659
)
 
$
18,395


$
16,795

In-place leases, net
8,525


11,765

Investment in SPG partnership units (Notes 2 and 17)
77,711


77,711

Deferred financing costs, net
22,693


15,815

Insurance deposit (Note 17)
14,346


13,059

Deposits
40,424


40,257

Prepaid expenses
6,622


5,496

Deferred tax asset, net
2,134


1,956

Other, net
7,324


5,581

 
$
198,174


$
188,435



As of both December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company had $37.0 million in restricted deposits related to its Asia investments.
Notes Payable
Debt Disclosure [Text Block]
Notes Payable

Notes payable at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 consist of the following:
 
2015
 
2014
 
Stated Interest Rate
 
Maturity Date
 
Balance Due on Maturity
 
Facility Amount
 
Cherry Creek Shopping Center
$
280,000


$
280,000

 
5.24%
 
06/08/16
 
$
280,000

 
 
 
City Creek Center
81,756

(1) 
83,189

(1) 
4.37%
 
08/01/23
 
68,575

 
 
 
El Paseo Village



15,932

(2) 
4.42%
 

 


 
 
 
The Gardens on El Paseo
81,920

(3) 
83,059

(3) 
6.10%
 
06/11/16
 
81,480

 
 
 
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets
212,863


217,281

 
3.60%
 
01/06/23
 
177,038

 
 

 
The Mall at Green Hills
150,000


150,000

 
LIBOR+1.60%
 
12/01/18
(4) 
150,000

 
 
 
International Market Place
92,169

(5) 


 
LIBOR + 1.75%
 
08/14/18
(5) 
92,169

 
$
330,890

 
The Mall of San Juan
258,250

(6) 
163,779

(6) 
LIBOR + 2.00%
 
04/02/17
(6) 
258,250

 
320,000

 
The Mall at Short Hills
1,000,000



 
3.48%
 
10/01/27
 
1,000,000

 
 
 
The Mall at Short Hills
 
 
540,000

 
5.47%
 

 


 
 
 
U.S. Headquarters Building
12,000




 
LIBOR + 1.40%
(7) 
03/01/24
 
12,000

 
 
 
U.S. Headquarters Building
 
 
17,265

(8) 
5.90%
 

 


 
 
 
$65M Revolving Credit Facility
 
(9) 
 
(9) 
LIBOR + 1.40%
 
04/30/16
 
 
 
65,000

(9) 
$1.1B Revolving Credit Facility
 
(10) (11) 
 
(10) (11) 
LIBOR + 1.25%
(10) 
02/28/19
(10) 
 
 
1,100,000

(10) 
$475M Unsecured Term Loan
475,000

(11) (12) 
475,000

(11) (12) 
LIBOR + 1.35%
(12) 
02/28/19
 
475,000

 
 
 
 
$
2,643,958

 
$
2,025,505

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

 


(1)
The Operating Partnership has provided a limited guarantee of the repayment of the City Creek Center loan, which could be triggered only upon a decline in center occupancy to a level that the Company believes is remote.
(2)
Balance includes purchase accounting premium adjustment of $0.1 million in 2014 for an above market interest rate upon acquisition of the center in December 2011. In October 2015, the Company paid off the mortgage note payable on El Paseo Village.
(3)
Balance includes purchase accounting premium adjustment of $0.4 million and $1.6 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, for an above market interest rate upon acquisition of the center in December 2011.
(4)
Loan has a one-year extension option.
(5)
The Operating Partnership has provided an unconditional guaranty of 50% of the principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. The principal guarantee may be reduced to 25% of the outstanding principal balance or terminated upon achievement of certain performance measures. Loan has two, one-year extension options.
(6)
The Operating Partnership has provided an unconditional guaranty of the principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. Loan has two, one-year extension options.
(7)
Debt is swapped via a hedge at 2.09% plus a 1.40% credit spread for an effective rate of 3.49% until maturity.
(8)
Balance includes purchase accounting premium adjustment of $0.2 million for an above market interest rate upon acquisition of the building in February 2014 (Note 2).
(9)
The unused borrowing capacity at December 31, 2015 was $58.8 million, after considering $6.2 million of letters of credit outstanding on the facility.
(10)
TRG is the borrower under the $1.1 billion unsecured revolving credit facility with an accordion feature to increase the borrowing capacity to $1.5 billion, subject to certain conditions including having the borrowing capacity based on the unencumbered asset pool EBITDA and obtaining lender commitments. As of December 31, 2015, the Company cannot fully utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets are added to the unencumbered asset pool. The facility bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.15% to LIBOR plus 1.70% and a facility fee of 0.20% to 0.30% based on the Company's total leverage ratio. The facility has a one-year extension option. The unused borrowing capacity at December 31, 2015 was $1.1 billion.
(11)
As of December 31, 2015, the entities that own Beverly Center, Dolphin Mall, and Twelve Oaks Mall are guarantors under the $475 million unsecured term loan and the $1.1 billion unsecured revolving credit facility.
(12)
TRG is the borrower under the $475 million unsecured term loan with an accordion feature to increase the borrowing capacity to $600 million, subject to certain conditions including having the borrowing capacity based on the unencumbered asset pool EBITDA and obtaining lender commitments. As of December 31, 2015, the Company cannot fully utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets are added to the unencumbered asset pool. The loan bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.35% to LIBOR plus 1.90% based on the Company's total leverage ratio. From January 2014 until maturity, the LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 1.65%, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 3.00% to 3.55% (Note 10).


Notes payable are collateralized by properties with a net book value of $1.8 billion at December 31, 2015.


The following table presents scheduled principal payments on notes payable as of December 31, 2015:

2016
$
367,527

 
2017
264,566

(1) 
2018
248,731

(2) 
2019
481,820

 
2020
7,058

 
Thereafter
1,273,816

 
Total principal maturities
$
2,643,518

 
Net unamortized debt premiums
440

 
Total notes payable
$
2,643,958

 

(1)
Includes $258.3 million with two, one-year extension options.
(2)
Includes $92.2 million with two, one-year extension options and $150.0 million with a one-year extension option.

2016 Maturities

The $65.0 million revolving credit facility is scheduled to mature in April 2016. The Company intends to extend the line of credit for one year upon maturity.

In the second quarter of 2016, the Company expects to complete a refinancing of the loan at Cherry Creek Shopping Center prior to or upon maturity. The existing $280.0 million, 5.24% fixed rate loan is scheduled to mature in June 2016. Also, in the second quarter of 2016, the Company expects to pay off the loan on The Gardens on El Paseo at the earliest prepayment date without penalty. The existing $81.9 million, 6.10% fixed rate loan on The Gardens on El Paseo is scheduled to mature in June 2016.

Debt Covenants and Guarantees

Certain loan agreements contain various restrictive covenants, including the following corporate covenants on the Company’s unsecured primary revolving line of credit, unsecured term loan, and the construction facilities on The Mall at University Town Center, The Mall of San Juan, and International Market Place: a minimum net worth requirement, a maximum total leverage ratio, a maximum secured leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a maximum recourse secured debt ratio, and a maximum payout ratio. In addition, the Company’s primary revolving line of credit and term loan have unencumbered pool covenants, which currently apply to Beverly Center, Dolphin Mall, and Twelve Oaks Mall on a combined basis. These covenants include a minimum number and minimum value of eligible unencumbered assets, a maximum unencumbered leverage ratio, a minimum unencumbered interest coverage ratio, and a minimum unencumbered asset occupancy ratio. As of December 31, 2015, the corporate total leverage ratio was the most restrictive covenant. The Company was in compliance with all of its covenants and loan obligations as of December 31, 2015. The maximum payout ratio covenant limits the payment of distributions generally to 95% of funds from operations, as defined in the loan agreements, except as required to maintain the Company’s tax status, pay preferred distributions, and for distributions related to the sale of certain assets.

In connection with the financing of the construction facility at International Market Place, the Operating Partnership has provided an unconditional guarantee of 50% of the construction loan principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. The Operating Partnership has also provided a guarantee as to the completion of construction of the center. The maximum amount of the construction facility is $330.9 million. The outstanding balance of the International Market Place construction financing facility as of December 31, 2015 was $92.2 million. Accrued but unpaid interest as of December 31, 2015 was $0.1 million. The principal guaranty may be reduced to 25% of the outstanding principal balance upon stabilization and achievement of certain performance measures. The principal guaranty may be released upon achievement of further restrictive performance measures. The Company believes the likelihood of a payment under the guarantees to be remote.

In connection with the financing of the construction facility at The Mall at University Town Center, which is owned by an Unconsolidated Joint Venture, the Operating Partnership provided an unconditional guarantee of 25% of the construction loan principal balance and 50% of all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. The maximum amount of the construction facility is $225 million. The outstanding balance of the Mall at University Town Center construction financing facility as of December 31, 2015 was $220.7 million. Accrued but unpaid interest as of December 31, 2015 was $0.4 million. The principal guaranty may be reduced to 12.5% of the outstanding principal balance upon achievement of certain performance measures. Upon stabilization, the unconditional guaranty may be released. The Company believes the likelihood of a payment under the guarantee to be remote.

In connection with the financing of the construction facility at The Mall of San Juan, the Operating Partnership has provided an unconditional guarantee of the construction loan principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. In addition, the Operating Partnership has provided a guarantee as to the completion of the center. The maximum amount of the construction facility is $320 million. The outstanding balance of The Mall of San Juan construction financing facility as of December 31, 2015 was $258.3 million. Accrued but unpaid interest as of December 31, 2015 was $0.3 million. The Company believes the likelihood of a payment under the guarantees to be remote.

In connection with the $175 million additional financing at International Plaza, which is owned by an Unconsolidated Joint Venture, the Operating Partnership provided an unconditional and several guarantee of 50.1% of all obligations and liabilities related to an interest rate swap that was required on the debt for the term of the loan. As of December 31, 2015, the interest rate swap was in a liability position of $1.8 million and had unpaid interest of $0.2 million. The Company believes the likelihood of a payment under the guarantee to be remote.

Other

The Company is required to escrow cash balances for specific uses stipulated by certain of its lenders and other various agreements. As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company's cash balances restricted for these uses were $6.4 million and $37.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, $4.8 million of the $6.4 million of restricted cash was required under a certain debt agreement to be in escrow for a major construction project.

Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense

The Operating Partnership's beneficial interest in the debt, capitalized interest, and interest expense of its consolidated subsidiaries and its Unconsolidated Joint Ventures is summarized in the following table. The Operating Partnership's beneficial interest in the consolidated subsidiaries excludes debt and interest related to the noncontrolling interests in Cherry Creek Shopping Center (50%), International Market Place (6.5%), and The Mall of San Juan (20% prior to April 2015, and subsequently 5%), as well as the noncontrolling interests in The Mall at Wellington Green (10%) and MacArthur Center (5%) through the disposition of the centers in October 2014 (Note 2).
 
At 100%
 
At Beneficial Interest
 
 
Consolidated Subsidiaries
 
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
Consolidated Subsidiaries
 
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
Debt as of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
$
2,643,958


$
2,098,776


$
2,485,055


$
1,121,469

 
December 31, 2014
2,025,505


1,989,546


1,852,749


1,085,991

 












 
Capitalized interest:
 


 


 


 

 
Year Ended December 31, 2015
$
31,112

(1) 
$
792

(2) 
$
30,130


$
543

(2) 
Year Ended December 31, 2014
27,255

(1) 
3,121


26,227


1,578

 












 
Interest expense:
 


 


 


 

 
Year Ended December 31, 2015
$
63,041


$
85,198


$
56,076


$
45,564

 
Year Ended December 31, 2014
90,803


74,806


82,702


40,416

 

(1)
The Company capitalizes interest costs incurred in funding its equity contributions to development projects accounted for as Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The capitalized interest cost is included in the Company's basis in its investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Such capitalized interest reduces interest expense in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income and in the table above is included within Consolidated Subsidiaries.
(2)
Capitalized interest on the Asia Unconsolidated Joint Venture construction loans is presented at the Company's beneficial interest in both the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (at 100%) and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (at Beneficial Interest) columns.
Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling Interests

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The Company's president of Taubman Asia (the Asia President) has an ownership interest in Taubman Asia, a consolidated subsidiary. The Asia President is entitled to 10% of Taubman Asia's dividends, with 85% of his dividends being withheld as contributions to capital. These withholdings will continue until he contributes and maintains his capital consistent with a 10% ownership interest, including all capital funded by the Operating Partnership for Taubman Asia's operating and investment activities subsequent to the Asia President obtaining his ownership interest. The Operating Partnership will have a preferred investment in Taubman Asia to the extent the Asia President has not yet contributed capital commensurate with his ownership interest. This preferred investment will accrue an annual preferential return equal to the Operating Partnership's average borrowing rate (with the preferred investment and accrued return together being referred to herein as the preferred interest). The Taubman Asia operating agreement provides that so long as the Taubman Asia President is employed by Taubman Asia on April 1, 2016, then during the month ended April 30, 2016, he will have the right to exercise an option to put up to 40% of his ownership interest for cash in December 2016 at a valuation determined as of October 31, 2016. In addition, Taubman Asia has the ability to call, and the Asia President has the ability to put, the Asia President’s ownership interest upon specified terminations of the Asia President’s employment, although such put or call right may not be exercised for specified time periods after certain termination events. The redemption price for the ownership interest is 50% (increasing to 100% as early as June 2017) of the fair value of the ownership interest less the amount required to return the Operating Partnership's preferred interest. The Company has determined that the Asia President's ownership interest in Taubman Asia qualifies as an equity award, considering its specific redemption provisions, and accounts for it as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest, with a carrying value of zero at both December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014. Any adjustments to the redemption value are recorded through equity.

The Company owns a 93.5% controlling interest in a joint venture that is redeveloping International Market Place in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii. The 6.5% joint venture partner has no obligation nor the right to contribute capital. The Company is entitled to a preferential return on its capital contributions. The Company has the right to purchase the joint venture partner's interest and the joint venture partner has the right to require the Company to purchase the joint venture partner's interest after the third anniversary of the opening of the center, and annually thereafter. The purchase price of the joint venture partner's interest will be based on fair value. Considering the redemption provisions, the Company accounts for the joint venture partner's interest as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest with a carrying value of zero at both December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014. Any adjustments to the redemption value are recorded through equity.

Equity Balances of Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The net equity balance of the nonredeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 included the following:
 
2015
 
2014
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures
$
(23,569
)
 
$
(14,796
)
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG
31,573

 
116,376

 
$
8,004

 
$
101,580


Income Allocable to Noncontrolling Interests

Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 included the following:
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Net income attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures
$
11,222

 
$
34,239

 
$
10,344

Noncontrolling share of income of TRG
47,208

 
350,870

 
46,434

 
$
58,430

 
$
385,109

 
$
56,778



Equity Transactions

The following schedule presents the effects of changes in Taubman Centers, Inc.’s ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on Taubman Centers, Inc.’s equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013:

 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareowners
$
109,020

 
$
863,857

 
$
109,908

Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
 

 
 

 
 
Increase in Taubman Centers, Inc.’s paid-in capital for the adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)
69,521

 
83

 
15,129

Decrease in Taubman Centers, Inc.’s paid-in capital related to the acquisition of additional ownership interest in an outlet joint venture


 


 
(1,050
)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests
69,521

 
83

 
14,079

Change from net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. and transfers from noncontrolling interests
$
178,541

 
$
863,940

 
$
123,987


(1)
In 2015, 2014, and 2013, adjustments of the noncontrolling interest were made as a result of changes in the Company's ownership of the Operating Partnership in connection with the Company's share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13), issuances of stock pursuant to the continuing offer (Note 15), redemption of the outlet joint venture partner's interest in 2013, and stock repurchases (Note 14).

Finite Life Entities

Accounting Standards Codification Topic 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” establishes standards for classifying and measuring as liabilities certain financial instruments that embody obligations of the issuer and have characteristics of both liabilities and equity. At December 31, 2015, the Company held a controlling interest in a consolidated entity with a specified termination date in 2083. The noncontrolling owners’ interest in this entity is to be settled upon termination by distribution or transfer of either cash or specific assets of the underlying entity. The estimated fair value of this noncontrolling interest was approximately $530 million at December 31, 2015, compared to a book value of $(23.6) million that is classified in Noncontrolling Interests in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the noncontrolling interest was calculated as the noncontrolling interest's ownership shares of the underlying property's fair value. The property's fair value was estimated by considering its in-place net operating income, current market capitalization rate, and mortgage debt outstanding.
Derivative and Hedging Activities
Derivative and Hedging Activities
Derivative and Hedging Activities

Risk Management Objective and Strategies for Using Derivatives

The Company uses derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps and interest rate caps, primarily to manage exposure to interest rate risks inherent in variable rate debt and refinancings. The Company may also enter into forward starting swaps or treasury lock agreements to set the effective interest rate on a planned fixed-rate financing. The Company’s interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Interest rate caps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. In a forward starting swap or treasury lock agreement that the Company cash settles in anticipation of a fixed rate financing or refinancing, the Company will receive or pay an amount equal to the present value of future cash flow payments based on the difference between the contract rate and market rate on the settlement date.

The Company does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes and currently does not have any derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments under the accounting requirements for derivatives and hedging.

As of December 31, 2015, the Company had the following outstanding derivatives that were designated and are expected to be effective as cash flow hedges of the interest payments and/or the currency exchange rate on the associated debt.
Instrument Type
 
Ownership
 
Notional Amount
 
Swap Rate
 
Credit Spread on Loan
 
Total Swapped Rate on Loan
 
Maturity Date
Consolidated Subsidiaries:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)
 
100
%
 
$
200,000

 
1.64
%
 
1.35
%
(1) 
2.99
%
(1) 
February 2019
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)
 
100
%
 
175,000

 
1.65
%
 
1.35
%
(1) 
3.00
%
(1) 
February 2019
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)
 
100
%
 
100,000

 
1.64
%
 
1.35
%
(1) 
2.99
%
(1) 
February 2019
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)
 
100
%
 
12,000

 
2.09
%
 
1.40
%
 
3.49
%
 
March 2024
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (3)
 
50
%
 
134,698

 
2.40
%
 
1.70
%
 
4.10
%
 
April 2018
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (3)
 
50
%
 
134,698

 
2.40
%
 
1.70
%
 
4.10
%
 
April 2018
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (4)
 
50.1
%
 
172,180

 
1.83
%
 
1.75
%
 
3.58
%
 
December 2021
Receive variable (LIBOR) USD/pay-fixed KRW cross-currency interest rate swap (5)
 
34.3
%
 
52,065 USD / 60,500,000 KRW

 
1.52
%
 
1.60
%
 
3.12
%
 
September 2020


(1)
The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payments accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow. The Company is currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $475 million TRG Term Loan. The credit spread on this loan can also vary within a range of 1.35% to 1.90%, depending on the Company's leverage ratio at the measurement date.
(2)
The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on the U.S. headquarters building.
(3)
The notional amount on each of these swaps is equal to 50% of the outstanding principal balance of the loan on Fair Oaks.
(4)
The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on International Plaza.
(5)
The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the U.S. dollar construction loan for Hanam Union Square. There is a cross-currency interest rate swap to fix the interest rate on the loan and swap the related principal and interest payments from U.S. dollars to Korean Won in order to reduce the impact of fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates on the cash flows of the joint venture. The currency swap exchange rate is 1,162.0.





Cash Flow Hedges

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the unrealized gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). The ineffective portion of the change in fair value, if any, is recognized directly in earnings. Net realized gains or losses resulting from derivatives that were settled in conjunction with planned fixed-rate financings or refinancings continue to be included in AOCI during the term of the hedged debt transaction.

Amounts reported in AOCI related to currently outstanding interest rate derivatives are recognized as an adjustment to income as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate debt. Realized gains or losses on settled derivative instruments included in AOCI are recognized as an adjustment to income over the term of the hedged debt transaction. Amounts reported in AOCI related to the cross-currency interest rate swap are recognized as an adjustment to income as transaction gains or losses arising from the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated loans are recognized and as actual interest and principal obligations are repaid.

The Company expects that approximately $7.9 million of the AOCI of Taubman Centers, Inc. and the noncontrolling interests will be reclassified from AOCI and recognized as a reduction of income in the following 12 months.

The following tables present the effect of derivative instruments on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. The tables include the amount of gains or losses on outstanding derivative instruments recognized in OCI in cash flow hedging relationships and the location and amount of gains or losses reclassified from AOCI into income resulting from outstanding derivative instruments and settled derivative instruments associated with hedged debt.

During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company had $0.3 million of hedge ineffectiveness expense related to the swaps used to hedge the TRG term loan which was recorded in Nonoperating Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded a loss of $0.2 million in Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income related to the Hanam Union Square swap prior to its hedge inception in September 2015 and an immaterial amount of hedge ineffectiveness after hedge inception. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company had an immaterial amount of hedge ineffectiveness related to the swap on MacArthur Center (prior to discontinuation of hedge accounting (Note 2)) recorded as Nonoperating Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company did not have any hedge ineffectiveness or amounts that were excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness recorded in earnings.
 
Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative (Effective Portion)
 
Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)
 
Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
 
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiary (1)





 
 
 
Nonoperating Income (Expense) (1)
 



$
(4,880
)
 
 
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries (1)
$
(1,730
)

$
(7,362
)
 
$
9,990

 
Interest Expense (1)
 
$
(7,211
)

(8,663
)
 
$
(3,221
)
Interest rate contracts – UJVs
71


893

 
5,083

 
Equity in Income of UJVs
 
(4,489
)

(3,186
)
 
(3,080
)
Cross-currency interest rate swap – UJV
12




 

 
Equity in Income of UJVs
 
(321
)


 

Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships
$
(1,647
)

$
(6,469
)
 
$
15,073

 
 
 
$
(12,021
)

$
(16,729
)
 
$
(6,301
)






 
 
 
 
 





 
 
Realized losses on settled cash flow hedges:
 


 

 
 
 
 
 
 


 

 
 
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiary
 


 

 
 
 
Interest Expense
 





 
$
(605
)
Total realized losses on settled cash flow hedges
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
$

 
$

 
$
(605
)

(1) Includes the MacArthur Center swap for the period that it was effective as a hedge until June 2014, when hedge accounting was discontinued.

The Company records all derivative instruments at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The following table presents the location and fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
Consolidated Balance Sheet Location
 
December 31 2015
 
December 31
2014
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
Asset derivative:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contract - UJV
Investment in UJVs



$
109

Total assets designated as hedging instruments



$


$
109

 
 
 
 
 
 
Liability derivatives:
 

 


 

Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

$
(6,077
)

$
(4,044
)
Interest rate contracts – UJVs
Investment in UJVs

(4,974
)

(5,154
)
Cross-currency and interest rate swap - UJV
Investment in UJVs

(11
)



Total liabilities designated as hedging instruments
 

$
(11,062
)

$
(9,198
)


Contingent Features

All of the Company's outstanding derivatives contain provisions that state if the hedged entity defaults on its indebtedness above a certain threshold, then the derivative obligation could also be declared in default. The cross default thresholds vary for each agreement, ranging from $0.1 million of any indebtedness to $50 million of recourse indebtedness on the Company or the Operating Partnership's indebtedness. As of December 31, 2015, the Company is not in default on any indebtedness that would trigger a credit-risk-related default on its current outstanding derivatives.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the fair value of derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that are in a liability position was $11.1 million and $9.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company was not required to post any collateral related to these agreements. If the Company breached any of these provisions it would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements at their fair value. See Note 8 regarding guarantees and Note 17 for fair value information on derivatives.

MacArthur Center Swap in Connection with Starwood Disposition

Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and are used to manage the Company’s exposure to interest rate movements and other identified risks but do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are recorded directly in earnings.

In June 2014, in connection with entering into the Starwood Purchase and Sale Agreement, the Company discontinued hedge accounting on the MacArthur Center swap and accelerated the reclassification of amounts in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (AOCI) to earnings as a result of it becoming probable that the center's debt would be early extinguished and the hedged interest payments would not occur. The accelerated amount was a loss of $4.9 million recorded as a component of Nonoperating Expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. The Company also recorded a loss of $2.9 million to Nonoperating Income (Expense) for the year ended December 31, 2014 for changes in the fair value of this swap subsequent to the June 2014 discontinuation of hedge accounting. In October 2014, this swap was terminated and the debt was paid off with the proceeds from the sale to Starwood (Note 2). As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company does not have any derivatives not designated as hedging instruments.
Leases
Leases Disclosure [Text Block]
Leases

Shopping center space is leased to tenants and certain anchors pursuant to lease agreements. Tenant leases typically provide for minimum rent, percentage rent, and other charges to cover certain operating costs. Future minimum rent under operating leases in effect at December 31, 2015 for operating centers assuming no new or renegotiated leases or option extensions on anchor agreements, is summarized as follows:

2016
$
310,376

2017
284,829

2018
261,734

2019
235,118

2020
202,877

Thereafter
599,205



Certain shopping centers, as lessees, have ground and building leases expiring at various dates through the year 2104. In addition, one center has an option to extend the term for three 10-year periods and another center has the option to extend the lease term for one additional 10-year period. Ground rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease terms.

The Company also leases certain of its office facilities and certain equipment. Office facility and equipment leases expire at various dates through the year 2020.

Rental expense on a straight-line basis under operating leases was $15.4 million in 2015, $12.6 million in 2014, and $13.4 million in 2013. Included in these amounts are related party office rental expense of $0.2 million in 2014 and $2.5 million in 2013. The amounts were incurred prior to the Company's purchase of the U.S. headquarters building in February 2014 (Note 2), which was previously rented from an affiliate of the Taubman family. Contingent rent expense under operating leases was $1.7 million in 2014 and $1.4 million in 2013. There was no contingent rent expense under operating leases in 2015. Payables representing straight-line rent adjustments under lease agreements were $52.6 million and $44.8 million, as of December 31, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments required under operating leases:
2016
$
11,716

2017
13,253

2018
13,215

2019
12,752

2020
12,036

Thereafter
746,235



The Company owns the retail space subject to a long-term participating lease at City Creek Center, a mixed-use project in Salt Lake City, Utah. City Creek Reserve, Inc. (CCRI), an affiliate of the LDS Church is the participating lessor. The Company owns 100% of the leasehold interest in the retail buildings and property. CCRI has an option to purchase the Company’s interest at fair value at various points in time over the term of the lease. In addition to the minimum rent included in the table above, the Company pays contingent rent based on the performance of the center.

International Market Place, a regional mall redevelopment project located in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii, is scheduled to open in August 2016. The project is subject to a long-term participating ground lease. In addition to minimum rent included in the table above, the Company will pay contingent rent based on the performance of the center.
The Manager
The Manager [Text Block]
The Manager

The Taubman Company LLC (the Manager), which is 99% beneficially owned by the Operating Partnership, provides property management, leasing, development, and other administrative services to the Company, the shopping centers, Taubman affiliates, and other third parties. Accounts receivable from related parties include amounts due from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures or other affiliates of the Company, primarily relating to services performed by the Manager. These receivables include certain amounts due to the Manager related to reimbursement of third party (non-affiliated) costs.

The A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust (the Revocable Trust) and certain of the Revocable Trust's affiliates receive various management services from the Manager. For such services, the Revocable Trust and affiliates paid the Manager approximately $2.9 million in both 2015 and 2014, and $3.1 million in 2013. These amounts are classified in Management, Leasing, and Development Services revenues within the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Other related party transactions are described in Notes 5, 13, and 15.
Share-Based Compensation
Share-Based Compensation
Share-Based Compensation and Other Employee Plans

The Taubman Company 2008 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (2008 Omnibus Plan), as amended, which is shareowner approved, provides for the award to directors, officers, employees, and other service providers of the Company of restricted shares, restricted units of limited partnership in the Operating Partnership, options to purchase shares or Operating Partnership units, unrestricted shares or Operating Partnership units, and other awards to acquire up to an aggregate of 8.5 million Company common shares or Operating Partnership units. In addition, non-employee directors have the option to defer their compensation under a deferred compensation plan.

Non-option awards granted after an amendment of the 2008 Omnibus Plan in 2010 are deducted at a ratio of 1.85 Company common shares or Operating Partnership units, while non-option awards granted prior to the amendment are deducted at a ratio of 2.85. Options are deducted on a one-for-one basis. The amount available for future grants is adjusted when the number of contingently issuable shares or units are settled, for grants that are forfeited, and for options that expire without being exercised.

Prior to the adoption of the 2008 Omnibus Plan, the Company provided share-based compensation through an incentive option plan and non-employee directors' stock grant and deferred compensation plans.

The compensation cost charged to income for the Company’s share-based compensation plans was $12.1 million, $17.1 million, and $12.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2015, a reversal of $2.0 million of prior period share-based compensation expense was recognized upon the announcement of an executive management transition as a reduction of General and Administrative expense on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. Compensation cost capitalized as part of properties and deferred leasing costs was $2.3 million, $2.0 million, and $1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively.

The Company estimated the grant-date fair values of options, performance share units, and restricted share units using the methods discussed in the separate sections below for each type of grant. Expected volatility and dividend yields are based on historical volatility and yields of the Company’s common stock, respectively, as well as other factors. The risk-free interest rates used are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curves in effect at the times of grants. The Company assumes no forfeitures of options or performance share units due to the small number of participants and low turnover rate.

Modification of Grants for Special Dividend

In December 2014, the Company paid a special dividend of $4.75 per share of common stock to all shareholders of record as of the close of business on December 15, 2014. In connection with this special dividend, the Board of Directors approved award adjustments to all outstanding Performance Share Units (PSU) and Restricted Share Units (RSU) grants and to options that had not been exercised prior to the ex-dividend date for the special dividend to ensure that the holders were in a neutral economic position after giving effect to the payment of the special dividend.
The number of units subject to each such PSU and RSU grant was increased and for option holders, the exercise price was decreased, so that each grant or option had the same intrinsic value to the holder before and after giving effect to the payment of the special dividend.
The total additional compensation related to the award adjustments was approximately $4.5 million, which is being recognized over the remaining vesting periods, if any, of the grants. Amounts relating to vested options were recognized immediately.
Options

Options are granted to purchase units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership, which are exchangeable for new shares of the Company’s stock under the Continuing Offer (Note 15). The options have ten-year contractual terms.

A summary of option activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 is presented below:
 
Number of Options
 
Weighted Average
 Exercise Price
 
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)
 
Range of Exercise Prices
 
Outstanding at January 1, 2013
689,802
 
$
42.50

 
3.8
 
$
24.74

-
$
55.90

 
Exercised
(126,366)
 
36.67

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2013
563,436
 
$
43.81

 
2.6
 
$
31.31

-
$
55.90

 
Exercised
(42,143)
 
42.16

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2014
521,293
 
$
39.20

 
1.6
 
$
26.56

-
$
51.15

(1) 
Exercised
(228,750)

29.72









 
Outstanding at December 31, 2015
292,543

$
46.60


1.4

$
35.50

-
$
51.15

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fully vested options at December 31, 2015
292,543

$
46.60


1.4
 
 
 
 
 


(1) Range of exercise prices as of December 31, 2014 reflects adjustments to the exercise price as a result of the grant modification in December 2014.

As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, all options outstanding were fully vested and there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to options.

The aggregate intrinsic value (the difference between the period end stock price and the option exercise price) of in-the-money options outstanding was $8.8 million as of December 31, 2015.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $10.0 million, $1.4 million, and $4.8 million, respectively. Cash received from option exercises for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $6.8 million, $1.8 million, and $4.6 million, respectively.

Under both the prior option plan and the 2008 Omnibus Plan, vested unit options can be exercised by tendering mature units with a market value equal to the exercise price of the unit options. In 2002, Robert S. Taubman, the Company’s chief executive officer, exercised options for 3.0 million units by tendering 2.1 million mature units and deferring receipt of 0.9 million units under the unit option deferral election. As the Operating Partnership pays distributions, the deferred option units receive their proportionate share of the distributions, including the special distribution, in the form of cash payments. Under an amendment executed in January 2011, beginning in December 2017 (unless Mr. Taubman retires earlier), the deferred partnership units will be issued in ten annual installments. The deferred units are accounted for as participating securities of the Operating Partnership.

In December 2014, the Company modified all outstanding option awards to ensure that holders were in a neutral economic position after giving effect to the payment of the special dividend by decreasing the exercise price of each award by $4.75. With the exception of the decrease to the exercise price, all terms of the modified awards remained the same as the original awards. The Company estimated the incremental fair values of the modification as of the modification date using a Black-Scholes valuation model considering: the Company’s common stock price at the modification date; before and after modification exercise prices ranging from $31.31 to $55.90 and $26.56 to $51.15, respectively; expected volatility of 13.62% to 19.14%, expected dividend yield of 2.70%, remaining contractual term (in years) of 0.46 to 3.24, and a risk-free interest rate of 0.07% to 0.98%. Expected volatility and dividend yields are based on historical volatility and yields of the Company’s common stock, respectively. The risk-free interest rates used are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curves in effect on the modification date.
Performance Share Units

In 2015, 2014, and 2013 the Company granted PSU under the 2008 Omnibus Plan. Each PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock ranging from 0-300% of the PSU based on the Company’s market performance relative to that of a peer group. The 2015 PSU grant includes a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock from the date of grant of the award to the vesting date. No dividends accumulate during the vesting period for the 2014 and 2013 grants. The vesting date is March 2018, March 2017, and March 2016, for the 2015, 2014, and 2013 grants, respectively, if continuous service has been provided, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier.

The Company estimated the value of the PSU granted in 2015, 2014, and 2013 using a Monte Carlo simulation, considering the Company’s common stock price at the grant date (less the present value of the expected dividends during the vesting periods for 2013 and 2014 grants), historical returns of the Company and the peer group of companies, and risk-free interest rates and measurement periods existing at the grant dates. Specific assumptions and the valuation results are shown below.

PSU Grant Dates

2015

2014

2013






Risk-free interest rate
1.12%

0.70%

0.30% to 0.40%
Measurement period
3 years

3 years

3 years
Weighted average grant-date fair value
$112.30

$93.07

$103.37


In 2013 and 2012, the Company also granted additional PSU under the 2008 Omnibus Plan that represent the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock ranging from 0-400% of the PSU based on the Company’s market performance relative to that of a peer group. The units vest in March 2017, if continuous service has been provided, or upon certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier. No dividends accumulate during the vesting period.

The Company estimated the value of the additional PSU granted in 2013 and 2012 using a Monte Carlo simulation, considering the Company’s common stock price at the grant date less the present value of the expected dividends during the vesting periods, historical returns of the Company and the peer group of companies, and risk-free interest rates and measurement periods existing at the grant dates. Specific assumptions and the valuation results are shown below.
 
Additional PSU Grant Dates
 
2013
 
2012
 
 
 
 
Risk-free interest rate
0.46% to 0.62%
 
0.70% to 0.90%
Measurement period
4 years
 
5 years
Weighted average grant-date fair value
$171.05
 
$189.23


In December 2014, the Company modified all outstanding PSU grants to ensure that holders were in a neutral economic position after giving effect to the payment of the special dividend by increasing the number of PSU granted in each award. With the exception of the number of PSU granted, all terms of the modified awards remained the same as the original awards. The Company estimated the incremental fair values of the modification as of the modification date using a Monte Carlo simulation, considering the Company’s common stock price at the modification date less the special dividend and the present value of the expected dividends during the remaining vesting periods, historical returns of the Company and the peer group of companies, a risk-free interest rate of 0.03% to 0.65%, and a measurement period of 0.24 to 2.25 years.
A summary of PSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 is presented below:
 
Number of Performance Stock Units
 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2013
$
262,740

 
$
122.52

Granted (three-year vesting)
42,178

 
103.37

Granted (four-year vesting)
15,444

 
171.05

Forfeited
(12,240
)
 
140.49

Vested
(73,259
)
(1) 
65.29

Outstanding at December 31, 2013
$
234,863


$
139.18

Granted
49,157


93.07

Forfeited
(771
)

160.09

Vested
(43,858
)
(1) 
85.40

Special dividend adjustment (2)
15,260


57.00

Outstanding at December 31, 2014
$
254,651


$
132.86

Granted
50,256


112.30

Forfeited
(5,854
)

174.95

Vested
(43,575
)
(1) 
97.44

Outstanding at December 31, 2015
$
255,478


$
134.52



(1) Based on the Company's market performance relative to that of a peer group, the actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 equaled 0%, 172%, and 300%, respectively, of the number of PSU awards vested in the table above.
(2) Represents an adjustment made to the PSU as a result of the grant modification in December 2014.

The total intrinsic value of PSU vested during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was zero, $5.3 million, and $16.9 million, respectively.

None of the PSU outstanding at December 31, 2015 were vested. As of December 31, 2015, there was $8.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested PSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.54 years.

Restricted Share Units

In 2015, 2014, and 2013, RSU were issued under the 2008 Omnibus Plan and represent the right to receive upon vesting one share of the Company’s common stock. The 2015 grants also receive a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock from the date of grant of the award to the vesting date, while no dividends accumulate during the vesting period for the 2014 and 2013 grants. The vesting date is March 2018, March 2017, and March 2016 for the 2015, 2014, and 2013 grants, respectively, if continuous service has been provided through that period, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier.
The Company estimated the values of the RSU granted in 2015 using the Company’s common stock price at the grant date. The Company’s valuation was a grant-date fair value of $74.36 per RSU granted during 2015. The Company estimated the value of the RSU granted in 2014 and 2013 using the Company’s common stock at the grant dates deducting the present value of expected dividends during the vesting period using a risk-free rate of 0.70% and 0.30% to 0.49% for the 2014 and 2013 grants, respectively. The result of the Company’s valuations was a weighted average grant-date fair value of $63.95 per RSU granted during 2014 and $71.67 per RSU granted during 2013.
In 2014, the Company also granted a limited number of additional RSU that represent the right to receive upon vesting one share of the Company’s common stock. The units have staggered vesting dates from March 2015 to March 2017, if continuous service has been provided through those periods, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier. No dividends accumulate during the vesting periods. The Company estimated the value of these additional RSU using the Company's common stock price at the grant date deducting the present value of expected dividends during the vesting periods using a risk-free interest rate of 0.13% to 0.71%. The result of the Company's valuation was a weighted average grant-date fair value of $66.19 per RSU.

In 2013, the Company also granted a limited number of additional RSU that represent the right to receive upon vesting one share of the Company’s common stock. The units had staggered vesting dates from March 2014 to March 2015, if continuous service had been provided through those periods, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier. No dividends accumulated during the vesting periods. The Company estimated the value of these additional RSU using the Company's common stock price at the grant date deducting the present value of expected dividends during the vesting periods using a risk-free interest rate of 0.10% to 0.19%. The result of the Company's valuation was a weighted average grant-date fair value of $81.38 per RSU.

In December 2014, the Company modified all outstanding RSU grants to ensure that holders were in a neutral economic position after giving effect to the payment of the special dividend by increasing the number of RSU granted in each award. With the exception of the number of RSU granted, all terms of the modified awards remained the same as the original awards. The Company estimated the incremental fair values of the modification as of the modification date using the Company’s common stock price at the modification date less the special dividend and the present value of the expected dividends during the remaining vesting periods using a risk free interest rate of 0.03% to 0.65% and a measurement period of 0.24 to 2.25 years.
A summary of RSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 is presented below:
 
Number of Restricted Stock Units
 
Weighted average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2013
$
322,305

 
$
48.19

Granted (three-year vesting)
92,103

 
71.67

Granted (staggered vesting)
5,197

 
81.38

Forfeited
(11,678
)
 
57.60

Vested
(138,028
)
 
37.03

Outstanding at December 31, 2013
$
269,899


$
62.00

Granted (three-year vesting)
106,540


63.95

Granted (staggered vesting)
8,505


66.19

Forfeited
(4,843
)

65.44

Vested
(104,302
)

51.96

Special dividend adjustment (1)
17,852


72.27

Outstanding at December 31, 2014
$
293,651


$
67.00

Granted
100,682


74.36

Forfeited
(14,542
)

69.87

Vested
(96,438
)

65.60

Outstanding at December 31, 2015
$
283,353


$
69.93

.
(1) Represents an adjustment made to the RSU as a result of the grant modification in December 2014.

Based on an analysis of historical employee turnover, the Company has made an annual forfeiture assumption of 2.00% of grants when recognizing compensation costs relating to the RSU.

The total intrinsic value of RSU vested during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $7.0 million, $7.4 million, and $10.6 million, respectively.

None of the RSU outstanding at December 31, 2015 were vested. As of December 31, 2015, there was $6.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested RSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.80 years.

Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Grant and Deferred Compensation

The 2008 Omnibus Plan provides a quarterly grant to each non-employee director of the Company shares of the Company's common stock based on the fair value of the Company's common stock on the last business day of the preceding quarter. The annual fair market value of the grant was $125,000 in 2015 and $120,000 in 2014 and 2013. As of December 31, 2015, 14,502 shares have been issued under the 2008 Omnibus Plan. Certain directors have elected to defer receipt of their shares as described below.

The Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan (DCP), which was approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, allows each non-employee director of the Company the right to defer the receipt of all or a portion of his or her annual director retainer until the termination of his or her service on the Company’s Board of Directors and for such deferred compensation to be denominated in restricted stock units. The number of restricted stock units received equals the deferred retainer fee divided by the fair market value of the common stock on the business day immediately before the date the director would otherwise have been entitled to receive the retainer fee. The restricted stock units represent the right to receive equivalent shares of common stock at the end of the deferral period. During the deferral period, when the Company pays cash dividends on its common stock, including special dividends, the directors’ deferral accounts will be credited with dividend equivalents on their deferred restricted stock units, payable in additional restricted stock units based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the business day immediately before the record date of the applicable dividend payment. There were 128,696 restricted stock units outstanding under the DCP at December 31, 2015.

Other Employee Plan

The Company has a voluntary retirement savings plan established in 1983 and amended and restated effective January 1, 2012 (the Plan). The Company believes the Plan is qualified in accordance with Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). The Company contributes an amount equal to 2% of the qualified wages of all qualified employees and matches employee contributions in excess of 2% up to 7% of qualified wages. In addition, the Company may make discretionary contributions within the limits prescribed by the Plan and imposed in the Code. The Company’s contributions and costs relating to the Plan were $2.9 million in 2015, $3.3 million in 2014, and $3.2 million in 2013.
Common and Preferred Stock and Equity of TRG
Common and Preferred Stock and Equity of TRG [Text Block]
Common and Preferred Stock and Equity of TRG

Common Stock

In August 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $200 million of its outstanding common stock. In March 2015, the Company's Board of Directors increased the authorization by $250 million, bringing the total authorization to $450 million. The Company plans to repurchase shares from time to time on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, depending on market prices and other conditions. As of December 31, 2015, the Company cumulatively repurchased 4,247,867 shares of its common stock at an average price of $71.79 per share for a total of $304.9 million under the authorization. As of December 31, 2015, $145.1 million remained available under the repurchase program. All shares repurchased have been cancelled. For each share of the Company’s stock repurchased, one of the Company’s Operating Partnership units was redeemed. Repurchases of common stock were financed through general corporate funds, including borrowings under existing revolving lines of credit.

Preferred Stock

The Company is obligated to issue to the noncontrolling partners of TRG, upon subscription, one share of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred Stock) for each of the Operating Partnership units held by the noncontrolling partners. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to the Company's shareowners. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock, voting as a class, have the right to designate up to four nominees for election as directors of the Company. On all other matters, including the election of directors, the holders of Series B Preferred Stock will vote with the holders of common stock. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock are not entitled to dividends or earnings of the Company. The Series B Preferred Stock is convertible into common stock at a ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, 72,061 shares, 35,500 shares, and 176,630 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, respectively, were converted to four shares, one share, and 10 shares of the Company’s common stock, respectively, as a result of tenders of units under the Continuing Offer (Note 15).

In March 2013, the Company issued 6,800,000 shares of 6.25% Series K Preferred Stock. Net proceeds from the offering were $164.4 million, net of offering costs of $5.6 million. The Series K Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, sinking fund, or mandatory redemption requirements and generally is not convertible into any other security of the Company. The Series K Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference of $170.0 million ($25 per share). Dividends are cumulative and are paid in arrears on the last day of each calendar quarter. The Series K Preferred Stock will be redeemable by the Company at par, $25 per share, plus accrued dividends, generally beginning in March 2018. The Company owns corresponding Series K Preferred Equity interests in the Operating Partnership that entitle the Company to income and distributions (in the form of guaranteed payments) in amounts equal to the dividends payable on the Company's Series K Preferred Stock. The Series K Preferred Stock is generally non-voting. The Company's Series K Preferred Stock ranks on parity with its Series J Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends and distributions of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of its affairs.
Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and Contingencies

Cash Tender

At the time of the Company's initial public offering and acquisition of its partnership interest in the Operating Partnership in 1992, the Company entered into an agreement (as later amended and restated, the Cash Tender Agreement) with A. Alfred Taubman, as trustee of the A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust (the Revocable Trust) and TRA Partners (now Taubman Ventures Group LLC or TVG), each of whom owned an interest in the Operating Partnership, whereby each of the revocable trust and TVG has the right to tender to the Company partnership units in the Operating Partnership (provided that the aggregate value is at least $50 million) and cause the Company to purchase the tendered interests at a purchase price based on a market valuation of the Company on the trading date immediately preceding the date of the tender. TVG is controlled by a majority-in-interest among the Revocable Trust and entities affiliated with the children of A. Alfred Taubman (Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, and Gayle Taubman Kalisman). At the election of the person making a tender, partnership units in the Operating Partnership held by members of A. Alfred Taubman’s family and partnership units held by entities in which his family members hold interests may be included in such a tender. Upon the death of A. Alfred Taubman in April 2015, the successor trustees of the trust (Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman and Gayle Taubman Kalisman) act on behalf of the trust.

The Company will have the option to pay for these interests from available cash, borrowed funds, or from the proceeds of an offering of the Company's common stock. Generally, the Company expects to finance these purchases through the sale of new shares of its stock. The tendering partner will bear all market risk if the market price at closing is less than the purchase price and will bear the costs of sale. Any proceeds of the offering in excess of the purchase price will be for the sole benefit of the Company. The Company accounts for the Cash Tender Agreement as a freestanding written put option. As the option put price is defined by the current market price of the Company's stock at the time of tender, the fair value of the written option defined by the Cash Tender Agreement is considered to be zero.

Based on a market value at December 31, 2015 of $76.72 per share for the Company's common stock, the aggregate value of interests in the Operating Partnership that may be tendered under the Cash Tender Agreement was $1.9 billion. The purchase of these interests at December 31, 2015 would have resulted in the Company owning an additional 28% interest in the Operating Partnership.

Continuing Offer

The Company has made a continuing, irrevocable offer to all present holders (other than certain excluded holders, currently TVG and the Revocable Trust), permitted assignees of all present holders, those future holders of partnership interests in the Operating Partnership as the Company may, in its sole discretion, agree to include in the continuing offer, all existing optionees under the previous option plan, and all existing and future optionees under the 2008 Omnibus Plan to exchange shares of common stock for partnership interests in the Operating Partnership (the Continuing Offer). Under the Continuing Offer agreement, one unit of the Operating Partnership interest is exchangeable for one share of the Company's common stock. Upon a tender of Operating Partnership units, the corresponding shares of Series B Preferred Stock, if any, will automatically be converted into the Company’s common stock at a ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock.

Litigation

The Company carries liability insurance to mitigate its exposure to certain losses, including those relating to personal injury claims. We believe the Company's insurance policy terms and conditions and limits are appropriate and adequate given the relative risk of loss and industry practice. However, there are certain types of losses, such as punitive damage awards, that may not be covered by insurance, and not all potential losses are insured against.

Other

See Note 8 for the Operating Partnership's guarantees of certain notes payable, including guarantees relating to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, Note 9 for contingent features relating to certain joint venture agreements, Note 10 for contingent features relating to derivative instruments, and Note 13 for obligations under existing share-based compensation plans.
Earnings Per Share
Earnings Per Share
Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share amounts are based on the weighted average of common shares outstanding for the respective periods. Diluted earnings per share amounts are based on the weighted average of common shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of potential common stock. Potential common stock includes outstanding partnership units exchangeable for common shares under the Continuing Offer (Note 15), outstanding options for partnership units, PSU, RSU, deferred shares under the Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan, and unissued partnership units under a unit option deferral election (Note 13). In computing the potentially dilutive effect of potential common stock, partnership units are assumed to be exchanged for common shares under the Continuing Offer, increasing the weighted average number of shares outstanding. The potentially dilutive effects of partnership units outstanding and/or issuable under the unit option deferral elections are calculated using the if-converted method, while the effects of other potential common stock are calculated using the treasury method. Contingently issuable shares are included in diluted EPS based on the number of shares, if any, that would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. 
 
Year Ended December 31
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareowners (Numerator):
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
109,020

 
$
863,857

 
$
109,908

Impact of additional ownership of TRG
398

 
10,933

 
497

Diluted
$
109,418

 
$
874,790

 
$
110,405

 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares (Denominator) – basic
61,389,113

 
63,267,800

 
63,591,523

Effect of dilutive securities
772,221

 
1,653,264

 
983,889

Shares (Denominator) – diluted
62,161,334

 
64,921,064

 
64,575,412

 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings per common share - basic
$
1.78

 
$
13.65

 
$
1.73

Earnings per common share - diluted
$
1.76

 
$
13.47

 
$
1.71



The calculation of diluted earnings per share in certain periods excluded certain potential common stock including outstanding partnership units and unissued partnership units under a unit option deferral election, both of which may be exchanged for common shares of the Company under the Continuing Offer. The table below presents the potential common stock excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as they were anti-dilutive in the period presented.

 
Year Ended December 31
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Weighted average noncontrolling partnership units outstanding
4,029,934

 
4,351,727

 
4,428,624

Unissued partnership units under unit option deferral elections
871,262

 


 
871,262

Fair Value Disclosures
Fair Value Disclosures
Fair Value Disclosures

This note contains required fair value disclosures for assets and liabilities remeasured at fair value on a recurring basis and financial instruments carried at other than fair value, as well as assumptions employed in deriving these fair values.

Recurring Valuations

Derivative Instruments

The fair value of interest rate hedging instruments is the amount that the Company would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The Company’s valuations of its derivative instruments are determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative, and therefore fall into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The valuations reflect the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and use observable market-based inputs, including forward curves. The fair values of interest rate hedging instruments also incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both the Company’s own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty's nonperformance risk.

Other

The Company's valuation of an insurance deposit utilizes unadjusted quoted prices determined by active markets for the specific securities the Company has invested in, and therefore falls into Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, quantitative disclosure of the fair value for each major category of assets and liabilities is presented below:
 
 
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2015 Using
 
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2014 Using
Description
 
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Insurance deposit
 
$
14,346


 


$
13,059


 

Total assets
 
$
14,346


$


$
13,059


$

 
 











Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 10)
 
 


$
(6,077
)

 


$
(4,044
)
Total liabilities
 
 


$
(6,077
)

 


$
(4,044
)


The insurance deposit shown above represents an escrow account maintained in connection with a property and casualty insurance arrangement for the Company’s shopping centers, and is classified within Deferred Charges and Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Corresponding deferred revenue relating to amounts billed to tenants for this arrangement has been classified within Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Values

Simon Property Group Limited Partnership Units

As of December 31, 2015, the Company owned 590,124 partnership units in Simon Property Group Limited Partnership (Note 2). The fair value of the partnership units, which is derived from SPG's common stock price and therefore falls into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, was $114.7 million at December 31, 2015 and $105.2 million at December 31, 2014. The partnership units were classified as Deferred Charges and Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and had a book value of $77.7 million at both December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014.

Notes Payable

The fair value of notes payable is estimated using cash flows discounted at current market rates and therefore falls into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. When selecting discount rates for purposes of estimating the fair value of notes payable at December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company employed the credit spreads at which the debt was originally issued. For debt refinanced prior to 2010, excluding debt assumed from acquisitions, an additional 1.00% and 0.75% credit spread was added to the discount rate at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively, to attempt to account for current market conditions. This additional spread is an estimate and is not necessarily indicative of what the Company could obtain in the market at the reporting date. The Company does not believe that the use of different interest rate assumptions would have resulted in a materially different fair value of notes payable as of December 31, 2015 or 2014. To further assist financial statement users, the Company has included with its fair value disclosures an analysis of interest rate sensitivity.

The estimated fair values of notes payable at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:
 
2015
 
2014
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
Notes payable
$
2,643,958


$
2,609,582


$
2,025,505


$
2,056,474



The fair values of the notes payable are dependent on the interest rates used in estimating the values. An overall 1% increase in rates employed in making these estimates would have decreased the fair values of the debt shown above at December 31, 2015 by $106.1 million or 4.1%.

Cash Equivalents and Notes Receivable

The fair value of cash equivalents and notes receivable approximates their carrying value due to their short maturity. The fair value of cash equivalents is derived from quoted market prices and therefore falls into Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of notes receivable are estimated using cash flows discounted at current market rates and therefore fall into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 10 regarding additional information on derivatives.
Cash Flow Disclosures & Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Cash Flow, Supplemental Disclosures [Text Block]
Cash Flow Disclosures and Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

Interest paid in 2015, 2014, and 2013, net of amounts capitalized of $31.1 million, $27.3 million, and $16.4 million, respectively, was $57.6 million, $88.5 million, and $128.2 million, respectively. In 2015 and 2014, $2.6 million and $11.9 million of income taxes were paid, respectively. Income tax payments in 2013 were immaterial. The following non-cash investing and financing activities occurred during 2015, 2014, and 2013.
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Recapitalization of The Mall of San Juan joint venture (Note 2)
$
9,296




 
 
Receipt of Simon Property Group Limited Partnership units in connection with the sale of Arizona Mills (Note 2)


$
77,711

 
 
Issuance of TRG partnership units in connection with the purchase of the U.S. headquarters building (Note 2)


91

 
 
Assumption of debt in connection with the purchase of the U.S. headquarters building (Note 2)


18,215

 
 
Issuance of a note receivable in connection with the sale of peripheral land


 


 
$
7,411

Other non-cash additions to properties
104,494


24,315

 
14,030



Other non-cash additions to properties primarily represent accrued construction and tenant allowance costs. Various assets and liabilities were also adjusted upon the disposition of interests in International Plaza and the deconsolidation of the Company's remaining interest (Note 2).
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive Income (Loss) Note [Text Block]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Changes in the balance of each component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were as follows:

 
Taubman Centers, Inc. AOCI
 
Noncontrolling Interests AOCI

Cumulative translation adjustment
 
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other
 
Total
 
Cumulative translation adjustment
 
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other
 
Total
January 1, 2013
$
1,888


$
(23,952
)

$
(22,064
)

$
756


$
1,739


$
2,495

Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
3,150

 
6,117


9,267


1,257

 
2,700

 
3,957

Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
 
3,875

 
3,875

 
 
 
1,708

 
1,708

Net current period other comprehensive income
3,150

 
9,992

 
13,142

 
1,257

 
4,408

 
5,665

Adjustments due to changes in ownership
2

 
6

 
8


(2
)
 
(6
)
 
(8
)
December 31, 2013
$
5,040


$
(13,954
)

$
(8,914
)

$
2,011


$
6,141


$
8,152

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
(5,148
)

(12,783
)

(17,931
)

(2,045
)

(5,221
)

(7,266
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI


11,747


11,747





4,982


4,982

Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)
(5,148
)

(1,036
)

(6,184
)

(2,045
)

(239
)

(2,284
)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership
7


23


30


(7
)

(23
)

(30
)
December 31, 2014
$
(101
)

$
(14,967
)

$
(15,068
)

$
(41
)

$
5,879


$
5,838

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
(10,790
)
 
(9,653
)
 
(20,443
)
 
(4,489
)
 
(4,015
)
 
(8,504
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI

 
8,489

 
8,489

 
 
 
3,532

 
3,532

Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)
(10,790
)

(1,164
)

(11,954
)

(4,489
)

(483
)

(4,972
)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership
1

 
(199
)
 
(198
)
 
(1
)
 
199

 
198

December 31, 2015
$
(10,890
)

$
(16,330
)

$
(27,220
)

$
(4,531
)

$
5,595


$
1,064




The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2015:
Details about AOCI Components

Amounts reclassified from AOCI

Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income
Losses on interest rate instruments and other:




Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries

$
7,211


Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs

4,489


Equity in Income in UJVs
Realized loss on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV

321


Equity in Income in UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period

$
12,021







The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2014:
Details about AOCI Components
 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income
Losses on interest rate instruments and other:
 
 
 
 
Discontinuation of hedge accounting - consolidated subsidiary
 
$
4,880

 
Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries
 
8,663

 
Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs
 
3,186

 
Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period
 
$
16,729

 
 

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2013:
Details about AOCI Components
 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income
(Gains)/losses on interest rate instruments and other:
 
 
 
 
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries
 
$
3,826

 
Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs
 
3,080

 
Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on sale of securities
 
(1,323
)
 
Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Total reclassifications for the period
 
$
5,583

 
 
Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
Quarterly Financial Information [Text Block]
Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The following is a summary of quarterly results of operations for 2015 and 2014:
 
 
2015
 
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenues
 
$
128,989

 
$
131,973

 
$
139,983

 
$
156,227

Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
17,075

 
14,004

 
15,219

 
9,928

Net income
 
51,000

 
42,333

 
52,629

 
46,595

Net income attributable to TCO common shareowners
 
29,622

 
23,230

 
30,422

 
25,746

Earnings per common share – basic
 
$
0.47

 
$
0.38

 
$
0.50

 
$
0.43

Earnings per common share – diluted
 
$
0.47

 
$
0.37

 
$
0.50

 
$
0.42


 
 
2014
 
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenues
 
$
174,778

 
$
169,985

 
$
176,044

 
$
158,322

Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
12,068

 
14,675

 
14,479

 
20,780

Net income
 
526,157

 
39,054

 
56,637

 
656,274

Net income attributable to TCO common shareowners
 
369,125

 
21,344

 
33,682

 
439,706

Earnings per common share – basic
 
$
5.84

 
$
0.34

 
$
0.53

 
$
6.94

Earnings per common share – diluted
 
$
5.74

 
$
0.33

 
$
0.53

 
$
6.86



During the fourth quarter of 2015, an impairment charge of $11.8 million was recognized, which represents previously capitalized costs related to the pre-development of the Miami Worldcenter enclosed mall project. The impairment charge was recorded within Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income.
During the first quarter of 2014, the Company recognized a $476.9 million gain, net of tax, from the dispositions of interests in International Plaza, Arizona Mills, and land in Syosset, New York related to the former Oyster Bay project. Subsequent to the disposition, International Plaza was accounted for as an Unconsolidated Joint Venture and included in Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures.

During the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company recognized a $629.7 million gain on the dispositions of the seven centers to Starwood. Also in the fourth quarter as a result of the Starwood disposition, the Company recognized an expense charge of $36.4 million related to the loss on extinguishment of debt at MacArthur Center, Northlake Mall, The Mall at Partridge Creek, and The Mall at Wellington Green.
New Accounting Pronouncements (Notes)
New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Policy Text Block]
New Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." This standard provides a single comprehensive model to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and gains and losses arising from transfers of non-financial assets including sales of property, plant, and equipment, real estate, and intangible assets. ASU No. 2014-09 supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. In August 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2015-14, which deferred the effective date of ASU No. 2014-09 one year to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 for public entities. ASU No. 2015-14 permits public entities to adopt ASU No. 2014-09 early, but not before the original effective date of annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. ASU No. 2014-09 may be applied either retrospectively or as a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the application of this ASU and its effect on the Company's financial position and results of operations.

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, “Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis.” This standard amends certain guidance applicable to the consolidation of various legal entities, including variable interest entities. The Company has evaluated the application of this ASU and concluded that the effect of the ASU on the Company's consolidated financial statements will not be material upon its adoption on January 1, 2016.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01,”Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities,” which addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. Amongst its changes, ASU No. 2016-01 requires an entity to measure equity investments at fair value through net income, except for those that result in consolidation or are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. ASU No. 2016-01 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is currently evaluating application of this ASU and its effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Schedule II

VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013
(in thousands)
 
 
 
Additions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of year
 
Charged to costs and expenses
 
Charged to other accounts
 
Write-offs
 
Transfers, net
 
Balance at  end of year
Year Ended December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for doubtful receivables
$
2,927

 
$
1,994

 

 
$
(1,947
)
 


 
$
2,974

Year Ended December 31, 2014
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

Allowance for doubtful receivables
$
1,934

 
$
2,900

 

 
$
(1,145
)
 
$
(762
)
(1) 
$
2,927

Year Ended December 31, 2013
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Allowance for doubtful receivables
$
3,424

 
$
489

 
 
 
$
(1,979
)
 


 
$
1,934



(1)
Amount represents balances associated with portfolio of seven centers sold to Starwood that were sold in the fourth quarter of 2014.

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
Schedule III
TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2015
(in thousands)
 
Initial Cost to Company
 
Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Land
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition
Land
BI&E
Total
 
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)
Total Cost Net of A/D
Encumbrances
 
Year Opened / Expanded
Year Acquired
Depreciable Life
Shopping Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beverly Center
Los Angeles, CA

$
209,093

$
97,215


$
306,308

$
306,308

 
$
178,118

$
128,190

 
 
1982
 
40 years
Cherry Creek Shopping Center
Denver, CO

99,087

201,697


300,784

300,784

 
146,871

153,913

$
280,000

 
1990 / 1998 / 2015
 
40 years
City Creek Shopping Center
Salt Lake City, UT


75,229

1,410



76,639

76,639

 
10,166

66,473

81,756

 
2012
 
30 years
Dolphin Mall, Miami, FL
$
34,881

222,301

128,586

$
34,881

350,887

385,768

 
108,844

276,924

 
 
2001 / 2007 / 2015
 
50 years
The Gardens on El Paseo/
El Paseo Village
Palm Desert, CA
23,500

131,858

6,388

23,500

138,246

161,746

 
15,999

145,747

81,920

(1) 
1998 / 2010
2011
40 Years / 48 Years
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets
Auburn Hills, MI
15,506

188,773

44,133

15,506

232,906

248,412

 
123,108

125,304

212,863

 
1998
 
50 years
The Mall at Green Hills
Nashville, TN
48,551

332,261

32,808

48,551

365,069

413,620

 
42,437

371,183

150,000

 
1955 / 2011
2011
40 years
The Mall of San Juan
San Juan, PR
17,617

496,645



17,617

496,645

514,262

 
14,081

500,181

258,250

 
2015
 
50 years
The Mall at Short Hills
Short Hills, NJ
25,114

167,595

170,626

25,114

338,221

363,335

 
185,033

178,302

1,000,000

 
1980 / 1994 / 1995 / 2011
 
40 years
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield
Chesterfield, MO
16,079

108,934

3,988

16,079

112,922

129,001

 
12,677

116,324

 
 
2013
 
50 years
Twelve Oaks Mall
Novi, MI
25,410

190,455

91,686

25,410

282,141

307,551

 
153,518

154,033

 
 
1977 / 1978 / 2007 / 2008
 
50 years
Other:










 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Office Facilities
5,123

12,519

34,419

5,123

46,938

52,061

 
29,354

22,707

12,000

 
 
2014
35 years
Peripheral Land
28,120

 


28,120



28,120

 
 
28,120

 
 
 
 
 
Construction in Process and Development - pre-construction costs
6,920

119,780

235,307

6,920

355,087

362,007

 
 
362,007

92,169

 
 
 
 
Assets under CDD Obligations
3,969

58,512



3,969

58,512

62,481

 
31,054

31,427

 
 
 
 
 
Other


1,120





1,120

1,120

 
767

353

 
 
 
 
 
Total
$
250,790

$
2,414,162

$
1,048,263

$
250,790

$
3,462,425

$
3,713,215

(2) 
$
1,052,027

$
2,661,188

 
 
 
 
 








Schedule III

The changes in total real estate assets and accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 are as follows:


TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2015
(in thousands)

Total Real Estate Assets


Accumulated Depreciation


2015

2014

2013


2015

2014
 
2013

Balance, beginning of year
$
3,262,505

 
$
4,485,090

 
$
4,246,000

 
Balance, beginning of year
$
(970,045
)
 
$
(1,516,982
)
 
$
(1,395,876
)

Acquisitions


 
17,642

(3) 
 
 
Depreciation
(98,846
)
 
(110,129
)
 
(142,458
)

New development and improvements
466,307

 
448,462

 
280,972

 
Disposals/Write-offs
16,864


530,916

(4) 
21,352


Disposals/Write-offs
(15,597
)

(1,308,529
)
(4) 
(35,964
)
 
Transfers (In)/Out



126,150

(5) 



Transfers In/(Out)



(380,160
)
(5) 
(5,918
)
 
Balance, end of year
$
(1,052,027
)

$
(970,045
)

$
(1,516,982
)

Balance, end of year
$
3,713,215

 
$
3,262,505


$
4,485,090


 
 
 
 
 
 
 


(1)
Balance includes a purchase accounting premium of $0.4 million for the mortgage note on The Gardens on El Paseo.
(2)
The unaudited aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes as of December 31, 2015 was $3.521 billion.
(3)
Primarily represents the book value of the Company's acquisition of the U.S. Headquarters building in February 2014 (Note 2).
(4)
Primarily represents the book balances of the Sale Centers that were sold to Starwood in the fourth quarter of 2014 (Note 2).
(5)
Primarily represents the book balances of International Plaza. In January 2014, the Company sold a total of 49.9% of its interests in the entity that owns International Plaza. The disposition decreased the Company's ownership in the center to a noncontrolling 50.1% interest. Subsequent to the disposition, International Plaza is accounted for as an Unconsolidated Joint Venture.


See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include all accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership, and its consolidated subsidiaries, including The Taubman Company LLC (the Manager) and Taubman Asia. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The entities included in these consolidated financial statements are separate legal entities and maintain records and books of account separate from any other entity. However, inclusion of these separate entities in the consolidated financial statements does not mean that the assets and credit of each of these legal entities are available to satisfy the debts or other obligations of any other such legal entity included in the consolidated financial statements.

Investments in entities not controlled but over which the Company may exercise significant influence (Unconsolidated Joint Ventures or UJVs) are accounted for under the equity method. The Company has evaluated its investments in the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures under guidance for determining whether an entity is a variable interest entity and has concluded that the ventures are not variable interest entities. Accordingly, the Company accounts for its interests in these entities under general accounting standards for investments in real estate ventures (including guidance for determining effective control of a limited partnership or similar entity). The Company’s partners or other owners in these Unconsolidated Joint Ventures have substantive participating rights including approval rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, financing, admission of new partners/members, or sale of the properties and the Company has concluded that the equity method of accounting is appropriate for these interests. Specifically, the Company’s 79% and 50.1% investments in Westfarms and International Plaza, respectively, are through general partnerships in which the other general partners have participating rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, refinancing, or sale of the property.

The Operating Partnership

At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Operating Partnership’s equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K Preferred Equity) and the net equity of the partnership unitholders (Note 14). Net income and distributions of the Operating Partnership are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in the Operating Partnership in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and K Preferred Equity are owned by the Company and are eliminated in consolidation.

The partnership equity of the Operating Partnership and the Company's ownership therein are shown below:
Year
 
TRG units outstanding at December 31
 
TRG units owned by TCO at December 31(1)
 
TRG units owned by noncontrolling interests at December 31
 
TCO's % interest in TRG at December 31
 
TCO's average interest % in TRG
2015
 
85,295,720

 
60,233,561

 
25,062,159

 
71%
 
71%
2014
 
88,459,859

 
63,324,409

 
25,135,450

 
72
 
72
2013
 
88,271,133

 
63,101,614

 
25,169,519

 
71
 
72

(1)
There is a one-for-one relationship between TRG units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding; amounts in this column are equal to TCO’s common shares outstanding as of the specified dates.
Organization and Basis of Presentation

General

Taubman Centers, Inc. (the Company or TCO) is a Michigan corporation that operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (REIT). The Taubman Realty Group Limited Partnership (the Operating Partnership or TRG) is a majority-owned partnership subsidiary of TCO that owns direct or indirect interests in all of the Company’s real estate properties. In this report, the term “Company" refers to TCO, the Operating Partnership, and/or the Operating Partnership's subsidiaries as the context may require. The Company engages in the ownership, management, leasing, acquisition, disposition, development, and expansion of regional and super-regional retail shopping centers and interests therein. The Company’s owned portfolio as of December 31, 2015 included 19 urban and suburban shopping centers operating in 10 states and Puerto Rico.

Taubman Properties Asia LLC and its subsidiaries (Taubman Asia), which is the platform for the Company’s operations and developments in China and South Korea, is headquartered in Hong Kong.

Dollar amounts presented in tables within the notes to the financial statements are stated in thousands, except share data or as otherwise noted.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include all accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership, and its consolidated subsidiaries, including The Taubman Company LLC (the Manager) and Taubman Asia. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The entities included in these consolidated financial statements are separate legal entities and maintain records and books of account separate from any other entity. However, inclusion of these separate entities in the consolidated financial statements does not mean that the assets and credit of each of these legal entities are available to satisfy the debts or other obligations of any other such legal entity included in the consolidated financial statements.

Investments in entities not controlled but over which the Company may exercise significant influence (Unconsolidated Joint Ventures or UJVs) are accounted for under the equity method. The Company has evaluated its investments in the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures under guidance for determining whether an entity is a variable interest entity and has concluded that the ventures are not variable interest entities. Accordingly, the Company accounts for its interests in these entities under general accounting standards for investments in real estate ventures (including guidance for determining effective control of a limited partnership or similar entity). The Company’s partners or other owners in these Unconsolidated Joint Ventures have substantive participating rights including approval rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, financing, admission of new partners/members, or sale of the properties and the Company has concluded that the equity method of accounting is appropriate for these interests. Specifically, the Company’s 79% and 50.1% investments in Westfarms and International Plaza, respectively, are through general partnerships in which the other general partners have participating rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, refinancing, or sale of the property.

The Operating Partnership

At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Operating Partnership’s equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K Preferred Equity) and the net equity of the partnership unitholders (Note 14). Net income and distributions of the Operating Partnership are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in the Operating Partnership in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and K Preferred Equity are owned by the Company and are eliminated in consolidation.

The partnership equity of the Operating Partnership and the Company's ownership therein are shown below:
Year
 
TRG units outstanding at December 31
 
TRG units owned by TCO at December 31(1)
 
TRG units owned by noncontrolling interests at December 31
 
TCO's % interest in TRG at December 31
 
TCO's average interest % in TRG
2015
 
85,295,720

 
60,233,561

 
25,062,159

 
71%
 
71%
2014
 
88,459,859

 
63,324,409

 
25,135,450

 
72
 
72
2013
 
88,271,133

 
63,101,614

 
25,169,519

 
71
 
72

(1)
There is a one-for-one relationship between TRG units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding; amounts in this column are equal to TCO’s common shares outstanding as of the specified dates.

Outstanding voting securities of the Company at December 31, 2015 consisted of 25,044,939 shares of Series B Preferred Stock (Note 14) and 60,233,561 shares of common stock.
Revenue Recognition

Shopping center space is generally leased to tenants under short and intermediate term leases that are accounted for as operating leases. Minimum rents are recognized on the straight-line method. Percentage rent is accrued when lessees' specified sales targets have been met. For traditional net leases, where tenants reimburse the landlord for an allocation of reimbursable costs incurred, the Company recognizes revenue in the period the applicable costs are chargeable to tenants. For tenants paying a fixed common area maintenance charge (which typically includes fixed increases over the lease term), the Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Management, leasing, and development revenue is recognized as services are rendered, when fees due are determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. Fees for management, leasing, and development services are established under contracts and are generally based on negotiated rates, percentages of cash receipts, and/or actual costs incurred. Fixed-fee development services contracts are generally accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method, using cost to cost measurements of progress. Profits on real estate sales are recognized whenever (1) a sale is consummated, (2) the buyer has demonstrated an adequate commitment to pay for the property, (3) the Company’s receivable is not subject to future subordination, and (4) the Company has transferred to the buyer the risks and rewards of ownership. Other revenues, including fees paid by tenants to terminate their leases, are recognized when fees due are determinable, no further actions or services are required to be performed by the Company, and collectibility is reasonably assured. Taxes assessed by government authorities on revenue-producing transactions, such as sales, use, and value-added taxes, are primarily accounted for on a net basis on the Company’s income statement.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Notes

The Company records a provision for losses on accounts receivable to reduce them to the amount estimated to be collectible. The Company records a provision for losses on notes receivable to reduce them to the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loans’ effective interest rates or the fair value of the collateral if the loans are collateral dependent.
Depreciation and Amortization

Buildings, improvements, and equipment are primarily depreciated on straight-line bases over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which generally range from 3 to 50 years. Capital expenditures that are recoverable from tenants are generally depreciated over the estimated recovery period. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Tenant allowances are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the lease term. Deferred leasing costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the related leases. In the event of early termination of such leases, the unrecoverable net book values of the assets are recognized as depreciation and amortization expense in the period of termination.

Capitalization

Direct and indirect costs that are clearly related to the acquisition, development, construction, and improvement of properties are capitalized. Compensation costs are allocated based on actual time spent on a project. Costs incurred on real estate for ground leases, property taxes, insurance, and interest costs for qualifying assets are capitalized during periods in which activities necessary to get the property ready for its intended use are in progress.

The viability of all projects under construction or development, including those owned by Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, are regularly evaluated on an individual basis under the accounting for abandonment of assets or changes in use. To the extent a project, or individual components of the project, are no longer considered to have value, the related capitalized costs are charged against operations. Additionally, all properties are reviewed for impairment on an individual basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment of a shopping center owned by consolidated entities is recognized when the sum of expected cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying value of the property. Other than temporary impairment of an investment in an Unconsolidated Joint Venture is recognized when the carrying value of the investment is not considered recoverable based on evaluation of the severity and duration of the decline in value, including the results of discounted cash flow and other valuation techniques. To the extent impairment has occurred, the excess carrying value of the asset over its estimated fair value is charged to income.

In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company recognized an impairment charge on previously capitalized pre-development costs related to its enclosed regional mall project that was intended to be part of the Miami Worldcenter mixed-use, urban development in Miami, Florida (Note 5).

In leasing a shopping center space, the Company may provide funding to the lessee through a tenant allowance. In accounting for a tenant allowance, the Company determines whether the allowance represents funding for the construction of leasehold improvements and evaluates the ownership, for accounting purposes, of such improvements. If the Company is considered the owner of the leasehold improvements for accounting purposes, the Company capitalizes the amount of the tenant allowance and depreciates it over the shorter of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the lease term. If the tenant allowance represents a payment for a purpose other than funding leasehold improvements, or in the event the Company is not considered the owner of the improvements for accounting purposes, the allowance is considered to be a lease incentive and is recognized over the lease term as a reduction of rental revenue. Factors considered during this evaluation usually include (1) who holds legal title to the improvements, (2) evidentiary requirements concerning the spending of the tenant allowance, and (3) other controlling rights provided by the lease agreement (e.g. unilateral control of the tenant space during the build-out process). Determination of the accounting for a tenant allowance is made on a case-by-case basis, considering the facts and circumstances of the individual tenant lease. Substantially all of the Company’s tenant allowances have been determined to be leasehold improvements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with a maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase. The Company deposits cash and cash equivalents with institutions with high credit quality. From time to time, cash and cash equivalents may be in excess of FDIC insurance limits. Substantially all cash equivalents at December 31, 2015 were not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency and were invested across four separate financial institutions as of December 31, 2015.
Acquisitions

The Company recognizes the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The cost of acquiring a controlling ownership interest or an additional ownership interest (if not already consolidated) is allocated to the tangible assets acquired (such as land and building) and to any identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The fair value of a property is determined on an “as-if-vacant” basis. Management considers various factors in estimating the "as-if-vacant" value including an estimated lease up period, lost rents, and carrying costs. The identifiable intangible assets would include the estimated value of “in-place” leases, above and below market “in-place” leases, and tenant relationships. The portion of the purchase price that management determines should be allocated to identifiable intangible assets is amortized in depreciation and amortization or as an adjustment to rental revenue, as appropriate, over the estimated life of the associated intangible asset (for instance, the remaining life of the associated tenant lease). The Company records goodwill when the cost of an acquired entity exceeds the net of the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Costs related to the acquisition of a controlling interest, including due diligence costs, professional fees, and other costs to effect an acquisition, are expensed as incurred.
Deferred Charges and Other Assets

Direct financing costs are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method, over the terms of the related agreements as a component of interest expense. Direct costs related to successful leasing activities are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the related leases. Cash expenditures for leasing costs are recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as operating activities. All other deferred charges are amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the agreements to which they relate.
Share-Based Compensation Plans

The cost of share-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and is recognized over the requisite employee service period which is generally the vesting period of the grant. The Company recognizes compensation costs for awards with graded vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in-substance, multiple awards.
Income Taxes

The Company operates in such a manner as to qualify as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gains, to its shareowners and meet certain other requirements. As a REIT, the Company is entitled to a dividends paid deduction for the dividends it pays to its shareowners. Therefore, the Company will generally not be subject to federal income taxes as long as it currently distributes to its shareowners an amount equal to or in excess of its taxable income. REIT qualification reduces but does not eliminate the amount of state and local taxes paid by the Company. In addition, a REIT may be subject to certain excise taxes if it engages in certain activities.
No provision for federal income taxes for consolidated partnerships has been made; as such taxes are the responsibility of the individual partners. There are certain state income taxes incurred which are provided for in the Company’s financial statements.
The Company has made Taxable REIT Subsidiary (TRS) elections for all of its corporate subsidiaries pursuant to section 856 (I) of the Internal Revenue Code. The TRSs are subject to corporate level income taxes, including federal, state, and certain foreign income taxes for foreign operations, which are provided for in the Company’s financial statements.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the bases of such assets and liabilities as measured by tax laws. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the amount where realization is more likely than not assured after considering all available evidence, including expected taxable earnings. The Company’s temporary differences primarily relate to deferred compensation, depreciation, and net operating loss carryforwards
Interest Rate Hedging Agreements

All derivatives, whether designated in hedging relationships or not, are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. If a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portions of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (OCI) and are recognized in the income statement when the hedged item affects income. Ineffective portions of changes in the fair value of a cash flow hedge are recognized in the Company’s income generally as interest expense (Note 10).

The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various hedge transactions. The Company assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged items.
Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests in the Company are comprised of the ownership interests of (1) noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and (2) the noncontrolling interests in joint ventures controlled by the Company through ownership or contractual arrangements. Consolidated net income and comprehensive income includes amounts attributable to the Company and the noncontrolling interests. Transactions that change the Company's ownership interest in a subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions if the Company retains its controlling financial interest in the subsidiary.
The Company evaluates whether noncontrolling interests are subject to any redemption features outside of the Company's control that would result in presentation outside of permanent equity pursuant to general accounting standards regarding the classification and measurement of redeemable equity instruments. Certain noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and consolidated ventures of the Company qualify as redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 9). To the extent such noncontrolling interests are currently redeemable or it is probable that they will eventually become redeemable, these interests are adjusted to the greater of their redemption value or their carrying value at each balance sheet date
Foreign Currency Translation
The Company has certain entities in Asia for which the functional currency is the local currency. The assets and liabilities of the entities are translated from their functional currency into U.S. Dollars at the rate of exchange in effect on the balance sheet date. Income statement accounts are generally translated using the average exchange rate for the period. Income statement amounts of significant transactions are translated at the rate in effect as of the date of the transaction. The Company's share of unrealized gains and losses resulting from the translation of the entities' financial statements are reflected in shareholders' equity as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet (Note 19).
Discontinued Operations

Prior to 2014, the Company reclassified to discontinued operations any material operations and gains or losses on disposal related to properties that are held for sale or disposed of during the period in accordance with the applicable accounting standards. In 2014 the Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-08, "Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity" issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). ASU No. 2014-08 changes the definition of a discontinued operation to include only those disposals of components of an entity that represent a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results. The Company applied the revised definition to all disposals on a prospective basis beginning January 1, 2014.
Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates
Segments and Related Disclosures

The Company has one reportable operating segment: it owns, develops, and manages regional shopping centers. The Company has aggregated its shopping centers into this one reportable segment, as the shopping centers share similar economic characteristics and other similarities. The shopping centers are located in major metropolitan areas, have similar tenants (most of which are national chains), are operated using consistent business strategies, and are expected to exhibit similar long-term financial performance. Net Operating Income (NOI) is often used by the Company's chief operating decision makers in assessing segment operating performance. NOI is believed to be a useful indicator of operating performance as it is customary in the real estate and shopping center business to evaluate the performance of properties on a basis unaffected by capital structure.

No single retail company represents 10% or more of the Company's revenues. Although the Company does business in China and South Korea, there are not yet any material revenues from customers or long-lived assets attributable to a country other than the United States of America. At December 31, 2015, the Company's investments in Asia are in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures and accounted for under the equity method
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)
Operating Partnership Ownership [Table Text Block]
The Operating Partnership

At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Operating Partnership’s equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K Preferred Equity) and the net equity of the partnership unitholders (Note 14). Net income and distributions of the Operating Partnership are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in the Operating Partnership in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and K Preferred Equity are owned by the Company and are eliminated in consolidation.

The partnership equity of the Operating Partnership and the Company's ownership therein are shown below:
Year
 
TRG units outstanding at December 31
 
TRG units owned by TCO at December 31(1)
 
TRG units owned by noncontrolling interests at December 31
 
TCO's % interest in TRG at December 31
 
TCO's average interest % in TRG
2015
 
85,295,720

 
60,233,561

 
25,062,159

 
71%
 
71%
2014
 
88,459,859

 
63,324,409

 
25,135,450

 
72
 
72
2013
 
88,271,133

 
63,101,614

 
25,169,519

 
71
 
72

(1)
There is a one-for-one relationship between TRG units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding; amounts in this column are equal to TCO’s common shares outstanding as of the specified dates.
Income Taxes (Tables)
The Company’s income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 consisted of the following:

 
2015
 
2014

2013
Federal current
$
1,931

 
$
8,036


$
547

Federal deferred
(34
)
 
1,354


632

Foreign current
628


1,300


2,193

Foreign deferred
(114
)

(48
)

(116
)
State current
(528
)
 
1,361

 
230

State deferred
(72
)
 
(3
)
 
(77
)
Total income tax expense
$
1,811

 
$
12,000


$
3,409

Less income tax (expense) benefit allocated to Gain on Dispositions (1)
437

 
(9,733
)

 
Income tax expense as reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income
$
2,248


$
2,267


$
3,409



(1)
Amount represents the income taxes incurred as part of the Company's sale of interests in International Plaza in January 2014. The tax on the sale is classified within Gain on Dispositions, Net of Tax on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. In September 2015, an adjustment of $0.4 million was made to reduce the tax recognized as a result of the sale.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:

 
2015
 
2014
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Federal
$
1,427

 
$
1,382

Foreign
1,676

 
1,806

State
944

 
471

Total deferred tax assets
$
4,047

 
$
3,659

Valuation allowances
(1,913
)
 
(1,703
)
Net deferred tax assets
$
2,134

 
$
1,956

Deferred tax liabilities:
 

 
 

Federal
$
602

 
$
592

Foreign
501

 
473

State
70

 
89

Total deferred tax liabilities
$
1,173

 
$
1,154

Year
 
Dividends per common share declared
 
Return of capital
 
Ordinary income
 
Long term capital gain
 
Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
 
2015
 
$
2.2600

 
$
0.0972

 
$
2.1621

 
$
0.0004

 
$
0.0003

 
2014
 
4.7500

(1) 
0.7057

 
0.0000

 
1.8748

(2) 
2.1695

(2) 
2014
 
2.1600

 
0.3208

 
1.7773

 
0.0287

(2) 
0.0332

(2) 
2013
 
2.0000

 
0.2636

 
1.7364

 
0.0000

 
0.0000

 


(1)
Includes a special dividend of $4.75 per share of common stock declared and paid during December 2014, which was declared as a result of the Company's disposition of a portfolio of seven centers to Starwood in October 2014 (Note 2).
(2)
The portion of the per share common dividends paid on December 31, 2014 designated as capital gain (long term and unrecaptured Sec. 1250) dividends for tax purposes is $0.0619 per share of the $0.54 dividend and $4.0443 per share of the $4.75 dividend). 
Year

Dividends per Series J Preferred share declared

Ordinary income

Long term capital gain

Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
 
2015

$
1.6250


$
1.6245


$
0.0003


$
0.0002

 
2014

1.6250


0.49072


0.52580

(1) 
0.60848

(1) 
2013
 
1.6250

 
1.6250

 
0.0000

 
0.0000

 


(1)
The portion of the per share Series J preferred dividends designated as capital gain (long term and unrecaptured Sec. 1250) for tax purposes is as follows; $0.32178 per share of the $0.40625 paid on June 30, 2014, $0.40625 per share of the $0.40625 paid on September 30, 2014, and $0.40625 per share of the $0.40625 paid on December 31, 2014.

Year
 
Dividends per Series K Preferred share declared
 
Ordinary income
 
Long term capital gain
 
Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 capital gain
 
2015
 
$
1.56250

 
$
1.5620

 
$
0.0003

 
$
0.0002

 
2014
 
1.56250

 
0.47185

 
0.50558

(1) 
0.58507

(1) 
2013
 
1.24132

 
1.24132

 
0.0000

 
0.0000

 


(1)
The portion of the per share Series K preferred dividends designated as capital gain (long term and unrecaptured Sec. 1250) for tax purposes is as follows; $0.30939 per share of the $0.39063 paid on June 30, 2014, $0.39063 per share of the $0.39063 paid on September 30, 2014, and $0.39063 per share of the $0.39063 paid on December 31, 2014.

Properties (Tables)
Schedule of Real Estate Properties [Table Text Block]
Properties at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows:
 
2015
 
2014
Land
$
243,870


$
226,252

Buildings, improvements, and equipment
3,107,338


2,457,660

Construction in process and pre-development costs
362,007


578,593

 
$
3,713,215


$
3,262,505

Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(1,052,027
)

(970,045
)
 
$
2,661,188


$
2,292,460

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Tables)
Shopping Center
 
Ownership as of
December 31, 2015 and 2014
CityOn.Xi'an (under construction)
 
Note 2
CityOn.Zhengzhou (under construction)
 
Note 2
Fair Oaks
 
50%
Hanam Union Square (under construction)
 
Note 2
International Plaza
 
50.1
The Mall at Millenia
 
50
Stamford Town Center
 
50
Sunvalley
 
50
The Mall at University Town Center
 
50
Waterside Shops
 
50
Westfarms
 
79


 
December 31 2015
 
December 31 2014
Assets:
 
 
 
Properties
$
1,628,492

 
$
1,580,926

Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(589,145
)
 
(548,646
)
 
$
1,039,347

 
$
1,032,280

Cash and cash equivalents
36,047

 
49,765

Accounts and notes receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,602 and $1,590 in 2015 and 2014
42,361

 
38,788

Deferred charges and other assets
39,562

 
33,200

 
$
1,157,317

 
$
1,154,033

 


 
 
Liabilities and accumulated deficiency in assets:
 

 
 

Notes payable (1)
$
2,001,200

 
$
1,989,546

Accounts payable and other liabilities
70,539

 
103,161

TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets
(512,256
)
 
(525,759
)
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Partners' accumulated deficiency in assets
(402,166
)
 
(412,915
)
 
$
1,157,317

 
$
1,154,033

 


 
 
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (above)
$
(512,256
)
 
$
(525,759
)
TRG's investment in properties under construction (Note 2)
296,847

 
232,091

TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit
132,218

 
132,058

TCO's additional basis
53,016

 
54,963

Net Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
$
(30,175
)
 
$
(106,647
)
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
464,086

 
476,651

Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
$
433,911

 
$
370,004


(1)
As the balances presented exclude those of centers under construction, the Notes Payable amount excludes the construction loans outstanding for Hanam Union Square of $52.9 million ($18.1 million at TRG's share) and CityOn.Zhengzhou of $44.7 million ($14.2 million at TRG's share) at December 31, 2015.
 
Year Ended December 31
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Revenues
$
378,280

 
$
338,017

 
$
294,720

Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses
$
118,909

 
$
106,249

 
$
92,901

Interest expense
85,198

 
74,806

 
68,998

Depreciation and amortization
55,318

 
47,377

 
36,644

Total operating costs
$
259,425

 
$
228,432

 
$
198,543

Nonoperating expense
(1
)
 
(22
)
 


Net income
$
118,854

 
$
109,563

 
$
96,177

 


 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to TRG
$
65,384

 
$
60,690

 
$
53,166

Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments
4,542

 
3,258

 
1,245

Depreciation of TCO's additional basis
(1,946
)
 
(1,946
)
 
(1,946
)
Beneficial interest in UJV impairment charge - Miami Worldcenter
(11,754
)
 
 
 
 
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
$
56,226

 
$
62,002

 
$
52,465

 
 
 
 
 
 
Beneficial interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ operations:
 

 
 

 
 

Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses
$
147,905

 
$
132,652

 
$
114,939

Interest expense
(45,564
)
 
(40,416
)
 
(37,554
)
Depreciation and amortization
(34,361
)
 
(30,234
)
 
(24,920
)
Beneficial interest in UJV impairment charge - Miami Worldcenter
(11,754
)
 
 
 
 
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
$
56,226

 
$
62,002

 
$
52,465

Accounts and Notes Receivable (Tables)
Schedule of Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Table Text Block]
Accounts and notes receivable at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows:

 
2015
 
2014
Trade
$
29,559

 
$
24,757

Notes
1,297

 
2,037

Straight-line rent and recoveries
26,665

 
25,378

 
$
57,521

 
$
52,172

Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts
(2,974
)
 
(2,927
)
 
$
54,547

 
$
49,245

Deferred Charges Other Assets (Tables)
Deferred Charges and Other Assets [Table Text Block]
Deferred charges and other assets at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows:

 
2015
 
2014
Leasing costs
$
29,097


$
27,454

Accumulated amortization
(10,702
)

(10,659
)
 
$
18,395


$
16,795

In-place leases, net
8,525


11,765

Investment in SPG partnership units (Notes 2 and 17)
77,711


77,711

Deferred financing costs, net
22,693


15,815

Insurance deposit (Note 17)
14,346


13,059

Deposits
40,424


40,257

Prepaid expenses
6,622


5,496

Deferred tax asset, net
2,134


1,956

Other, net
7,324


5,581

 
$
198,174


$
188,435

Notes Payable (Tables)

Notes payable at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 consist of the following:
 
2015
 
2014
 
Stated Interest Rate
 
Maturity Date
 
Balance Due on Maturity
 
Facility Amount
 
Cherry Creek Shopping Center
$
280,000


$
280,000

 
5.24%
 
06/08/16
 
$
280,000

 
 
 
City Creek Center
81,756

(1) 
83,189

(1) 
4.37%
 
08/01/23
 
68,575

 
 
 
El Paseo Village



15,932

(2) 
4.42%
 

 


 
 
 
The Gardens on El Paseo
81,920

(3) 
83,059

(3) 
6.10%
 
06/11/16
 
81,480

 
 
 
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets
212,863


217,281

 
3.60%
 
01/06/23
 
177,038

 
 

 
The Mall at Green Hills
150,000


150,000

 
LIBOR+1.60%
 
12/01/18
(4) 
150,000

 
 
 
International Market Place
92,169

(5) 


 
LIBOR + 1.75%
 
08/14/18
(5) 
92,169

 
$
330,890

 
The Mall of San Juan
258,250

(6) 
163,779

(6) 
LIBOR + 2.00%
 
04/02/17
(6) 
258,250

 
320,000

 
The Mall at Short Hills
1,000,000



 
3.48%
 
10/01/27
 
1,000,000

 
 
 
The Mall at Short Hills
 
 
540,000

 
5.47%
 

 


 
 
 
U.S. Headquarters Building
12,000




 
LIBOR + 1.40%
(7) 
03/01/24
 
12,000

 
 
 
U.S. Headquarters Building
 
 
17,265

(8) 
5.90%
 

 


 
 
 
$65M Revolving Credit Facility
 
(9) 
 
(9) 
LIBOR + 1.40%
 
04/30/16
 
 
 
65,000

(9) 
$1.1B Revolving Credit Facility
 
(10) (11) 
 
(10) (11) 
LIBOR + 1.25%
(10) 
02/28/19
(10) 
 
 
1,100,000

(10) 
$475M Unsecured Term Loan
475,000

(11) (12) 
475,000

(11) (12) 
LIBOR + 1.35%
(12) 
02/28/19
 
475,000

 
 
 
 
$
2,643,958

 
$
2,025,505

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

 


(1)
The Operating Partnership has provided a limited guarantee of the repayment of the City Creek Center loan, which could be triggered only upon a decline in center occupancy to a level that the Company believes is remote.
(2)
Balance includes purchase accounting premium adjustment of $0.1 million in 2014 for an above market interest rate upon acquisition of the center in December 2011. In October 2015, the Company paid off the mortgage note payable on El Paseo Village.
(3)
Balance includes purchase accounting premium adjustment of $0.4 million and $1.6 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, for an above market interest rate upon acquisition of the center in December 2011.
(4)
Loan has a one-year extension option.
(5)
The Operating Partnership has provided an unconditional guaranty of 50% of the principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. The principal guarantee may be reduced to 25% of the outstanding principal balance or terminated upon achievement of certain performance measures. Loan has two, one-year extension options.
(6)
The Operating Partnership has provided an unconditional guaranty of the principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. Loan has two, one-year extension options.
(7)
Debt is swapped via a hedge at 2.09% plus a 1.40% credit spread for an effective rate of 3.49% until maturity.
(8)
Balance includes purchase accounting premium adjustment of $0.2 million for an above market interest rate upon acquisition of the building in February 2014 (Note 2).
(9)
The unused borrowing capacity at December 31, 2015 was $58.8 million, after considering $6.2 million of letters of credit outstanding on the facility.
(10)
TRG is the borrower under the $1.1 billion unsecured revolving credit facility with an accordion feature to increase the borrowing capacity to $1.5 billion, subject to certain conditions including having the borrowing capacity based on the unencumbered asset pool EBITDA and obtaining lender commitments. As of December 31, 2015, the Company cannot fully utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets are added to the unencumbered asset pool. The facility bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.15% to LIBOR plus 1.70% and a facility fee of 0.20% to 0.30% based on the Company's total leverage ratio. The facility has a one-year extension option. The unused borrowing capacity at December 31, 2015 was $1.1 billion.
(11)
As of December 31, 2015, the entities that own Beverly Center, Dolphin Mall, and Twelve Oaks Mall are guarantors under the $475 million unsecured term loan and the $1.1 billion unsecured revolving credit facility.
(12)
TRG is the borrower under the $475 million unsecured term loan with an accordion feature to increase the borrowing capacity to $600 million, subject to certain conditions including having the borrowing capacity based on the unencumbered asset pool EBITDA and obtaining lender commitments. As of December 31, 2015, the Company cannot fully utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets are added to the unencumbered asset pool. The loan bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.35% to LIBOR plus 1.90% based on the Company's total leverage ratio. From January 2014 until maturity, the LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 1.65%, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 3.00% to 3.55% (Note 10).

The following table presents scheduled principal payments on notes payable as of December 31, 2015:

2016
$
367,527

 
2017
264,566

(1) 
2018
248,731

(2) 
2019
481,820

 
2020
7,058

 
Thereafter
1,273,816

 
Total principal maturities
$
2,643,518

 
Net unamortized debt premiums
440

 
Total notes payable
$
2,643,958

 

(1)
Includes $258.3 million with two, one-year extension options.
(2)
Includes $92.2 million with two, one-year extension options and $150.0 million with a one-year extension option.

The Operating Partnership's beneficial interest in the debt, capitalized interest, and interest expense of its consolidated subsidiaries and its Unconsolidated Joint Ventures is summarized in the following table. The Operating Partnership's beneficial interest in the consolidated subsidiaries excludes debt and interest related to the noncontrolling interests in Cherry Creek Shopping Center (50%), International Market Place (6.5%), and The Mall of San Juan (20% prior to April 2015, and subsequently 5%), as well as the noncontrolling interests in The Mall at Wellington Green (10%) and MacArthur Center (5%) through the disposition of the centers in October 2014 (Note 2).
 
At 100%
 
At Beneficial Interest
 
 
Consolidated Subsidiaries
 
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
Consolidated Subsidiaries
 
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
Debt as of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
$
2,643,958


$
2,098,776


$
2,485,055


$
1,121,469

 
December 31, 2014
2,025,505


1,989,546


1,852,749


1,085,991

 












 
Capitalized interest:
 


 


 


 

 
Year Ended December 31, 2015
$
31,112

(1) 
$
792

(2) 
$
30,130


$
543

(2) 
Year Ended December 31, 2014
27,255

(1) 
3,121


26,227


1,578

 












 
Interest expense:
 


 


 


 

 
Year Ended December 31, 2015
$
63,041


$
85,198


$
56,076


$
45,564

 
Year Ended December 31, 2014
90,803


74,806


82,702


40,416

 

(1)
The Company capitalizes interest costs incurred in funding its equity contributions to development projects accounted for as Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The capitalized interest cost is included in the Company's basis in its investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Such capitalized interest reduces interest expense in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income and in the table above is included within Consolidated Subsidiaries.
(2)
Capitalized interest on the Asia Unconsolidated Joint Venture construction loans is presented at the Company's beneficial interest in both the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (at 100%) and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (at Beneficial Interest) columns.
Noncontrolling Interests (Tables)
Equity Balances of Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The net equity balance of the nonredeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 included the following:
 
2015
 
2014
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures
$
(23,569
)
 
$
(14,796
)
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG
31,573

 
116,376

 
$
8,004

 
$
101,580


Income Allocable to Noncontrolling Interests

Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 included the following:
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Net income attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures
$
11,222

 
$
34,239

 
$
10,344

Noncontrolling share of income of TRG
47,208

 
350,870

 
46,434

 
$
58,430

 
$
385,109

 
$
56,778

Equity Transactions

The following schedule presents the effects of changes in Taubman Centers, Inc.’s ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on Taubman Centers, Inc.’s equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013:

 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareowners
$
109,020

 
$
863,857

 
$
109,908

Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
 

 
 

 
 
Increase in Taubman Centers, Inc.’s paid-in capital for the adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)
69,521

 
83

 
15,129

Decrease in Taubman Centers, Inc.’s paid-in capital related to the acquisition of additional ownership interest in an outlet joint venture


 


 
(1,050
)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests
69,521

 
83

 
14,079

Change from net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. and transfers from noncontrolling interests
$
178,541

 
$
863,940

 
$
123,987


(1)
In 2015, 2014, and 2013, adjustments of the noncontrolling interest were made as a result of changes in the Company's ownership of the Operating Partnership in connection with the Company's share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 13), issuances of stock pursuant to the continuing offer (Note 15), redemption of the outlet joint venture partner's interest in 2013, and stock repurchases (Note 14)
Derivative and Hedging Activities (Tables)
As of December 31, 2015, the Company had the following outstanding derivatives that were designated and are expected to be effective as cash flow hedges of the interest payments and/or the currency exchange rate on the associated debt.
Instrument Type
 
Ownership
 
Notional Amount
 
Swap Rate
 
Credit Spread on Loan
 
Total Swapped Rate on Loan
 
Maturity Date
Consolidated Subsidiaries:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)
 
100
%
 
$
200,000

 
1.64
%
 
1.35
%
(1) 
2.99
%
(1) 
February 2019
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)
 
100
%
 
175,000

 
1.65
%
 
1.35
%
(1) 
3.00
%
(1) 
February 2019
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)
 
100
%
 
100,000

 
1.64
%
 
1.35
%
(1) 
2.99
%
(1) 
February 2019
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)
 
100
%
 
12,000

 
2.09
%
 
1.40
%
 
3.49
%
 
March 2024
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (3)
 
50
%
 
134,698

 
2.40
%
 
1.70
%
 
4.10
%
 
April 2018
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (3)
 
50
%
 
134,698

 
2.40
%
 
1.70
%
 
4.10
%
 
April 2018
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (4)
 
50.1
%
 
172,180

 
1.83
%
 
1.75
%
 
3.58
%
 
December 2021
Receive variable (LIBOR) USD/pay-fixed KRW cross-currency interest rate swap (5)
 
34.3
%
 
52,065 USD / 60,500,000 KRW

 
1.52
%
 
1.60
%
 
3.12
%
 
September 2020


(1)
The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payments accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow. The Company is currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $475 million TRG Term Loan. The credit spread on this loan can also vary within a range of 1.35% to 1.90%, depending on the Company's leverage ratio at the measurement date.
(2)
The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on the U.S. headquarters building.
(3)
The notional amount on each of these swaps is equal to 50% of the outstanding principal balance of the loan on Fair Oaks.
(4)
The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on International Plaza.
(5)
The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the U.S. dollar construction loan for Hanam Union Square. There is a cross-currency interest rate swap to fix the interest rate on the loan and swap the related principal and interest payments from U.S. dollars to Korean Won in order to reduce the impact of fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates on the cash flows of the joint venture. The currency swap exchange rate is 1,162.0.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company had $0.3 million of hedge ineffectiveness expense related to the swaps used to hedge the TRG term loan which was recorded in Nonoperating Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded a loss of $0.2 million in Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income related to the Hanam Union Square swap prior to its hedge inception in September 2015 and an immaterial amount of hedge ineffectiveness after hedge inception. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company had an immaterial amount of hedge ineffectiveness related to the swap on MacArthur Center (prior to discontinuation of hedge accounting (Note 2)) recorded as Nonoperating Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company did not have any hedge ineffectiveness or amounts that were excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness recorded in earnings.
 
Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative (Effective Portion)
 
Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)
 
Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
 
 
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiary (1)





 
 
 
Nonoperating Income (Expense) (1)
 



$
(4,880
)
 
 
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries (1)
$
(1,730
)

$
(7,362
)
 
$
9,990

 
Interest Expense (1)
 
$
(7,211
)

(8,663
)
 
$
(3,221
)
Interest rate contracts – UJVs
71


893

 
5,083

 
Equity in Income of UJVs
 
(4,489
)

(3,186
)
 
(3,080
)
Cross-currency interest rate swap – UJV
12




 

 
Equity in Income of UJVs
 
(321
)


 

Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships
$
(1,647
)

$
(6,469
)
 
$
15,073

 
 
 
$
(12,021
)

$
(16,729
)
 
$
(6,301
)






 
 
 
 
 





 
 
Realized losses on settled cash flow hedges:
 


 

 
 
 
 
 
 


 

 
 
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiary
 


 

 
 
 
Interest Expense
 





 
$
(605
)
Total realized losses on settled cash flow hedges
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
$

 
$

 
$
(605
)

(1) Includes the MacArthur Center swap for the period that it was effective as a hedge until June 2014, when hedge accounting was discontinued.

The Company records all derivative instruments at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The following table presents the location and fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
Consolidated Balance Sheet Location
 
December 31 2015
 
December 31
2014
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
Asset derivative:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contract - UJV
Investment in UJVs



$
109

Total assets designated as hedging instruments



$


$
109

 
 
 
 
 
 
Liability derivatives:
 

 


 

Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

$
(6,077
)

$
(4,044
)
Interest rate contracts – UJVs
Investment in UJVs

(4,974
)

(5,154
)
Cross-currency and interest rate swap - UJV
Investment in UJVs

(11
)



Total liabilities designated as hedging instruments
 

$
(11,062
)

$
(9,198
)

Leases (Tables)
Future minimum rent under operating leases in effect at December 31, 2015 for operating centers assuming no new or renegotiated leases or option extensions on anchor agreements, is summarized as follows:

2016
$
310,376

2017
284,829

2018
261,734

2019
235,118

2020
202,877

Thereafter
599,205

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments required under operating leases:
2016
$
11,716

2017
13,253

2018
13,215

2019
12,752

2020
12,036

Thereafter
746,235



Share-Based Compensation (Tables)
A summary of option activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 is presented below:
 
Number of Options
 
Weighted Average
 Exercise Price
 
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)
 
Range of Exercise Prices
 
Outstanding at January 1, 2013
689,802
 
$
42.50

 
3.8
 
$
24.74

-
$
55.90

 
Exercised
(126,366)
 
36.67

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2013
563,436
 
$
43.81

 
2.6
 
$
31.31

-
$
55.90

 
Exercised
(42,143)
 
42.16

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2014
521,293
 
$
39.20

 
1.6
 
$
26.56

-
$
51.15

(1) 
Exercised
(228,750)

29.72









 
Outstanding at December 31, 2015
292,543

$
46.60


1.4

$
35.50

-
$
51.15

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fully vested options at December 31, 2015
292,543

$
46.60


1.4
 
 
 
 
 


(1) Range of exercise prices as of December 31, 2014 reflects adjustments to the exercise price as a result of the grant modification in December 2014.
The Company estimated the value of the PSU granted in 2015, 2014, and 2013 using a Monte Carlo simulation, considering the Company’s common stock price at the grant date (less the present value of the expected dividends during the vesting periods for 2013 and 2014 grants), historical returns of the Company and the peer group of companies, and risk-free interest rates and measurement periods existing at the grant dates. Specific assumptions and the valuation results are shown below.

PSU Grant Dates

2015

2014

2013






Risk-free interest rate
1.12%

0.70%

0.30% to 0.40%
Measurement period
3 years

3 years

3 years
Weighted average grant-date fair value
$112.30

$93.07

$103.37
The Company estimated the value of the additional PSU granted in 2013 and 2012 using a Monte Carlo simulation, considering the Company’s common stock price at the grant date less the present value of the expected dividends during the vesting periods, historical returns of the Company and the peer group of companies, and risk-free interest rates and measurement periods existing at the grant dates. Specific assumptions and the valuation results are shown below.
 
Additional PSU Grant Dates
 
2013
 
2012
 
 
 
 
Risk-free interest rate
0.46% to 0.62%
 
0.70% to 0.90%
Measurement period
4 years
 
5 years
Weighted average grant-date fair value
$171.05
 
$189.23
A summary of PSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 is presented below:
 
Number of Performance Stock Units
 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2013
$
262,740

 
$
122.52

Granted (three-year vesting)
42,178

 
103.37

Granted (four-year vesting)
15,444

 
171.05

Forfeited
(12,240
)
 
140.49

Vested
(73,259
)
(1) 
65.29

Outstanding at December 31, 2013
$
234,863


$
139.18

Granted
49,157


93.07

Forfeited
(771
)

160.09

Vested
(43,858
)
(1) 
85.40

Special dividend adjustment (2)
15,260


57.00

Outstanding at December 31, 2014
$
254,651


$
132.86

Granted
50,256


112.30

Forfeited
(5,854
)

174.95

Vested
(43,575
)
(1) 
97.44

Outstanding at December 31, 2015
$
255,478


$
134.52



(1) Based on the Company's market performance relative to that of a peer group, the actual number of shares of common stock issued upon vesting during the year ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 equaled 0%, 172%, and 300%, respectively, of the number of PSU awards vested in the table above.
(2) Represents an adjustment made to the PSU as a result of the grant modification in December 2014.

A summary of RSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 is presented below:
 
Number of Restricted Stock Units
 
Weighted average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2013
$
322,305

 
$
48.19

Granted (three-year vesting)
92,103

 
71.67

Granted (staggered vesting)
5,197

 
81.38

Forfeited
(11,678
)
 
57.60

Vested
(138,028
)
 
37.03

Outstanding at December 31, 2013
$
269,899


$
62.00

Granted (three-year vesting)
106,540


63.95

Granted (staggered vesting)
8,505


66.19

Forfeited
(4,843
)

65.44

Vested
(104,302
)

51.96

Special dividend adjustment (1)
17,852


72.27

Outstanding at December 31, 2014
$
293,651


$
67.00

Granted
100,682


74.36

Forfeited
(14,542
)

69.87

Vested
(96,438
)

65.60

Outstanding at December 31, 2015
$
283,353


$
69.93

.
(1) Represents an adjustment made to the RSU as a result of the grant modification in December 2014.
Earnings Per Share (Tables)
 
Year Ended December 31
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareowners (Numerator):
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
109,020

 
$
863,857

 
$
109,908

Impact of additional ownership of TRG
398

 
10,933

 
497

Diluted
$
109,418

 
$
874,790

 
$
110,405

 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares (Denominator) – basic
61,389,113

 
63,267,800

 
63,591,523

Effect of dilutive securities
772,221

 
1,653,264

 
983,889

Shares (Denominator) – diluted
62,161,334

 
64,921,064

 
64,575,412

 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings per common share - basic
$
1.78

 
$
13.65

 
$
1.73

Earnings per common share - diluted
$
1.76

 
$
13.47

 
$
1.71

 
Year Ended December 31
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Weighted average noncontrolling partnership units outstanding
4,029,934

 
4,351,727

 
4,428,624

Unissued partnership units under unit option deferral elections
871,262

 


 
871,262

Fair Value Disclosures (Tables)
For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, quantitative disclosure of the fair value for each major category of assets and liabilities is presented below:
 
 
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2015 Using
 
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2014 Using
Description
 
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Insurance deposit
 
$
14,346


 


$
13,059


 

Total assets
 
$
14,346


$


$
13,059


$

 
 











Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 10)
 
 


$
(6,077
)

 


$
(4,044
)
Total liabilities
 
 


$
(6,077
)

 


$
(4,044
)
The estimated fair values of notes payable at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:
 
2015
 
2014
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
Notes payable
$
2,643,958


$
2,609,582


$
2,025,505


$
2,056,474

Cash Flow Disclosures & Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities (Tables)
Schedule of Cash Flow, Supplemental Disclosures [Table Text Block]
The following non-cash investing and financing activities occurred during 2015, 2014, and 2013.
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Recapitalization of The Mall of San Juan joint venture (Note 2)
$
9,296




 
 
Receipt of Simon Property Group Limited Partnership units in connection with the sale of Arizona Mills (Note 2)


$
77,711

 
 
Issuance of TRG partnership units in connection with the purchase of the U.S. headquarters building (Note 2)


91

 
 
Assumption of debt in connection with the purchase of the U.S. headquarters building (Note 2)


18,215

 
 
Issuance of a note receivable in connection with the sale of peripheral land


 


 
$
7,411

Other non-cash additions to properties
104,494


24,315

 
14,030

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Tables)
Changes in the balance of each component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were as follows:

 
Taubman Centers, Inc. AOCI
 
Noncontrolling Interests AOCI

Cumulative translation adjustment
 
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other
 
Total
 
Cumulative translation adjustment
 
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other
 
Total
January 1, 2013
$
1,888


$
(23,952
)

$
(22,064
)

$
756


$
1,739


$
2,495

Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
3,150

 
6,117


9,267


1,257

 
2,700

 
3,957

Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
 
3,875

 
3,875

 
 
 
1,708

 
1,708

Net current period other comprehensive income
3,150

 
9,992

 
13,142

 
1,257

 
4,408

 
5,665

Adjustments due to changes in ownership
2

 
6

 
8


(2
)
 
(6
)
 
(8
)
December 31, 2013
$
5,040


$
(13,954
)

$
(8,914
)

$
2,011


$
6,141


$
8,152

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
(5,148
)

(12,783
)

(17,931
)

(2,045
)

(5,221
)

(7,266
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI


11,747


11,747





4,982


4,982

Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)
(5,148
)

(1,036
)

(6,184
)

(2,045
)

(239
)

(2,284
)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership
7


23


30


(7
)

(23
)

(30
)
December 31, 2014
$
(101
)

$
(14,967
)

$
(15,068
)

$
(41
)

$
5,879


$
5,838

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
(10,790
)
 
(9,653
)
 
(20,443
)
 
(4,489
)
 
(4,015
)
 
(8,504
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI

 
8,489

 
8,489

 
 
 
3,532

 
3,532

Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)
(10,790
)

(1,164
)

(11,954
)

(4,489
)

(483
)

(4,972
)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership
1

 
(199
)
 
(198
)
 
(1
)
 
199

 
198

December 31, 2015
$
(10,890
)

$
(16,330
)

$
(27,220
)

$
(4,531
)

$
5,595


$
1,064

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2015:
Details about AOCI Components

Amounts reclassified from AOCI

Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income
Losses on interest rate instruments and other:




Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries

$
7,211


Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs

4,489


Equity in Income in UJVs
Realized loss on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV

321


Equity in Income in UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period

$
12,021







The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2014:
Details about AOCI Components
 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income
Losses on interest rate instruments and other:
 
 
 
 
Discontinuation of hedge accounting - consolidated subsidiary
 
$
4,880

 
Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries
 
8,663

 
Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs
 
3,186

 
Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period
 
$
16,729

 
 

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the year ended December 31, 2013:
Details about AOCI Components
 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
Affected line item in Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income
(Gains)/losses on interest rate instruments and other:
 
 
 
 
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries
 
$
3,826

 
Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs
 
3,080

 
Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on sale of securities
 
(1,323
)
 
Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Total reclassifications for the period
 
$
5,583

 
 
Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Schedule of Quarterly Financial Information [Table Text Block]
 
 
2015
 
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenues
 
$
128,989

 
$
131,973

 
$
139,983

 
$
156,227

Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
17,075

 
14,004

 
15,219

 
9,928

Net income
 
51,000

 
42,333

 
52,629

 
46,595

Net income attributable to TCO common shareowners
 
29,622

 
23,230

 
30,422

 
25,746

Earnings per common share – basic
 
$
0.47

 
$
0.38

 
$
0.50

 
$
0.43

Earnings per common share – diluted
 
$
0.47

 
$
0.37

 
$
0.50

 
$
0.42

Schedule of Quarterly Financial Information [Table Text Block]
 
 
2014
 
 
First Quarter
 
Second Quarter
 
Third Quarter
 
Fourth Quarter
Revenues
 
$
174,778

 
$
169,985

 
$
176,044

 
$
158,322

Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
12,068

 
14,675

 
14,479

 
20,780

Net income
 
526,157

 
39,054

 
56,637

 
656,274

Net income attributable to TCO common shareowners
 
369,125

 
21,344

 
33,682

 
439,706

Earnings per common share – basic
 
$
5.84

 
$
0.34

 
$
0.53

 
$
6.94

Earnings per common share – diluted
 
$
5.74

 
$
0.33

 
$
0.53

 
$
6.86

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Tables)
Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure [Text Block]
Schedule II

VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013
(in thousands)
 
 
 
Additions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of year
 
Charged to costs and expenses
 
Charged to other accounts
 
Write-offs
 
Transfers, net
 
Balance at  end of year
Year Ended December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for doubtful receivables
$
2,927

 
$
1,994

 

 
$
(1,947
)
 


 
$
2,974

Year Ended December 31, 2014
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

Allowance for doubtful receivables
$
1,934

 
$
2,900

 

 
$
(1,145
)
 
$
(762
)
(1) 
$
2,927

Year Ended December 31, 2013
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Allowance for doubtful receivables
$
3,424

 
$
489

 
 
 
$
(1,979
)
 


 
$
1,934



(1)
Amount represents balances associated with portfolio of seven centers sold to Starwood that were sold in the fourth quarter of 2014.

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Tables)
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Disclosure [Text Block]
Schedule III
TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2015
(in thousands)
 
Initial Cost to Company
 
Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Land
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition
Land
BI&E
Total
 
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)
Total Cost Net of A/D
Encumbrances
 
Year Opened / Expanded
Year Acquired
Depreciable Life
Shopping Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beverly Center
Los Angeles, CA

$
209,093

$
97,215


$
306,308

$
306,308

 
$
178,118

$
128,190

 
 
1982
 
40 years
Cherry Creek Shopping Center
Denver, CO

99,087

201,697


300,784

300,784

 
146,871

153,913

$
280,000

 
1990 / 1998 / 2015
 
40 years
City Creek Shopping Center
Salt Lake City, UT


75,229

1,410



76,639

76,639

 
10,166

66,473

81,756

 
2012
 
30 years
Dolphin Mall, Miami, FL
$
34,881

222,301

128,586

$
34,881

350,887

385,768

 
108,844

276,924

 
 
2001 / 2007 / 2015
 
50 years
The Gardens on El Paseo/
El Paseo Village
Palm Desert, CA
23,500

131,858

6,388

23,500

138,246

161,746

 
15,999

145,747

81,920

(1) 
1998 / 2010
2011
40 Years / 48 Years
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets
Auburn Hills, MI
15,506

188,773

44,133

15,506

232,906

248,412

 
123,108

125,304

212,863

 
1998
 
50 years
The Mall at Green Hills
Nashville, TN
48,551

332,261

32,808

48,551

365,069

413,620

 
42,437

371,183

150,000

 
1955 / 2011
2011
40 years
The Mall of San Juan
San Juan, PR
17,617

496,645



17,617

496,645

514,262

 
14,081

500,181

258,250

 
2015
 
50 years
The Mall at Short Hills
Short Hills, NJ
25,114

167,595

170,626

25,114

338,221

363,335

 
185,033

178,302

1,000,000

 
1980 / 1994 / 1995 / 2011
 
40 years
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield
Chesterfield, MO
16,079

108,934

3,988

16,079

112,922

129,001

 
12,677

116,324

 
 
2013
 
50 years
Twelve Oaks Mall
Novi, MI
25,410

190,455

91,686

25,410

282,141

307,551

 
153,518

154,033

 
 
1977 / 1978 / 2007 / 2008
 
50 years
Other:










 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Office Facilities
5,123

12,519

34,419

5,123

46,938

52,061

 
29,354

22,707

12,000

 
 
2014
35 years
Peripheral Land
28,120

 


28,120



28,120

 
 
28,120

 
 
 
 
 
Construction in Process and Development - pre-construction costs
6,920

119,780

235,307

6,920

355,087

362,007

 
 
362,007

92,169

 
 
 
 
Assets under CDD Obligations
3,969

58,512



3,969

58,512

62,481

 
31,054

31,427

 
 
 
 
 
Other


1,120





1,120

1,120

 
767

353

 
 
 
 
 
Total
$
250,790

$
2,414,162

$
1,048,263

$
250,790

$
3,462,425

$
3,713,215

(2) 
$
1,052,027

$
2,661,188

 
 
 
 
 








Schedule III

The changes in total real estate assets and accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 are as follows:


TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.
REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2015
(in thousands)

Total Real Estate Assets


Accumulated Depreciation


2015

2014

2013


2015

2014
 
2013

Balance, beginning of year
$
3,262,505

 
$
4,485,090

 
$
4,246,000

 
Balance, beginning of year
$
(970,045
)
 
$
(1,516,982
)
 
$
(1,395,876
)

Acquisitions


 
17,642

(3) 
 
 
Depreciation
(98,846
)
 
(110,129
)
 
(142,458
)

New development and improvements
466,307

 
448,462

 
280,972

 
Disposals/Write-offs
16,864


530,916

(4) 
21,352


Disposals/Write-offs
(15,597
)

(1,308,529
)
(4) 
(35,964
)
 
Transfers (In)/Out



126,150

(5) 



Transfers In/(Out)



(380,160
)
(5) 
(5,918
)
 
Balance, end of year
$
(1,052,027
)

$
(970,045
)

$
(1,516,982
)

Balance, end of year
$
3,713,215

 
$
3,262,505


$
4,485,090


 
 
 
 
 
 
 


(1)
Balance includes a purchase accounting premium of $0.4 million for the mortgage note on The Gardens on El Paseo.
(2)
The unaudited aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes as of December 31, 2015 was $3.521 billion.
(3)
Primarily represents the book value of the Company's acquisition of the U.S. Headquarters building in February 2014 (Note 2).
(4)
Primarily represents the book balances of the Sale Centers that were sold to Starwood in the fourth quarter of 2014 (Note 2).
(5)
Primarily represents the book balances of International Plaza. In January 2014, the Company sold a total of 49.9% of its interests in the entity that owns International Plaza. The disposition decreased the Company's ownership in the center to a noncontrolling 50.1% interest. Subsequent to the disposition, International Plaza is accounted for as an Unconsolidated Joint Venture.


See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
Number of urban and suburban shopping centers in the Company's owned portfolio
19 
 
Number of states in which the Company has shopping centers
10 
 
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Life Used for Depreciation, Range, Low
 
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Life Used for Depreciation, Range, High
50 
 
Number of days, or less, to maturity for a highly liquid investment to be considered a cash equivalent
90 
 
Number Of Financial Institutions In Which Majority of Cash Invested In
four 
 
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
$ 6,447,000 
$ 37,502,000 
Cash in escrow related to construction projects
4,800,000 
 
Restricted Cash, Uninsured Amount
$ 5,500,000 
 
Real Estate Investment Trust, required distribution
90.00% 
 
Number of Reportable Segments
 
Percentage of revenues of which no single retail company exceeds
10.00% 
 
Westfarms [Member]
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
79.00% 
79.00% 
International Plaza [Member]
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.10% 
50.10% 
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Operating Partnership) (Details)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
The Operating Partnership [Abstract]
 
 
 
Number Of Classes Of Preferred Equity
two 
two 
 
Number of Operating Partnership units outstanding (in shares)
85,295,720 
88,459,859 
88,271,133 
Number Of Operating Partnership Units Outstanding Owned By Company
60,233,561 
63,324,409 
63,101,614 
Number of Operating Partnership units outstanding owned by noncontrolling interests
25,062,159 
25,135,450 
25,169,519 
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent
71.00% 
72.00% 
71.00% 
Average ownership percentage of the Company in the Operating Partnership (in hundredths)
71.00% 
72.00% 
72.00% 
Relationship between TRG units owned by TCO and TCO common shares outstanding
one-for-one 
 
 
Common stock, shares outstanding
60,233,561 
63,324,409 
 
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
 
 
 
The Operating Partnership [Abstract]
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding
25,044,939 
25,117,000 
 
Dispositions, Acquisition, and Developments (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2015
International Plaza [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
International Plaza [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Arizona Mills Member
Dec. 31, 2014
SPG Units [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Arizona Mills and Oyster Bay [Domain]
Dec. 31, 2015
International Market Place [Member]
sqft
Dec. 31, 2015
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
sqft
Dec. 31, 2014
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
CityOn.Xi'an [Member]
sqft
Dec. 31, 2015
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
sqft
Dec. 31, 2015
Hanam Union Square [Member]
sqft
Dec. 31, 2014
U.S. Headquarters Building [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
U.S. Headquarters Building [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Starwood Transaction [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Starwood Transaction [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Special Dividend [Member]
Starwood Transaction [Member]
Dispositions, Acquisition, and Development [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of centers disposed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
seven 
 
Proceeds from Sale of Real Estate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 1,400,000,000 
 
Repayments of Other Long-term Debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
623,000,000 
 
Transaction and Debt Extinguishment Costs Incurred
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
51,200,000 
 
Dividends, Cash
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
424,300,000 
Number of Loans Defeased or Assumed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
four 
 
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Properties, Net of Applicable Income Taxes
437,000 
1,106,554,000 
 
 
368,000,000 
 
 
109,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
629,700,000 
 
 
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Properties, Net of Applicable Income Taxes, At Beneficial Interest
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
606,200,000 
 
Gains (Losses) on Extinguishment of Debt
 
(36,372,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(36,400,000)
(36,400,000)
 
Gain (Loss) on Debt Extinguishment, At Beneficial Interest
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(36,000,000)
 
Gain (Loss) on Discontinuation of Cash Flow Hedge Due to Forecasted Transaction Probable of Not Occurring, Inclusive of the Adjustment to Fair Value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(7,800,000)
 
Gain (Loss) on Discontinuation of Cash Flow Hedge Due to Forecasted Transaction Probable of Not Occurring, Inclusive of Adjustments to Fair Value, At Beneficial Interest
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(7,400,000)
 
Disposition Costs Incurred
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3,300,000 
 
Restructuring and Related Cost, Cost Incurred to Date
   
3,706,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3,700,000 
 
Noncash or Part Noncash Disposition, Interest Sold
 
 
 
 
49.90% 
50.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncash or Part Noncash Divestiture, Total Consideration Received
 
 
 
 
499,000,000 
 
 
60,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from Divestiture of Real Estate Partnership, net of Transaction Costs
 
 
 
 
337,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncash or Part Noncash Divestiture, Amount of Consideration Received
 
 
 
 
162,000,000 
84,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
 
 
 
50.10% 
50.10% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30.00% 
32.00% 
34.30% 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Properties, Applicable Income Taxes
437,000 
(9,733,000)
 
400,000 
(9,700,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Company’s Share of Project Costs in Equity Method Investments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
107,300,000 
72,300,000 
207,200,000 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of Partnership Units Received as Part of Consideration in Connection with Sale of Equity Method Investment and Other Assets, Original Number of Units Received, Prior to Equity Transaction
 
 
 
 
 
 
555,150 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Value of Partnership Unit Received in Connection with Disposition
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 154.91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment in SPG partnership units (Notes 2 and 17)
77,711,000 
77,711,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Restriction Period on Sale of Partnership Units Received, years
 
 
 
 
 
 
one 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of Partnership Units Received as Part of Consideration in Connection with Sale of Equity Method Investment and Other Assets, total units after equity transaction
 
 
 
 
 
 
590,124 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Notes Payable
2,643,958,000 
2,025,505,000 
 
175,000,000 
 
167,000,000 
 
 
92,169,000 
258,250,000 
163,779,000 
 
 
 
17,265,000 
12,000,000 
 
 
 
Net Consideration Paid to Acquire U.S. Headquarters Building
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16,100,000 
 
 
 
 
Noncash or Part Noncash Acquisition, Debt Assumed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17,400,000 
 
 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.90% 
 
 
 
 
Business Acquisition, Equity Interest Issued or Issuable, Number of Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,431 
 
 
 
 
Restricted and Other Cash Proceeds Received as Part of the Acquisition of the U.S. Headquarters Building
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,400,000 
 
 
 
 
Area of Real Estate Property
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
400,000 
600,000 
 
1,000,000 
1,000,000 
1,700,000 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent
71.00% 
72.00% 
71.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
93.50% 
95.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction in process
362,007,000 
578,593,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
282,500,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction in Progress, Gross, Company's Share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
264,700,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Joint Venture Acquisition, Interest Acquired
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Recapitalization of The Mall of San Juan Joint Venture
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9,296,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Joint Venture, Ownership Percentage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
60.00% 
 
49.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
Outside Partner, Ownership Percentage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14.70% 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase (Decrease) in Project Costs Due to Foreign Currency Rate Change
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ (3,300,000)
$ (2,500,000)
$ (12,500,000)
 
 
 
 
 
Income Taxes (Details) (USD $)
3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2015
Domestic Tax Authority [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Domestic Tax Authority [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Foreign Country [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Foreign Country [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
State and Local Jurisdiction [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
State and Local Jurisdiction [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Sep. 30, 2014
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Jun. 30, 2014
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Dec. 31, 2013
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Sep. 30, 2014
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Jun. 30, 2014
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Dec. 31, 2013
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Special Dividend [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Special Dividend [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Special Dividend [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
International Plaza [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
International Plaza [Member]
Income tax expense (benefit) [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal current
 
$ 1,931,000 
$ 8,036,000 
$ 547,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal deferred
 
(34,000)
1,354,000 
632,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign current
 
628,000 
1,300,000 
2,193,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign deferred
 
(114,000)
(48,000)
(116,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
State current
 
(528,000)
1,361,000 
230,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
State deferred
 
(72,000)
(3,000)
(77,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total income tax expense
 
1,811,000 
12,000,000 
3,409,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Less income tax (expense) benefit allocated to Gain on Dispositions (1)
 
437,000 
(9,733,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
400,000 
(9,700,000)
Income tax expense as reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income
 
2,248,000 
2,267,000 
3,409,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating Loss Carryforwards
 
 
 
 
 
 
4,200,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred Tax Assets, Operating Loss Carryforwards, Subject to Expiration
 
 
 
 
 
 
200,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating Loss Carryforwards, Expiration Dates
 
 
 
 
 
 
10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross
3,659,000 
4,047,000 
3,659,000 
 
1,427,000 
1,382,000 
1,676,000 
1,806,000 
944,000 
471,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred Tax Assets, Valuation Allowance
(1,703,000)
(1,913,000)
(1,703,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred Tax Assets, Net of Valuation Allowance
1,956,000 
2,134,000 
1,956,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred Tax Liabilities, Net
$ 1,154,000 
$ 1,173,000 
$ 1,154,000 
 
$ 602,000 
$ 592,000 
$ 501,000 
$ 473,000 
$ 70,000 
$ 89,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared
$ 0.54 
$ 2.2600 
$ 2.1600 
$ 2.0000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 4.75 
 
$ 4.7500 
 
 
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Capital Gain
$ 0.0619 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common Stock, Special Dividend, Per Share, Designated as Capital Gain
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 4.0443 
 
 
 
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Return of Capital
 
$ 0.0972 
$ 0.3208 
$ 0.2636 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 0.7057 
 
 
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Ordinary Income
 
$ 2.1621 
$ 1.7773 
$ 1.7364 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 0.0000 
 
 
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Long Term Capital Gain
 
$ 0.0004 
$ 0.0287 
$ 0.0000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 1.8748 
 
 
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 Capital Gain
 
$ 0.0003 
$ 0.0332 
$ 0.0000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 2.1695 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Declared
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 0.40625 
$ 0.40625 
$ 0.40625 
$ 1.6250 
$ 1.6250 
$ 1.6250 
$ 0.39063 
$ 0.39063 
$ 0.39063 
$ 1.56250 
$ 1.56250 
$ 1.24132 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Designated as Ordinary Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 1.6245 
$ 0.49072 
$ 1.6250 
 
 
 
$ 1.5620 
$ 0.47185 
$ 1.24132 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Designated as Long Term Capital Gain
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 0.40625 
$ 0.40625 
$ 0.32178 
$ 0.0003 
$ 0.52580 
$ 0.0000 
$ 0.39063 
$ 0.39063 
$ 0.30939 
$ 0.0003 
$ 0.50558 
$ 0.0000 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Designated as Unrecaptured Sec. 1250 Capital Gain
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 0.0002 
$ 0.60848 
$ 0.0000 
 
 
 
$ 0.0002 
$ 0.58507 
$ 0.0000 
 
 
 
 
 
Properties (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
 
 
 
Land
$ 243,870,000 
$ 226,252,000 
 
Buildings, improvements, and equipment
3,107,338,000 
2,457,660,000 
 
Construction in process and pre-development costs
362,007,000 
578,593,000 
 
Real Estate Investment Property, at Cost
3,713,215,000 
3,262,505,000 
 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(1,052,027,000)
(970,045,000)
 
Real Estate Investment Property, Net
2,661,188,000 
2,292,460,000 
 
Real Estate Accumulated Depreciation, Depreciation Expense
98,846,000 
110,129,000 
142,458,000 
Pre-development activities expense
$ 4,300,000 
$ 4,200,000 
$ 10,600,000 
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Depreciable basis (in years) of Company's additional basis
40 years 
 
 
Equity of certain joint ventures
less than zero 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Other than Temporary Impairment
$ 11,754,000 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Provision for Loan and Lease Losses
900,000 
1,700,000 
600,000 
Equity Method Investment Summarized Financial Information Deferred Charges Other Assets
39,562,000 
33,200,000 
 
Deferred Costs, Leasing, Gross
39,700,000 
37,200,000 
 
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Deferred Costs, Leasing, Accumulated Amortization
(17,800,000)
(16,600,000)
 
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Deferred Finance Costs, Net
7,000,000 
9,600,000 
 
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Other Deferred Costs, Net
10,600,000 
3,000,000 
 
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Depreciation Expense
$ 50,000,000 
$ 40,900,000 
$ 35,600,000 
Fair Oaks [Member]
 
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.00% 
50.00% 
 
International Plaza [Member]
 
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.10% 
50.10% 
 
The Mall at Millenia [Member]
 
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.00% 
50.00% 
 
Stamford Town Center [Member]
 
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.00% 
50.00% 
 
Sunvalley [Member]
 
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.00% 
50.00% 
 
Outside Partner, Ownership Percentage
50.00% 
 
 
The Mall at University Town Center [Member]
 
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.00% 
50.00% 
 
Waterside Shops [Member]
 
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.00% 
50.00% 
 
Westfarms [Member]
 
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
79.00% 
79.00% 
 
Sunvalley Land [Member]
 
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.00% 
 
 
Outside Partner, Ownership Percentage
50.00% 
 
 
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Combined Financial Information Balance Sheet) (Details) (USD $)
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Assets:
 
 
Properties
$ 1,628,492,000 
$ 1,580,926,000 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization
(589,145,000)
(548,646,000)
Properties, net
1,039,347,000 
1,032,280,000 
Cash and cash equivalents
36,047,000 
49,765,000 
Allowance For Doubtful Accounts, Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
1,602,000 
1,590,000 
Accounts and notes receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,602 and $1,590 in 2015 and 2014
42,361,000 
38,788,000 
Deferred charges and other assets
39,562,000 
33,200,000 
Total Assets
1,157,317,000 
1,154,033,000 
Liabilities and accumulated deficiency in assets:
 
 
Notes payable (1)
2,001,200,000 
1,989,546,000 
Accounts payable and other liabilities
70,539,000 
103,161,000 
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets
(512,256,000)
(525,759,000)
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Partners' accumulated deficiency in assets
(402,166,000)
(412,915,000)
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Liabilities and Equity
1,157,317,000 
1,154,033,000 
TRG's investment in properties under construction (Note 2)
296,847,000 
232,091,000 
TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit
132,218,000 
132,058,000 
TCO's additional basis
53,016,000 
54,963,000 
Net Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
(30,175,000)
(106,647,000)
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
464,086,000 
476,651,000 
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
433,911,000 
370,004,000 
Hanam Union Square [Member]
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
Construction Loan
52,900,000 
 
Construction Loan, At Beneficial Interest
18,100,000 
 
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
 
 
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
 
 
Construction Loan
44,700,000 
 
Construction Loan, At Beneficial Interest
$ 14,200,000 
 
Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Combined Financial Information Income Statement) (Details) (USD $)
In Thousands, unless otherwise specified
3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Sep. 30, 2015
Jun. 30, 2015
Mar. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Sep. 30, 2014
Jun. 30, 2014
Mar. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Equity method investment, summarized financial information, income statement [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 378,280 
$ 338,017 
$ 294,720 
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
118,909 
106,249 
92,901 
Interest expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
85,198 
74,806 
68,998 
Depreciation and amortization
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
55,318 
47,377 
36,644 
Total operating costs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
259,425 
228,432 
198,543 
Nonoperating expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
(22)
   
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
118,854 
109,563 
96,177 
Net income attributable to TRG
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
65,384 
60,690 
53,166 
Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4,542 
3,258 
1,245 
Depreciation of TCO's additional basis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1,946)
(1,946)
(1,946)
Beneficial interest in UJV impairment charge - Miami Worldcenter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(11,754)
 
 
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
9,928 
15,219 
14,004 
17,075 
20,780 
14,479 
14,675 
12,068 
56,226 
62,002 
52,465 
Beneficial interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ operations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
147,905 
132,652 
114,939 
Interest expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(45,564)
(40,416)
(37,554)
Depreciation and amortization
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ (34,361)
$ (30,234)
$ (24,920)
Accounts and Notes Receivable (Details) (USD $)
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
 
 
Trade
$ 29,559,000 
$ 24,757,000 
Notes
1,297,000 
2,037,000 
Straight-line rent and recoveries
26,665,000 
25,378,000 
Total Receivables, Gross
57,521,000 
52,172,000 
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts
(2,974,000)
(2,927,000)
Accounts and Notes Receivable, Net
$ 54,547,000 
$ 49,245,000 
Deferred Charges Other Assets (Details) (USD $)
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Leasing costs
$ 29,097,000 
$ 27,454,000 
Accumulated amortization
(10,702,000)
(10,659,000)
Deferred Costs, Leasing, Net
18,395,000 
16,795,000 
In-place leases, net
8,525,000 
11,765,000 
Investment in SPG partnership units (Notes 2 and 17)
77,711,000 
77,711,000 
Deferred financing costs, net
22,693,000 
15,815,000 
Insurance deposit (Note 17)
14,346,000 
13,059,000 
Deposits
40,424,000 
40,257,000 
Prepaid expenses
6,622,000 
5,496,000 
Deferred tax asset, net
2,134,000 
1,956,000 
Other, net
7,324,000 
5,581,000 
Deferred Costs and Other Assets
198,174,000 
188,435,000 
Deposit Assets, Foreign
$ 37,000,000 
$ 37,000,000 
Notes Payable (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2015
Secondary Line of Credit [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Line of Credit [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Unsecured Debt [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Unsecured Debt [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Cherry Creek Shopping Center [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Cherry Creek Shopping Center [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
City Creek Center [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
City Creek Center [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
El Paseo Village [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
El Paseo Village [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
The Gardens on El Paseo [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
The Gardens on El Paseo [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
The Mall at Green Hills [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
The Mall at Green Hills [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
International Market Place [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
Mar. 31, 2015
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
The Mall at Short Hills [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
The Mall at Short Hills [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
International Plaza [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Mall At Wellington Green [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
MacArthur Center Member
Dec. 31, 2015
The Mall at University Town Center [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Minimum [Member]
Line of Credit [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Minimum [Member]
Unsecured Debt [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Maximum [Member]
Line of Credit [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Maximum [Member]
Unsecured Debt [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
U.S. Headquarters Building [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
U.S. Headquarters Building [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Properties [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Consolidated Properties [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Item]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Notes Payable
$ 2,643,958,000 
$ 2,025,505,000 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 280,000,000 
$ 280,000,000 
$ 81,756,000 
$ 83,189,000 
    
$ 15,932,000 
$ 81,920,000 
$ 83,059,000 
$ 212,863,000 
$ 217,281,000 
$ 150,000,000 
$ 150,000,000 
$ 92,169,000 
$ 258,250,000 
 
$ 163,779,000 
$ 1,000,000,000 
$ 540,000,000 
$ 175,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 12,000,000 
$ 17,265,000 
$ 2,643,958,000 
$ 2,025,505,000 
Unsecured Debt
 
 
 
 
 
475,000,000 
475,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.24% 
 
4.37% 
 
 
4.42% 
6.10% 
 
3.60% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.48% 
5.47% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.90% 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate Terms
 
 
 
LIBOR + 1.40% 
LIBOR + 1.25% 
LIBOR + 1.35% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LIBOR+1.60% 
 
LIBOR + 1.75% 
LIBOR + 2.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LIBOR + 1.40% 
 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date
 
 
 
Apr. 30, 2016 
Feb. 28, 2019 
Feb. 28, 2019 
 
Jun. 08, 2016 
 
Aug. 01, 2023 
 
   
 
Jun. 11, 2016 
 
Jan. 06, 2023 
 
Dec. 01, 2018 
 
Aug. 14, 2018 
Apr. 02, 2017 
 
 
Oct. 01, 2027 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mar. 01, 2024 
   
 
 
Balance Due on Maturity
 
 
 
 
 
475,000,000 
 
280,000,000 
 
68,575,000 
 
   
 
81,480,000 
 
177,038,000 
 
150,000,000 
 
92,169,000 
258,250,000 
 
 
1,000,000,000 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12,000,000 
   
 
 
Construction Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
330,890,000 
320,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
225,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity
 
 
 
65,000,000 
1,100,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Line of Credit Facility, Expected Extension Term, Number of Years
 
 
 
one year 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Unamortized Premium
440,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100,000 
400,000 
1,600,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
200,000 
 
 
Length Of Extension Option
 
 
 
 
one-year 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
one-year 
 
one-year 
one-year 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of Extension Options
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
two 
two 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Line of Credit Facility, Remaining Borrowing Capacity
 
 
 
58,800,000 
1,100,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Letters of Credit Outstanding, Amount
 
 
 
6,200,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity Including Accordion Feature
 
 
 
 
1,500,000,000 
600,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis
 
 
 
 
LIBOR 
LIBOR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.15% 
1.35% 
1.70% 
1.90% 
1.40% 
 
 
 
Line of Credit Facility, Commitment Fee Percentage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0.20% 
 
0.30% 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate
 
 
 
 
 
1.65% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2.09% 
 
 
 
Total Swapped Rate On Loan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.00% 
 
3.55% 
3.49% 
 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Collateral Amount
1,800,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative, Net Liability Position, Aggregate Fair Value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,800,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Maturities of Long-term Debt [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Next Twelve Months
367,527,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Two
264,566,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Three
248,731,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Four
481,820,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term Debt, Maturities, Repayments of Principal in Year Five
7,058,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Thereafter
1,273,816,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total principal maturities
2,643,518,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt covenants and guarantees [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unconditional Guaranty Liability, Principal Balance, Percent
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50.00% 
100.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other Restrictions on Payment of Dividends
0.95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unconditional Guaranty Liability, Interest, Percent
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100.00% 
100.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction Loan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
92,169,000 
258,250,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
220,700,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Company's Percentage Share of Derivative Guarantee
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50.10% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unconditional Guaranty Liability Upon Achievement of Performance Inventives, Principal Balance, Percent,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12.50% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest Payable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100,000 
300,000 
 
 
 
 
200,000 
 
 
400,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.50% 
5.00% 
20.00% 
 
 
 
 
10.00% 
5.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
At 100% [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Method investment, Summarized Financial Information, Noncurrent Liabilities, Excluding Centers Under Development
2,098,776,000 
1,989,546,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capitalized interest, consolidated subsidiaries at 100%
31,112,000 
27,255,000 
16,400,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capitalized interest, unconsolidated joint ventures at 100% (Asia Unconsolidated Joint Venture Construction Loans at Beneficial Interest)
792,000 
3,121,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest expense, consolidated subsidiaries at 100%
63,041,000 
90,803,000 
130,023,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest Expense, unconsolidated joint ventures, at 100%
85,198,000 
74,806,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
At beneficial interest [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt, consoldiated subsidiaries at beneficial interest
2,485,055,000 
1,852,749,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt, unconsolidated joint ventures at beneficial interest
1,121,469,000 
1,085,991,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capitalized interest, consolidated subsidiaries at beneficial interest
30,130,000 
26,227,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capitalized interest, unconsolidated joint ventures at beneficial interest
543,000 
1,578,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest expense, consolidated subsidiaries at beneficial interest
56,076,000 
82,702,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest expense, unconsolidated joint ventures at beneficial interest
45,564,000 
40,416,000 
37,554,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
6,447,000 
37,502,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash in escrow related to construction projects
$ 4,800,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling Interests (Details) (USD $)
3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Sep. 30, 2015
Jun. 30, 2015
Mar. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Sep. 30, 2014
Jun. 30, 2014
Mar. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Temporary Equity Disclosure [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent
71.00% 
 
 
 
72.00% 
 
 
 
71.00% 
72.00% 
71.00% 
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures
$ (23,569,000)
 
 
 
$ (14,796,000)
 
 
 
$ (23,569,000)
$ (14,796,000)
 
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG
31,573,000 
 
 
 
116,376,000 
 
 
 
31,573,000 
116,376,000 
 
Total Noncontrolling interests
8,004,000 
 
 
 
101,580,000 
 
 
 
8,004,000 
101,580,000 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11,222,000 
34,239,000 
10,344,000 
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
47,208,000 
350,870,000 
46,434,000 
Net income (loss) attributable to non-redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
58,430,000 
385,109,000 
56,778,000 
Effects of changes in ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on equity [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to TCO common shareowners
25,746,000 
30,422,000 
23,230,000 
29,622,000 
439,706,000 
33,682,000 
21,344,000 
369,125,000 
109,020,000 
863,857,000 
109,908,000 
Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase in Taubman Centers, Inc.’s paid-in capital for the adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(9,296,000)
Change from net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. and transfers from noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
178,541,000 
863,940,000 
123,987,000 
Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase in Taubman Centers, Inc.’s paid-in capital for the adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
69,521,000 
83,000 
15,129,000 
Decrease in Taubman Centers, Inc.’s paid-in capital related to the acquisition of additional ownership interest in an outlet joint venture
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
(1,050,000)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
69,521,000 
83,000 
14,079,000 
Taubman Asia Member
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Temporary Equity Disclosure [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percentage of dividends to which the President is entitled (in hundredths)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10.00% 
 
 
Percentage of President's dividends withheld as contributions to capital (in hundredths)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
85.00% 
 
 
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)
10.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10.00% 
 
 
Temporary Equity, Redemption Percentage
40.00% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40.00% 
 
 
Temporary Equity, Redemption Percentage 2014 to as Early as June 2017.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50.00% 
 
 
Temporary Equity, Redemption Percentage beginning as early as June 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100.00% 
 
 
Temporary Equity, Carrying Amount, Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
International Market Place [Member]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Temporary Equity Disclosure [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)
6.50% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.50% 
 
 
Temporary Equity, Carrying Amount, Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent
93.50% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
93.50% 
 
 
Finite Life Entities [Member]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Noncontrolling interests
(23,600,000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(23,600,000)
 
 
Finite Life Entities [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Terminaton date of partnership agreement
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jan. 01, 2083 
 
 
Estimated fair value of noncontrolling interests in finite life entities
$ 530,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 530,000,000 
 
 
Derivative and Hedging Activities (Interest Rate Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges) (Details)
12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 1 [Domain]
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 2 [Domain]
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 3 [Domain]
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 4 [Domain]
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Interest Rate Swap 1 [Member]
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Interest Rate Swap2 Member
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Interest Rate Swap3 [Member]
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Interest Rate Swap 4 [Member]
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Interest Rate Swap 4 [Member]
KRW (?)
Dec. 31, 2015
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 1 [Domain]
Dec. 31, 2015
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 2 [Domain]
Dec. 31, 2015
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 3 [Domain]
Dec. 31, 2015
Unsecured Debt [Member]
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2014
Unsecured Debt [Member]
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2015
Starwood Transaction [Member]
USD ($)
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent
71.00% 
72.00% 
71.00% 
100.00% 
100.00% 
100.00% 
100.00% 
50.00% 
50.00% 
50.10% 
34.30% 
34.30% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Notional amount
 
 
 
$ 200,000,000 
$ 175,000,000 
$ 100,000,000 
$ 12,000,000 
$ 134,698,000 
$ 134,698,000 
$ 172,180,000 
$ 52,065,000 
? 60,500,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Swap rate (in hundredths)
 
 
 
1.64% 
1.65% 
1.64% 
2.09% 
2.40% 
2.40% 
1.83% 
1.52% 
1.52% 
 
 
 
1.65% 
 
 
Credit spread on the loan (in hundredths)
 
 
 
1.35% 
1.35% 
1.35% 
1.40% 
1.70% 
1.70% 
1.75% 
1.60% 
1.60% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total swapped rate on loan (in hundredths)
 
 
 
2.99% 
3.00% 
2.99% 
3.49% 
4.10% 
4.10% 
3.58% 
3.12% 
3.12% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative, Maturity Date
 
 
 
Feb. 01, 2019 
Feb. 01, 2019 
Feb. 01, 2019 
Mar. 01, 2024 
Apr. 01, 2018 
Apr. 01, 2018 
Dec. 01, 2021 
Sep. 01, 2020 
Sep. 01, 2020 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
one-month LIBOR 
one-month LIBOR 
one-month LIBOR 
LIBOR 
 
 
Unsecured Debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
475,000,000 
475,000,000 
 
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread on Variable Rate
 
 
 
1.35% 
1.35% 
1.35% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread on Variable Rate
 
 
 
1.90% 
1.90% 
1.90% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Swapped Foreign Currency Exchange Rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,162.0 
1,162.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain (Loss) on Discontinuation of Cash Flow Hedge Due to Forecasted Transaction Probable of Not Occurring, Net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4,900,000 
Derivative, Loss on Derivative
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 2,900,000 
Derivative and Hedging Activities (Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income) (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedge Gain (Loss) to be Reclassified During Next 12 Months, Net
$ 7,900,000 
 
 
Cash Flow Hedging [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net
(12,021,000)
(16,729,000)
(6,301,000)
Realized losses on settled cash flow hedges
(605,000)
Cash Flow Hedging [Member] |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion)
(1,647,000)
(6,469,000)
15,073,000 
Consolidated Properties [Member] |
Cash Flow Hedging [Member] |
Interest Rate Contract [Member] |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion)
(1,730,000)
(7,362,000)
9,990,000 
Consolidated Properties [Member] |
Cash Flow Hedging [Member] |
Interest Rate Contract [Member] |
Nonoperating Income (Expense) [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net
 
(4,880,000)
 
Consolidated Properties [Member] |
Cash Flow Hedging [Member] |
Interest Rate Contract [Member] |
Interest expense [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net
(7,211,000)
(8,663,000)
(3,221,000)
Realized losses on settled cash flow hedges
   
   
(605,000)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] |
Cash Flow Hedging [Member] |
Interest Rate Contract [Member] |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion)
71,000 
893,000 
5,083,000 
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] |
Cash Flow Hedging [Member] |
Interest Rate Contract [Member] |
Equity Method Investments [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net
(4,489,000)
(3,186,000)
(3,080,000)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] |
Cash Flow Hedging [Member] |
Cross Currency Interest Rate Contract [Member] |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion)
12,000 
 
 
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] |
Cash Flow Hedging [Member] |
Cross Currency Interest Rate Contract [Member] |
Equity Method Investments [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net
(321,000)
 
 
Unsecured Debt [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Derivative, Net Hedge Ineffectiveness Gain (Loss)
(300,000)
 
 
Equity Method Investments [Member] |
Hanam Union Square [Member]
 
 
 
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
 
 
 
Derivative, Net Hedge Ineffectiveness Gain (Loss)
$ (200,000)
 
 
Derivative and Hedging Activities (Location and Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as Reported in the Consoiidated Balance Sheet) (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2015
Interest Rate Contracts Ujvs Member
Equity Method Investments [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Interest Rate Contracts Ujvs Member
Equity Method Investments [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Default Option, Range, Minimum [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Default Option, Range, Maximum [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Consolidated Properties [Member]
Interest Rate Contract [Member]
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Consolidated Properties [Member]
Interest Rate Contract [Member]
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Unconsolidated Properties [Member]
Interest Rate Contract [Member]
Equity Method Investments [Member]
Dec. 31, 2014
Unconsolidated Properties [Member]
Interest Rate Contract [Member]
Equity Method Investments [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Unconsolidated Properties [Member]
Cross Currency Interest Rate Contract [Member]
Equity Method Investments [Member]
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contract
$ 0 
$ 109,000 
    
$ 109,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total liability derivatives designated as hedging instruments
(11,062,000)
(9,198,000)
 
 
 
 
(6,077,000)
(4,044,000)
(4,974,000)
(5,154,000)
(11,000)
Contingent features [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest Rate Recourse Provisions
 
 
 
 
$ 100,000 
$ 50,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
Leases (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable [Abstract]
 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, Current
$ 310,376,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Two Years
284,829,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Three Years
261,734,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Four Years
235,118,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Five Years
202,877,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, Thereafter
599,205,000 
 
 
Number of centers with option to extend lease term for three 10-year periods
one 
 
 
Number of centers with option to extend lease term for one 10-year period
one 
 
 
Lessee Leasing Arrangements, Operating Leases, Renewal Term
10 years 
 
 
Operating Leases, Rent Expense
15,400,000 
12,600,000 
13,400,000 
Related Party Transaction, Expenses from Transactions with Related Party
 
200,000 
2,500,000 
Operating Leases, Rent Expense, Contingent Rentals
1,700,000 
1,400,000 
Payables representing straightline rent adjustments under lease agreements
52,600,000 
44,800,000 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Next Twelve Months
11,716,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Two Years
13,253,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Three Years
13,215,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Four Years
12,752,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Five Years
12,036,000 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due Thereafter
$ 746,235,000 
 
 
City Creek Center [Member]
 
 
 
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
 
 
 
Company's ownership in leasehold interest
100.00% 
 
 
The Manager (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Related Party Transaction, Revenues from Transactions with Related Party
$ 2.9 
$ 2.9 
$ 3.1 
Operating Partnership [Member]
 
 
 
Beneficial ownership percentage, Operating Partnership
99.00% 
 
 
Share-Based Compensation (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2012
Share-based compensation, allocation and classification in financial statements [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Compensation cost charged to income for the Company's share-based compensation plans
$ 12,100,000 
$ 17,100,000 
$ 12,900,000 
 
Reversal of Prior Period Share Based Compensation Expense
2,000,000 
 
 
 
Compensation cost capitalized as part of properties and deferred leasing costs
2,300,000 
2,000,000 
1,600,000 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Plan Modification, Incremental Compensation Cost
 
4,500,000 
 
 
2008 Omnibus Plan [Member]
 
 
 
 
Deferred compensation arrangements [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Aggregate number of Company common shares or Operating Partnership units approved for awards under the 2008 Omnibus Plan, original (in shares)
8,500,000 
 
 
 
The ratio at which non-option awards granted after the May 2010 amendment are deducted from the shares available for grant
1.85 
 
 
 
The ratio at which non-option awards granted prior to the May 2010 amendment are deducted from the shares available for grant
2.85 
 
 
 
The ratio at which options awards granted are deducted from the shares available for grant
one-for-one 
 
 
 
Employee Stock Option [Member]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term
1 year 4 months 24 days 
1 year 7 months 6 days 
2 years 7 months 6 days 
3 years 9 months 18 days 
Summary of option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Terms of Award
ten-year 
 
 
 
Summary of option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Outstanding options at beginning of period (in shares)
521,293 
563,436 
689,802 
 
Exercised, Number of Options
(228,750)
(42,143)
(126,366)
 
Outstanding options at end of period (in shares)
292,543 
521,293 
563,436 
689,802 
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)
$ 39.20 
$ 43.81 
$ 42.50 
 
Exercised, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)
$ 29.72 
$ 42.16 
$ 36.67 
 
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)
$ 46.60 
$ 39.20 
$ 43.81 
$ 42.50 
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit
$ 35.50 
$ 26.56 
$ 31.31 
$ 24.74 
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range, Upper Range Limit
$ 51.15 
$ 51.15 
$ 55.90 
$ 55.90 
Fully vested options, number (in shares)
292,543 
 
 
 
Fully vested options, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)
$ 46.60 
 
 
 
Fully vested options, weighted average remaining contractual term (in years)
1 year 4 months 24 days 
 
 
 
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Not yet Recognized, Stock Options
 
 
 
Aggregate intrinsic value of in-the-money options outstanding
8,800,000 
 
 
 
Total intrinsic value of options exercised during the period
10,000,000 
1,400,000 
4,800,000 
 
Cash received from options exercised during the period
6,800,000 
1,800,000 
4,600,000 
 
Unissued Partnership Units Under Unit Option Deferral Election Member
 
 
 
 
Employee service share-based compensation, aggregate disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Options exercised under unit option deferral election plan (in shares)
3,000,000 
 
 
 
The number of mature units tendered for the exercise of previously issued stock options under the unit option deferral election plan (in shares)
2,100,000 
 
 
 
The number of units deferred under the unit option deferral election upon the exercise of previously issued stock options (in shares)
900,000 
 
 
 
Date at which deferred partnership units begin to be issued
December 2017 
 
 
 
Number of Annual Installments during which Deferred Partnership Units will be issued
ten 
 
 
 
2014 Option Modification [Domain]
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation, allocation and classification in financial statements [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Cash Paid
 
$ 4.75 
 
 
Summary of option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit
 
$ 26.56 
 
 
Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, Exercise Price Range, Upper Range Limit
 
$ 51.15 
 
 
Employee service share-based compensation, aggregate disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Volatility Rate, Minimum
 
13.62% 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Volatility Rate, Maximum
 
19.14% 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Dividend Rate
 
2.70% 
 
 
Performance Shares [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Description
Each PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock ranging from 0-300% of the PSU based on the Company’s market performance relative to that of a peer group. The 2015 PSU grant includes a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock from the date of grant of the award to the vesting date 
Each PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock ranging from 0-300% of the PSU based on the Company’s market performance relative to that of a peer group. No dividends accumulate during the vesting period. 
Each PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock ranging from 0-300% of the PSU based on the Company’s market performance relative to that of a peer group. No dividends accumulate during the vesting period.  
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate
1.12% 
0.70% 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period
3 years 
3 years 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement By Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other Than Options, Vested At End Of Period
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested
5,300,000 
16,900,000 
 
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized
8,400,000 
 
 
 
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition
1 year 6 months 15 days 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)
254,651 
234,863 
262,740 
 
Granted (in shares)
50,256 
49,157 
 
 
Forfeited (in shares)
(5,854)
(771)
(12,240)
 
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)
255,478 
254,651 
234,863 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 132.86 
$ 139.18 
$ 122.52 
 
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 112.30 
$ 93.07 
 
 
Forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 174.95 
$ 160.09 
$ 140.49 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period
43,575 
43,858 
73,259 
 
Vested, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 97.44 
$ 85.40 
$ 65.29 
 
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 134.52 
$ 132.86 
$ 139.18 
 
Right to Receive Upon Vesting Shares of Common Stock as Percentage of PSU, Actual Vested During Period
0.00% 
172.00% 
300.00% 
 
2014 PSU Grant Modification [Domain]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Minimum
 
0.03% 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Maximum
 
0.65% 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Granted (in shares)
 
15,260 
 
 
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
 
$ 57.00 
 
 
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Description
represent the right to receive upon vesting one share of the Company’s common stock. The 2015 grants also receive a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock from the date of grant of the award to the vesting date 
Represent the right to receive upon vesting one share of the Company’s common stock. No dividends accumulate during the vesting period. 
Represent the right to receive upon vesting one share of the Company’s common stock. No dividends accumulate during the vesting period.  
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Forfeiture Assumption
2.00% 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement By Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other Than Options, Vested At End Of Period
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested
7,000,000 
7,400,000 
10,600,000 
 
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized
6,300,000 
 
 
 
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition
1 year 9 months 18 days 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)
293,651 
269,899 
322,305 
 
Granted (in shares)
100,682 
 
 
 
Forfeited (in shares)
(14,542)
(4,843)
(11,678)
 
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)
283,353 
293,651 
269,899 
 
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 67.00 
$ 62.00 
$ 48.19 
 
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 74.36 
 
 
 
Forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 69.87 
$ 65.44 
$ 57.60 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period
96,438 
104,302 
138,028 
 
Vested, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 65.60 
$ 51.96 
$ 37.03 
 
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
$ 69.93 
$ 67.00 
$ 62.00 
 
2014 RSU Grant Modification [Domain]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Minimum
 
0.03% 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Maximum
 
0.65% 
 
 
Non-Employee Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan [Member]
 
 
 
 
Non-Employee Directors' Stock Grant And Deferred Compensation [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost
125,000 
120,000 
120,000 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity, Instruments Other than Options, Outstanding
14,502 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Outstanding, Number
128,696 
 
 
 
Other Employee Plans [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Defined Contribution Plan, Cost Recognized
$ 2,900,000 
$ 3,300,000 
$ 3,200,000 
 
Minimum [Member] |
2014 Option Modification [Domain]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate
 
0.07% 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Vesting Period
 
0.46 
 
 
Minimum [Member] |
2014 PSU Grant Modification [Domain]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Vesting Period
 
0.24 
 
 
Minimum [Member] |
2014 RSU Grant Modification [Domain]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Vesting Period
 
0.24 
 
 
Minimum [Member] |
Other Employee Plans [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Defined Contribution Plan, Contribution Percent
2.00% 
 
 
 
Maximum [Member] |
2014 Option Modification [Domain]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate
 
0.98% 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Vesting Period
 
3.24 
 
 
Maximum [Member] |
2014 PSU Grant Modification [Domain]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Vesting Period
 
2.25 
 
 
Maximum [Member] |
2014 RSU Grant Modification [Domain]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Vesting Period
 
2.25 
 
 
Maximum [Member] |
Other Employee Plans [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Defined Contribution Plan, Contribution Percent
7.00% 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche One [Member] |
Performance Shares [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Minimum
 
 
0.30% 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Maximum
 
 
0.40% 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period
 
 
3 years 
 
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Granted (in shares)
 
 
42,178 
 
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
 
 
$ 103.37 
 
Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche One [Member] |
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Minimum
 
0.70% 
0.30% 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Maximum
 
 
0.49% 
 
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Granted (in shares)
 
106,540 
92,103 
 
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
 
$ 63.95 
$ 71.67 
 
2014 RSU Grant Modification [Domain] |
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Granted (in shares)
 
17,852 
 
 
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
 
$ 72.27 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche Two [Member] |
Performance Shares [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Description
 
 
represent the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock ranging from 0-400% of the PSU based on the Company’s market performance relative to that of a peer group. No dividends accumulate during the vesting period. 
represent the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock ranging from 0-400% of the PSU based on the Company’s market performance relative to that of a peer group. No dividends accumulate during the vesting period. 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Minimum
 
 
0.46% 
0.70% 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Maximum
 
 
0.62% 
0.90% 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period
 
 
4 years 
5 years 
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Granted (in shares)
 
 
15,444 
 
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
 
 
$ 171.05 
$ 189.23 
Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche Two [Member] |
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
 
 
 
 
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Description
 
represent the right to receive upon vesting one share of the Company’s common stock 
represent the right to receive upon vesting one share of the Company’s common stock 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Minimum
 
0.13% 
0.10% 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate, Maximum
 
0.71% 
0.19% 
 
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
 
Granted (in shares)
 
8,505 
5,197 
 
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)
 
$ 66.19 
$ 81.38 
 
Special Dividend [Member]
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation, allocation and classification in financial statements [Abstract]
 
 
 
 
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Cash Paid
 
$ 4.75 
 
 
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
 
 
 
 
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Voting Rights
Each share of Series B Preferred Stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to the Company's shareowners. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock, voting as a class, have the right to designate up to four nominees for election as directors of the Company. On all other matters, including the election of directors, the holders of Series B Preferred Stock will vote with the holders of common stock. 
 
 
 
Common and Preferred Stock and Equity of TRG (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Class of Stock [Line Items]
 
 
 
Stock Repurchase Program, Authorized Amount
$ 450,000,000 
 
$ 200,000,000 
Stock Repurchase, Additional Authorization
250,000,000 
 
 
Stock Repurchased and Retired Since Program Inception, shares
4,247,867 
 
 
Stock Acquired and Retired Since Program Inception, Average Cost Per Share
$ 71.79 
 
 
Stock Repurchased And Retired, Total Shares Repurchased, Value
304,900,000 
 
 
Stock Repurchase Program, Remaining Authorized Repurchase Amount
145,100,000 
 
 
Common Stock, Terms of Conversion
For each share of the Company’s stock repurchased, one of the Company’s Operating Partnership units was redeemed 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
Preferred Stock Issued During Period, Value, New Issues
 
 
164,395,000 
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
Convertible Preferred Stock, Issuance In Correlation With Issuance of Partnership Units
one share of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred Stock) for each of the Operating Partnership units held by the noncontrolling partners. 
 
 
Convertible Preferred Stock, Terms of Conversion
ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Voting Rights
Each share of Series B Preferred Stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to the Company's shareowners. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock, voting as a class, have the right to designate up to four nominees for election as directors of the Company. On all other matters, including the election of directors, the holders of Series B Preferred Stock will vote with the holders of common stock. 
 
 
Conversion of Stock, Number of shares of Common Stock issued from the conversion of Series B Preferred Stock
four 
one 
10 
Conversion of Stock, Shares Converted
72,061 
35,500 
176,630 
Preferred Stock, liquidation value per share
$ 0.001 
$ 0.001 
 
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosures [Abstract]
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Voting Rights
The Series K Preferred Stock is generally non-voting 
 
 
Issuance of Series K Preferred Stock, net of offering costs, shares
 
 
6,800,000 
Preferred Stock, Dividend Rate, Percentage
6.25% 
 
 
Preferred Stock Issued During Period, Value, New Issues
 
 
164,400,000 
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Stock Issued, Issuance Costs
 
 
5,600,000 
Preferred Stock, liquidation preference, value
$ 170,000,000 
$ 170,000,000 
 
Preferred Stock, liquidation value per share
$ 25 
 
 
Preferred Stock, Redemption Price Per Share
$ 25 
 
 
Commitments and Contingencies (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Jun. 30, 2015
Cash tender [Abstract]
 
 
Minimum aggregate value of Operating Partnership units to be tendered
$ 50,000,000 
 
Fair Value of Written Option, Cash Tender Agreement
zero 
 
Share Price
$ 76.72 
$ 69.50 
Approximate aggregate value of interests in the Operating Partnership that may be tendered
$ 1,900,000,000 
 
Additional interest the Company would have owned in the Operating Partnership upon purchase of interests (in hundredths)
28.00% 
 
Continuing offer [Abstract]
 
 
Common Stock, Conversion Basis
one unit of the Operating Partnership interest is exchangeable for one share of the Company's common stock 
 
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
 
 
Continuing offer [Abstract]
 
 
Convertible Preferred Stock, Terms of Conversion
ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock 
 
Earnings Per Share (Details) (USD $)
In Thousands, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Sep. 30, 2015
Jun. 30, 2015
Mar. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Sep. 30, 2014
Jun. 30, 2014
Mar. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareowners (Numerator):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 109,020 
$ 863,857 
$ 109,908 
Impact of additional ownership of TRG
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
398 
10,933 
497 
Diluted
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 109,418 
$ 874,790 
$ 110,405 
Shares (Denominator) – basic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
61,389,113 
63,267,800 
63,591,523 
Effect of dilutive securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
772,221 
1,653,264 
983,889 
Shares (Denominator) – diluted
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
62,161,334 
64,921,064 
64,575,412 
Earnings per common share – basic
$ 0.43 
$ 0.50 
$ 0.38 
$ 0.47 
$ 6.94 
$ 0.53 
$ 0.34 
$ 5.84 
$ 1.78 
$ 13.65 
$ 1.73 
Earnings per common share – diluted
$ 0.42 
$ 0.50 
$ 0.37 
$ 0.47 
$ 6.86 
$ 0.53 
$ 0.33 
$ 5.74 
$ 1.76 
$ 13.47 
$ 1.71 
Weighted average noncontrolling partnership units outstanding
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anti-dilutive effect (in shares)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4,029,934 
4,351,727 
4,428,624 
Unissued partnership units under unit option deferral elections
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anti-dilutive effect (in shares)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
871,262 
   
871,262 
Fair Value Disclosures (Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis) (Details) (USD $)
In Thousands, unless otherwise specified
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
 
 
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis [Abstract]
 
 
Insurance deposit
$ 14,346 
$ 13,059 
Total assets
14,346 
13,059 
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
 
 
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis [Abstract]
 
 
Total assets
Derivative interest rate contract (Note 10)
(6,077)
(4,044)
Total liabilities
$ (6,077)
$ (4,044)
Fair Value Disclosures (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Nonrecurring Basis, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
 
 
Investment in SPG partnership units
$ 77,711,000 
$ 77,711,000 
SPG Units [Member]
 
 
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Nonrecurring Basis, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
 
 
Number of Partnership Units Received as Part of Consideration in Connection with Sale of Equity Method Investment and Other Assets, total units after equity transaction
 
590,124 
SPG Units [Member] |
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
 
 
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Nonrecurring Basis, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
 
 
Number of Partnership Units Received as Part of Consideration in Connection with Sale of Equity Method Investment and Other Assets, total units after equity transaction
590,124 
 
Partnership Units Received as Part of Consideration in Connection with Sale of Equity Method Investment and Other Assets, Fair Value at Reporting Date
114,700,000 
105,200,000 
Investment in SPG partnership units
$ 77,711,000 
$ 77,711,000 
Fair Value Disclosures (Estimated Fair Value of Notes Payable) (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Estimated fair values of notes payable [Abstract]
 
 
Notes Payable
$ 2,643,958,000 
$ 2,025,505,000 
Consolidated Properties [Member]
 
 
Estimated fair values of notes payable [Abstract]
 
 
Notes Payable
2,643,958,000 
2,025,505,000 
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] |
Consolidated Properties [Member]
 
 
Estimated fair values of notes payable [Abstract]
 
 
Notes payable, fair value disclosure
2,609,582,000 
2,056,474,000 
Additional Credit Spread Included In Discount Rate To Estimate Fair Value Of Notes Payable
1.00% 
0.75% 
Notes Payable Fair Values Hypothetical Percent Increase In Interest Rates
1.00% 
 
Impact Of Overall One Percent Increase In Interest Rates Decrease In Fair Values Of Notes Payable
$ 106,100,000 
 
Impact Of Overall One Percent Increase In Interest Rates Decrease In Fair Values Of Notes Payable Percent
4.10% 
 
Cash Flow Disclosures & Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Interest Costs Capitalized
$ 31,112,000 
$ 27,255,000 
$ 16,400,000 
Interest Paid, Net
57,600,000 
88,500,000 
128,200,000 
Income Taxes Paid, Net
2,600,000 
11,900,000 
 
Issuance of TRG partnership units in connection with the purchase of the U.S. headquarters building (Note 2)
   
91,000 
 
Assumption of debt in connection with the purchase of the U.S. headquarters building (Note 2)
   
18,215,000 
 
Financing receivable, gross
1,297,000 
2,037,000 
 
Other non-cash additions to properties
104,494,000 
24,315,000 
14,030,000 
Land [Member]
 
 
 
Financing receivable, gross
 
 
7,411,000 
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
 
 
 
Recapitalization of The Mall of San Juan joint venture (Note 2)
9,296,000 
 
 
SPG Units [Member]
 
 
 
Receipt of Simon Property Group Limited Partnership units in connection with the sale of Arizona Mills (Note 2)
 
$ 77,711,000 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Details) (USD $)
In Thousands, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2012
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax
$ (27,220)
$ (15,068)
 
 
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income
12,021 
16,729 
5,583 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
 
 
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax
(10,890)
(101)
5,040 
1,888 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cumulative Changes in Net Gain (Loss) from Cash Flow Hedges, Effect Net of Tax
(16,330)
(14,967)
(13,954)
(23,952)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax
(27,220)
(15,068)
(8,914)
(22,064)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Gain (Loss), before Reclassification and Tax
(10,790)
(5,148)
3,150 
 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax
(9,653)
(12,783)
6,117 
 
OCI, before Reclassifications, Net of Tax, Attributable to Parent
(20,443)
(17,931)
9,267 
 
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income
8,489 
11,747 
3,875 
 
Cumulative Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax, Period Increase (Decrease)
(10,790)
(5,148)
3,150 
 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Derivatives Qualifying as Hedges, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent
(1,164)
(1,036)
9,992 
 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent
(11,954)
(6,184)
13,142 
 
OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossAdjustmentForeignCurrencyAttributableToParent
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), adjustments, attributable to parent
(199)
23 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), total adjustments attributable to parent
(198)
30 
 
Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
 
 
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax
(4,531)
(41)
2,011 
756 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cumulative Changes in Net Gain (Loss) from Cash Flow Hedges, Effect Net of Tax
5,595 
5,879 
6,141 
1,739 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax
1,064 
5,838 
8,152 
2,495 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Gain (Loss), before Reclassification and Tax
(4,489)
(2,045)
1,257 
 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax
(4,015)
(5,221)
2,700 
 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), before Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
(8,504)
(7,266)
3,957 
 
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income
3,532 
4,982 
1,708 
 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
(4,489)
(2,045)
1,257 
 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Derivatives Qualifying as Hedges, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
(483)
(239)
4,408 
 
Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
(4,972)
(2,284)
5,665 
 
Other Comprehensive Income Loss Adjustment Foreign Currency Attributable To Noncontrolling Interest
(1)
(7)
(2)
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), adjustments, attributable to noncontrolling interests
199 
(23)
(6)
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), total adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests
198 
(30)
(8)
 
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
 
 
 
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income
12,021 
16,729 
5,583 
 
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net
 
4,880 
 
 
Amount of gain/loss on interest rate contract reclassfied from AOCI
7,211 
8,663 
3,826 
 
Amount of gain/loss on interest rate contract reclassfied from AOCI for unconsolidated joint ventures
4,489 
3,186 
3,080 
 
Available-for-sale Securities, Gross Realized Gains
 
 
(1,323)
 
Amount of gain/loss on cross-currency interest rate contract reclassified from AOCI for Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
$ 321 
 
 
 
Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Details) (USD $)
In Thousands, except Per Share data, unless otherwise specified
3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Sep. 30, 2015
Jun. 30, 2015
Mar. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Sep. 30, 2014
Jun. 30, 2014
Mar. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Revenues
$ 156,227 
$ 139,983 
$ 131,973 
$ 128,989 
$ 158,322 
$ 176,044 
$ 169,985 
$ 174,778 
$ 557,172 
$ 679,129 
$ 767,154 
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
9,928 
15,219 
14,004 
17,075 
20,780 
14,479 
14,675 
12,068 
56,226 
62,002 
52,465 
Net income
46,595 
52,629 
42,333 
51,000 
656,274 
56,637 
39,054 
526,157 
192,557 
1,278,122 
189,368 
Net income attributable to TCO common shareowners
25,746 
30,422 
23,230 
29,622 
439,706 
33,682 
21,344 
369,125 
109,020 
863,857 
109,908 
Earnings per common share – basic
$ 0.43 
$ 0.50 
$ 0.38 
$ 0.47 
$ 6.94 
$ 0.53 
$ 0.34 
$ 5.84 
$ 1.78 
$ 13.65 
$ 1.73 
Earnings per common share – diluted
$ 0.42 
$ 0.50 
$ 0.37 
$ 0.47 
$ 6.86 
$ 0.53 
$ 0.33 
$ 5.74 
$ 1.76 
$ 13.47 
$ 1.71 
Equity Method Investment Summarized Financial Information Asset Impairment Charge
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11,754 
 
 
Gain on dispositions, net of tax (Note 2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
437 
1,106,554 
 
Gains (Losses) on Extinguishment of Debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(36,372)
 
Starwood Transaction [Member]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on dispositions, net of tax (Note 2)
 
 
 
 
629,700 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gains (Losses) on Extinguishment of Debt
 
 
 
 
(36,400)
 
 
 
 
(36,400)
 
Miami Worldcenter [Member]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Method Investment Summarized Financial Information Asset Impairment Charge
11,800 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
International Plaza, Arizona Mills, and Oyster Bay [Domain]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on dispositions, net of tax (Note 2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 476,900 
 
 
 
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Details) (Allowance for doubtful receivables [Member], USD $)
In Thousands, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Allowance for doubtful receivables [Member]
 
 
 
Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of year
$ 2,927 
$ 1,934 
$ 3,424 
Charged to costs and expenses
1,994 
2,900 
489 
Write-offs
(1,947)
(1,145)
(1,979)
Transfers, net
   
(762)
   
Balance at end of year
$ 2,974 
$ 2,927 
$ 1,934 
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Details) (USD $)
In Thousands, unless otherwise specified
12 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2012
Dec. 31, 2015
Beverly Center [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Cherry Creek Shopping Center [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
City Creek Center [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Dolphin Mall [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
The Gardens on El Paseo and El Paseo Village [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
The Gardens on El Paseo [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
El Paseo Village [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Great Lakes Crossing Outlets [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
The Mall at Green Hills [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
The Mall at Short Hills [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Twelve Oaks Mall [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Construction In Process And Development Pre Construction Costs [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Assets under CDD Obligations [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Office Facilities [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Peripheral Land [Member]
Dec. 31, 2015
Other Property [Member]
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation [Line Items]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Land, Initial Cost of Company
$ 250,790 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ 34,881 
$ 23,500 
 
 
$ 15,506 
$ 48,551 
$ 17,617 
$ 25,114 
$ 16,079 
$ 25,410 
$ 6,920 
$ 3,969 
$ 5,123 
$ 28,120 
 
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Initial Cost to Company
2,414,162 
 
 
 
209,093 
99,087 
75,229 
222,301 
131,858 
 
 
188,773 
332,261 
496,645 
167,595 
108,934 
190,455 
119,780 
58,512 
12,519 
 
1,120 
Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition
1,048,263 
 
 
 
97,215 
201,697 
1,410 
128,586 
6,388 
 
 
44,133 
32,808 
 
170,626 
3,988 
91,686 
235,307 
 
34,419 
 
 
Land, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period
250,790 
 
 
 
 
 
 
34,881 
23,500 
 
 
15,506 
48,551 
17,617 
25,114 
16,079 
25,410 
6,920 
3,969 
5,123 
28,120 
 
Buildings, Improvements, and Equipment, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period
3,462,425 
 
 
 
306,308 
300,784 
76,639 
350,887 
138,246 
 
 
232,906 
365,069 
496,645 
338,221 
112,922 
282,141 
355,087 
58,512 
46,938 
 
1,120 
Total, Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period
3,713,215 
3,262,505 
4,485,090 
4,246,000 
306,308 
300,784 
76,639 
385,768 
161,746 
 
 
248,412 
413,620 
514,262 
363,335 
129,001 
307,551 
362,007 
62,481 
52,061 
28,120 
1,120 
Accumulated Depreciation (A/D)
1,052,027 
970,045 
1,516,982 
1,395,876 
178,118 
146,871 
10,166 
108,844 
15,999 
 
 
123,108 
42,437 
14,081 
185,033 
12,677 
153,518 
 
31,054 
29,354 
 
767 
Real Estate Investment Property, Net
2,661,188 
2,292,460 
 
 
128,190 
153,913 
66,473 
276,924 
145,747 
 
 
125,304 
371,183 
500,181 
178,302 
116,324 
154,033 
362,007 
31,427 
22,707 
28,120 
353 
Encumbrances
 
 
 
 
 
$ 280,000 
$ 81,756 
 
 
$ 81,920 
 
$ 212,863 
$ 150,000 
$ 258,250 
$ 1,000,000 
 
 
$ 92,169 
 
$ 12,000 
 
 
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date of Opening / Expansion(s)
 
 
 
 
1982 
1990 / 1998 / 2015 
2012 
2001 / 2007 / 2015 
 
1998 
2010 
1998 
1955 / 2011 
2015 
1980 / 1994 / 1995 / 2011 
2013 
1977 / 1978 / 2007 / 2008 
 
 
 
 
 
SEC Schedule III, Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Date Acquired
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dec. 28, 2011 
 
 
 
Dec. 28, 2011 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Feb. 28, 2014 
 
 
Depreciable Life
 
 
 
 
40 years 
40 years 
30 years 
50 years 
 
40 years 
48 years 
50 years 
40 years 
50 years 
40 years 
50 years 
50 years 
 
 
35 years 
 
 
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation Changes in Total Real Estate Assets and Accumulated Depreciation (Details) (USD $)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2013
Reconciliation of Carrying Amount of Real Estate Investments [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
$ 3,262,505,000 
$ 4,485,090,000 
$ 4,246,000,000 
Acquisitions
   
17,642,000 
 
New development and improvements
466,307,000 
448,462,000 
280,972,000 
Disposals/Write-offs
(15,597,000)
(1,308,529,000)
(35,964,000)
Transfers In/(Out)
   
(380,160,000)
(5,918,000)
Balance, end of year
3,713,215,000 
3,262,505,000 
4,485,090,000 
Reconciliation of Real Estate Accumulated Depreciation [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of year
(970,045,000)
(1,516,982,000)
(1,395,876,000)
Depreciation
(98,846,000)
(110,129,000)
(142,458,000)
Disposals/Write-offs
16,864,000 
530,916,000 
21,352,000 
Transfers (In)/Out
   
126,150,000 
 
Balance, end of year
(1,052,027,000)
(970,045,000)
(1,516,982,000)
Debt Instrument, Unamortized Premium
440,000 
 
 
Tax Basis of Investments, Cost for Income Tax Purposes
3,521,000,000 
 
 
The Gardens on El Paseo [Member]
 
 
 
Reconciliation of Real Estate Accumulated Depreciation [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
Debt Instrument, Unamortized Premium
$ 400,000 
$ 1,600,000 
 
International Plaza [Member]
 
 
 
Reconciliation of Real Estate Accumulated Depreciation [Roll Forward]
 
 
 
Noncash or Part Noncash Disposition, Interest Sold
 
49.90% 
 
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage
50.10% 
50.10%