(1) Organization and Business Activities

 

Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. (“Acorda” or the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the identification, development and commercialization of novel therapies that restore function and improve the lives of people with neurological disorders.

 

Management is responsible for the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements and the related information included in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire year.

 

These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for such year, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC).

 

 

 

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 

Principles of Consolidation

 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and include the results of operations of the Company and its majority owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

 

Use of Estimates

 

The consolidated financial statements include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments.  Estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for rebates and incentives, chargebacks, and other sales allowances, depreciable/amortizable lives, asset impairments, excess inventory, valuation allowance on deferred taxes, purchase price allocations and amounts recorded for contingencies and accruals.  Because of the uncertainties inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.  Management periodically evaluates estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for reasonableness.

 

The use of forecasted financial information is inherent in many of our accounting estimates, including but not limited to, determining the estimated fair value of goodwill, intangible assets and contingent consideration, matching intangible amortization to underlying benefits (e.g. sales and cash inflows), establishing and evaluating inventory reserves, and evaluating the need for valuation allowances for deferred tax assets.  Such forecasted financial information is comprised of numerous assumptions regarding our future revenues, cash flows, and operational results.  Management believes that its financial forecasts are reasonable and appropriate based upon current facts and circumstances.  Because of the inherent nature of forecasts, however, actual results may differ from these forecasts.  Management regularly reviews the information related to these forecasts and adjusts the carrying amounts of the applicable assets and liabilities prospectively when actual results differ from previous estimates.

 

Investments

 

Both short-term and long-term investments consist of US Treasury bonds. The Company classifies marketable securities available to fund current operations as short-term investments in current assets on its consolidated balance sheets. Marketable securities are classified as long-term investments in long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets if the Company has the ability and intent to hold them and such holding period is longer than one year. The Company classifies its short-term and long-term investments as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at the fair value of the investments based on quoted market prices.

 

Unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, which are determined to be temporary, are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

 

Premiums and discounts on investments are amortized over the life of the related available-for-sale security as an adjustment to yield using the effective-interest method. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Amortized premiums and discounts, dividend and interest income and realized gains and losses are included in interest income.

 

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

 

The Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss is comprised of unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities and is recorded and presented net of income tax.

 

Revenue Recognition

 

Ampyra

 

Ampyra is available only through a network of specialty pharmacy providers that provide the medication to patients by mail; Kaiser Permanente, which distributes Ampyra to patients through a closed network of on-site pharmacies; and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. (an AmerisourceBergen affiliate), which distributes Ampyra to the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, or VA, and other federal agencies. Ampyra is not available in retail pharmacies. The Company does not recognize revenue from product sales until there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the price is fixed and determinable, the buyer is obligated to pay the Company, the obligation to pay is not contingent on resale of the product, the buyer has economic substance apart from the Company, the Company has no obligation to bring about the sale of the product, and the amount of returns can be reasonably estimated and collectability is reasonably assured. The Company recognizes product sales of Ampyra following receipt of product by a network of specialty pharmacy providers, Kaiser Permanente, and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. The specialty pharmacy providers, Kaiser Permanente, and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. are contractually obligated to hold no more than an agreed number of days of inventory, ranging from 10 to 30 days.

 

The Company’s net revenues represent total revenues less allowances for customer credits, including estimated discounts, rebates, and chargebacks. These allowances are recorded for cash consideration given by a vendor to a customer that is presumed to be a reduction of the selling prices of the vendor’s products or services and, therefore, are characterized as a reduction of revenue. At the time product is shipped to specialty pharmacies, Kaiser Permanente and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc., an adjustment is recorded for estimated discounts, rebates and chargebacks. These allowances are established by management as its best estimate based on available information and will be adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. Allowances for discounts, rebates and chargebacks are established based on the contractual terms with customers, historical trends, communications with customers and the levels of inventory remaining in the distribution channel, as well as expectations about the market for the product and anticipated introduction of competitive products.  Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales.  The Company does not accept returns of Ampyra with the exception of product damages that occur during shipping.

 

Zanaflex

 

The Company applies the revenue recognition guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 605-15-25, which among other criteria requires that future returns can be reasonably estimated in order to recognize revenue. The amount of future tablet returns is uncertain due to generic competition and customer conversion to Zanaflex Capsules. The Company has accumulated sales history with Zanaflex Capsules; however, due to existing and potential generic competition and customer conversion from Zanaflex tablets to Zanaflex Capsules, management is unable to determine a return rate at this time. As a result, the Company accounts for these product shipments using a deferred revenue recognition model. Under the deferred revenue model, the Company does not recognize revenue upon product shipment. For these product shipments, the Company invoices the wholesaler, records deferred revenue at gross invoice sales price, and classifies the cost basis of the product held by the wholesaler as a separate component of inventory. The Company recognizes revenue when prescribed to the end-user, on a first-in first-out (FIFO) basis. The Company’s revenue to be recognized is based on (1) the estimated prescription demand, based on pharmacy sales for its products; and (2) the Company’s analysis of third-party information, including third-party market research data. The Company’s estimates are subject to the inherent limitations of estimates that rely on third-party data, as certain third-party information is itself in the form of estimates, and reflect other limitations. The Company’s sales and revenue recognition reflects the Company’s estimates of actual product prescribed to the end-user. The Company expects to be able to apply a more traditional revenue recognition policy such that revenue is recognized following shipment to the customer when it believes it has sufficient data to develop reasonable estimates of expected returns based upon historical returns and greater certainty regarding generic competition.

 

The Company’s net revenues represent total revenues less allowances for customer credits, including estimated discounts, rebates, and chargebacks. These allowances are recorded for cash consideration given by a vendor to a customer that is presumed to be a reduction of the selling prices of the vendor’s products or services and, therefore, should be characterized as a reduction of revenue when recognized in the vendor’s statement of operations. Adjustments are recorded for estimated discounts, rebates and chargebacks. These allowances are established by management as its best estimate based on available information and are adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. Allowances for discounts, rebates and chargebacks are established based on the contractual terms with customers, analysis of historical levels of discounts, rebates and chargebacks, communications with customers and the levels of inventory remaining in the distribution channel, as well as expectations about the market for each product and anticipated introduction of competitive products. In addition, the Company records a charge to cost of goods sold for the cost basis of the estimated product returns the Company believes may ultimately be realized at the time of product shipment to wholesalers. The Company has recognized this charge at the date of shipment since it is probable that it will receive a level of returned products; upon the return of such product it will be unable to resell the product considering its expiration dating; and it can reasonably estimate a range of returns. This charge represents the cost basis for the low end of the range of the Company’s estimated returns. Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales.

 

Qutenza

 

Qutenza is distributed in the United States by Besse Medical, Inc., a specialty distributor that furnishes the medication to physician offices; and by ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc., a specialty distributor that furnishes the medication to hospitals and clinics. The Company does not recognize revenue from product sales until there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the price is fixed and determinable, the buyer is obligated to pay the Company, the obligation to pay is not contingent on resale of the product, the buyer has economic substance apart from the Company, the Company has no obligation to bring about the sale of the product, and the amount of returns can be reasonably estimated and collectability is reasonably assured. This means that, for Qutenza, the Company recognizes product sales following receipt of product by its specialty distributors.

 

The Company’s net revenues represent total revenues less allowances for customer credits, including estimated rebates, chargebacks, and returns. These allowances are recorded for cash consideration given by a vendor to a customer that is presumed to be a reduction of the selling prices of the vendor’s products or services and, therefore, are characterized as a reduction of revenue. At the time product is shipped, an adjustment is recorded for estimated rebates, chargebacks, and returns. These allowances are established by management as its best estimate based on available information and will be adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. Allowances for rebates, chargebacks, and returns are established based on the contractual terms with customers, historical trends, as well as expectations about the market for the product and anticipated introduction of competitive products.  Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales.

 

Milestones and royalties

 

In order to determine the revenue recognition for contingent milestones, the Company evaluates the contingent milestones using the criteria as provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Boards (FASB) guidance on the milestone method of revenue recognition. At the inception of a collaboration agreement, the Company evaluates if payments are substantive.  The criteria requires that (i) the Company determines if the milestone is commensurate with either its performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of value resulting from the Company’s activities to achieve the milestone, (ii) the milestone be related to past performance, and (iii) the milestone be reasonable relative to all deliverable and payment terms of the collaboration arrangement.  If these criteria are met then the contingent milestones can be considered as substantive milestones and will be recognized as revenue in the period that the milestone is achieved. Royalties are recognized as earned in accordance with the terms of various research and collaboration agreements.

 

In-Process Research and Development

 

The cost of in-process research and development (IPR&D) acquired directly in a transaction other than a business combination is capitalized if the projects have an alternative future use; otherwise they are expensed. The fair values of IPR&D projects acquired in business combinations are capitalized. Several methods may be used to determine the estimated fair value of the IPR&D acquired in a business combination. The Company utilizes the “income method”, and uses estimated future net cash flows that are derived from projected sales revenues and estimated costs. These projections are based on factors such as relevant market size, patent protection, historical pricing and expected industry trends. The estimated future net cash flows are then discounted to the present value using an appropriate discount rate. These assets are treated as indefinite-lived intangible assets until completion or abandonment of the projects, at which time the assets are amortized over the remaining useful life or written off, as appropriate. IPR&D intangible assets which are determined to have had a drop in their fair value are adjusted downward and an expense recognized in the statement of operations. These assets are tested at least annually or sooner when a triggering event occurs that could indicate a potential impairment.

 

Contingent Consideration

 

The Company records contingent consideration as part of its business acquisitions.  Contingent consideration is recognized at fair value as of the date of acquisition and recorded as a liability on the consolidated balance sheet.  The contingent consideration is re-valued on a quarterly basis using a probability weighted discounted cash-flow approach until fulfillment or expiration of the contingency.  Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration are recognized in the statement of operations.

 

Goodwill

 

Goodwill represents the amount of consideration paid in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired as a result of the Company’s business acquisitions accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting.  Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to impairment testing on an annual basis or when a triggering event occurs that may indicate the carrying value of the goodwill is impaired.

 

Collaborations

 

The Company recognizes collaboration revenues and expenses by analyzing each element of the agreement to determine if it shall be accounted for as a separate element or single unit of accounting. If an element shall be treated separately for revenue recognition purposes, the revenue recognition principles most appropriate for that element are applied to determine when revenue shall be recognized. If an element shall not be treated separately for revenue recognition purposes, the revenue recognition principles most appropriate for the bundled group of elements are applied to determine when revenue shall be recognized. Payments received in excess of revenues recognized are recorded as deferred revenue until such time as the revenue recognition criteria have been met.

 

Concentration of Credit Risk

 

The Company’s principal direct customers as of June 30, 2015 were a network of specialty pharmacies, Kaiser Permanente, and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. for Ampyra, wholesale pharmaceutical distributors for Zanaflex Capsules and Zanaflex tablets, and two specialty distributors for Qutenza. The Company periodically assesses the financial strength of these customers and establishes allowances for anticipated losses, if necessary. Four customers individually accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s product revenue in 2015 and 2014. Four customers individually accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. The Company’s net product revenues are generated in the United States.

 

Segment and Geographic Information

 

The Company is managed and operated as one business which is focused on the identification, development and commercialization of novel therapies to improve the lives of people with neurological disorders. The entire business is managed by a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The Company does not operate separate lines of business with respect to any of its products or product candidates and the Company does not prepare discrete financial information with respect to separate products or product candidates or by location.  Accordingly, the Company views its business as one reportable operating segment. Net product revenues reported to date are derived from sales of Ampyra, Zanaflex and Qutenza in the United States.

 

Subsequent Events

 

Subsequent events are defined as those events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date, but before the financial statements are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company completed an evaluation of the impact of any subsequent events through the date these financial statements were issued, and determined there were no subsequent events requiring disclosure in or requiring adjustment to these financial statements other than the subsequent event disclosed in Note 11 below.

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (ASU No. 2014-09).  This new standard will replace all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminate all industry-specific guidance.  In July 2015, the FASB decided to defer the effective date of the new revenue standard for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (previously December 15, 2016).  The change will allow public entities to adopt the new standard as early as the original public entity effective date (i.e. annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods therein).  Early adoption prior to that date will not be permitted.  ASU 2014-09 allows for either full retrospective or modified retrospective adoption.  The Company is evaluating the transition method that will be elected and the potential effects of adopting the provisions of ASU No. 2014-09.

 

In August 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (ASU 2014-15), which defines management’s responsibility to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosures if there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern.  ASU 2014-05 is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016 with early adoption permitted.  The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

 

In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-03, Interest — Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs (ASU 2015-03), which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the debt liability rather than as an asset.  ASU-2014-15 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted.  The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or results of operations.

 

On June 12, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-10, Technical Corrections and Improvements. With regard to fair value measurement disclosures, ASU 2015-10 clarified that, for nonrecurring measurements estimated at a date during the reporting period other than the end of the reporting period, an entity should clearly indicate that the fair value information presented is not as of the period’s end as well as the date or period that the measurement was taken. This change was effective immediately upon issuance of ASU 2015-10.  The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

 

 

 

(3) Acquisitions

 

Civitas Therapeutics, Inc. Acquisition

 

On October 22, 2014, the Company completed the acquisition of Civitas Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (Civitas).  As a result of the acquisition, the Company acquired global rights to CVT-301, a Phase 3 treatment candidate for OFF episodes of Parkinson’s disease.  The acquisition of Civitas also included rights to Civitas’s proprietary ARCUS pulmonary delivery technology, which management believes has potential applications in multiple disease areas, and a subleased manufacturing facility in Chelsea, Massachusetts with commercial-scale capabilities.  The approximately 90,000 square foot facility also includes office and laboratory space.  Approximately 45 Civitas employees based at the Chelsea facility joined the Acorda workforce in connection with the acquisition.

 

The Civitas acquisition was completed under an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of September 24, 2014 (the Merger Agreement), by and among Acorda, Five A Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary (Merger Sub), Civitas and Shareholder Representative Services LLC, a Colorado limited liability company, solely in its capacity as the security holders’ representative (SRS).  Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub has merged with and into Civitas, which is the surviving corporation in the Merger and which is continuing as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Acorda under the Civitas name.

 

Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, aggregate merger consideration was $525 million plus $4.5 million in Civitas transaction costs paid by the Company.  Additionally and pursuant to the Merger Agreement, upon consummation of the merger, $39.375 million of the aggregate merger consideration was deposited into escrow to secure representation and warranty indemnification obligations of Civitas and Civitas’ security holders.  The transaction was financed with cash on hand.  The Company incurred approximately $7.2 million of its own transactions costs related to legal, valuation and other professional and consulting fees associated with the acquisition.  These transaction costs have been expensed as selling, general and administrative expenses in the year ended December 31, 2014.

 

The fair value of consideration transferred as of the acquisition date of October 22, 2014 totaled approximately $529.5 million summarized as follows:

 

 

In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the Company allocated the preliminary purchase price to the estimated fair values of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with any excess allocated to goodwill.  The fair value of acquired IPR&D will be classified as an indefinite lived intangible asset until the successful completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts.  The Company accounted for the transaction as a business combination.  The results of Civitas’ operations have been included in the consolidated statements of operations from the date of acquisition.

 

Acquired contingent consideration represents the estimated fair value of certain royalty payments due under a prior acquisition agreement between Alkermes and Civitas pertaining to sales of licensed products using the ARCUS technology.  The estimated fair value of the acquired contingent consideration was determined by applying a probability adjusted, discounted cash flow approach based on estimated future sales expected from CVT-301, a phase 3 candidate for the treatment of OFF episodes of Parkinson’s Disease and CVT-427, a pre-clinical development stage product.  CVT-427 is an inhaled triptan intended to provide relief from acute migraine episodes by taking advantage of the ARCUS delivery system.

 

Goodwill represents the amount of the purchase price paid in excess of the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.  The goodwill recorded as part of the acquisition is primarily related to establishing a deferred tax liability for the IPR&D intangible assets which have no tax basis and, therefore, will not result in a future tax deduction.

 

The following table presents the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date of October 22, 2014:

 

 

The Company may update its preliminary acquisition accounting for provisional amounts for which the accounting is incomplete during the reporting period in which the acquisition occurred, and may continue to update the provisional amounts until the amounts are no longer provisional, but for no longer than one year from the date of the acquisition.  Any updates to the fair value of consideration given or fair value assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed during the measurement period would be adjusted through goodwill.

 

Pro-Forma Financial Information Associated with the Civitas Acquisition (Unaudited)

 

The following table summarizes certain supplemental pro forma financial information for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 as if the acquisition of Civitas had occurred as of January 1, 2013.  The unaudited pro forma financial information for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2014 reflects (i) the impact to depreciation expense based on fair value adjustments to the property, plant and equipment acquired from Civitas; (ii) the effect to interest expense on a loan Civitas entered into at March 31, 2014; and (iii) the income tax benefit from Civitas net loss at the Company’s effective income tax rate at June 30, 2014.  The unaudited pro forma financial information was prepared for comparative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition been made at that time or of results which may occur in the future.

 

 

 

 

 

(4) Share-based Compensation

 

During the three-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized share-based compensation expense of $8.7 million and $7.6 million, respectively. During the six-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized share-based compensation expense of $15.8 million and $13.4 million, respectively.  Activity in options and restricted stock during the six-month period ended June 30, 2015 and related balances outstanding as of that date are reflected below. The weighted average fair value per share of options granted to employees for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 were approximately $13.83 and $15.37, respectively.  The weighted average fair value per share of options granted to employees for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 were approximately $15.97 and $18.18, respectively.

 

The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense included within the consolidated statements of operations:

 

 

A summary of share-based compensation activity for the six-month period ended June 30, 2015 is presented below:

 

Stock Option Activity

 

 

Restricted Stock Activity

 

 

Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested stock options and restricted stock awards as of June 30, 2015 totaled $75.2 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.6 years.

 

 

 

(5) Earnings Per Share

 

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014:

 

 

The difference between basic and diluted shares is that diluted shares include the dilutive effect of the assumed exercise of outstanding securities. The Company’s stock options and unvested shares of restricted common stock could have the most significant impact on diluted shares.

 

Securities that could potentially be dilutive are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share when a loss from continuing operations exists or when the exercise price exceeds the average closing price of the Company’s common stock during the period, because their inclusion would result in an anti-dilutive effect on per share amounts.

 

The following amounts were not included in the calculation of net income (loss) per diluted share because their effects were anti-dilutive:

 

 

Additionally, the impact of the convertible debt was determined to be anti-dilutive and excluded from the calculation of net income per diluted share.

 

 

 

(6) Income Taxes

 

For the three-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded a $1.1 million and $6.0 million provision for income taxes, respectively based upon its estimated tax liability for the year.  For the six-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded a $0.9 million benefit from and $8.8 million provision for income taxes based upon its estimated tax liability for the year. The provision for/benefit from income taxes is based on federal, state and Puerto Rico income taxes. The effective income tax rates for the Company for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 were 53% and 56%, respectively.  The effective income tax rates for the Company for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 were 30% and 62%, respectively.  As a result of the Federal research and development tax credit not being extended during the first and second quarter of 2015, the Company was not able to receive a benefit in the effective tax rate for this in 2015. The Company, however, was able to receive a benefit in the effective tax rate for 2015 for the Massachusetts state research and development tax credit in addition to the Federal orphan drug credit.

 

The Company continues to evaluate the realizability of its deferred tax assets and liabilities on a periodic basis and will adjust such amounts in light of changing facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, future projections of taxable income, tax legislation, rulings by relevant tax authorities, the progress of ongoing tax audits and the regulatory approval of products currently under development. Any changes to the valuation allowance or deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future would impact the Company’s income taxes.

 

 

(7) Fair Value Measurements

 

The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2015 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value. In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs utilize data points that are observable, such as quoted prices, interest rates and yield curves. Fair values determined by Level 3 inputs utilize unobservable data points for the asset or liability. The Company’s Level 1 assets consist of time deposits and investments in a Treasury money market fund and the Company’s Level 2 assets consist of high-quality government bonds and are valued using observable market prices.  Level 1 instrument valuations are obtained from real-time quotes for transactions in active exchange markets involving identical assets and Level 2 assets are valued using quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or other market observable inputs such as interest rates and yield curves. The Company’s Level 3 liabilities represent acquired contingent consideration related to the acquisition of Civitas and are valued using a probability weighted discounted cash flow valuation approach.  No changes in valuation techniques occurred during the three or six months ended June 30, 2015.  The estimated fair values of all of our financial instruments approximate their carrying values at June 30, 2015.

 

 

The fair value of the Company’s convertible senior notes was approximately $349.1 million as of June 30, 2015. The Company estimates the fair value of its Notes utilizing market quotations for the debt (Level 2).

 

The following table presents additional information about liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which the Company utilizes Level 3 inputs to determine fair value.

 

Acquired contingent consideration

 

 

The Company estimates the fair value of its acquired contingent consideration using a probability weighted discounted cash flow valuation approach based on estimated future sales expected from CVT-301, a phase 3 candidate for the treatment of OFF episodes of Parkinson’s Disease and CVT-427, a pre-clinical development stage product.  CVT-427 is an inhaled triptan intended to provide relief from acute migraine episodes taking advantage of the ARCUS delivery system. Using this approach, expected future cash flows are calculated over the expected life of the agreement, are discounted, and then exercise scenario probabilities are applied. Some of the more significant assumptions made in the valuation include (i) the estimated CVT-301 and CVT 427 revenue forecasts, (ii) probabilities of success, and (iii) discount periods and rate. The probability of achievement of revenue milestones ranged from 28.5% to 70% with milestone payment outcomes ranging from $0 to $60 million in the aggregate for CVT-301 and CVT-427.  The valuation is performed quarterly.  Gains and losses are included in the statement of operations.  For the three months ended June 30, 2015, changes in the fair value of the acquired contingent consideration were due to the re-calculation of cash flows for the passage of time and updates to certain of the other assumptions noted above.

 

The acquired contingent consideration is classified as a Level 3 liability as its valuation requires substantial judgment and estimation of factors that are not currently observable in the market.  If different assumptions were used for the various inputs to the valuation approach, including but not limited to, assumptions involving probability adjusted sales estimates for CVT-301 and CVT-427 and estimated discount rates, the estimated fair value could be significantly higher or lower than the fair value we determined.

 

 

(8) Investments

 

The Company has determined that all of its investments are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value with interest on these securities included in interest income and are recorded based primarily on quoted market prices.  Available-for-sale securities consisted of the following:

 

 

The contractual maturities of short-term available-for-sale debt securities at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are greater than 3 months but less than 1 year.  The Company has determined that there were no other-than-temporary declines in the fair values of its investments as of June 30, 2015.

 

Short-term investments with maturities of three months or less from date of purchase have been classified as cash equivalents, and amounted to $38.3 million and $149.8 million as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively.

 

Unrealized holding gains and losses are reported within accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) in the statements of comprehensive income (loss).  The changes in AOCI associated with the unrealized holding loss on available-for-sale investments during the six months ended June 30, 2015, were as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

 

(9) Collaborations, Alliances, and Other Agreements

 

Biogen

 

On June 30, 2009, the Company entered into an exclusive collaboration and license agreement with Biogen International GmbH (formerly Biogen Idec International GmbH), or Biogen to develop and commercialize Ampyra (known as Fampyra outside the U.S.) in markets outside the United States (the “Collaboration Agreement”). Under the Collaboration Agreement, Biogen was granted the exclusive right to commercialize Ampyra and other products containing aminopyridines developed under that agreement in all countries outside of the United States, which grant includes a sublicense of the Company’s rights under an existing license agreement between the Company and Alkermes plc (Alkermes), formerly Elan Corporation, plc (Elan). Biogen has responsibility for regulatory activities and future clinical development of Fampyra in ex-U.S. markets worldwide. The Company also entered into a related supply agreement with Biogen (the “Supply Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company will supply Biogen with its requirements for the licensed products through the Company’s existing supply agreement with Alkermes.

 

Under the Collaboration Agreement, the Company was entitled to an upfront payment of $110.0 million as of June 30, 2009, which was received in July 2009, and a $25.0 million milestone payment upon approval of the product in the European Union, which was received in August 2011. The Company is also entitled to receive additional payments of up to $10.0 million based on the successful achievement of future regulatory milestones and up to $365.0 million based on the successful achievement of future sales milestones. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the achievement of the future regulatory and sales milestones, these payments will not be recognized as revenue unless and until they are earned. The Company is not able to reasonably predict if and when the milestones will be achieved. Under the Collaboration Agreement, Biogen will be required to make double-digit tiered royalty payments to the Company on ex-U.S. sales. In addition, the consideration that Biogen will pay for licensed products under the Supply Agreement will reflect the price owed to the Company’s suppliers under its supply arrangements with Alkermes or other suppliers for ex-U.S. sales. The Company and Biogen may also carry out future joint development activities regarding licensed product under a cost-sharing arrangement. Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, the Company, in part through its participation in joint committees with Biogen, will participate in overseeing the development and commercialization of Ampyra and other licensed products in markets outside the United States pursuant to that agreement. Acorda will continue to develop and commercialize Ampyra independently in the United States.

 

As of June 30, 2009, the Company recorded deferred revenue of $110.0 million for the upfront payment from Biogen under the Collaboration Agreement. Also, as a result of such payment to Acorda, a payment of $7.7 million was made to Alkermes and recorded as a deferred expense.

 

The Company considered the following deliverables with respect to the revenue recognition of the $110.0 million upfront payment:  (1) the license to use the Company’s technology, (2) the Collaboration Agreement to develop and commercialize licensed product in all countries outside the U.S., and (3) the Supply Agreement. Due to the inherent uncertainty in obtaining regulatory approval, the applicability of the Supply Agreement is outside the control of the Company and Biogen. Accordingly, the Company has determined the Supply Agreement is a contingent deliverable at the onset of the agreement.  As a result, the Company has determined the Supply Agreement does not meet the definition of a deliverable that needs to be accounted for at the inception of the arrangement. The Company has also determined that there is no significant and incremental discount related to the supply agreement since Biogen will pay the same amount for inventory that the Company would pay and the Company effectively acts as a middle man in the arrangement for which it adds no significant value due to various factors such as the Company does not have any manufacturing capabilities or other know-how with respect to the manufacturing process.

 

The Company has determined that the identified non-contingent deliverables (deliverables 1 and 2 immediately preceding) would have no value on a standalone basis if they were sold separately by a vendor and the customer could not resell the delivered items on a standalone basis, nor does the Company have objective and reliable evidence of fair value for the deliverables. Accordingly, the non-contingent deliverables are treated as one unit of accounting.  As a result, the Company will recognize the non-refundable upfront payment from Biogen as revenue and the associated payment to Alkermes as expense ratably over the estimated term of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed products under the Collaboration Agreement as the Company had determined this was the most probable expected benefit period. The Company recognized $2.3 million and $4.5 million in license revenue, a portion of the $110.0 million received from Biogen, and $159,000 and $317,000 in cost of license revenue, a portion of the $7.7 million paid to Alkermes, during the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.  The Company currently estimates the recognition period to be approximately 12 years from the date of the Collaboration Agreement.

 

As part of its ex-U.S. license agreement, Biogen owes Acorda royalties based on ex-U.S. net sales, and milestones based on ex-U.S. regulatory approval and new indications.  These milestones included a $25.0 million payment for approval of the product in the European Union which was recorded and paid in the three month period ended September 30, 2011. Based on Acorda’s worldwide license and supply agreement with Alkermes, Alkermes received 7% of this milestone payment from Acorda during the same period.  For revenue recognition purposes, the Company has determined this milestone to be substantive in accordance with applicable accounting guidance related to milestone revenue.  Substantive uncertainty existed at the inception of the arrangement as to whether the milestone would be achieved because of the numerous variables, such as the high rate of failure inherent in the research and development of new products and the uncertainty involved with obtaining regulatory approval. Biogen leveraged Acorda’s U.S. Ampyra study results that contributed to the regulatory approval process. Therefore, the milestone was achieved based in part on Acorda’s past performance.  The milestone was also reasonable relative to all deliverable and payment terms of the collaboration arrangement. Therefore, the payment was recognized in its entirety as revenue and the cost of the milestone revenue was recognized in its entirety as an expense during the three-month period ended September 30, 2011. The Company recognized $2.5 million and $2.8 million in royalty revenue for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 and $4.8 million and $5.2 million for the 6 month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, related to ex-U.S. sales of Fampyra by Biogen.

 

Actavis/Watson

 

The Company has an agreement with Watson Pharma, Inc., a subsidiary of Actavis, Inc. (formerly Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), to market tizanidine hydrochloride capsules, an authorized generic version of Zanaflex Capsules which was launched in February 2012.  In accordance with the agreement, the Company receives a royalty based on Watson’s gross margin, as defined by the agreement, of the authorized generic product. During the three-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized royalty revenue of $1.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively, related to the gross margin of the Zanaflex Capsule authorized generic.  During the three-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company also recognized revenue and a corresponding cost of sales of $1.3 million, respectively, related to the purchase and sale of the related Zanaflex Capsule authorized generic product to Actavis, which is recorded in net product revenues and cost of sales.

 

During the six-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized royalty revenue of $3.1 million and $3.8 million, respectively, related to the gross margin of the Zanaflex Capsule authorized generic.  During the six-month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company also recognized revenue and a corresponding cost of sales of $1.4 million and $2.2 million, respectively, related to the purchase and sale of the related Zanaflex Capsule authorized generic product to Actavis, which is recorded in net product revenues and cost of sales.

 

Neuronex

 

In December 2012, the Company acquired Neuronex, Inc., a privately-held development stage pharmaceutical company (Neuronex) developing Plumiaz (our trade name for Diazepam Nasal Spray).  Plumiaz is a proprietary nasal spray formulation of diazepam that we are developing under Section 505(b)(2) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act as an acute treatment for selected, refractory patients with epilepsy, on stable regimens of antiepileptic drugs, or AEDs, who experience intermittent bouts of increased seizure activity also known as seizure clusters or acute repetitive seizures, or ARS.

 

The Company completed the acquisition pursuant to a merger agreement with Neuronex and Moise A. Khayrallah, acting as the Stockholders’ Representative on behalf of the former Neuronex equity holders.  In July 2015, the Company entered into an amendment to the merger agreement with Mr. Khayrallah, as Stockholders’ Representative.  Pursuant to the amendment, the Stockholders’ Representative, acting on behalf of the former Neuronex equity holders, agreed to certain modifications to the Company’s future contingent payment obligations regarding the development and potential commercialization of Plumiaz, described below.  In consideration of those modifications, pursuant to the amendment the Company agreed to pay the former Neuronex equity holders $8.75 million.

 

Under the terms of the Neuronex merger agreement, the Company made an upfront payment of $2.0 million in February 2012.  The Company also paid $1.5 million during the twelve month period ended December 31, 2012 pursuant to a commitment under the agreement to fund research to prepare for the Plumiaz pre-NDA meeting with the FDA.  In December 2012, the Company completed the acquisition by paying $6.8 million to former Neuronex equity holders less a $300,000 holdback provision.  After adjustment for Neuronex’s working capital upon closing of the acquisition, approximately $120,000 of the holdback amount was remaining as of December 31, 2013.  This balance was paid to the former equity holders of Neuronex pursuant to the merger agreement in February 2014.

 

Under the merger agreement, the former equity holders of Neuronex will be entitled to receive payments from the Company, in addition to payments the Company has already made under the merger agreement, upon the achievement of specified regulatory, manufacturing-related, and sales milestones with respect to Diazepam Nasal Spray products (Plumiaz).  Pursuant to the merger agreement as amended by the amendment, the Company is obligated to pay (i) up to $3 million in specified regulatory and manufacturing-related milestone payments, a reduction from up to $18 million in such payments that were originally specified in the merger agreement, and (ii) up to $100 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones, a reduction from up to $105 million in such payments that were originally specified in the merger agreement. Under the merger agreement, the former equity holders of Neuronex will also be entitled to receive tiered royalty-like earnout payments on worldwide net sales of Diazepam Nasal Spray products (Plumiaz), if any.  The rates for these payments pursuant to the merger agreement originally ranged from the upper single digits to lower double digits, but were modified pursuant to the amendment and now range from the mid single digits to mid double digits.  These payments are payable on a country-by-country basis until the earlier to occur of ten years after the first commercial sale of a product in such country and the entry of generic competition in such country as defined in the Agreement.

 

The patent and other intellectual property and other rights relating to Diazepam Nasal Spray products are licensed from SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (SK).  Pursuant to the SK license, which granted worldwide rights to Neuronex, except certain specified Asian countries, the Company’s subsidiary Neuronex is obligated to pay SK up to $8 million upon the achievement of specified development milestones with respect to the Diazepam Nasal Spray product (including a $1 million payment that was triggered during the three-month period ending September 30, 2013 upon the FDA’s acceptance for review of the first NDA for Plumiaz and paid during the three-month period ending December 31, 2013), and up to $3 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones with respect to the Diazepam Nasal Spray product.  Also, Neuronex is obligated to pay SK a tiered, mid-single digit royalty on net sales of Diazepam Nasal Spray products.

 

The Company evaluated the initial acquisition transaction based upon the guidance of ASC 805, Business Combinations, and concluded that it only acquired inputs and did not acquire any processes.  The Company needed to develop its own processes in order to produce an output. Therefore the Company accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition and accordingly the $2.0 million upfront payment, $1.5 million in research funding and $6.8 million of closing consideration net of tangible net assets acquired of $3.7 million which were primarily the taxable amount of net operating loss carryforwards, were expensed as research and development expense during the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2012.

 

 

 

(10) Commitments and Contingencies

 

A summary of the Company’s commitments and contingencies was included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. The Company’s long-term contractual obligations include commitments and estimated purchase obligations entered into in the normal course of business.

 

In March 2015, Civitas exercised its right to extend the term of a sublease for five additional years, until December 31, 2020, and Civitas retains the right to further extend the sublease beyond that date for another five year period.  The base rent is currently $722,000 per year.  For each extension period, the economic terms of the sublease will be determined by a process set forth in the sublease, and Civitas will be required to provide a letter of credit in an amount equal to the full five-year lease obligation for each lease extension period and additional security.  Alkermes leases the building pursuant to an overlease with H&N Associates, LLC, and has extension rights pursuant to the overlease that correspond to Civitas’ extension rights under the sublease. Alkermes has exercised a five-year extension option under the overlease that corresponds with Civitas’ exercise of its five year extension option under the sublease.  Pursuant to the sublease, Civitas has agreed to comply with all of Alkermes’s obligations under the overlease.

 

The Company is currently party to the other legal proceedings described in Part II, Item 1 of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, which are principally patent litigation matters. The Company has assessed such legal proceedings and does not believe that it is probable that a liability has been incurred or that the amount of any potential liability or range of losses can be reasonably estimated. As a result, the Company did not record any loss contingencies for any of these matters. While it is not possible to determine the outcome of the matters described in Part II, Item 1, Legal Proceedings, of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, the Company believes that, the resolution of all such matters will not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position or liquidity, but could possibly be material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations in any one accounting period. Litigation expenses are expensed as incurred.

 

 

(11) Subsequent Event

 

In July 2015, the Company entered into an amendment to the merger agreement pursuant to which it acquired Neuronex, Inc. in December 2012.  Pursuant to the amendment, the former Neuronex equity holders agreed to certain modifications to the Company’s future contingent payment obligations regarding the development and potential commercialization of Plumiaz, described below.  In consideration of those modifications, pursuant to the amendment the Company agreed to pay the former Neuronex equity holders $8.75 million.

 

Under the merger agreement, the former equity holders of Neuronex will be entitled to receive payments from the Company, in addition to payments the Company has already made under the merger agreement, upon the achievement of specified regulatory, manufacturing-related, and sales milestones with respect to Diazepam Nasal Spray products (Plumiaz).  Pursuant to the merger agreement as amended by the amendment, the Company is obligated to pay (i) up to $3 million in specified regulatory and manufacturing-related milestone payments, a reduction from up to $18 million in such payments that were originally specified in the merger agreement, and (ii) up to $100 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones, a reduction from up to $105 million in such payments that were originally specified in the merger agreement. Under the merger agreement, the former equity holders of Neuronex will also be entitled to receive tiered royalty-like earnout payments on worldwide net sales of Diazepam Nasal Spray products (Plumiaz), if any.  The rates for these payments pursuant to the merger agreement originally ranged from the upper single digits to lower double digits, but were modified pursuant to the amendment and now range from the mid single digits to mid double digits.  These payments are payable on a country-by-country basis until the earlier to occur of ten years after the first commercial sale of a product in such country and the entry of generic competition in such country as defined in the Agreement.

 

 

Principles of Consolidation

 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and include the results of operations of the Company and its majority owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

 

 

 

Use of Estimates

 

The consolidated financial statements include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments.  Estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for rebates and incentives, chargebacks, and other sales allowances, depreciable/amortizable lives, asset impairments, excess inventory, valuation allowance on deferred taxes, purchase price allocations and amounts recorded for contingencies and accruals.  Because of the uncertainties inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.  Management periodically evaluates estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for reasonableness.

 

The use of forecasted financial information is inherent in many of our accounting estimates, including but not limited to, determining the estimated fair value of goodwill, intangible assets and contingent consideration, matching intangible amortization to underlying benefits (e.g. sales and cash inflows), establishing and evaluating inventory reserves, and evaluating the need for valuation allowances for deferred tax assets.  Such forecasted financial information is comprised of numerous assumptions regarding our future revenues, cash flows, and operational results.  Management believes that its financial forecasts are reasonable and appropriate based upon current facts and circumstances.  Because of the inherent nature of forecasts, however, actual results may differ from these forecasts.  Management regularly reviews the information related to these forecasts and adjusts the carrying amounts of the applicable assets and liabilities prospectively when actual results differ from previous estimates.

 

 

 

Investments

 

Both short-term and long-term investments consist of US Treasury bonds. The Company classifies marketable securities available to fund current operations as short-term investments in current assets on its consolidated balance sheets. Marketable securities are classified as long-term investments in long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets if the Company has the ability and intent to hold them and such holding period is longer than one year. The Company classifies its short-term and long-term investments as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at the fair value of the investments based on quoted market prices.

 

Unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, which are determined to be temporary, are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

 

Premiums and discounts on investments are amortized over the life of the related available-for-sale security as an adjustment to yield using the effective-interest method. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Amortized premiums and discounts, dividend and interest income and realized gains and losses are included in interest income.

 

 

 

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

 

The Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss is comprised of unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities and is recorded and presented net of income tax.

 

 

Revenue Recognition

 

Ampyra

 

Ampyra is available only through a network of specialty pharmacy providers that provide the medication to patients by mail; Kaiser Permanente, which distributes Ampyra to patients through a closed network of on-site pharmacies; and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. (an AmerisourceBergen affiliate), which distributes Ampyra to the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, or VA, and other federal agencies. Ampyra is not available in retail pharmacies. The Company does not recognize revenue from product sales until there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the price is fixed and determinable, the buyer is obligated to pay the Company, the obligation to pay is not contingent on resale of the product, the buyer has economic substance apart from the Company, the Company has no obligation to bring about the sale of the product, and the amount of returns can be reasonably estimated and collectability is reasonably assured. The Company recognizes product sales of Ampyra following receipt of product by a network of specialty pharmacy providers, Kaiser Permanente, and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. The specialty pharmacy providers, Kaiser Permanente, and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. are contractually obligated to hold no more than an agreed number of days of inventory, ranging from 10 to 30 days.

 

The Company’s net revenues represent total revenues less allowances for customer credits, including estimated discounts, rebates, and chargebacks. These allowances are recorded for cash consideration given by a vendor to a customer that is presumed to be a reduction of the selling prices of the vendor’s products or services and, therefore, are characterized as a reduction of revenue. At the time product is shipped to specialty pharmacies, Kaiser Permanente and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc., an adjustment is recorded for estimated discounts, rebates and chargebacks. These allowances are established by management as its best estimate based on available information and will be adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. Allowances for discounts, rebates and chargebacks are established based on the contractual terms with customers, historical trends, communications with customers and the levels of inventory remaining in the distribution channel, as well as expectations about the market for the product and anticipated introduction of competitive products.  Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales.  The Company does not accept returns of Ampyra with the exception of product damages that occur during shipping.

 

Zanaflex

 

The Company applies the revenue recognition guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 605-15-25, which among other criteria requires that future returns can be reasonably estimated in order to recognize revenue. The amount of future tablet returns is uncertain due to generic competition and customer conversion to Zanaflex Capsules. The Company has accumulated sales history with Zanaflex Capsules; however, due to existing and potential generic competition and customer conversion from Zanaflex tablets to Zanaflex Capsules, management is unable to determine a return rate at this time. As a result, the Company accounts for these product shipments using a deferred revenue recognition model. Under the deferred revenue model, the Company does not recognize revenue upon product shipment. For these product shipments, the Company invoices the wholesaler, records deferred revenue at gross invoice sales price, and classifies the cost basis of the product held by the wholesaler as a separate component of inventory. The Company recognizes revenue when prescribed to the end-user, on a first-in first-out (FIFO) basis. The Company’s revenue to be recognized is based on (1) the estimated prescription demand, based on pharmacy sales for its products; and (2) the Company’s analysis of third-party information, including third-party market research data. The Company’s estimates are subject to the inherent limitations of estimates that rely on third-party data, as certain third-party information is itself in the form of estimates, and reflect other limitations. The Company’s sales and revenue recognition reflects the Company’s estimates of actual product prescribed to the end-user. The Company expects to be able to apply a more traditional revenue recognition policy such that revenue is recognized following shipment to the customer when it believes it has sufficient data to develop reasonable estimates of expected returns based upon historical returns and greater certainty regarding generic competition.

 

The Company’s net revenues represent total revenues less allowances for customer credits, including estimated discounts, rebates, and chargebacks. These allowances are recorded for cash consideration given by a vendor to a customer that is presumed to be a reduction of the selling prices of the vendor’s products or services and, therefore, should be characterized as a reduction of revenue when recognized in the vendor’s statement of operations. Adjustments are recorded for estimated discounts, rebates and chargebacks. These allowances are established by management as its best estimate based on available information and are adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. Allowances for discounts, rebates and chargebacks are established based on the contractual terms with customers, analysis of historical levels of discounts, rebates and chargebacks, communications with customers and the levels of inventory remaining in the distribution channel, as well as expectations about the market for each product and anticipated introduction of competitive products. In addition, the Company records a charge to cost of goods sold for the cost basis of the estimated product returns the Company believes may ultimately be realized at the time of product shipment to wholesalers. The Company has recognized this charge at the date of shipment since it is probable that it will receive a level of returned products; upon the return of such product it will be unable to resell the product considering its expiration dating; and it can reasonably estimate a range of returns. This charge represents the cost basis for the low end of the range of the Company’s estimated returns. Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales.

 

Qutenza

 

Qutenza is distributed in the United States by Besse Medical, Inc., a specialty distributor that furnishes the medication to physician offices; and by ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc., a specialty distributor that furnishes the medication to hospitals and clinics. The Company does not recognize revenue from product sales until there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the price is fixed and determinable, the buyer is obligated to pay the Company, the obligation to pay is not contingent on resale of the product, the buyer has economic substance apart from the Company, the Company has no obligation to bring about the sale of the product, and the amount of returns can be reasonably estimated and collectability is reasonably assured. This means that, for Qutenza, the Company recognizes product sales following receipt of product by its specialty distributors.

 

The Company’s net revenues represent total revenues less allowances for customer credits, including estimated rebates, chargebacks, and returns. These allowances are recorded for cash consideration given by a vendor to a customer that is presumed to be a reduction of the selling prices of the vendor’s products or services and, therefore, are characterized as a reduction of revenue. At the time product is shipped, an adjustment is recorded for estimated rebates, chargebacks, and returns. These allowances are established by management as its best estimate based on available information and will be adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. Allowances for rebates, chargebacks, and returns are established based on the contractual terms with customers, historical trends, as well as expectations about the market for the product and anticipated introduction of competitive products.  Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales.

 

Milestones and royalties

 

In order to determine the revenue recognition for contingent milestones, the Company evaluates the contingent milestones using the criteria as provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Boards (FASB) guidance on the milestone method of revenue recognition. At the inception of a collaboration agreement, the Company evaluates if payments are substantive.  The criteria requires that (i) the Company determines if the milestone is commensurate with either its performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of value resulting from the Company’s activities to achieve the milestone, (ii) the milestone be related to past performance, and (iii) the milestone be reasonable relative to all deliverable and payment terms of the collaboration arrangement.  If these criteria are met then the contingent milestones can be considered as substantive milestones and will be recognized as revenue in the period that the milestone is achieved. Royalties are recognized as earned in accordance with the terms of various research and collaboration agreements.

 

 

 

In-Process Research and Development

 

The cost of in-process research and development (IPR&D) acquired directly in a transaction other than a business combination is capitalized if the projects have an alternative future use; otherwise they are expensed. The fair values of IPR&D projects acquired in business combinations are capitalized. Several methods may be used to determine the estimated fair value of the IPR&D acquired in a business combination. The Company utilizes the “income method”, and uses estimated future net cash flows that are derived from projected sales revenues and estimated costs. These projections are based on factors such as relevant market size, patent protection, historical pricing and expected industry trends. The estimated future net cash flows are then discounted to the present value using an appropriate discount rate. These assets are treated as indefinite-lived intangible assets until completion or abandonment of the projects, at which time the assets are amortized over the remaining useful life or written off, as appropriate. IPR&D intangible assets which are determined to have had a drop in their fair value are adjusted downward and an expense recognized in the statement of operations. These assets are tested at least annually or sooner when a triggering event occurs that could indicate a potential impairment.

 

 

 

Contingent Consideration

 

The Company records contingent consideration as part of its business acquisitions.  Contingent consideration is recognized at fair value as of the date of acquisition and recorded as a liability on the consolidated balance sheet.  The contingent consideration is re-valued on a quarterly basis using a probability weighted discounted cash-flow approach until fulfillment or expiration of the contingency.  Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration are recognized in the statement of operations.

 

 

 

Goodwill

 

Goodwill represents the amount of consideration paid in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired as a result of the Company’s business acquisitions accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting.  Goodwill is not amortized and is subject to impairment testing on an annual basis or when a triggering event occurs that may indicate the carrying value of the goodwill is impaired.

 

 

 

Collaborations

 

The Company recognizes collaboration revenues and expenses by analyzing each element of the agreement to determine if it shall be accounted for as a separate element or single unit of accounting. If an element shall be treated separately for revenue recognition purposes, the revenue recognition principles most appropriate for that element are applied to determine when revenue shall be recognized. If an element shall not be treated separately for revenue recognition purposes, the revenue recognition principles most appropriate for the bundled group of elements are applied to determine when revenue shall be recognized. Payments received in excess of revenues recognized are recorded as deferred revenue until such time as the revenue recognition criteria have been met.

 

 

 

Concentration of Credit Risk

 

The Company’s principal direct customers as of June 30, 2015 were a network of specialty pharmacies, Kaiser Permanente, and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. for Ampyra, wholesale pharmaceutical distributors for Zanaflex Capsules and Zanaflex tablets, and two specialty distributors for Qutenza. The Company periodically assesses the financial strength of these customers and establishes allowances for anticipated losses, if necessary. Four customers individually accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s product revenue in 2015 and 2014. Four customers individually accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. The Company’s net product revenues are generated in the United States.

 

 

 

Segment and Geographic Information

 

The Company is managed and operated as one business which is focused on the identification, development and commercialization of novel therapies to improve the lives of people with neurological disorders. The entire business is managed by a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The Company does not operate separate lines of business with respect to any of its products or product candidates and the Company does not prepare discrete financial information with respect to separate products or product candidates or by location.  Accordingly, the Company views its business as one reportable operating segment. Net product revenues reported to date are derived from sales of Ampyra, Zanaflex and Qutenza in the United States.

 

 

 

Subsequent Events

 

Subsequent events are defined as those events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date, but before the financial statements are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company completed an evaluation of the impact of any subsequent events through the date these financial statements were issued, and determined there were no subsequent events requiring disclosure in or requiring adjustment to these financial statements other than the subsequent event disclosed in Note 11 below.

 

 

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (ASU No. 2014-09).  This new standard will replace all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminate all industry-specific guidance.  In July 2015, the FASB decided to defer the effective date of the new revenue standard for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (previously December 15, 2016).  The change will allow public entities to adopt the new standard as early as the original public entity effective date (i.e. annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods therein).  Early adoption prior to that date will not be permitted.  ASU 2014-09 allows for either full retrospective or modified retrospective adoption.  The Company is evaluating the transition method that will be elected and the potential effects of adopting the provisions of ASU No. 2014-09.

 

In August 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (ASU 2014-15), which defines management’s responsibility to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosures if there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern.  ASU 2014-05 is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016 with early adoption permitted.  The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

 

In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-03, Interest — Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs (ASU 2015-03), which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the debt liability rather than as an asset.  ASU-2014-15 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted.  The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or results of operations.

 

On June 12, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-10, Technical Corrections and Improvements. With regard to fair value measurement disclosures, ASU 2015-10 clarified that, for nonrecurring measurements estimated at a date during the reporting period other than the end of the reporting period, an entity should clearly indicate that the fair value information presented is not as of the period’s end as well as the date or period that the measurement was taken. This change was effective immediately upon issuance of ASU 2015-10.  The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.