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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

 
x	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2014
OR
 
¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934	
Commission file number 001-36166

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 
			
Delaware	 	27-1566372	
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)	 	(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)	
222 Berkeley Street
Boston, MA 02116
(617) 351-5000
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   x     No   ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes   x     No   ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

							
Large accelerated filer	 	¨	  	Accelerated filer	 	¨	
				
Non-accelerated filer	 	x	  	Smaller reporting company	 	¨	
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ¨     No   x
The number of shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding as of July 31, 2014 was 140,499,232.

 

Table of Contents
 Table of Contents

 	  	Page(s)	 	
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION	  				
		
Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited):	  				
		
Consolidated Balance Sheets	  	 	4	  	
		
Consolidated Statements of Operations	  	 	5	  	
		
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	  	 	6	  	
		
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	  	 	7	  	
		
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	  	 	8	  	
		
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	  	 	19	  	
		
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	  	 	36	  	
		
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	  	 	36	  	
		
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION	  				
		
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	  	 	37	  	
		
Item 1A. Risk Factors	  	 	37	  	
		
Item 6. Exhibits	  	 	38	  	
		
SIGNATURES	  	 	39	  	
 
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The statements contained herein include forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “estimates,” “projects,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “could,” “intends,” “may,” “will” or “should,” “forecast,” “intend,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “target” or, in each case, their negative, or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts. They include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies, the industry in which we operate and potential business decisions. We derive many of our forward-looking statements from our operating budgets and forecasts, which are based upon many detailed assumptions. While we believe that our assumptions are reasonable, we caution that it is very difficult to predict the impact of known factors, and, of course, it is impossible for us to anticipate all factors that could affect our actual results. All forward-looking statements are based upon information available to us on the date of this report.
By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained herein. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity and the development of the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward looking statements contained herein, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.
Important factors that could cause our results to vary from expectations include, but are not limited to: changes in state and local education funding and/or related programs, legislation and procurement processes; adverse or worsening economic trends or the continuation of current economic conditions; changes in consumer demand for, and acceptance of, our products; changes in competitive factors; offerings by technology companies that compete with our products; industry cycles and trends; conditions and/or changes in the publishing industry; changes or the loss of our key third-party print vendors; restrictions under agreements governing our outstanding indebtedness; changes in laws or regulations governing our business and operations; changes or failures in the information technology systems we use; demographic trends; uncertainty surrounding our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights; inability to retain management or hire employees; impact of potential impairment of goodwill and other intangibles in a challenging economy; decline or volatility of our stock price regardless of our operating performance; and other factors discussed in the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events described herein may not occur.
We undertake no obligation, and do not expect, to publicly update or publicly revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or to persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained herein.
 
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 PART 1 – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(in thousands of dollars, except share information)	  	June 30,
2014	 	 	December 31,
2013	 	
Assets	  				 				
Current assets	  				 				
Cash and cash equivalents	  	$	139,429	  	 	$	313,628	  	
Short-term investments	  	 	53,587	  	 	 	111,721	  	
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for bad debts and book returns of $40.8 million and $40.6 million, respectively	  	 	568,371	  	 	 	318,101	  	
Inventories	  	 	222,073	  	 	 	182,194	  	
Deferred income taxes	  	 	29,888	  	 	 	29,842	  	
Prepaid expenses and other assets	  	 	16,572	  	 	 	16,130	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current assets	  	 	1,029,920	  	 	 	971,616	  	
Property, plant, and equipment, net	  	 	140,529	  	 	 	140,848	  	
Pre-publication costs, net	  	 	261,194	  	 	 	269,488	  	
Royalty advances to authors, net of allowance of $47.4 million and $41.2 million, respectively	  	 	51,607	  	 	 	46,881	  	
Goodwill	  	 	532,921	  	 	 	531,786	  	
Other intangible assets, net	  	 	858,686	  	 	 	919,994	  	
Other assets	  	 	26,214	  	 	 	29,773	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total assets	  	$	2,901,071	  	 	$	2,910,386	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	  				 				
Current liabilities	  				 				
Current portion of long-term debt	  	$	2,500	  	 	$	2,500	  	
Accounts payable	  	 	109,725	  	 	 	105,012	  	
Royalties payable	  	 	79,483	  	 	 	65,387	  	
Salaries, wages, and commissions payable	  	 	29,128	  	 	 	29,945	  	
Deferred revenue	  	 	134,234	  	 	 	107,905	  	
Interest payable	  	 	48	  	 	 	55	  	
Severance and other charges	  	 	5,934	  	 	 	8,184	  	
Accrued postretirement benefits	  	 	2,141	  	 	 	2,141	  	
Other liabilities	  	 	34,796	  	 	 	32,002	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current liabilities	  	 	397,989	  	 	 	353,131	  	
Long-term debt	  	 	241,875	  	 	 	243,125	  	
Royalties payable	  	 	—  	 	 	 	1,520	  	
Long-term deferred revenue	  	 	267,255	  	 	 	189,258	  	
Accrued pension benefits	  	 	19,031	  	 	 	24,405	  	
Accrued postretirement benefits	  	 	22,613	  	 	 	23,860	  	
Deferred income taxes	  	 	118,871	  	 	 	116,999	  	
Other liabilities	  	 	105,564	  	 	 	107,812	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total liabilities	  	 	1,173,198	  	 	 	1,060,110	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)	  				 				
Stockholders’ equity	  				 				
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value: 20,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
Common stock, $0.01 par value: 380,000,000 shares authorized; 140,446,350 and 140,044,400 shares issued at June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively; 140,364,328 and 139,962,378 shares outstanding at June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively	  	 	1,400	  	 	 	1,400	  	
Treasury stock, 82,022 shares as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
Capital in excess of par value	  	 	4,760,283	  	 	 	4,750,589	  	
Accumulated deficit	  	 	(3,023,209	) 	 	 	(2,888,422	) 	
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	  	 	(10,601	) 	 	 	(13,291	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total stockholders’ equity	  	 	1,727,873	  	 	 	1,850,276	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	  	$	2,901,071	  	 	$	2,910,386	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company
Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

 	  	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	
(in thousands of dollars, except share and per share information)	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	2014	 	 	2013	 	
					
Net sales	  	$	401,890	  	 	$	362,951	  	 	$	555,823	  	 	$	529,545	  	
Costs and expenses	  				 				 				 				
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization	  	 	166,796	  	 	 	158,756	  	 	 	259,444	  	 	 	245,816	  	
Publishing rights amortization	  	 	24,776	  	 	 	33,137	  	 	 	55,527	  	 	 	72,587	  	
Pre-publication amortization	  	 	32,063	  	 	 	30,496	  	 	 	61,037	  	 	 	56,653	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	  	 	223,635	  	 	 	222,389	  	 	 	376,008	  	 	 	375,056	  	
Selling and administrative	  	 	152,283	  	 	 	133,467	  	 	 	289,293	  	 	 	263,703	  	
Other intangible asset amortization	  	 	3,007	  	 	 	2,681	  	 	 	5,952	  	 	 	13,433	  	
Impairment charge for investment in preferred stock, pre-publication costs and fixed assets	  	 	1,279	  	 	 	8,500	  	 	 	1,279	  	 	 	8,500	  	
Severance and other charges	  	 	3,362	  	 	 	1,553	  	 	 	5,119	  	 	 	3,481	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income (loss)	  	 	18,324	  	 	 	(5,639	) 	 	 	(121,828	) 	 	 	(134,628	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense)	  				 				 				 				
Interest expense	  	 	(4,395	) 	 	 	(5,678	) 	 	 	(8,692	) 	 	 	(11,585	) 	
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	  	 	(205	) 	 	 	51	  	 	 	(308	) 	 	 	(479	) 	
Loss on extinguishment of debt	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(598	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(598	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) before taxes	  	 	13,724	  	 	 	(11,864	) 	 	 	(130,828	) 	 	 	(147,290	) 	
Income tax expense	  	 	2,176	  	 	 	2,402	  	 	 	3,959	  	 	 	4,357	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss)	  	$	11,548	  	 	$	(14,266	) 	 	$	(134,787	) 	 	$	(151,647	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders	  				 				 				 				
Basic	  	$	0.08	  	 	$	(0.20	) 	 	$	(0.96	) 	 	$	(2.17	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Diluted	  	$	0.08	  	 	$	(0.20	) 	 	$	(0.96	) 	 	$	(2.17	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average shares outstanding	  				 				 				 				
Basic	  	 	140,074,707	  	 	 	69,960,056	  	 	 	140,028,757	  	 	 	69,959,522	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Diluted	  	 	143,025,017	  	 	 	69,960,056	  	 	 	140,028,757	  	 	 	69,959,522	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income (Unaudited)

 	  	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	
(in thousands of dollars, except share and per share information)	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	2014	 	 	2013	 	
					
Net income (loss)	  	$	11,548	  	 	$	(14,266	) 	 	$	(134,787	) 	 	$	(151,647	) 	
					
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes:	  				 				 				 				
Foreign currency translation adjustments	  	 	500	  	 	 	264	  	 	 	703	  	 	 	(479	) 	
					
Net changes related to pension liabilities, reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	  				 				 				 				
Amortization of prior service cost	  	 	243	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	243	  	 	 	—  	  	
Settlement loss recognized	  	 	1,740	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	1,740	  	 	 	—  	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Change in pension liability, net	  	 	1,983	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	1,983	  	 	 	—  	  	
					
Unrealized gain (loss) on short-term investments	  	 	(5	) 	 	 	4	  	 	 	4	  	 	 	(11	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	  	 	2,478	  	 	 	268	  	 	 	2,690	  	 	 	(490	) 	

	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Comprehensive income (loss)	  	$	14,026	  	 	$	(13,998	) 	 	$	(132,097	) 	 	$	(152,137	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

 	  	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	
(in thousands of dollars)	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	
Cash flows from operating activities	  				 				
Net loss	  	$	(134,787	) 	 	$	(151,647	) 	
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	  				 				
Gain on sale of assets	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(2,720	) 	
Depreciation and amortization expense	  	 	157,837	  	 	 	172,898	  	
Amortization of deferred financing costs	  	 	2,375	  	 	 	2,422	  	
Deferred income taxes	  	 	1,826	  	 	 	2,570	  	
Noncash stock-based compensation expense	  	 	5,944	  	 	 	3,275	  	
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	  	 	308	  	 	 	479	  	
Loss on extinguishment of debt	  	 	—  	  	 	 	598	  	
Impairment charge for investment in preferred stock, pre-publication costs and fixed assets	  	 	1,279	  	 	 	8,500	  	
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions	  				 				
Accounts receivable	  	 	(247,183	) 	 	 	(124,246	) 	
Inventories	  	 	(39,875	) 	 	 	(48,254	) 	
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	  	 	15,765	  	 	 	1,563	  	
Royalties, net	  	 	7,850	  	 	 	(6,955	) 	
Deferred revenue	  	 	103,475	  	 	 	4,489	  	
Interest payable	  	 	(7	) 	 	 	110	  	
Severance and other charges	  	 	(2,397	) 	 	 	(2,853	) 	
Accrued pension and postretirement benefits	  	 	(6,621	) 	 	 	(7,117	) 	
Other, net	  	 	2,104	  	 	 	(5,880	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	  	 	(132,107	) 	 	 	(152,768	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from investing activities	  				 				
Proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term investments	  	 	65,819	  	 	 	132,965	  	
Purchases of short-term investments	  	 	(8,053	) 	 	 	(94,851	) 	
Additions to pre-publication costs	  	 	(61,352	) 	 	 	(74,808	) 	
Additions to property, plant, and equipment	  	 	(31,144	) 	 	 	(31,213	) 	
Proceeds from sale of assets	  	 	—  	  	 	 	4,825	  	
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired	  	 	(9,091	) 	 	 	(5,276	) 	
Investment in preferred stock	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(1,500	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	  	 	(43,821	) 	 	 	(69,858	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from financing activities	  				 				
Payments of long-term debt	  	 	(1,250	) 	 	 	(1,250	) 	
Tax withholding payments related to net share settlements of restricted stock units	  	 	(366	) 	 	 	—  	  	
Proceeds from stock option exercises	  	 	3,345	  	 	 	—  	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	  	 	1,729	  	 	 	(1,250	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	  	 	(174,199	) 	 	 	(223,876	) 	
Cash and cash equivalents	  				 				
Beginning of period	  	 	313,628	  	 	 	329,078	  	
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	  	 	(174,199	) 	 	 	(223,876	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
End of period	  	$	139,429	  	 	$	105,202	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Supplementary disclosure of cash flow information	  				 				
Pre-publication costs included in accounts payable (non cash)	  	$	15,890	  	 	$	25,189	  	
Property, plant, and equipment included in accounts payable (non cash)	  	 	2,505	  	 	 	3,548	  	
Property, plant, and equipment acquired under capital leases (non cash)	  	 	3,862	  	 	 	4,346	  	
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
(in thousands of dollars, except share and per share information)
 
1.	 	Basis of Presentation	
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company, formerly known as HMH Holdings (Delaware), Inc. (“HMH”, “Houghton Mifflin Harcourt”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company”), is a leading global provider of education solutions, delivering content, technology, services and media to over 50 million students in over 150 countries worldwide. We deliver our offerings to both educational institutions and consumers around the world. We believe our long-standing reputation and well-known brands enable us to capitalize on consumer and digital trends in the education market through our existing and developing channels. Furthermore, since 1832, we have published trade and reference materials, including adult and children’s fiction and non-fiction books that have won industry awards such as the Pulitzer Prize, Newbery and Caldecott medals and National Book Award, all of which are generally known.
The consolidated financial statements of HMH include the accounts of all of our wholly-owned subsidiaries as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013 and the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2014 and June 30, 2013.
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in our annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted consistent with Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, our unaudited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary by management to fairly state the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the interim periods presented. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or for any future period. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the annual financial statements and the notes thereto also included therein.
During the first quarter of 2014, we recorded an out of period correction of approximately $1.1 million reducing net sales and increasing deferred revenue that should have been deferred previously. In addition, during the first quarter of 2014, we recorded approximately $3.5 million of incremental expense, primarily commissions, related to the prior year. These out of period corrections had no impact on our debt covenant compliance. Management believes these out of period corrections are not material to the current period financial statements or any previously issued financial statements and does not expect them to be material for the full fiscal year 2014. Additionally, we revised previously reported balance sheet amounts to severance and other charges of $7.3 million, which has been reclassified as long term and to current deferred revenue of $5.2 million which has also been reclassified as long term. This revision was not material to the reported consolidated balance sheet for any previously filed periods.
Seasonality and Comparability
Our net sales, operating profit and operating cash flows are impacted by the inherent seasonality of the academic calendar. Consequently, the performance of our businesses may not be comparable quarter to consecutive quarter and should be considered on the basis of results for the whole year or by comparing results in a quarter with results in the same quarter for the previous year.
Schools make most of their purchases in the second and third quarters of the calendar year in preparation for the beginning of the school year. Thus, over the past three years, approximately 67% of consolidated net sales have historically been realized in the second and third quarters. Sales of K-12 instructional materials and customized testing products are also cyclical, with some years offering more sales opportunities than others. The amount of funding available at the state level for educational materials also has a significant effect on year-to-year net sales. Although the loss of a single school customer would not have a material adverse effect on our business, schedules of school adoptions and market acceptance of our products can materially affect year-to-year net sales performance.
 
2.	 	Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates	
Our financial results are affected by the selection and application of accounting policies and methods. There were no material changes in the three and six months ended June 30, 2014 to the application of significant accounting policies and estimates as described in our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013.
 
3.	 	Recent Accounting Pronouncements	
Recent accounting pronouncements not included below, are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
 
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In June 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued new guidance related to stock compensation. The new standard requires that a performance target that affects vesting, and that could be achieved after the requisite service period, be treated as a performance condition. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant date fair value of the award. This update further clarifies that compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved and should represent the compensation cost attributable to the periods for which the requisite service has already been rendered. The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015 and can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively to all awards outstanding as of the beginning of the earliest annual period presented as an adjustment to opening retained earnings. Early adoption is permitted. We do not believe the adoption of this new accounting standard will impact our consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to revenue recognition. This new standard will replace all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminate all industry-specific guidance. The new revenue recognition standard provides a unified model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration for which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This guidance will be effective beginning January 1, 2017 and can be applied either retrospectively to each period presented or as a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. We are in the process of evaluating the impact of adopting this new accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements.
In April 2014, the FASB issued new guidance related to reporting discontinued operations. This new standard raises the threshold for a disposal to qualify as a discontinued operation and requires new disclosures of both discontinued operations and certain other disposals that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning on or after December 15, 2014. Early adoption is permitted but only for disposals that have not been reported in financial statements previously issued. We are in the process of evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting this new accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements.
 
4.	 	Acquisitions	
On May 12, 2014, we completed the acquisition of certain assets and liabilities of Channel One News, which is a digital content provider dedicated to encouraging kids to be informed, digitally-savvy global citizens. The acquisition allows for continued development of high-quality digital content for students, teachers and parents across multiple modalities, and will bring video and cross-media production capabilities to HMH.
On May 19, 2014, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the stock of Curiosityville, which is an online personalized learning environment that helps children ages 3-8 learn through playful exploration and discovery both at home and in pre-school settings. The acquisition also includes its proprietary data collection and analytics engine, the Learning Tree, which provides real-time information on individual learners and personalized recommendations for learning, both online and offline.
On June 30, 2014, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the stock of School Chapters, which is an educational solutions provider dedicated to standards-based education quality management, accreditation services and community-based resources for educators and learners across the pre-K-12 and college spectrum.
The total aggregate purchase price for the three acquisitions described above was approximately $9.5 million, which consisted of cash at closing of approximately $9.1 million, and amounts in accrued liabilities of approximately $0.4 million. Goodwill, other intangible assets, accounts receivable, property, plant, and equipment, other assets and other liabilities recorded as part of the acquisitions totaled approximately $1.1 million, $0.2 million, $3.1 million, $6.8 million, $0.4 million and $1.7 million, respectively.
The 2014 transactions were accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. We allocated the purchase price to each of the assets and liabilities acquired at estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the net amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. The financial results of each company acquired were included within our financial statements from their respective dates of acquisition. The acquisitions were not considered to be material for purposes of additional disclosure.
In 2013, we made a $1.5 million investment in preferred stock. Based on impairment indicators, we were required to remeasure the fair value of our 2013 investment with any resulting gain or loss recognized in the statement of operations. Based on the implied fair value of the investment, we recorded an impairment charge of approximately $1.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2014 relating to the fair value remeasurement.
 
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5.	 	Inventories	
Inventories consisted of the following:

 	  	June 30,
2014	 	  	December 31,
2013	 	
Finished goods	  	$	214,719	  	  	$	177,017	  	
Raw materials	  	 	7,354	  	  	 	5,177	  	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Inventory	  	$	222,073	  	  	$	182,194	  	

6.	 	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	
Goodwill and other intangible assets consisted of the following:

 	  	June 30, 2014	 	 	December 31, 2013	 	
 	  	Cost	 	  	Accumulated
Amortization	 	 	Cost	 	  	Accumulated
Amortization	 	
Goodwill	  	$	532,921	  	  	$	—  	  	 	$	531,786	  	  	$	—  	  	
Trademarks and trade names	  	 	440,119	  	  	 	—  	  	 	 	440,005	  	  	 	—  	  	
Publishing rights	  	 	1,180,000	  	  	 	(839,463	) 	 	 	1,180,000	  	  	 	(783,937	) 	
Customer related and other	  	 	283,226	  	  	 	(205,196	) 	 	 	283,172	  	  	 	(199,246	) 	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
	  	$	2,436,266	  	  	$	(1,044,659	) 	 	$	2,434,963	  	  	$	(983,183	) 	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the periods ended June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013 were as follows:

Goodwill	  	$	1,974,286	  	
Accumulated impairment losses	  	 	(1,442,500	) 	
	  	 	 	 	
Balance at December 31, 2013	  	$	531,786	  	
	  	 	 	 	
Acquisitions	  	 	1,135	  	
	  	 	 	 	
Balance at June 30, 2014	  	$	532,921	  	
	  	 	 	 	
Goodwill	  	 	1,975,421	  	
Accumulated impairment losses	  	 	(1,442,500	) 	
	  	 	 	 	
Balance at June 30, 2014	  	$	532,921	  	
	  	 	 	 	
Amortization expense for publishing rights and customer related and other intangibles were $27.8 million and $35.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and $61.5 million and $86.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
 
7.	 	Debt	
Our debt consisted of the following:

 	  	June 30,
2014	 	  	December 31,
2013	 	
$250,000 term loan due May 21, 2018 interest payable monthly	  	$	244,375	  	  	$	245,625	  	
Less: Current portion of long-term debt	  	 	2,500	  	  	 	2,500	  	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total long-term debt	  	$	241,875	  	  	$	243,125	  	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
On January 15, 2014, we entered into Amendment No. 4 to our term loan facility, which reduced the interest rate applicable to outstanding borrowings by 1.0%. The transaction was accounted for under the accounting guidance for debt modifications and extinguishments. We recorded an expense of approximately $1.0 million relating to third party transaction fees which was included in the selling and administrative line item in its consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2014.
 
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Loan Covenants
We are required to meet certain restrictive financial covenants as defined under our term loan facility and revolving credit facility. We have financial covenants pertaining to interest coverage, maximum leverage, and fixed charge ratios. The interest coverage ratio is now 9.0 to 1.0 for all fiscal quarters ending through maturity. The maximum leverage ratio is now 2.0 to 1.0 for all fiscal quarters ending through maturity. The fixed charge ratio, which only pertains to the revolving credit facility and is only tested in limited situations, is 1.0 to 1.0 through the end of the facility. As of June 30, 2014, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants.
Loan Guarantees
Under both the revolving credit facility and the term loan facility, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishers Inc., HMH Publishers LLC and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company are the borrowers (collectively, the “Borrowers”), and Citibank, N.A. acts as both the administrative agent and the collateral agent.
The obligations under our senior secured credit facilities are guaranteed by the Company and each of its direct and indirect for profit domestic subsidiaries (other than the Borrowers) (collectively, the “Guarantors”) and are secured by all capital stock and other equity interests of the Borrowers and the Guarantors and substantially all of the other tangible and intangible assets of the Borrowers and the Guarantors, including, without limitation, receivables, inventory, equipment, contract rights, securities, patents, trademarks, other intellectual property, cash, bank accounts and securities accounts and owned real estate. The revolving credit facility is secured by first priority liens on receivables, inventory, deposit accounts, securities accounts, instruments, chattel paper and other assets related to the foregoing (the “Revolving First Lien Collateral”), and second priority liens on the collateral which secures the term loan facility on a first priority basis. The term loan facility is secured by first priority liens on the capital stock and other equity interests of the Borrower and the Guarantors, equipment, owned real estate, trademarks and other intellectual property, general intangibles that are not Revolving First Lien Collateral and other assets related to the foregoing, and second priority liens on the Revolving First Lien Collateral.
 
8.	 	Severance and Other Charges	
2014
During the six months ended June 30, 2014, $5.3 million of severance payments were made to employees whose employment ended in 2014 and prior years and $2.2 million of net payments for office space no longer utilized by the Company. Further, we recorded an expense in the amount of $3.6 million to reflect additional costs for severance, which we expect to pay over the next twelve months, along with a $1.5 million accrual for additional space vacated.
2013
During the six months ended June 30, 2013, $2.4 million of severance payments were made to employees whose employment ended in 2013 and prior years and $4.0 million of net payments for office space no longer utilized by the Company. Further, we recorded an expense in the amount of $2.3 million to reflect additional costs for severance, which we expect to pay over the next twelve months, along with a $1.2 million accrual for additional space vacated.
A summary of the significant components of the severance/restructuring and other charges is as follows:

 	  	2014	 	
 	  	Severance/
restructuring
accrual at
December 31, 2013	 	  	Severance/
restructuring
expense	 	  	Cash payments	 	 	Severance/
restructuring
accrual at
June 30, 2014	 	
Severance costs	  	$	4,115	  	  	$	3,659	  	  	$	(5,326	) 	 	$	2,448	  	
Other accruals	  	 	11,416	  	  	 	1,460	  	  	 	(2,190	) 	 	 	10,686	  	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
	  	$	15,531	  	  	$	5,119	  	  	$	(7,516	) 	 	$	13,134	  	

																	
 	  	2013	 	
 	  	Severance/
restructuring
accrual at
December 31, 2012	 	  	Severance/
restructuring
expense	 	  	Cash payments	 	 	Severance/
restructuring
accrual at
June 30, 2013	 	
Severance costs	  	$	2,142	  	  	$	2,274	  	  	$	(2,354	) 	 	$	2,062	  	
Other accruals	  	 	16,148	  	  	 	1,207	  	  	 	(3,980	) 	 	 	13,375	  	

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 	  	2013	 	
 	  	Severance/
restructuring
accrual at
December 31, 2012	 	  	Severance/
restructuring
expense	 	  	Cash payments	 	 	Severance/
restructuring
accrual at
June 30, 2013	 	
	  	$	18,290	  	  	$	3,481	  	  	$	(6,334	) 	 	$	15,437	  	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
The current portion of the severance and other charges was $5.9 million and $8.2 million as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively.
 
9.	 	Income Taxes	
The computation of the annual estimated effective tax rate at each interim period requires certain estimates and significant judgment including, but not limited to, the expected operating income for the year, projections of the proportion of income earned and taxed in various jurisdictions, permanent and temporary differences, and the likelihood of recovering deferred tax assets generated in the current year. The accounting estimates used to compute the provision for income taxes may change as new events occur, more experience is acquired, additional information is obtained or as the tax environment changes.
At the end of each interim period, we estimate the annual effective tax rate and apply that rate to our ordinary quarterly earnings. The amount of interim tax benefit recorded for the year-to-date ordinary loss is limited to the amount that is expected to be realized during the year or recognizable as a deferred tax asset at year end. The tax expense or benefit related to significant, unusual or extraordinary items that will be separately reported or reported net of their related tax effect, and are individually computed, are recognized in the interim period in which those items occur. In addition, the effect of changes in enacted tax laws or rates or tax status is recognized in the interim period in which the change occurs.
For the three months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, we recorded an income tax expense of approximately $2.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, we recorded an income tax expense of approximately $4.0 million and $4.4 million, respectively. For both periods, the income tax expense was impacted by certain discrete tax items including the accrual of potential interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions. Including the tax effects of these discrete tax items, the effective rate was 15.9% and 20.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and 3.0% and 3.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Reserves for unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest, were $62.3 million at June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, and included in other long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
 
10.	 	Retirement and Postretirement Benefit Plans	
We have a noncontributory, qualified defined benefit pension plan (the “Retirement Plan”), which covers certain employees. The Retirement Plan is a cash balance plan, which accrues benefits based on pay, length of service, and interest. We also have a nonqualified defined benefit plan, or nonqualified plan, that previously covered employees who earned over the qualified pay limit as determined by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. The nonqualified plan accrues benefits for the participants based on the cash balance plan calculation. In 2007, both the qualified and nonqualified pension plans eliminated participation in the plans for new employees hired after October 31, 2007. We also had a foreign defined benefit plan. On July 20, 2011, we entered into a bulk annuity policy with a third party which effectively terminated the foreign defined benefit plan. This policy covers all known plan beneficiaries and liabilities and represents a full transfer of the plan’s financial and longevity risk to the third party. The policy is held in the name of the plan trustees. At the time, this termination did not constitute a settlement of liability under applicable accounting guidance for pension plans. Following a full plan data cleansing, the bulk annuity policy is expected to be converted into individual annuity policies at which point the plan will be discharged of all future liability with respect to the plan beneficiaries. During the three months ended June 30, 2014, the conversion to individual annuity policies along with the liability discharge occurred, which resulted in a settlement charge of approximately $1.7 million. This amount has been recorded to the selling and administrative line in our consolidated statements of operations.
We are required to recognize the funded status of defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans as an asset or liability in the balance sheet and are required to recognize actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and credits in other comprehensive income and subsequently amortize those items in the statements of operations. Further, we are required to use a measurement date equal to the fiscal year end.
Net periodic benefit cost for our pension and other postretirement benefits plans consisted of the following:

 	  	              Pension Benefits               	 	
 	  	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	
Interest cost	  	$	4,114	  	 	$	3,693	  	
Expected return on plan assets	  	 	(5,339	) 	 	 	(5,052	) 	
Amortization of prior service cost	  	 	243	  	 	 	—  	  	
Amortization of net loss	  	 	3	  	 	 	168	  	
 
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 	  	              Pension Benefits               	 	
 	  	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	
Settlement loss recognized	  	 	1,740	  	 	 	—  	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost	  	$	761	  	 	$	(1,191	) 	

 	  	Other Post Retirement Benefits	 	
 	  	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	
Service cost	  	$	90	  	 	$	111	  	
Interest cost	  	 	591	  	 	 	547	  	
Amortization of prior service cost	  	 	(691	) 	 	 	(691	) 	
Amortization of net loss	  	 	—  	  	 	 	155	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost	  	$	(10	) 	 	$	122	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Contributions for the pension and post-retirement benefit plans for the six months ended June 30, 2014 and June 30, 2013 were $4.3 million and $5.0 million, respectively.
We expect to contribute an additional $4.5 million during the remainder of 2014.
 
11.	 	Fair Value Measurements	
The accounting standard for fair value measurements among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. The accounting standard establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1	  	Observable input such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;	
		
Level 2	  	Observable inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and	
		
Level 3	  	Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.	
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on one or more of three valuation techniques identified in the tables below. Where more than one technique is noted, individual assets or liabilities were valued using one or more of the noted techniques. The valuation techniques are as follows:
 
 	(a)  	Market approach: Prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities;	
 
 	(b)  	Cost approach: Amount that would be currently required to replace the service capacity of an asset (current replacement cost); and	
 
 	(c)  	Income approach: Valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on market expectations (including present value techniques).	
On a recurring basis, we measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value, including our money market funds, short-term investments which consist of U.S. treasury securities and U.S. agency securities, and foreign exchange forward and option contracts. The accounting standard for fair value measurements defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. In determining fair value, we utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible as well as consider counterparty and its credit risk in its assessment of fair value.

The following tables present our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

 	  	     June 30,     
2014	 	  	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)	 	  	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	  	Valuation
Technique	
Financial assets	  				  				  				  		
Money market funds	  	$	101,365	  	  	$	101,365	  	  	$	—  	  	  	(a)	
U.S. treasury securities	  	 	31,000	  	  	 	31,000	  	  	 	—  	  	  	(a)	
U.S. agency securities	  	 	22,587	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	22,587	  	  	(a)	
Foreign exchange derivatives	  	 	85	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	85	  	  	(a)	

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 	  	     June 30,     
2014	 	  	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)	 	  	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	  	Valuation
Technique	
	  	$	155,037	  	  	$	132,365	  	  	$	22,672	  	  		

															
 	  	December 31,
2013	 	  	Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)	 	  	Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)	 	  	Valuation
Technique	
Financial assets	  				  				  				  		
Money market funds	  	$	259,031	  	  	$	259,031	  	  	$	—  	  	  	(a)	
U.S. treasury securities	  	 	57,076	  	  	 	57,076	  	  	 	—  	  	  	(a)	
U.S. agency securities	  	 	54,645	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	54,645	  	  	(a)	
Foreign exchange derivatives	  	 	222	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	222	  	  	(a)	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  		
	  	$	370,974	  	  	$	316,107	  	  	$	54,867	  	  		
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  		
Our money market funds and U.S. treasury securities are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments. Our U.S. agency securities are classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using other than quoted prices in active markets. In addition to $101.4 million and $259.0 million invested in money market funds as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, we had $38.0 million and $54.6 million of cash invested in bank accounts as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively.
Our foreign exchange derivatives consist of forward and option contracts and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on observable inputs and are available for substantially the full term of our derivative instruments. We use foreign exchange forward and option contracts to fix the functional currency value of forecasted commitments, payments and receipts. The aggregate notional amount of the outstanding foreign exchange forward and option contracts was $23.5 million and $24.1 million at June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Our foreign exchange forward and option contracts contain netting provisions to mitigate credit risk in the event of counterparty default, including payment default and cross default. At June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the fair value of our counterparty default exposure was less than $1.0 million and spread across several highly rated counterparties.
The following table presents our nonfinancial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during 2014 and 2013:

 	  	     June 30,     
2014	 	  	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	  	Total
Impairment	 	  	Valuation
Technique	
Nonfinancial assets	  				  				  				  		
Investment in preferred stock	  	$	—  	  	  	$	—  	  	  	$	1,279	  	  	(c)	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  		
Nonfinancial liabilities	  				  				  				  		
Contingent consideration liability associated with acquisitions	  	$	1,941	  	  	$	1,941	  	  	$	—  	  	  	(c)	

															
 	  	December 31,
2013	 	  	Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)	 	  	Total
Impairment	 	  	Valuation
Technique	
Nonfinancial assets	  				  				  				  		
Property, plant, and equipment	  	$	—  	  	  	$	—  	  	  	$	7,439	  	  	(b)	
Pre-publication costs	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	1,061	  	  	(b)	
Other intangible assets	  	 	4,200	  	  	 	4,200	  	  	 	500	  	  	(a)(c)	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  		
	  	$	4,200	  	  	$	4,200	  	  	$	9,000	  	  		
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  		
Nonfinancial liabilities	  				  				  				  		
Contingent consideration liability associated with acquisitions	  	$	1,881	  	  	$	1,881	  	  	$	—  	  	  	(c)	

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Our nonfinancial assets, which include goodwill, other intangible assets, property, plant, and equipment, and pre-publication costs, are not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. However, if certain trigger events occur, or if an annual impairment test is required, we evaluate the nonfinancial assets for impairment. If an impairment did occur, the asset is required to be recorded at the estimated fair value.
We review software development costs, included within property, plant, and equipment, for impairment. There was no impairment recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2014. For the six months ended June 30, 2013, software development costs of $7.4 million were impaired as the products will not be sold in the marketplace.
Pre-publication costs recorded on the balance sheet are periodically reviewed for impairment by comparing the unamortized capitalized costs of the assets to the fair value of those assets. There was no impairment recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2014. For the six months ended June 30, 2013, pre-publication costs of $1.1 million were impaired as the programs will not be sold in the marketplace.
In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we first compare our reporting unit’s fair value to its carrying value. We estimate the fair values of our reporting units by considering market multiple and recent transaction values of peer companies, where available, and projected discounted cash flows, if reasonably estimable. There was no impairment recorded for goodwill for the six months ended June 30, 2014 and June 30, 2013.
We perform an impairment test for our other intangible assets by comparing the assets fair value to its carrying value. Fair value is estimated based on recent market transactions, where available, and projected discounted cash flows, if reasonably estimable. There was no impairment recorded for six months ended June 30, 2014 and June 30, 2013. The fair value of goodwill and other intangible assets are estimates, which are inherently subject to significant uncertainties, and actual results could vary significantly from these estimates.
We reviewed our former investment in preferred stock, which was included in other assets, periodically for impairment. In connection with an acquisition, we remeasured the fair value of the investment and recorded an impairment of $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014.
The fair value of an acquisition-related contingent consideration liability is affected most significantly by changes in the estimated probabilities of the contingencies being achieved.
The following table presents a summary of changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 liabilities measured on a recurring basis for June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

 	  	Level 3
Inputs
Liabilities	 	
Balance at December 31, 2013	  	$	1,881	  	
Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability, included in interest expense	  	 	60	  	
	  	 	 	 	
Balance at June 30, 2014	  	$	1,941	  	
	  	 	 	 	
Fair Value of Debt
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair market values of our debt at June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013. The fair value of debt is deemed to be the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

 	  	June 30, 2014	 	  	December 31, 2013	 	
 	  	Carrying
Amount	 	  	Estimated
Fair Value	 	  	Carrying
Amount	 	  	Estimated
Fair Value	 	
Debt	  				  				  				  				
$250,000 term loan	  	$	244,375	  	  	$	245,902	  	  	$	245,625	  	  	$	247,774	  	
The fair market values of our debt were estimated based on quoted market prices on a private exchange for those instruments that are traded and are classified as level 2 within the fair value hierarchy, at June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013. The fair market values require varying degrees of management judgment. The factors used to estimate these values may not be valid on any subsequent date. Accordingly, the fair market values of the debt presented may not be indicative of their future values.
 
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12.	 	Commitments and Contingencies	
Contingencies
We are involved in ordinary and routine litigation and matters incidental to our business. Litigation alleging infringement of copyrights and other intellectual property rights has become extensive in the educational publishing industry. Specifically, there have been various settled, pending and threatened litigation that allege we exceeded the print run limitation or other restrictions in licenses granted to us to reproduce photographs in our textbooks. While management believes that there is a reasonable possibility we may incur a loss associated with the pending and threatened litigation, we are not able to estimate such amount, but we do not expect any of these matters to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. We have insurance over such amounts and with coverage and deductibles as management believes is reasonable. There can be no assurance that our liability insurance will cover all events or that the limits of coverage will be sufficient to fully cover all liabilities. We were contingently liable for $23.2 million and $23.0 million of performance related surety bonds for our operating activities as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. An aggregate of $19.3 million and $19.7 million of letters of credit existed as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, of which $2.4 million backed the aforementioned performance related surety bonds as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively.
We routinely enter into standard indemnification provisions as part of license agreements involving use of our intellectual property. These provisions typically require us to indemnify and hold harmless licensees in connection with any infringement claim by a third party relating to the intellectual property covered by the license agreement. The assessment business routinely enters into contracts with customers that contain provisions requiring us to indemnify the customer against a broad array of potential liabilities resulting from any breach of the contract or the invalidity of the test. Although the term of these provisions and the maximum potential amounts of future payments we could be required to make is not limited, we have never incurred any costs to defend or settle claims related to these types of indemnification provisions. We therefore believe the estimated fair value of these provisions is inconsequential, and have no liabilities recorded for them as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers
As of June 30, 2014, two customers represented approximately $116.9 million, or 19.6%, of our accounts receivable balance. We believe that our accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited and we have not experienced significant write-downs in our accounts receivable balances. There are payables by the Company to the same customers in the amount of $24.6 million and there are legal or contractual rights to offset such customers.
As of December 31, 2013, two customers represented approximately $127.9 million, or 40.2%, of our accounts receivable balance. We believe that our accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited and we have not experienced significant write-downs in our accounts receivable balances. There is a payable by the Company to one of the same customers in the amount of $4.6 million and there is a contractual right to offset with such customer.
 
13.	 	Net Income (Loss) Per Share	
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”):

 	  	For the Three
Months Ended
June 30,
2014	 	  	For the Three
Months Ended
June 30,
2013	 	 	For the Six
Months Ended
June 30,
2014	 	 	For the Six
Months Ended
June 30,
2013	 	
Numerator	  				  				 				 				
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders	  	$	11,548	  	  	$	(14,266	) 	 	$	(134,787	) 	 	$	(151,647	) 	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Denominator	  				  				 				 				
Weighted average shares outstanding	  				  				 				 				
Basic	  	 	140,074,707	  	  	 	69,960,056	  	 	 	140,028,757	  	 	 	69,959,522	  	
Diluted	  	 	143,025,017	  	  	 	69,960,056	  	 	 	140,028,757	  	 	 	69,959,522	  	
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders	  				  				 				 				
Basic	  	$	0.08	  	  	$	(0.20	) 	 	$	(0.96	) 	 	$	(2.17	) 	
Diluted	  	$	0.08	  	  	$	(0.20	) 	 	$	(0.96	) 	 	$	(2.17	) 	
As we incurred a net loss in the three month period ended June 30, 2013 and the six month periods ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, presented above, the outstanding stock options and restricted stock units for those periods have an anti-dilutive effect and therefore are
 
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excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding. Accordingly, basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding are equal for such periods.
The following table summarizes our outstanding common stock equivalents that were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted EPS:

 	  	For the Three
Months Ended
June 30,
2014	 	  	For the Three
Months Ended
June 30,
2013	 	  	For the Six
Months Ended
June 30,
2014	 	  	For the Six
Months Ended
June 30,
2013	 	
Stock options	  	 	221,101	  	  	 	4,976,860	  	  	 	5,170,440	  	  	 	4,854,018	  	
Restricted stock units	  	 	—  	  	  	 	49,589	  	  	 	216,239	  	  	 	44,260	  	
 
14.	 	Segment Reporting	
As of June 30, 2014, we had two reportable segments (Education and Trade Publishing). Our Education segment provides educational products, technology platforms and services to meet the diverse needs of today’s classrooms. These products and services include print and digital content in the form of textbooks, digital courseware, instructional aids, educational assessment and intervention solutions, which are aimed at improving achievement and supporting learning for students that are not keeping pace with peers, professional development and school reform services. Our Trade Publishing segment primarily develops, markets and sells consumer books in print and digital formats and licenses book rights to other publishers and electronic businesses in the United States and abroad. The principal markets for Trade Publishing products are retail stores, both physical and online, and wholesalers. Reference materials are also sold to schools, colleges, libraries, office supply distributors and other businesses.
We measure and evaluate our reportable segments based on net sales and segment Adjusted EBITDA. We exclude from segment Adjusted EBITDA certain corporate related expenses, as our corporate functions do not meet the definition of a segment, as defined in the accounting guidance relating to segment reporting. In addition, certain transactions or adjustments that our Chief Operating Decision Maker considers to be unusual and/or non-operational, such as amounts related to goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges and restructuring related charges, as well as amortization expenses, are excluded from segment Adjusted EBITDA. Although we exclude these amounts from segment Adjusted EBITDA, they are included in reported consolidated net income (loss) and are included in the reconciliation below.

(in thousands)	  	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	Total	 	
 	  	Education	 	  	Trade
Publishing	 	  	Corporate/
Other	 	 	 	 	
2014	  				  				  				 				
Net sales	  	$	364,618	  	  	$	37,272	  	  	$	—  	 	 	$	401,890	  	
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	 	119,316	  	  	 	1,940	  	  	 	(12,017	) 	 	 	109,239	  	
2013	  				  				  				 				
Net sales	  	$	323,733	  	  	$	39,218	  	  	$	—  	 	 	$	362,951	  	
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	 	100,060	  	  	 	4,648	  	  	 	(7,559	) 	 	 	97,149	  	
			
(in thousands)	  	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	 	Total	 	
 	  	Education	 	  	Trade
Publishing	 	  	Corporate/
Other	 	 	 	 	
2014	  				  				  				 				
Net sales	  	$	486,492	  	  	$	69,331	  	  	$	—  	 	 	$	555,823	  	
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	 	79,089	  	  	 	622	  	  	 	(23,667	) 	 	 	56,044	  	
2013	  				  				  				 				
Net sales	  	$	450,560	  	  	$	78,985	  	  	$	—  	 	 	$	529,545	  	
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	 	73,447	  	  	 	11,308	  	  	 	(20,048	) 	 	 	64,707	  	
Reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to the consolidated statements of operations is as follows:

(in thousands)	  	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	2014	 	 	2013	 	
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	$	109,239	  	 	$	97,149	  	 	$	56,044	  	 	$	64,707	  	
Interest expense	  	 	(4,395	) 	 	 	(5,678	) 	 	 	(8,692	) 	 	 	(11,585	) 	
 
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(in thousands)	  	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	2014	 	 	2013	 	
Depreciation expense	  	 	(18,082	) 	 	 	(15,884	) 	 	 	(35,321	) 	 	 	(30,225	) 	
Amortization expense	  	 	(59,846	) 	 	 	(66,314	) 	 	 	(122,516	) 	 	 	(142,673	) 	
Stock compensation	  	 	(3,547	) 	 	 	(1,689	) 	 	 	(5,944	) 	 	 	(3,275	) 	
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments	  	 	(205	) 	 	 	51	  	 	 	(308	) 	 	 	(479	) 	
Asset impairment charges	  	 	(1,279	) 	 	 	(8,500	) 	 	 	(1,279	) 	 	 	(8,500	) 	
Purchase accounting adjustments	  	 	(1,016	) 	 	 	(2,812	) 	 	 	(1,591	) 	 	 	(4,878	) 	
Fees, expenses or charges for equity offerings, debt or acquisitions	  	 	(1,576	) 	 	 	(1,497	) 	 	 	(3,690	) 	 	 	(1,764	) 	
Restructuring	  	 	(2,207	) 	 	 	(1,539	) 	 	 	(2,412	) 	 	 	(1,539	) 	
Severance, separation costs and facility closures	  	 	(3,362	) 	 	 	(4,553	) 	 	 	(5,119	) 	 	 	(6,481	) 	
Debt extinguishment loss	  	 	—  	 	 	 	(598	) 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(598	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net Income (Loss) from continuing operations before taxes	  	 	13,724	  	 	 	(11,864	) 	 	 	(130,828	) 	 	 	(147,290	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Provision for income taxes	  	 	(2,176	) 	 	 	(2,402	) 	 	 	(3,959	) 	 	 	(4,357	) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss)	  	$	11,548	  	 	$	(14,266	) 	 	$	(134,787	) 	 	$	(151,647	) 	

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 Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of HMH should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial statements and notes thereto and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, which was filed with the Securities Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 27, 2014. This “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Overview
We are a leading global provider of education solutions, delivering content, technology, services and media to over 50 million students in over 150 countries worldwide. We deliver our offerings to both educational institutions and consumers around the world. We believe our long-standing reputation and well-known brands enable us to capitalize on consumer and digital trends in the education market through our existing and developing channels. Furthermore, since 1832, we have published trade and reference materials, including adult and children’s fiction and non-fiction books that have won industry awards such as the Pulitzer Prize, Newbery and Caldecott medals and National Book Award, all of which are generally known.
Corporate History
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company was incorporated as a Delaware corporation on March 5, 2010, and was established as the holding company of the current operating group. The Company changed its name from HMH Holdings (Delaware), Inc. on October 22, 2013. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt was formed in December 2007 with the acquisition of Harcourt Education Group, then the second-largest K-12 U.S. publisher, by Houghton Mifflin Group. We are headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.
Key Aspects and Trends of Our Operations
Business Segments
We are organized along two business segments: Education and Trade Publishing. Our Education segment is our largest segment and represented approximately 88%, 88% and 90% of our total net sales for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Our Trade Publishing segment represented approximately 12%, 12% and 10% of our total net sales for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The Corporate and Other category represents certain general overhead costs not fully allocated to the business segments, such as legal, accounting, treasury, human resources and executive functions.
Net Sales
We derive revenue primarily from the sale of print and digital textbooks and instructional materials, trade books, reference materials, multimedia instructional programs, license fees for book rights, content, software and services, test scoring, consulting and training. We primarily sell to customers in the United States. Our net sales are driven primarily as a function of volume and, to a certain extent, changes in price. Our net sales consist of our billings for products and services less revenue that will be deferred until future recognition, usually due to future deliverable products or functions and a provision for product returns.
Basal programs, which represent the most significant portion of our Education segment net sales, cover curriculum standards in a particular K-12 academic subject and include a comprehensive offering of teacher and student materials required to conduct the class throughout the school year. Products and services in basal programs include print and digital offerings for students and a variety of supporting materials such as teacher’s editions, formative assessments, whole group instruction materials, practice aids, educational games and services. The process through which materials and curricula are selected and procured for classroom use varies throughout the United States. Twenty states, known as adoption states, approve and procure new basal programs usually every five to seven years on a state-wide basis, before individual schools or school districts are permitted to schedule the purchase of materials. In all remaining states, known as open states or open territories, each individual school or school district can procure materials at any time, though usually according to a five to nine year cycle. The student population in adoption states represents over 50% of the U.S. elementary and secondary school-age population. Many adoption states provide “categorical funding” for instructional materials, which means that state funds cannot be used for any other purpose.
A significant portion of our Education segment net sales is dependent upon our ability to maintain residual sales, which are subsequent sales after the year of the original adoption, and our ability to continue to generate new business. In addition, our market is affected by changes in state curriculum standards, which drive instruction, assessment and accountability in each state. Changes in
 
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state curriculum standards require that instructional materials be revised or replaced to align to the new standards, which historically has driven demand for basal programs.
We also derive our Education segment net sales from the sale of summative, formative or in-classroom and diagnostic assessments to districts and schools in all 50 states. Summative assessments are concluding or “final” exams that measure students’ proficiency in a particular academic subject or group of subjects on an aggregate level or against state standards. Formative assessments are on-going, in-classroom tests that occur throughout the school year and monitor progress in certain subjects or curriculum units. Additionally, our offerings include supplemental products that target struggling learners through comprehensive intervention solutions along with products targeted at assisting English language learners.
In international markets, our Education segment predominantly exports and sells K-12 books to premium private schools that utilize the U.S. curriculum, which are located primarily in Asia, the Pacific, the Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean. Our international sales team utilizes a global network of distributors in local markets around the world.
Our Trade Publishing segment sells works of fiction and non-fiction for adults and children, dictionaries and other reference works through physical and online retail outlets and book distributors, as well as through our e-commerce platform.
Factors affecting our net sales include:
Education
 
 	•	 	state or district per student funding levels;	
 
 	•	 	the cyclicality of the purchasing schedule for adoption states;	
 
 	•	 	student enrollments;	
 
 	•	 	adoption of new education standards; and	
 
 	•	 	technological advancement and the introduction of new content and products that meet the needs of students, teachers and consumers, including through strategic agreements pertaining to content development and distribution.	
Trade Publishing
 
 	•	 	consumer spending levels as influenced by various factors, including the U.S. economy and consumer confidence;	
 
 	•	 	the transition to e-books and any resulting impact on market growth;	
 
 	•	 	the publishing of bestsellers along with obtaining recognized authors; and	
 
 	•	 	movie tie-ins to our titles that spur sales of current and backlist titles, which are titles that have been on sale for more than a year.	
State or district per student funding levels, which closely correlate with state and local receipts from income, sales and property taxes, impact our sales as institutional customers are affected by funding cycles. Most public school districts, the primary customers for K-12 products and services, are largely dependent on state and local funding to purchase materials. Recently, total educational materials expenditures by institutions in the United States is rebounding in the wake of the economic recovery. Globally, education expenditures are projected to grow at 7% through 2018, according to GSV Asset Management.
We monitor the purchasing cycles for specific disciplines in the adoption states in order to manage our product development and to plan sales campaigns. Our sales may be materially impacted during the years that major adoption states, such as Florida, California and Texas, are or are not scheduled to make significant purchases. Florida is implementing a language arts adoption in 2014 and is scheduled to adopt social studies materials in 2015, for purchase in 2016. Texas school districts are purchasing mathematics and science materials in 2014, and this fall the State will adopt social studies and high school math materials for purchase in 2015. California adopted math materials in 2013, with purchases expected to be spread over 2014-15, and is scheduled to adopt English language arts materials in 2015 for purchase beginning in 2016. Both Florida and Texas, along with several other adoption states, provide dedicated state funding for instructional materials and classroom technology, with funding typically appropriated by the legislature in the first half of the year in which materials are to be purchased. Texas has a two-year budget cycle and in the 2015 legislative session will appropriate funds for purchases in 2015 and 2016. California funds instructional materials in part with a dedicated portion of state lottery proceeds and in part out of general formula funds, with the minimum overall level of school funding determined according to the Proposition 98 funding guarantee. Nationally, total state funding for public schools has been trending upward as state revenues recover from the lows of the 2008-2009 economic recession. While we do not currently have contracts with these states for future instructional materials adoptions and there is no guarantee that we will continue to capture the same market share in the future, we have historically captured over 50% of the market share in these states in the years that they adopt educational materials for various subjects.
 
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Longer-term growth in the U.S. K-12 market is positively correlated with student enrollments, which is a driver of growth in the educational publishing industry. Although economic cycles may affect short-term buying patterns, school enrollments are highly predictable and are expected to trend upward over the longer term. According to the U.S. Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (“NCES”), student enrollments are expected to increase from 54.7 million in 2010, to over 58.0 million by the 2020 school year. Outside the United States, the global education market continues to demonstrate strong macroeconomic growth characteristics. Population growth is a leading indicator for pre-primary school enrollments, which have a subsequent impact on secondary and higher education enrollments. Globally, according to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (“UNESCO”), rapid population growth has caused pre-primary enrollments to grow by 16.2% worldwide from 2007 to 2011. The global population is expected to be approximately 9.0 billion by 2050, as countries develop and improvements in medical conditions increase the birth rate.
The digitalization of education content and delivery is also driving a substantial shift in the education market. As the K-12 educational market transitions to purchasing more digital solutions, our ability to offer embedded assessments, adaptive learning, real-time interaction and student specific personalization in addition to our core educational content in a platform- and device-agnostic manner will provide new opportunities for growth.
Our Trade Publishing segment is heavily influenced by the U.S. and broader global economy, consumer confidence and consumer spending. As the economy continues to recover, both consumer confidence and consumer spending have increased and are at their highest level since 2008.
While print remains the primary format in which trade books are produced and distributed, the market for trade titles in digital format, primarily e-books, has developed rapidly over the past several years, as the industry evolves to embrace new technologies for developing, producing, marketing and distributing trade works. We continue to focus on the development of innovative new digital products which capitalize on our strong content, our digital expertise and the growing consumer demand for these products.
In the Trade Publishing segment, annual results can be driven by bestselling trade titles. Furthermore, backlist titles can experience resurgence in sales when made into films. Over the past several years, a number of our backlist titles such as The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , Life of Pi , Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close and The Time Traveler’s Wife have benefited in popularity due to movie releases and have subsequently resulted in increased trade sales. The second part of The Hobbit trilogy was released in December 2013 and the third part is scheduled to be released in December 2014.
We employ several pricing models to serve various customer segments, including institutions, consumers, other government agencies ( e.g. , penal institutions, community centers, etc.) and other third parties. In addition to traditional pricing models where a customer receives a product in return for a payment at the time of product receipt, we currently use the following pricing models:
 
 	•	 	Pay-up-front: Customer makes a fixed payment at time of purchase and we provide a specific product/service in return;	
 
 	•	 	Pre-pay Subscription: Customer makes a one-time payment at time of purchase, but receives a stream of goods/services over a defined time horizon; for example, we currently provide customers the option to purchase a multi-year subscription to textbooks where for a one-time charge, a new copy of the textbook is delivered to the customer each year for a defined time period. Pre-pay subscriptions to online textbooks are another example where the customer receives access to an online book for a specific period of time; and	
 
 	•	 	Pay-as-you-go Subscription: Similar to the Pre-pay subscription, except that the customer makes periodic payments in a pre-described manner.	
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights, include expenses directly attributable to the production of our products and services, including the non-capitalizable costs associated with our content operations department. The expenses within cost of sales include variable costs such as paper, printing and binding costs of our print materials, royalty expenses paid to our authors, gratis costs or products provided at no charge as part of the sales transaction, and inventory obsolescence. Also included in cost of sales are labor costs related to professional services and the non-capitalized costs associated with our content and platform operations department. We also include amortization expense associated with our software platforms. Certain products such as trade books and those products associated with our renowned authors carry higher royalty costs; conversely, digital offerings usually have a lower cost of sales due to lower costs associated with their production. Also, sales to adoption states usually contain higher gratis expense. A change in the sales mix of these products can impact consolidated profitability. As a percentage of net sales, cost of sales, excluding pre-publication amortization and publishing rights amortization, has remained relatively constant over the past several years, which is due to the largely variable nature of these costs. However, we expect cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights, and our gross margins to be favorably impacted by increased digital sales as a percentage of overall net sales, which do not have any paper, printing and binding costs and are not impacted by inventory obsolescence.
 
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Pre-publication amortization and publishing rights amortization
A publishing right is an acquired right which allows us to publish and republish existing and future works as well as create new works based on previously published materials. As part of our March 9, 2010 restructuring, we recorded an intangible asset for publishing rights and amortize such asset on an accelerated basis over the useful lives of the various copyrights involved. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013. Our publishing rights amortization is expected to decline from the 2013 amount of $139.6 million, to approximately $105.6 million, $81.0 million and $61.4 million in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively.
We capitalize the art, prepress, manuscript and other costs incurred in the creation of the master copy of a book or other media, known as the pre-publication costs. Pre-publication costs are primarily amortized from the year of sale over five years using the sum-of-the-years-digits method, which is an accelerated method for calculating an asset’s amortization. Under this method, the amortization expense recorded for a pre-publication cost asset is approximately 33% (year 1), 27% (year 2), 20% (year 3), 13% (year 4) and 7% (year 5). We utilize this policy for all pre-publication costs, except with respect to our Trade Publishing consumer books, for which we generally expense such costs as incurred, and our assessment products, for which we use the straight-line amortization method. The amortization methods and periods chosen best reflect the pattern of expected sales generated from individual titles or programs. We periodically evaluate the remaining lives and recoverability of capitalized pre-publication costs, which are often dependent upon program acceptance by state adoption authorities.
Selling and administrative expenses
Our selling and administrative expenses include the salaries, benefits and related costs of employees engaged in sales and marketing, fulfillment and administrative functions. Also included within selling and administrative costs are variable costs such as commission expense, outbound transportation costs, sampling and depository fees, which are fees paid to state mandated depositories which fulfill centralized ordering and warehousing functions for specific states. Additionally, significant fixed and discretionary costs include facilities, telecommunications, professional fees, promotions and advertising. We have reduced our selling and administrative expenses from 2011, largely through workforce reductions, facility closures and cost containment and efficiency measures. We expect our selling and administrative costs in dollars to increase as we invest in new growth initiatives.
Other intangible asset amortization
Our other intangible asset amortization expense primarily includes the amortization of acquired intangible assets consisting of customer relationships, content rights and licenses. Our customer relationships, which constituted the largest component of the amortization expense over the past two years, pertained to our assessment customers and was fully amortized as of June 30, 2014. The existing software, content rights and licenses will be amortized over varying periods of 6 to 25 years.
Interest expense
Our interest expense includes interest accrued on our term loan facility along with, to a lesser extent, our revolving credit facility, capital leases and the amortization of any deferred financing fees and loan discounts.
Results of Operations
Consolidated Operating Results for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2014 and 2013

 	  	For the Three
Months Ended
June 30,
2014	 	  	For the Three
Months Ended
June 30,
2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
Change	 	
(dollars in thousands)	  	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net sales	  	$	401,890	  	  	$	362,951	  	 	$	38,939	  	 	 	10.7	% 	
Costs and expenses:	  				  				 				 				
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization	  	 	166,796	  	  	 	158,756	  	 	 	8,040	  	 	 	5.1	% 	
Publishing rights amortization	  	 	24,776	  	  	 	33,137	  	 	 	(8,361	) 	 	 	(25.2	)% 	
Pre-publication amortization	  	 	32,063	  	  	 	30,496	  	 	 	1,567	  	 	 	5.1	% 	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	  	 	223,635	  	  	 	222,389	  	 	 	1,246	  	 	 	0.6	% 	
Selling and administrative	  	 	152,283	  	  	 	133,467	  	 	 	18,816	  	 	 	14.1	% 	
Other intangible asset amortization	  	 	3,007	  	  	 	2,681	  	 	 	326	  	 	 	12.2	% 	
Impairment charge for investment in preferred stock, pre-publication costs and fixed assets	  	 	1,279	  	  	 	8,500	  	 	 	(7,221	) 	 	 	(85.0	)% 	
Severance and other charges	  	 	3,362	  	  	 	1,553	  	 	 	1,809	  	 	 	116.5	% 	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income (loss)	  	 	18,324	  	  	 	(5,639	) 	 	 	23,963	  	 	 	NM	  	

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 	  	For the Three
Months Ended
June 30,
2014	 	 	For the Three
Months Ended
June 30,
2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
Change	 	
(dollars in thousands)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	  				 				 				 				
Interest expense	  	 	(4,395	) 	 	 	(5,678	) 	 	 	1,283	  	 	 	22.6	% 	
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	  	 	(205	) 	 	 	51	  	 	 	(256	) 	 	 	NM	  	
Loss on debt extinguishment	  	 	—  	 	 	 	(598	) 	 	 	598	  	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) before taxes	  	 	13,724	  	 	 	(11,864	) 	 	 	25,588	  	 	 	NM	  	
Income tax expense	  	 	2,176	  	 	 	2,402	  	 	 	(226	) 	 	 	9.4	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss)	  	$	11,548	  	 	$	(14,266	) 	 	$	25,814	  	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
NM = not meaningful
Net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2014 increased $38.9 million, or 10.7%, from $363.0 million for the same period in 2013, to $401.9 million. The increase was largely driven by the domestic education basal business as net sales increased $47.0 million due to large Texas Math and Science adoptions and, to a lesser extent, adoptions in California and Florida. Additionally, there was $113.8 million of sales during the quarter that were deferred and will be recognized over time upon delivery of future obligations. Also, assessment sales increased by $5.0 million due to the launch of a new addition to the Woodcock Johnson product line. Offsetting the aforementioned increases were lower net sales of $6.0 million of professional services and a $5.0 million decline in international sales primarily due to licensing revenue.
Operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2014 increased $24.0 million from a loss of $5.6 million for the same period in 2013, to an income of $18.3 million, due primarily to the following:
 
 	•	 	An increase in sales of $38.9 million due to the previously mentioned drivers,	
 
 	•	 	Further, there was a $7.2 million reduction in impairment costs compared to the prior year. In 2013, there were $7.4 million of software development costs impaired and $1.1 million of pre-publication costs impaired. In 2014, we recorded a $1.3 million impairment charge related to an investment in preferred stock.	
 
 	•	 	Further, there was a $6.5 million reduction in net amortization expense related to publishing rights, pre-publication and other intangible assets due to our use of accelerated amortization methods,	
 
 	•	 	Offsetting the aforementioned, our cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization, increased $8.0 million of which $17.0 million was attributed to additional volume. As a percent of sales, our cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization, decreased to 41.5% from 43.7% resulting in an approximate $9.0 million of improved profitability. The increase in product profitability was the result of the mix of basal programs sold carrying low product cost which have benefitted from economies of scale of large print runs, partially offset by a 1.4% increase in the royalty as a percent of net sales which had a negative impact on profitability of an approximate $5.8 million,	
 
 	•	 	Also, there was an increase in selling and administrative costs of $18.8 million primarily due to increased commission costs of $7.5 million associated with the increase in net sales, higher labor and incentive compensation of $4.2 million, higher technology costs of $2.8 million and a $1.9 million increase in stock based compensation due to increased equity award issuances.	
Interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2014 decreased $1.3 million, or 22.6%, to $4.4 million from $5.7 million for the same period in 2013, primarily as a result of Amendment No. 4 to our term loan facility, which reduced the interest rate applicable to borrowings thereunder by 1.0%.
Change in fair value of derivative instruments for the three months ended June 30, 2014 unfavorably changed by $0.3 million from income of $0.1 million to an expense of $0.2 million. The loss on change in fair value of derivative instruments was related to unfavorable foreign exchange forward and option contracts executed on the Euro.
Income tax expense for the three months ended June 30, 2014 decreased $0.2 million from $2.4 million for 2013, to $2.2 million. For both periods, the income tax expense was impacted by certain discrete tax items including the accrual of potential interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions. Including the tax effects of these discrete tax items, the effective rate was 15.9% and 20.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
 
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Consolidated Operating Results for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2014 and 2013

 	  	For the Six
Months Ended
June 30,
2014	 	 	For the Six
Months Ended
June 30,
2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
Change	 	
(dollars in thousands)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net sales	  	$	555,823	  	 	$	529,545	  	 	$	26,278	  	 	 	5.0	% 	
Costs and expenses:	  				 				 				 				
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization	  	 	259,444	  	 	 	245,816	  	 	 	13,628	  	 	 	5.5	% 	
Publishing rights amortization	  	 	55,527	  	 	 	72,587	  	 	 	(17,060	) 	 	 	(23.5	)% 	
Pre-publication amortization	  	 	61,037	  	 	 	56,653	  	 	 	4,384	  	 	 	7.7	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	  	 	376,008	  	 	 	375,056	  	 	 	952	  	 	 	0.3	% 	
Selling and administrative	  	 	289,293	  	 	 	263,703	  	 	 	25,590	  	 	 	9.7	% 	
Other intangible asset amortization	  	 	5,952	  	 	 	13,433	  	 	 	(7,481	) 	 	 	(55.7	)% 	
Impairment charge for investment in preferred stock, pre-publication costs and fixed assets	  	 	1,279	  	 	 	8,500	  	 	 	(7,221	) 	 	 	(85.0	)% 	
Severance and other charges	  	 	5,119	  	 	 	3,481	  	 	 	1,638	  	 	 	47.1	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating loss	  	 	(121,828	) 	 	 	(134,628	) 	 	 	12,800	  	 	 	9.5	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	  				 				 				 				
Interest expense	  	 	(8,692	) 	 	 	(11,585	) 	 	 	2,893	  	 	 	25.0	% 	
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	  	 	(308	) 	 	 	(479	) 	 	 	171	  	 	 	35.7	% 	
Loss on debt extinguishment	  	 	—  	 	 	 	(598	) 	 	 	598	 	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss before taxes	  	 	(130,828	) 	 	 	(147,290	) 	 	 	16,462	  	 	 	11.2	% 	
Income tax expense	  	 	3,959	  	 	 	4,357	  	 	 	(398	) 	 	 	9.1	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(134,787	) 	 	$	(151,647	) 	 	$	16,860	  	 	 	11.1	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
NM = not meaningful
Net sales for the six months ended June 30, 2014 increased $26.3 million, or 5.0%, from $529.5 million for the same period in 2013, to $555.8 million. The increase was largely driven by the domestic education basal business as net sales increased $48.0 million due to large Texas Math and Science adoptions and, to a lesser extent, adoptions in California and Florida. Additionally, there was $104.3 million of sales for the first six months of 2014 that were deferred and will be recognized over time rather than immediately. There were also higher net sales of $6.0 million of the Heinemann Leveled Literacy Intervention product line. Offsetting the increase was a $9.7 million decrease in Trade Publishing net sales as the prior year period benefitted from strong net sales of backlist titles associated with the theatrical releases of The Hobbit and Life of Pi , which did not occur in the current period. Additionally, net sales of professional development and professional services in the domestic education market decreased by $11.0 million primarily due to the prior year period benefitting $8.0 million from the completion of a contract that led to the recognition of revenue previously deferred along with $2.0 million in lower net sales from professional workshops.
Operating loss for the six months ended June 30, 2014 improved $12.8 million, or 9.5%, from a loss of $134.6 million for the same period in 2013, to a loss of $121.8 million, due primarily to the following:
 
 	•	 	An increase in sales of $26.3 million due to the previously mentioned drivers,	
 
 	•	 	Further, there was a $20.2 million reduction in amortization expense related to publishing rights, pre-publication and other intangible assets due to our use of accelerated amortization methods,	
 
 	•	 	Further, there was a $7.2 million reduction in impairment costs compared to the prior year. In 2013, there were $7.4 million of software development costs impaired and $1.1 million of pre-publication costs impaired. In 2014, we recorded a $1.3 million impairment charge related to an investment in preferred stock.	
 
 	•	 	Offsetting the aforementioned, our cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization, increased $13.6 million of which $12.2 million was attributed to additional volume. As a percent of sales, our cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization increased to 46.7% from 46.4% resulting in an approximate $1.4 million decline in profitability. The decrease in product profitability was the result of the mix of basal programs sold carrying low product cost which have benefitted from economies of scale of large print runs, completely offset by a 1.8% increase in the royalty as a percent of net sales which had a negative impact on profitability of an approximate $10.0 million and higher depreciation costs of $5.0 million attributed to increased platform spend over the past several years,	
 
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 	•	 	Also, there was an increase in selling and administrative costs of $25.6 million primarily due to increased commission costs of $9.7 million associated with the increase in net sales, higher technology costs of $5.5 million, higher labor and incentive compensation of $5.0 million, increased outside labor of $1.2 million to support 2014 adoptions, $1.5 million of fees associated with the refinancing of our debt and with the registration of securities, and a $2.7 million increase in stock based compensation due to increased equity award issuances.	
Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2014 decreased $2.9 million, or 25.0%, to $8.7 million from $11.6 million for the same period in 2013, primarily as a result of Amendment No. 4 to our term loan facility, which reduced the interest rate applicable to borrowings thereunder by 1.0%.
Change in fair value of derivative instruments for the six months ended June 30, 2014 favorably changed by $0.2 million from an expense of $0.5 million to an expense of $0.3 million. The gain on change in fair value of derivative instruments was related to favorable foreign exchange forward and option contracts executed on the Euro.
Income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2014 decreased $0.4 million from a tax expense of $4.4 million for 2013, to a tax expense of $4.0 million. For both periods, the income tax expense was impacted by certain discrete tax items including the accrual of potential interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions. Including the tax effects of these discrete tax items, the effective rate was 3.0% and 3.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Adjusted EBITDA
To supplement our financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP, we have presented Adjusted EBITDA in addition to our GAAP results. This information should be considered as supplemental in nature and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Management believes that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it assists both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. Adjusted EBITDA provides an indicator of general economic performance that is not affected by debt restructurings, fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, non-cash charges, or levels of depreciation or amortization along with one-time non-recurring costs such as severance, facility closure costs, and acquisition costs. Accordingly, our management believes that this measurement is useful for comparing general operating performance from period to period. In addition, targets and positive trends in Adjusted EBITDA are used as performance measures and to determine certain compensation of management. Other companies may define Adjusted EBITDA differently and, as a result, our measure of Adjusted EBITDA may not be directly comparable to Adjusted EBITDA of other companies. Although we use Adjusted EBITDA as a financial measure to assess the performance of our business, the use of Adjusted EBITDA is limited because it does not include certain material costs, such as interest and taxes, necessary to operate our business. Adjusted EBITDA should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, net earnings in accordance with GAAP as a measure of performance. Adjusted EBITDA is not intended to be a measure of liquidity or free cash flow for discretionary use. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on Adjusted EBITDA.
 
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Below is a reconciliation of our net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the three and six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013:

 	  	Three Months Ended June 30,	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	
 	  	2014	 	  	2013	 	 	2014	 	 	2013	 	
Net income (loss)	  	$	11,548	  	  	$	(14,266	) 	 	$	(134,787	) 	 	$	(151,647	) 	
Interest expense	  	 	4,395	  	  	 	5,678	  	 	 	8,692	  	 	 	11,585	  	
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	  	 	2,176	  	  	 	2,402	  	 	 	3,959	  	 	 	4,357	  	
Depreciation expense	  	 	18,082	  	  	 	15,884	  	 	 	35,321	  	 	 	30,225	  	
Amortization expense (1)	  	 	59,846	  	  	 	66,314	  	 	 	122,516	  	 	 	142,673	  	
Non-cash charges—stock compensation	  	 	3,547	  	  	 	1,689	  	 	 	5,944	  	 	 	3,275	  	
Non-cash charges—(gain) loss on foreign currency hedge	  	 	205	  	  	 	(51	) 	 	 	308	  	 	 	479	  	
Asset impairment charges	  	 	1,279	  	  	 	8,500	  	 	 	1,279	  	 	 	8,500	  	
Purchase accounting adjustments (2)	  	 	1,016	  	  	 	2,812	  	 	 	1,591	  	 	 	4,878	  	
Fees, expenses or charges for equity offerings, debt or acquisitions	  	 	1,576	  	  	 	1,497	  	 	 	3,690	  	 	 	1,764	  	
Restructuring	  	 	2,207	  	  	 	1,539	  	 	 	2,412	  	 	 	1,539	  	
Severance separation costs and facility closures (3)	  	 	3,362	  	  	 	4,553	  	 	 	5,119	  	 	 	6,481	  	
Debt extinguishment loss	  	 	—  	  	  	 	598	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	598	  	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adjusted EBITDA	  	$	109,239	  	  	$	97,149	  	 	$	56,044	  	 	$	64,707	  	

(1)	Includes pre-publication amortization of $32,063, and $30,496 for the three months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and $61,037 and $56,653 for the six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.	
(2)	Represents certain non-cash accounting adjustments, most significantly relating to deferred revenue and inventory costs.	
(3)	Represents costs associated with restructuring. Included in such costs are severance and vacancy of excess facilities.	
Segment Operating Results
Results of Operations—Comparing Three Months Ended June 30, 2014 and 2013
Education

 	  	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	2014	 	  	2013	 	  	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
change	 	
Net sales	  	$	364,618	  	  	$	323,733	  	  	$	40,885	  	 	 	12.6	% 	
Costs and expenses:	  				  				  				 				
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization	  	 	142,061	  	  	 	130,777	  	  	 	11,284	  	 	 	8.6	% 	
Publishing rights amortization	  	 	21,998	  	  	 	30,015	  	  	 	(8,017	) 	 	 	(26.7	)% 	
Pre-publication amortization	  	 	31,843	  	  	 	30,215	  	  	 	1,628	  	 	 	5.4	% 	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	  	 	195,902	  	  	 	191,007	  	  	 	4,895	  	 	 	2.6	% 	
Selling and administrative	  	 	121,129	  	  	 	109,377	  	  	 	11,752	  	 	 	10.7	% 	
Other intangible asset amortization	  	 	2,468	  	  	 	2,221	  	  	 	247	  	 	 	11.1	% 	
Impairment charge for pre-publication costs, fixed assets and cost method investments	  	 	1,279	  	  	 	8,500	  	  	 	(7,221	) 	 	 	(85.0	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income (loss)	  	$	43,840	  	  	$	12,628	  	  	$	31,212	  	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income	  	$	43,840	  	  	$	12,628	  	  	$	31,212	  	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adjustments from net income (loss) to Education segment Adjusted EBITDA	  				  				  				 				
Depreciation expense	  	 	16,874	  	  	 	13,890	  	  	 	2,984	  	 	 	21.5	% 	
Amortization expense	  	 	56,307	  	  	 	62,451	  	  	 	(6,144	) 	 	 	(9.8	)% 	
Non-cash charges—asset impairment charges	  	 	1,279	  	  	 	8,500	 	  	 	(7,221	) 	 	 	(85.0	)% 	
Purchase accounting adjustments	  	 	1,016	  	  	 	2,591	  	  	 	(1,575	) 	 	 	(60.8	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Education segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	$	119,316	  	  	$	100,060	  	  	$	19,256	  	 	 	19.2	% 	

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 	  	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	 	  	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	Dollar
change	  	Percent
change	
Education segment Adjusted EBITDA as a % of net sales	  	 	32.7	% 	 	 	30.9	% 	 		  		
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		  		
NM = not meaningful
Our Education segment net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2014 increased $40.9 million, or 12.6%, from $323.7 million for the same period in 2013, to $364.6 million. The increase was largely driven by the domestic education basal business as net sales increased $47.0 million due to large Texas Math and Science adoptions and, to a lesser extent, adoptions in California and Florida. Additionally, there was $113.8 million of sales during the quarter that were deferred and will be recognized over time rather than immediately. Also, assessment sales increased by $5.0 million due to the launch of a new addition to the Woodcock Johnson product line. Offsetting the aforementioned increases were lower net sales of $6.0 million of professional services and a $5.0 million decline in international sales primarily due to licensing revenue.
Our Education segment cost of sales for the three months ended June 30, 2014, increased $4.9 million, or 2.6%, from $191.0 million for the same period in 2013, to $195.9 million. The increase was attributed to a $11.3 million increase in cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization of which $16.5 million was attributed to additional volume. As a percent of sales, our cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization, decreased to 39.0% from 40.4% resulting in an approximate $5.2 million of improved profitability. The increase in product profitability was the result of the mix of basal programs sold carrying low product cost which have benefitted from economies of scale of large print runs, partially offset by an increase in the royalty as a percent of net sales and higher depreciation costs attributed to increased platform spend over the past several years. Further, there was a $8.0 million reduction in amortization expense related to publishing rights due to our use of accelerated amortization methods.
Our Education segment selling and administrative expense for the three months ended June 30, 2014, increased $11.8 million, or 10.7%, from $109.4 million for the same period in 2013, to $121.1 million. The increase was primarily due increased commission costs of $7.5 million associated with the increase in net sales and a $1.9 million increase in transportation, samples and depository fees due to sales mix.
Our Education segment Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended June 30, 2014, increased $19.3 million, or 19.2%, from $100.1 million for the same period in 2013, to $119.3 million. Our Education segment Adjusted EBITDA excludes depreciation, amortization, impairment charges and purchase accounting adjustments. The purchase accounting adjustments for both 2014 and 2013 related to adjustments to deferred revenue for the 2010 restructuring where we adjusted our balance sheet to fair value. The purchase accounting adjustments will gradually decrease each year. The increase in our Education segment Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales, from 30.9% of net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2013 to 32.7% for the same period in 2014, was due to the identified factors impacting net sales, cost of sales and selling and administrative expense after removing those items not included in Education segment Adjusted EBITDA.
Trade Publishing

 	  	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	  	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
change	 	
Net sales	  	$	37,272	  	 	$	39,218	  	  	$	(1,946	) 	 	 	(5.0	)% 	
Costs and expenses:	  				 				  				 				
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization	  	 	24,735	  	 	 	24,979	  	  	 	(244	) 	 	 	(1.0	)% 	
Publishing rights amortization	  	 	2,778	  	 	 	3,122	  	  	 	(344	) 	 	 	(11.0	)% 	
Pre-publication amortization	  	 	220	  	 	 	281	  	  	 	(61	) 	 	 	(21.7	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	  	 	27,733	  	 	 	28,382	  	  	 	(649	) 	 	 	(2.3	)% 	
Selling and administrative	  	 	10,751	  	 	 	9,930	  	  	 	821	  	 	 	8.3	% 	
Other intangible asset amortization	  	 	539	  	 	 	460	  	  	 	79	  	 	 	17.2	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income (loss)	  	$	(1,751	) 	 	$	446	  	  	$	(2,197	) 	 	 	NM	  	

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 	  	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
change	 	
Net income (loss)	  	$	(1,751	) 	 	$	446	  	 	$	(2,197	) 	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adjustments from net income (loss) to Trade Publishing segment Adjusted EBITDA	  				 				 				 				
Depreciation expense	  	 	152	  	 	 	118	  	 	 	34	  	 	 	28.8	% 	
Amortization expense	  	 	3,539	  	 	 	3,863	  	 	 	(324	) 	 	 	(8.4	)% 	
Purchase accounting adjustments	  	 	—  	 	 	 	221	  	 	 	(221	) 	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Trade Publishing segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	$	1,940	  	 	$	4,648	  	 	$	(2,708	) 	 	 	(58.3	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Trade Publishing segment Adjusted EBITDA as a % of net sales	  	 	5.2	% 	 	 	11.9	% 	 				 				
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 				 				
NM = not meaningful
Our Trade Publishing segment net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2014, decreased $1.9 million, or 5.0%, from $39.2 million for the same period in 2013, to $37.3 million. The decrease was largely driven by a lack of movie tie-in titles as the prior year period benefitted from strong net sales of backlist titles associated with the theatrical releases of The Hobbit and Life of Pi , which did not occur in the current period.
Our Trade Publishing segment cost of sales for the three months ended June 30, 2014, decreased $0.6 million, or 2.3%, from $28.4 million for the same period in 2013, to $27.7 million. The decrease is primarily related to decreased sales and lower amortization expense of $0.3 million related to publishing rights, which was lower due to our use of accelerated amortization methods, partially offset by higher production costs due to mix and lower e-book sales.
Our Trade Publishing segment selling and administrative expense for the three months ended June 30, 2014, increased $0.8 million, or 8.3%, from $9.9 million for the same period in 2013, to $10.8 million. The increase was primarily related to higher costs across the labor and discretionary costs groups.
Our Trade Publishing segment Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2014, decreased $2.7 million, or 58.3%, from $4.6 million for the same period in 2013, to $1.9 million. Our Trade Publishing segment Adjusted EBITDA excludes depreciation, amortization, impairment charges and purchase accounting adjustments. Our Trade Publishing segment Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales was 5.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2014, which was down from 11.9% for the same period in 2013 due to the identified factors impacting, cost of sales and selling and administrative expenses after removing those items not included in segment Adjusted EBITDA.
Corporate and Other

 	  	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
change	 	
Net sales	  	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	  	 	 	NM	  	
Costs and expenses:	  				 				 				 				
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization	  	 	—  	 	 	 	3,000	  	 	 	(3,000	) 	 	 	NM	  	
Publishing rights amortization	  	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	NM	  	
Pre-publication amortization	  	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	  	 	—  	 	 	 	3,000	  	 	 	(3,000	) 	 	 	NM	  	
Selling and administrative	  	 	20,403	  	 	 	14,160	  	 	 	6,243	  	 	 	44.1	% 	
Severance and other charges	  	 	3,362	  	 	 	1,553	  	 	 	1,809	  	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income (loss)	  	$	(23,765	) 	 	$	(18,713	) 	 	$	(5,052	) 	 	 	(27.0	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest expense	  	 	(4,395	) 	 	 	(5,678	) 	 	 	1,283	  	 	 	22.6	% 	
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	  	 	(205	) 	 	 	51	  	 	 	(256	) 	 	 	NM	  	
Loss on extinguishment of debt	  	 	—  	 	 	 	(598	) 	 	 	598	  	 	 	NM	  	

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 	  	Three Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
change	 	
Income (loss) before taxes	  	 	(28,365	) 	 	 	(24,938	) 	 	 	(3,427	) 	 	 	(13.7	)% 	
Income tax expense	  	 	2,176	  	 	 	2,402	  	 	 	(226	) 	 	 	9.4	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss)	  	$	(30,541	) 	 	$	(27,340	) 	 	$	(3,201	) 	 	 	(11.7	)% 	

Adjustments from net income (loss) to Corporate and Other segment Adjusted EBITDA	  				 				 				 				
Interest expense	  	 	4,395	  	 	 	5,678	  	 	 	(1,283	) 	 	 	(22.6	)% 	
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	  	 	2,176	  	 	 	2,402	  	 	 	(226	) 	 	 	(9.4	)% 	
Depreciation expense	  	 	1,056	  	 	 	1,876	  	 	 	(820	) 	 	 	(43.7	)% 	
Non-cash charges—(gain) loss on foreign currency hedge	  	 	205	  	 	 	(51	) 	 	 	256	  	 	 	NM	  	
Non-cash charges—stock compensation	  	 	3,547	  	 	 	1,689	  	 	 	1,858	  	 	 	110.0	% 	
Fees, expenses or charges for equity offerings, debt or acquisitions	  	 	1,576	  	 	 	1,497	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	5.3	% 	
Restructuring	  	 	2,207	  	 	 	1,539	  	 	 	668	  	 	 	43.4	% 	
Severance, separation costs and facility closures	  	 	3,362	  	 	 	4,553	  	 	 	(1,191	) 	 	 	(26.2	)% 	
Debt extinguishment loss	  	 	—  	 	 	 	598	  	 	 	(598	) 	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Corporate and Other segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	$	(12,017	) 	 	$	(7,559	) 	 	$	(4,458	) 	 	 	(59.0	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
NM = not meaningful
The Corporate and Other category represents certain general overhead costs not fully allocated to the business segments such as legal, accounting, treasury, human resources, technology and executive functions.
Our selling and administrative expense for the Corporate and Other category for three months ended June 30, 2014, increased $6.2 million, or 44.1%, from $14.2 million for the same period in 2013, to $20.4 million. The increase was attributed to higher consulting and professional fees of $3.3 million and a $1.9 million increase in equity compensation charges.
Adjusted EBITDA for the Corporate and Other category for the three months ended June 30, 2014, decreased $4.5 million, or 59.0%, from a loss of $7.6 million for the same period in 2013, to a loss of $12.0 million. Our Adjusted EBITDA for the Corporate and Other category excludes depreciation, equity compensation charges, initial public offering costs, acquisition related activity, restructuring costs, severance and facility costs. The increase in our Adjusted EBITDA for the Corporate and Other category was due to the factors described above after removing those items not included in Adjusted EBITDA for the Corporate and Other category.
Results of Operations—Comparing Six Months Ended June 30, 2014 and 2013
Education

 	  	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
change	 	
Net sales	  	$	486,492	  	 	$	450,560	  	 	$	35,932	  	 	 	8.0	% 	
Costs and expenses:	  				 				 				 				
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization	  	 	212,189	  	 	 	194,703	  	 	 	17,486	  	 	 	9.0	% 	
Publishing rights amortization	  	 	49,745	  	 	 	66,093	  	 	 	(16,348	) 	 	 	(24.7	)% 	
Pre-publication amortization	  	 	60,618	  	 	 	56,112	  	 	 	4,506	  	 	 	8.0	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	  	 	322,552	  	 	 	316,908	  	 	 	5,644	  	 	 	1.8	% 	
Selling and administrative	  	 	228,838	  	 	 	213,601	  	 	 	15,237	  	 	 	7.1	% 	
Other intangible asset amortization	  	 	4,873	  	 	 	12,513	  	 	 	(7,640	) 	 	 	(61.1	)% 	
Impairment charge for pre-publication costs, fixed assets and cost method investments	  	 	1,279	  	 	 	8,500	  	 	 	(7,221	) 	 	 	(85.0	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income (loss)	  	$	(71,050	) 	 	$	(100,962	) 	 	$	29,912	  	 	 	29.6	% 	

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 	  	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
change	 	
Net income (loss)	  	$	(71,050	) 	 	$	(100,962	) 	 	$	29,912	  	 	 	29.6	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adjustments from net income (loss) to Education segment Adjusted EBITDA	  				 				 				 				
Depreciation expense	  	 	32,034	  	 	 	26,534	  	 	 	5,500	  	 	 	20.7	% 	
Amortization expense	  	 	115,235	  	 	 	134,718	  	 	 	(19,483	) 	 	 	(14.5	)% 	
Non-cash charges—asset impairment charges	  	 	1,279	  	 	 	8,500	  	 	 	(7,221	) 	 	 	(85.0	)% 	
Purchase accounting adjustments	  	 	1,591	  	 	 	4,657	  	 	 	(3,066	) 	 	 	(65.8	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Education segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	$	79,089	  	 	$	73,447	  	 	$	5,642	  	 	 	7.7	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Education segment Adjusted EBITDA as a % of net sales	  	 	16.3	% 	 	 	16.3	% 	 				 				
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 				 				
NM = not meaningful
Our Education segment net sales for the six months ended June 30, 2014 increased $35.9 million, or 8.0%, from $450.6 million for the same period in 2013, to $486.5 million. The increase was largely driven by the domestic education basal business in which net sales increased $48.0 million due to large Texas Math and Science adoptions and, to a lesser extent, adoptions in California and Florida. Additionally, there was $104.3 million of sales for the first six months of 2014 that were deferred and will be recognized over time rather than immediately. There were also higher net sales of $6.0 million of the Heinemann Leveled Literacy Intervention product line. Offsetting the increase was a $11.0 million decline in net sales of professional development and professional services in the domestic education market primarily due to the prior year period benefitting $8.0 million from the completion of a contract that led to the recognition of revenue previously deferred along with $2.0 million in lower net sales from professional workshops.
Our Education segment cost of sales for the six months ended June 30, 2014, increased $5.6 million, or 1.8%, from $316.9 million for the same period in 2013, to $322.6 million. The increase was attributed to a $17.5 million increase in cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization of which $15.5 million was attributed to additional volume. As a percent of sales, our cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization increased to 43.6% from 43.2% resulting in an approximate $2.0 million of decrease in profitability. The decrease in product profitability was the result of the mix of basal programs sold carrying low product cost which have benefitted from economies of scale of large print runs, being offset by a 2.3% increase in the royalty as a percent of net sales which had a negative impact on profitability of an approximate $11.2 million.
Our Education segment selling and administrative expense for the six months ended June 30, 2014, increased $15.2 million, or 7.1%, from $213.6 million for the same period in 2013, to $228.8 million. The increase was primarily due to increased commission costs of $11.6 million associated with the increase in net sales and an increase attributed to higher technology cost, higher labor costs and increased outside labor to support 2014 adoptions.
Our Education segment Adjusted EBITDA for the six months ended June 30, 2014, increased $5.6 million, or 7.7%, from an income of $73.4 million for the same period in 2013, to an income of $79.1 million. Our Education segment Adjusted EBITDA excludes depreciation, amortization, impairment charges and purchase accounting adjustments. The purchase accounting adjustments for both 2014 and 2013 related to adjustments to deferred revenue for the 2010 restructuring where we adjusted our balance sheet to fair value. The purchase accounting adjustments will gradually decrease each year. Our Education segment Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales was 16.3% of net sales for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014, was due to the identified factors impacting net sales, cost of sales and selling and administrative expense after removing those items not included in Education segment Adjusted EBITDA.
 
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Trade Publishing

 	  	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	2014 vs. 2013	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
change	 	
Net sales	  	$	69,331	  	 	$	78,985	  	 	$	(9,654	) 	 	 	(12.2	)% 	
Costs and expenses:	  				 				 				 				
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization	  	 	47,255	  	 	 	48,113	  	 	 	(858	) 	 	 	(1.8	)% 	
Publishing rights amortization	  	 	5,782	  	 	 	6,494	  	 	 	(712	) 	 	 	(11.0	)% 	
Pre-publication amortization	  	 	419	  	 	 	541	  	 	 	(122	) 	 	 	(22.6	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	  	 	53,456	  	 	 	55,148	  	 	 	(1,692	) 	 	 	(3.1	)% 	
Selling and administrative	  	 	21,731	  	 	 	20,020	  	 	 	1,711	  	 	 	8.5	% 	
Other intangible asset amortization	  	 	1,079	  	 	 	920	  	 	 	159	  	 	 	17.3	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income (loss)	  	$	(6,935	) 	 	$	2,897	  	 	$	(9,832	) 	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss)	  	$	(6,935	) 	 	$	2,897	  	 	$	(9,832	) 	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adjustments from net income (loss) to Education segment Adjusted EBITDA	  				 				 				 				
Depreciation expense	  	 	276	  	 	 	235	  	 	 	41	  	 	 	17.4	% 	
Amortization expense	  	 	7,281	  	 	 	7,955	  	 	 	(674	) 	 	 	(8.5	)% 	
Fees, expenses or charges for equity offerings, debt or acquisitions	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	NM	  	
Purchase accounting adjustments	  	 	—  	  	 	 	221	  	 	 	(221	) 	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Education segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	$	622	  	 	$	11,308	  	 	$	(10,686	) 	 	 	(94.5	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Education segment Adjusted EBITDA as a % of net sales	  	 	0.9	% 	 	 	14.3	% 	 				 				
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 				 				
NM = not meaningful
Our Trade Publishing segment net sales for the six months ended June 30, 2014, decreased $9.7 million, or 12.2%, from $79.0 million for the same period in 2013, to $69.3 million. The decrease was largely driven by a decrease in Trade Publishing net sales as the prior year period benefitted from strong net sales of backlist titles associated with the theatrical releases of The Hobbit and Life of Pi , which did not occur in the current period. Additionally, sales of front list titles were down from the prior year as the prior year benefited from successful front list titles such as Francona.
Our Trade Publishing segment cost of sales for the six months ended June 30, 2014, decreased $1.7 million, or 3.1%, from $55.1 million for the same period in 2013, to $53.5 million. The decrease is primarily related to decreased sales and lower amortization expense of $0.7 million related to publishing rights, which was lower due to our use of accelerated amortization methods.
Our Trade Publishing segment selling and administrative expense for the six months ended June 30, 2014, increased $1.7 million, or 8.5%, from $20.0 million for the same period in 2013, to $21.7 million. The increase was primarily related to higher promotional expenses and development costs.
Our Trade Publishing segment Adjusted EBITDA for the six months ended June 30, 2014, decreased $10.7 million, or 94.5%, from $11.3 million for the same period in 2013, to $0.6 million. Our Trade Publishing segment Adjusted EBITDA excludes depreciation, amortization, impairment charges and purchase accounting adjustments. Our Trade Publishing segment Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net sales was 0.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2014, which was down from 14.3% for the same period in 2013 due to the identified factors impacting, cost of sales and selling and administrative expenses after removing those items not included in segment adjusted EBITDA.
 
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Corporate and Other

 	  	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	 	 	
 	  	2014	 	 	2013	 	 	Dollar
change	 	 	Percent
change	 	
Net sales	  	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	 	NM	  	
Costs and expenses:	  				 				 				 				
Cost of sales, excluding pre-publication and publishing rights amortization	  	 	—  	  	 	 	3,000	  	 	 	(3,000	) 	 	 	NM	  	
Publishing rights amortization	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	NM	  	
Pre-publication amortization	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of sales	  	 	—  	 	 	 	3,000	  	 	 	(3,000	) 	 	 	NM	  	
Selling and administrative	  	 	38,724	  	 	 	30,082	  	 	 	8,642	  	 	 	28.7	% 	
Severance and other charges	  	 	5,119	  	 	 	3,481	  	 	 	1,638	  	 	 	47.1	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income (loss)	  	$	(43,843	) 	 	$	(36,563	) 	 	$	(7,280	) 	 	 	(19.9	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest expense	  	 	(8,692	) 	 	 	(11,585	) 	 	 	2,893	  	 	 	25.0	% 	
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	  	 	(308	) 	 	 	(479	) 	 	 	171	  	 	 	35.7	% 	
Loss on extinguishment of debt	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(598	) 	 	 	598	  	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (loss) before taxes	  	 	(52,843	) 	 	 	(49,225	) 	 	 	(3,618	) 	 	 	(7.3	%) 	
Income tax expense	  	 	3,959	  	 	 	4,357	  	 	 	(398	) 	 	 	9.1	% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income (loss)	  	$	(56,802	) 	 	$	(53,582	) 	 	$	(3,220	) 	 	 	(6.0	%) 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adjustments from net income (loss) to Corporate and Other segment Adjusted EBITDA	  				 				 				 				
Interest expense	  	 	8,692	  	 	 	11,585	  	 	 	(2,893	) 	 	 	(25.0	)% 	
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	  	 	3,959	  	 	 	4,357	  	 	 	(398	) 	 	 	(9.1	)% 	
Depreciation expense	  	 	3,011	  	 	 	3,456	  	 	 	(445	) 	 	 	(12.9	)% 	
Non-cash charges—(gain) loss on foreign currency hedge	  	 	308	  	 	 	479	  	 	 	(171	) 	 	 	(35.7	)% 	
Non-cash charges—stock compensation	  	 	5,944	  	 	 	3,275	  	 	 	2,669	  	 	 	81.5	% 	
Fees, expenses or charges for equity offerings, debt or acquisitions	  	 	3,690	  	 	 	1,764	  	 	 	1,926	  	 	 	109.2	% 	
Restructuring	  	 	2,412	  	 	 	1,539	  	 	 	873	  	 	 	56.7	% 	
Severance, separation costs and facility closures	  	 	5,119	  	 	 	6,481	  	 	 	(1,362	) 	 	 	(21.0	)% 	
Debt extinguishment loss	  	 	—  	 	 	 	598	  	 	 	(598	) 	 	 	NM	  	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Corporate and Other segment Adjusted EBITDA	  	$	(23,667	) 	 	$	(20,048	) 	 	$	(3,619	) 	 	 	(18.1	)% 	
	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
NM = not meaningful
The Corporate and Other category represents certain general overhead costs not fully allocated to the business segments such as legal, accounting, treasury, human resources, technology and executive functions.
Our selling and administrative expense for the Corporate and Other category for six months ended June 30, 2014, increased $8.6 million, or 28.7%, from $30.1 million for the same period in 2013, to $38.7 million. The increase was attributed to higher consulting and professional fees of $6.6 million due to costs related to Amendment No. 4 to our term loan facility along with the registration of additional securities and three business acquisitions. Further, there was a $2.7 million increase in equity compensation charges.
Adjusted EBITDA for the Corporate and Other category for the six months ended June 30, 2014, decreased $3.6 million, or 18.1%, from a loss of $20.0 million for the same period in 2013, to a loss of $23.7 million. Our Adjusted EBITDA for the Corporate and Other category excludes depreciation, equity compensation charges, initial public offering costs, acquisition related activity, restructuring costs, severance and facility costs. The increase in our Adjusted EBITDA for the Corporate and Other category was due to the factors described above after removing those items not included in Adjusted EBITDA for the Corporate and Other category.
Seasonality and Comparability
Our net sales, operating profit or loss and net cash provided by or used in operations are impacted by the inherent seasonality of the academic calendar. Consequently, the performance of our businesses may not be comparable quarter to consecutive quarter and
 
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should be considered on the basis of results for the whole year or by comparing results in a quarter with results in the same quarter for the previous year.
In the K-12 market, we typically receive payments for products and services from individual school districts, and, to a lesser extent, individual schools and states. In the Trade Publishing markets, payment is received for products and services from book distributors and retail booksellers. In the case of testing and assessment products and services, payment is received from the individually contracted parties.
Approximately 88% of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2013 were derived from our Education segment, which is a markedly seasonal business. Schools conduct the majority of their purchases in the second and third quarters of the calendar year in preparation for the beginning of the school year. Thus, over the past three years, approximately 67% of our consolidated net sales were realized in the second and third quarters. Sales of K-12 instructional materials and customized testing products are also cyclical, with some years offering more sales opportunities than others. The amount of funding available at the state level for educational materials also has a significant effect on year-to-year net sales. Although the loss of a single customer would not have a material adverse effect on our business, schedules of school adoptions and market acceptance of our products can materially affect year-to-year net sales performance.
Liquidity and Capital Resources

(in thousands)	  	June 30,
2014	 	 	December 31,
2013	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	  	$	139,429	  	 	$	313,628	  	
Short-term investments	  	 	53,587	  	 	 	111,721	  	
Current portion of long-term debt	  	 	2,500	  	 	 	2,500	  	
Long-term debt	  	 	241,875	  	 	 	243,125	  	
			
 	  	For the Six
Months Ended
June 30,
2014	 	 	For the Six
Months Ended
June 30,
2013	 	
Net cash used in operating activities	  	$	(132,107	) 	 	$	(152,768	) 	
Under both the revolving credit facility and the term loan facility, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishers Inc., HMH Publishers LLC and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company are the borrowers (collectively, the “Borrowers”), and Citibank, N.A. acts as both the administrative agent and the collateral agent.
The obligations under our senior secured credit facilities are guaranteed by the Company and each of its direct and indirect for profit domestic subsidiaries (other than the Borrowers) (collectively, the “Guarantors”) and are secured by all capital stock and other equity interests of the Borrowers and the Guarantors and substantially all of the other tangible and intangible assets of the Borrowers and the Guarantors, including without limitation, receivables, inventory, equipment, contract rights, securities, patents, trademarks, other intellectual property, cash, bank accounts and securities accounts and owned real estate. The revolving credit facility is secured by first priority liens on receivables, inventory, deposit accounts, securities accounts, instruments, chattel paper and other assets related to the foregoing (the “Revolving First Lien Collateral”), and second priority liens on the collateral which secures the term loan facility on a first priority basis. The term loan facility is secured by first priority liens on the capital stock and other equity interests of the Borrower and the Guarantors, equipment, owned real estate, trademarks and other intellectual property, general intangibles that are not Revolving First Lien Collateral and other assets related to the foregoing, and second priority liens on the Revolving First Lien Collateral.
Borrowings under the term loan facility are payable in equal quarterly amounts totaling 1.0% per annum of the original term loan facility amount prior to the maturity date of the term loan facility, with the remaining unpaid balance due and payable at maturity. No amortization payments are required with respect to the revolving credit facility.
The revolving credit facility is available based on a borrowing base comprised of eligible inventory and eligible receivables. Up to $40.0 million of the revolving credit facility is available for issuances of letters of credit. The amounts of any outstanding letters of credit reduce availability under the revolving credit facility on a dollar-for-dollar basis.
The revolving credit facility has a term of five years and the interest rate for borrowings under the revolving credit facility is based on, at the Borrowers’ election, LIBOR or an alternate base rate, plus in each case a margin that is determined based on average daily availability. The term loan facility has a term of six years and the interest rate for borrowings under the term loan facility is based on, at the Borrowers’ election, LIBOR plus 3.25% per annum or the alternate base rate plus 2.25%. The LIBOR rate under the
 
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term loan facility is subject to a minimum “floor” of 1.00%. As of June 30, 2014, the interest rate of the term loan facility was 4.25%. As of June 30, 2014, we had approximately $244.4 million outstanding under our term loan facility and no amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility. We had approximately $230.7 million of borrowing availability under our revolving credit facility and approximately $19.3 million of outstanding letters of credit as of June 30, 2014.
On January 15, 2014, we amended our term loan facility to, among other things, reduce the interest rates applicable to the loans under the term loan facility. As a result of the amendment, interest rates for loans under the term loan facility are (i) the alternate base rate plus 2.25% per annum, a reduction from the alternate base rate plus 3.25% in effect prior to the amendment, and (ii) LIBOR plus 3.25% per annum, a reduction from LIBOR plus 4.25% in effect prior to the amendment.
The term loan facility contains financial covenants based on a defined EBITDA calculation requiring the Company, on a consolidated basis, to maintain a certain minimum interest coverage ratio and a certain maximum leverage ratio. The interest coverage ratio is now 9.0 to 1.0 for fiscal quarters ending through maturity. The maximum leverage ratio is now 2.0 to 1.0 for fiscal quarters ending through maturity. The revolving credit facility contains a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio which is tested if availability is less than the greater of $31.25 million and 15% of the lesser of the total commitment and the borrowing base then in effect, or less than $20.0 million if certain conditions are met. We were in compliance with each of these covenants in the term loan facility as of June 30, 2014, and the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio was not applicable under the revolving credit facility. The senior secured credit facilities also contain customary restrictive covenants, including limitations on incurrence of indebtedness, incurrence of liens, transactions with affiliates, mergers, dividends and other distributions, asset dispositions and investments.
Our senior secured credit facilities contain customary events of default, subject to applicable grace periods, including for nonpayment of principal, interest or other amounts, violation of covenants, incorrectness of representations or warranties in any material respect, cross default to material indebtedness, material monetary judgments, ERISA defaults, insolvency, actual or asserted invalidity of loan documents or material security and change of control.
We had $139.4 million of cash and cash equivalents and $53.6 million of short-term investments at June 30, 2014. We had $313.6 million of cash and cash equivalents and $111.7 million of short-term investments at December 31, 2013.
We expect our net cash provided by operations combined with our cash and cash equivalents and borrowings under our revolving credit facility to provide sufficient liquidity to fund our current obligations, capital spending, debt service requirements and working capital requirements over at least the next twelve months.
Operating activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $132.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, a $20.7 million decrease from the $152.8 million used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2013. The decrease in cash used in operating activities from 2013 to 2014 was primarily driven by less profitable operations, net of depreciation and amortization, of $1.6 million, offset by favorable net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $22.3 million. These changes were primarily due to favorable changes in deferred revenue of $99.0 million, favorable changes in inventories of $8.4 million, favorable changes in accounts payable of $14.2 million, favorable changes in royalties of $14.8 million, and favorable net changes in other operating assets and liabilities of $8.8 million, offset by unfavorable changes in accounts receivables of $122.9 million.
Investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $43.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, a decrease of $26.0 million from the $69.9 million used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2013. The decrease in cash investing expenditures is primarily attributed to a $13.5 million decrease in pre-publication costs and property, plant and equipment, primarily platforms, along with an increase in net proceeds of $19.7 million from short-term investment activity. The overall decrease was offset slightly by an increase in acquisition of business activity expenditures of $3.8 million relating to the three acquisitions that occurred during 2014.
Financing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $3.0 million from the $1.3 million of net cash used in financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2013. The increase was due to proceeds from stock option exercises of $3.3 million offset by tax withholding payments related to net share settlements of restricted stock units of $0.4 million.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our financial results are affected by the selection and application of critical accounting policies and methods. There were no material changes in the three months ended June 30, 2014 to the application of critical accounting policies and estimates as described
 
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in our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013, which were included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.
Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices
Although inflation is currently well below levels in prior years and has, therefore, benefited recent results, particularly in the area of manufacturing costs, there are offsetting costs. Our ability to adjust selling prices has always been limited by competitive factors and long-term contractual arrangements which either prohibit price increases or limit the amount by which prices may be increased. Further, a weak domestic economy at a time of low inflation could cause lower tax receipts at the state and local level, and the funding and buying patterns for textbooks and other educational materials could be adversely affected. Prices for paper moderated during the last three years.
The most significant assets affected by inflation include pre-publication, other property, plant and equipment and inventories. We use the weighted average cost method to value substantially all inventory. We have negotiated favorable pricing through contractual agreements with our two top print and sourcing vendors, and from our other major vendors, which has helped to stabilize our unit costs, and therefore our cost of inventories sold. Our publishing business requires a high level of investment in pre-publication for our educational and reference works, and in other property, plant and equipment. We expect to continue to commit funds to the publishing areas through both internal growth and acquisitions. We believe that by continuing to emphasize cost controls, technological improvements and quality control, we can continue to moderate the impact of inflation on our operating results and financial position.
Covenant Compliance
As of June 30, 2014, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants.
We are currently required to meet certain restrictive financial covenants as defined under our term loan facility and revolving credit facility. We have financial covenants primarily pertaining to interest coverage and maximum leverage ratios. A breach of any of these covenants, ratios, tests or restrictions, as applicable, for which a waiver is not obtained could result in an event of default, in which case our lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable and result in a cross-default under other arrangements containing such provisions. A default would permit lenders to accelerate the maturity for the debt under these agreements and to foreclose upon any collateral securing the debt owed to these lenders and to terminate any commitments of these lenders to lend to us. If the lenders accelerate the payment of the indebtedness, our assets may not be sufficient to repay in full the indebtedness and any other indebtedness that would become due as a result of any acceleration. Further, in such an event, the lenders would not be required to make further loans to us, and assuming similar facilities were not established and we are unable to obtain replacement financing, it would materially affect our liquidity and results of operations.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no off-balance sheet arrangements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Footnote 3 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.
 
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 Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to market risk from foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, which could affect operating results, financial position and cash flows. We manage exposure to these market risks through our regular operating and financing activities and, when appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. These derivative financial instruments are utilized to hedge economic exposures as well as reduce our earnings and cash flow volatility resulting from shifts in market rates. As permitted, we may designate certain of these derivative contracts for hedge accounting treatment in accordance with authoritative guidance regarding accounting for derivative instruments and hedging activities. However, certain of these instruments may not qualify for, or we may choose not to elect, hedge accounting treatment and, accordingly, the results of our operations may be exposed to some level of volatility. Volatility in our results of operations will vary with the type and amount of derivative hedges outstanding, as well as fluctuations in the currency and interest rate market during the period. Periodically, we may enter into derivative contracts, including interest rate swap agreements and interest rate caps and collars to manage interest rate exposures, and foreign currency spot, forward, swap and option contracts to manage foreign currency exposures. The fair market values of all these derivative contracts change with fluctuations in interest rates and/or currency rates and are designed so that any changes in their values are offset by changes in the values of the underlying exposures. Derivative financial instruments are held solely as risk management tools and not for trading or speculative purposes.
By their nature, all derivative instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of market and credit risk not recognized in our financial statements. The market risk associated with these instruments resulting from currency exchange and interest rate movements is expected to offset the market risk of the underlying transactions, assets and liabilities being hedged. Our policy is to deal with counterparties having a single A or better credit rating at the time of the execution. We manage credit risk through the continuous monitoring of exposures to such counterparties.
We continue to review liquidity sufficiency by performing various stress test scenarios, such as cash flow forecasting which considers hypothetical interest rate movements. Furthermore, we continue to closely monitor current events and the financial institutions that support our credit facility, including monitoring their credit ratings and outlooks, credit default swap levels, capital raising and merger activity.
As of June 30, 2014, we have $244.4 million of aggregate principal amount indebtedness outstanding under our term loan facility that bears interest at a variable rate. An increase or decrease of 1% in the interest rate will change our interest expense by approximately $2.4 million on an annual basis. We also have up to $250.0 million of borrowing availability, subject to borrowing base availability, under our revolving credit facility, and borrowings under the revolving credit facility bear interest at a variable rate. We had no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility at June 30, 2014. Assuming that the revolving credit facility is fully drawn, an increase or decrease of 1% in the interest rate will change our interest expense associated with the revolving credit facility by $2.5 million on an annual basis.
We conduct various digital development activities in Ireland, and as such, our cash flows and costs are subject to fluctuations from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We manage our exposures to this market risk through the use of short-term foreign exchange forward and option contracts, when deemed appropriate, which were not significant as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013. We do not enter into derivative transactions or use other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
 Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2014 pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act). Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that material information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such material information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on their evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that, as of June 30, 2014, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
During the quarter ended June 30, 2014, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
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 Part II. Other Information
 Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in ordinary and routine litigation and matters incidental to our business. Specifically, there have been various settled, pending and threatened litigation that allege we exceeded the print run limitation or other restrictions in licenses granted to us to reproduce photographs in our instructional materials. While management believes that there is a reasonable possibility we may incur a loss associated with the pending and threatened litigation, we are not able to estimate such amount, but we do not expect any of these matters to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. We have insurance in such amounts and with such coverage and deductibles as management believes is reasonable. There can be no assurance that our liability insurance will cover all events or that the limits of coverage will be sufficient to fully cover all liabilities.
 Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013. For more information regarding the risks regarding our business and industry, please see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.
 
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 Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit
No.	  	Description	
		
  31.1*	  	Certification of CEO Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	
		
  31.2*	  	Certification of CFO Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	
		
  32.1*	  	Certification of CEO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	
		
  32.2*	  	Certification of CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.	
		
101.INS	  	XBRL Instance Document.	
		
101.SCH	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.	
		
101.CAL	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.	
		
101.DEF	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.	
		
101.LAB	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.	
		
101.PRE	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.	
 
*	Filed herewith	
 
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 SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	 		 	Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company
(Registrant)	
				
August 14, 2014	 		 	By:	 	/s/ Linda K. Zecher	
	 		 		 	Linda K. Zecher	
	 		 		 	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director	

	 		 	Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company
(Registrant)	
				
August 14, 2014	 		 	By:	 	/s/ Eric L. Shuman	
	 		 		 	Eric L. Shuman	
	 		 		 	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)	
 
39

EXHIBIT 31.1
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Linda K. Zecher, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:
 
 	a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;	
 
 	b)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and	
 
 	c)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and	
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
 	a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and	
 
 	b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.	
Date: August 14, 2014

By:	 	/s/ Linda K. Zecher	
	 	Linda K. Zecher	
	 	President and Chief Executive Officer	

EXHIBIT 31.2
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Eric L. Shuman, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:
 
 	a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;	
 
 	b)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and	
 
 	c)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and	
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
 	a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and	
 
 	b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.	
Date: August 14, 2014

By:	 	/s/ Eric L. Shuman	
	 	Eric L. Shuman	
	 	Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer	

EXHIBIT 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company’s (the “Company”) Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and six months ended June 30, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Linda K. Zecher, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
 
 	(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and	
 
 	(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.	
Date: August 14, 2014

By:	 	/s/ Linda K. Zecher	
	 	Linda K. Zecher	
	 	President and Chief Executive Officer	

EXHIBIT 32.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company’s (the “Company”) Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and six months ended June 30, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Eric L. Shuman, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
 
 	(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and	
 
 	(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.	
Date: August 14, 2014

By:	 	/s/ Eric L. Shuman	
	 	Eric L. Shuman	
	 	Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer