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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K
x	Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934	
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006
OR
¨	Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934	
For the transition period from             to             
Commission File No. 1-11778

ACE LIMITED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
			
Cayman Islands	  	98-0091805	
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	  	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)	
ACE Global Headquarters
17 Woodbourne Avenue
Hamilton HM 08
Bermuda
(Address of principal executive offices, Zip Code)
(441) 295-5200
(Registrant’s telephone  number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	 	Name of each exchange on which registered	
Ordinary Shares, par value $0.041666667 per share	 	New York Stock Exchange	
		
Depository Shares, each representing one-tenth of a share of 7.80 percent Cumulative
Redeemable Preferred Shares, Series C (Liquidation Preference $25.00 per Depository
Share)	 	New York Stock Exchange	

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  YES   þ   NO   ¨
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
YES   ¨   NO   þ
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter periods that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  YES   þ   NO   ¨
 
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.    þ
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
 
Large accelerated filer   þ             Accelerated filer   ¨             Non-accelerated filer   ¨
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act)
YES   ¨   NO   þ
 
The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2006 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), was approximately $16 billion. For the purposes of this computation, shares held by directors and officers of the registrant have been excluded. Such exclusion is not intended, nor shall it be deemed, to be an admission that such persons are affiliates of the registrant.
 
As of February 26, 2007, there were 326,726,300 Ordinary Shares par value $0.041666667 of the registrant outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference
 
Certain portions of registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, scheduled to be held on May 17, 2007, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this report.

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 ACE LIMITED INDEX TO 10-K

PART I	 	 	  	Page	
ITEM 1.	 	Business	  	3	
ITEM 1A.	 	Risk Factors	  	20	
ITEM 1B.	 	Unresolved Staff Comments	  	30	
ITEM 2.	 	Properties	  	30	
ITEM 3.	 	Legal Proceedings	  	30	
ITEM 4.	 	Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders	  	30	
			
PART II	 	 	  	 	
ITEM 5.	 	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	  	32	
ITEM 6.	 	Selected Financial Data	  	35	
ITEM 7.	 	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	  	36	
ITEM 7A.	 	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	  	80	
ITEM 8.	 	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	  	82	
ITEM 9.	 	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	  	82	
ITEM 9A.	 	Controls and Procedures	  	82	
ITEM 9B.	 	Other Information	  	82	
			
PART III	 	 	  	 	
ITEM 10.	 	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	  	83	
ITEM 11.	 	Executive Compensation	  	83	
ITEM 12.	 	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	  	83	
ITEM 13.	 	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	  	85	
ITEM 14.	 	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	  	85	
			
PART IV	 	 	  	 	
ITEM 15.	 	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	  	86	

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
 
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements. Any written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions about our business that could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. These risks, uncertainties and assumptions (which are described in more detail elsewhere herein and in other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)) include but are not limited to:
• losses arising out of natural or man-made catastrophes such as hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, floods or terrorism which could be affected by:
• the number of insureds and ceding companies affected,
• the amount and timing of losses actually incurred and reported by insureds,
• the impact of these losses on our reinsurers, and the amount and timing of reinsurance recoverables actually received,
• the cost of building materials and labor to reconstruct properties following a catastrophic event, and
• complex coverage and regulatory issues such as whether losses occurred from storm surge or flooding and related lawsuits;
• actions that rating agencies may take from time to time, such as changes in our claims-paying ability, financial strength or credit ratings or placing these ratings on credit watch negative or the equivalent;
• global political conditions, the occurrence of any terrorist attacks, including any nuclear, radiological, biological or chemical events, or the outbreak and effects of war, and possible business disruption or economic contraction that may result from such events;
• the ability to collect reinsurance recoverables, credit developments of reinsurers, and any delays with respect thereto and changes in the cost, quality or availability of reinsurance;
• the occurrence of catastrophic events or other insured or reinsured events with a frequency or severity exceeding our estimates;
• actual loss experience from insured or reinsured events and the timing of claim payments;
• the uncertainties of the loss-reserving and claims-settlement processes, including the difficulties associated with large individual claims or catastrophe oriented results, assessing environmental damage and asbestos-related latent injuries, the impact of aggregate-policy-coverage limits, and the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other related businesses and the timing of loss payments;
• judicial decisions and rulings, new theories of liability, legal tactics, and settlement terms;
• the effects of public company bankruptcies and/or accounting restatements, as well as disclosures by and investigations of public companies relating to possible accounting irregularities, and other corporate governance issues, including the effects of such events on:
• the capital markets;
• the markets for directors and officers (D&O) and errors and omissions (E&O) insurance; and
• claims and litigation arising out of such disclosures or practices by other companies;
• uncertainties relating to governmental, legislative and regulatory policies, developments, actions, investigations and treaties, which, among other things, could subject us to insurance regulation or taxation in additional jurisdictions or affect our current operations;
• the actual amount of new and renewal business, market acceptance of our products, and risks associated with the introduction of new products and services and entering new markets, including regulatory constraints on exit strategies;
• the competitive environment in which we operate, including trends in pricing or in policy terms and conditions, which may differ from our projections and changes in market conditions that could render our business strategies ineffective or obsolete;
• developments in global financial markets, including changes in interest rates, stock markets and other financial markets, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which could affect our statement of operations, investment portfolio and financing plans;
• the potential impact from government-mandated insurance coverage for acts of terrorism;
• the availability of borrowings and letters of credit under our credit facilities;
• changes in the distribution or placement of risks due to increased consolidation of insurance and reinsurance brokers;
 
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• material differences between actual and expected assessments for guaranty funds and mandatory pooling arrangements;
• the effects of investigations into market practices in the property and casualty (P&C) industry;
• changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions;
• the amount of dividends received from subsidiaries;
• loss of the services of any of our executive officers without suitable replacements being recruited in a reasonable time frame;
• the ability of our technology resources to perform as anticipated; and
• management’s response to these factors and actual events (including but not limited to those described above).
 
The words “believe”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “project”, “should”, “plan”, “expect”, “intend”, “hope”, “will likely result” or “will continue”, and variations thereof and similar expressions, identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
 
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 PART I

 ITEM 1. 	Business	

General Development of Business
ACE Limited (ACE) is a Bermuda-based holding company incorporated with limited liability under the Cayman Islands Companies Law. ACE and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the ACE Group of Companies, the Company, we, us or our) are a global property and casualty insurance and reinsurance organization, servicing the insurance needs of commercial and individual customers in more than 140 countries and jurisdictions.
During the third quarter of 2006, we completed the sale of three of our run-off reinsurance subsidiaries—ACE American Reinsurance Company, Brandywine Reinsurance Co. (UK) Ltd. and Brandywine Reinsurance Company S.A.-N.V. to Randall & Quilter Investment Holdings Limited (R & Q), an international insurance firm. Refer to Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8.
During the second quarter of 2004, we completed the sale of 65.3 percent of our financial and mortgage guaranty reinsurance and insurance businesses through the initial public offering (IPO) of 49 million common shares of Assured Guaranty Ltd. (Assured Guaranty). Pursuant to the completion of the IPO, we received proceeds, net of offering costs, of approximately $835 million and a return of capital of $200 million from Assured Guaranty, which were used to support our P&C business and strengthen our balance sheet capital position. During the fourth quarter of 2006, Assured Guaranty bought back 5.7 million of its own shares from us for proceeds of approximately $150 million. Also during the fourth quarter of 2006, we sold a further 1.2 million Assured Guaranty shares to Banc of America Securities LLC. These transactions reduced our ownership of Assured Guaranty to approximately 28 percent of outstanding shares.

Employees
At December 31, 2006, there were approximately 10,000 employees in the ACE Group of Companies. We believe that employee relations are satisfactory.

Customers
For most of the commercial lines of business that we offer, insureds typically use the services of an insurance broker. An insurance broker acts as an agent for the insureds, offering advice on the types and amount of insurance to purchase and also assisting in the negotiation of price and terms and conditions. We obtain business from all of the major international insurance brokers and typically pay a commission to brokers for any business accepted and bound. Loss of all or a substantial portion of the business provided by one or more of these brokers could have a material adverse effect on our business. In our opinion, no material part of our business is dependent upon a single insured or group of insureds. We do not believe that the loss of any one insured would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations and no one insured or group of affiliated insureds account for as much as ten percent of our consolidated revenues.

Competition
Competition in the domestic and international insurance and reinsurance marketplace is substantial. Competition varies by type of business and geographic area. We compete for business not only on the basis of price, but also on the basis of availability of coverage desired by customers and quality of service. Our ability to compete is dependent on a number of factors, particularly our ability to maintain the appropriate financial strength ratings as assigned by independent rating agencies. Our strong capital position and global platform affords us opportunities for growth not available to smaller insurance companies. Competitive information by segment is included in each of the segment discussions.

Trademarks and Trade Names
We use various trademarks and trade names in our business. These trademarks and trade names protect names of certain of the products and services we offer and are important to the extent they provide goodwill and name recognition in the insurance industry. We use commercially reasonable efforts to protect these proprietary rights, including various trade secret and trademark laws. One or more of the trademarks and trade names could be material to our ability to sell our products and services. We have taken appropriate steps to protect our ownership of key names and
 
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we believe it is unlikely that anyone would be able to prevent us from using names in places or circumstances material to our operations.

Web Site Information
We make available free of charge through our Internet site (www.acelimited.com, under Investor Information / Financial Reports or Investor Information / SEC – Section 16 Filings) our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13 (a) or 15 (d) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78m (a) or 78o(d)) as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.
We also make available free of charge through our Internet site (under Investor Information / Corporate Governance) our Corporate Governance Guidelines, our Code of Conduct and Charters for our Board Committees. These documents are also available in print to any shareholder who requests them from our Investor Relations Department by:
Telephone: (441) 299-9283
Facsimile: (441) 292-8675
E-mail: investorrelations@ace.bm
Nothing on our Internet site should be considered incorporated by reference into this report.

Segment Information
We operate through the following business segments:
• Insurance – North American;
• Insurance – Overseas General;
• Global Reinsurance; and
• Life Insurance and Reinsurance.
Prior to the fourth quarter of 2006 we presented a Financial Services segment; however, since this segment no longer represents a significant part of our operations, we no longer report it separately. We classify the financial solutions business of ACE Financial Solutions and ACE Financial Solutions International (previously included in the Financial Services segment) with the Insurance – North American segment. The financial results of our financial guaranty business through April 28, 2004 (the date of the Assured Guaranty IPO) and our share of the earnings of Assured Guaranty were previously included in the Financial Services segment and have been classified into our corporate results. These segment changes were based primarily on the manner in which we manage the business and accountability for results. All prior periods presented have been amended to conform to this new presentation.
The following table sets forth an analysis of net premiums earned by segment for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004. Additional financial information about our segments, including revenues by geographic area, is included in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8.

Years ended December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006 Net
Premiums
Earned	 	 	  	Percentage
Change	 	 	 	 	2005 Net
Premiums
Earned	 	 	  	Percentage
Change	 	 	 	 	2004 Net
Premiums
Earned	
Insurance – North American	 	$	5,719	 	 	  	—	 	 	 	 	$	5,730	 	 	  	12	%	 	 	 	$	5,096	
Insurance – Overseas General	 	 	4,321	 	 	  	2	%	 	 	 	 	4,239	 	 	  	(1	)%	 	 	 	 	4,296	
Global Reinsurance	 	 	1,511	 	 	  	(1	)%	 	 	 	 	1,531	 	 	  	10	%	 	 	 	 	1,389	
Life Insurance and Reinsurance	 	 	274	 	 	  	10	%	 	 	 	 	248	 	 	  	10	%	 	 	 	 	226	
Corporate and Other	 	 	—	 	 	  	—	 	 	 	 	 	—	 	 	  	—	 	 	 	 	 	103	
 	 	$	11,825	 	 	  	—	 	 	 	 	$	11,748	 	 	  	6	%	 	 	 	$	11,110	
 
Insurance – North American
 
Background
The Insurance – North American segment comprises our P&C operations in the U.S., Canada and Bermuda. This segment includes the operations of ACE USA (including ACE Canada), ACE Westchester Specialty, ACE Bermuda and various run-off operations.
 
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ACE USA, our retail business, operates through several insurance companies using a network of offices throughout the U.S. and Canada. These operations provide a broad range of P&C insurance and reinsurance products to a diverse group of commercial and non-commercial enterprises and consumers.
ACE Westchester Specialty focuses on the wholesale distribution of excess, surplus and specialty P&C products, as well as the retail and wholesale distribution of specialty inland marine products. ACE Bermuda, the original company of the ACE Group of Companies, provides commercial insurance products on an excess basis to a global client base, covering risks that are generally low in frequency and high in severity.
As part of the 1999 acquisition of the P&C business of CIGNA, we acquired Brandywine Holdings Corporation (Brandywine) and its various subsidiaries. The run-off operations include Brandywine, Commercial Insurance Services (CIS), residual market workers’ compensation business, pools and syndicates not attributable to a single business group, and other exited lines of business. Run-off operations do not actively sell insurance products, but are responsible for the management of existing policies and related claims. During the third quarter of 2006, we completed the sale of three of our run-off reinsurance subsidiaries.
As previously discussed, during the fourth quarter of 2006, we began to classify the financial solutions business of ACE Financial Solutions and ACE Financial Solutions International, which was previously presented as part of the Financial Services segment, as part of the Insurance – North American segment. Due to the nature of financial solutions business, premium volume can vary significantly from period to period and therefore premiums written in any one period are not indicative of premiums to be written in future periods. Financial solutions products which do not meet established criteria for insurance or reinsurance accounting under GAAP are recorded using the deposit method of accounting.
 
Products and Distribution
ACE USA primarily distributes its insurance products through a limited number of retail and wholesale brokers. In addition to using brokers, certain products are also distributed through channels such as general agents, independent agents, managing general agents, managing general underwriters and direct marketing operations. These products include general liability, excess liability, property, workers’ compensation, commercial marine, automobile liability, professional lines (D&O and E&O), medical liability, aerospace, accident and health (A&H) coverages as well as claims and risk management products and services. ACE USA has also established Internet distribution channels for some of its products.
ACE USA’s on-going operations are organized into distinct business units, each offering specialized products and services targeted at specific niche markets.
• ACE Risk Management (ARM) offers custom coverage solutions for large companies and national accounts, irrespective of industry sector. These programs are designed to help large insureds effectively handle the significant costs of financing and managing risk. Products offered include workers’ compensation, general and auto liability coverage and stand-alone excess workers’ compensation catastrophe protection. In addition, ARM offers flexible alternative risk-taking financing structures. ACE Financial Solutions, a division of ARM, provides non-traditional insurance and risk financing solutions for companies with unique risk financing needs.
• ACE Professional Risk (Professional Risk) offers management and professional liability products and surety coverage through a variety of distribution channels, including brokers, agents and direct marketing.
• ACE Canada (ACE USA’s Canadian operations) offers a broad range of P&C products as well as Life and A&H coverage. ACE Canada specializes in providing customized P&C and A&H products to commercial and industrial clients as well as to groups and associations, operating nationally or internationally.
• ACE Medical Risk offers a wide range of liability products for clients throughout the healthcare industry. These include professional liability and general liability for selected types of medical facilities, products liability for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and liability insurance for human clinical trials.
• ACE Global Underwriting provides worldwide risk protection by offering global programs and specialty coverages for a broad range of small to large-sized U.S.-based companies. The group’s key products include commercial property, commercial marine, aerospace and foreign casualty lines. ACE Global Underwriting also offers products to meet the insurance needs of North American domiciled energy companies which may have worldwide exposures by providing onshore property, construction and excess casualty coverages as well as offshore property coverage. In addition, this group also provides specialty personal lines coverage for recreational marine, which is distributed through a network of specialty agents.
• ACE Accident & Health works with employers, travel agencies and affinity groups to offer a variety of personal accident, health and travel insurance coverage to their employees, customers and group members. ACE Accident & Health
 
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also provides specialty personal lines products, including credit card enhancement programs and disaster mortgage protection distributed through alliances and affinity groups.
• ACE Casualty Risk offers a variety of commercial casualty products. This operation provides excess and umbrella liability coverages. ACE Casualty Risk also provides a range of environmental liability insurance products for commercial and industrial risks. ACE Casualty Risk also offers wrap-up programs, which protect contractors and project sponsors with multi-risk coverage on large single- and multi-location construction projects. Small businesses can purchase workers’ compensation coverage through this unit’s Internet-based ACE Complete sm product.
• ESIS Inc. (ESIS), ACE USA’s in-house third-party claims administrator, performs claims management and risk control services for organizations that self-insure P&C exposures. These services include comprehensive medical managed care, integrated disability services and pre-loss control and risk management services. Additional insurance-related services are offered by ESIS’s Recovery Services International, which provides salvage and subrogation and health care recovery services.
ACE Westchester Specialty specializes in the wholesale distribution of property, inland marine, and casualty products. ACE Westchester Specialty also provides coverage for agriculture business and specialty programs through its Program division, writing a variety of commercial coverages through program agents, including sports/leisure activities, farm and crop/hail insurance.
ACE Bermuda targets low-frequency, high-severity business on an excess of loss basis. Its principal lines of business are excess liability, professional lines, excess property and political risk, the latter being written on a subscription basis by Sovereign Risk Insurance Ltd. (Sovereign), a wholly owned managing agent. ACE Bermuda also includes ACE Financial Solutions International, offering structured products and loss portfolio transfers. ACE Bermuda accesses its clients primarily through the Bermuda offices of major, internationally recognized insurance brokers.
 
Underwriting
Operating in a market in which capacity and price adequacy for products can change dramatically, the underwriting strategy for ACE USA and ACE Westchester Specialty is to employ consistent, disciplined pricing and risk selection in order to maintain a profitable book of business. Our priority is to ensure adherence to criteria for risk selection by maintaining high levels of experience and expertise in our underwriting staff. In addition, we have established a business review structure that ensures control of risk quality and conservative use of policy limits, terms and conditions. We also employ sophisticated catastrophe loss and risk modeling techniques to ensure that risks are well distributed and that loss potentials are contained within our financial capacity. In this regard, ACE USA and ACE Westchester Specialty also purchase reinsurance, which provides the means for greater diversification of risk and serves to further limit the net loss potential of catastrophes and large or unusually hazardous risks.
ACE USA and ACE Westchester Specialty have the ability to write business on an admitted basis using forms and rates as filed with state insurance regulators and on a non-admitted, or surplus lines basis, using flexible forms and rates not filed with state insurance regulators. Having access to non-admitted carriers provides the pricing flexibility needed to write non-standard coverage.
An integral part of our operating strategy is to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of our operations while reducing operating costs. As part of this strategy, ACE USA and ACE Westchester Specialty continue to invest in technology.
ACE Bermuda and its subsidiaries emphasize quality of underwriting rather than volume of business to obtain a suitable spread of risk. All policy applications (both for renewals and new policies) to ACE Bermuda are subject to underwriting and acceptance by underwriters in its Bermuda, Dublin and London offices. A substantial number of policyholders meet with ACE Bermuda outside of the U.S. each year to discuss their insurance coverage.
 
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Competitive Environment
Traditionally, the markets in which ACE USA and ACE Westchester Specialty compete are subject to significant cycles of fluctuating capacity and wide disparities in price adequacy. We strive to offer superior service, which we believe has differentiated us from our competitors. The ACE USA and ACE Westchester Specialty operations pursue a specialist strategy and focus on market opportunities where we can compete effectively based on service levels and product design, while still achieving an adequate level of profitability. ACE USA and ACE Westchester Specialty offer experienced claims-handling, loss control and risk management staff with proven expertise in specialty fields, including large and midsize-risk P&C, recreational and ocean marine, primary and excess casualty, inland marine, aviation, professional risk and workers’ compensation. A competitive advantage is also achieved through ACE USA’s innovative product offerings and our ability to provide multiple products or many products to a single client due to our national presence allowing us to provide them on a local basis. An additional competitive strength of all our domestic commercial units is the ability to deliver global products and coverage to customers in concert with our Overseas General segment. ACE USA has grown, in part, from the leveraging of cross-marketing opportunities with our other operations to take advantage of our organization’s global presence.
 
Insurance – Overseas General
 
Background
The Insurance – Overseas General segment consists of ACE International, which comprises our network of indigenous retail insurance operations, and the wholesale insurance operations of ACE Global Markets, our London market underwriting unit including Lloyd’s Syndicate 2488. This segment has four regions of operations: the ACE European Group which is comprised of ACE Europe and ACE Global Markets branded business, ACE Asia Pacific, ACE Far East and ACE Latin America. The ACE European Group represented approximately 65 percent of this segment’s net premiums written in 2006. The Insurance – Overseas General segment writes a variety of insurance products including, but not limited to, property, casualty, professional lines (D&O and E&O), marine, energy, aviation, political risk, consumer-oriented products and A&H (principally accident and supplemental health).
ACE International comprises our international operations, providing insurance coverage on a worldwide basis. ACE Global Markets comprises our international wholesale insurance operations located within ACE European Group Limited (AEGL) and at Lloyd’s via Syndicate 2488. ACE provides funds at Lloyd’s to support underwriting by Syndicate 2488, which is managed by ACE Underwriting Agencies Limited and has an underwriting capacity of £400 million in 2007. AEGL, our London-based, FSA-U.K. regulated company, underwrites U.K. and Continental Europe insurance and reinsurance business. At December 31, 2006, AEGL held cross-border permissions in 27 European Economic Area countries and branch establishments in 16 European countries, and was also eligible to underwrite excess and surplus (E&S) business in 41 U.S. states.
In line with the increasing acceptance of AEGL as an alternative London-based ACE operation, we have continued to write a greater proportion of ACE Global Markets’ business through AEGL. Syndicate 2488 will continue to retain a diverse book of business, with an emphasis on specialty lines most suited to Lloyd’s.
 
Products and Distribution
ACE International maintains a presence in every major insurance market in the world. Its P&C business is generally written, on both a direct and assumed basis, through major international, regional and local brokers. A&H and other consumer lines products are distributed through brokers, agents, direct marketing programs and sponsor relationships.
ACE International’s P&C operations are organized geographically along product lines that provide dedicated underwriting focus to customers. Its international organization offers capacity and technical expertise in underwriting and servicing clients from large and complex risks to general market customer segments as well as individual coverages in selected markets for medium to large clients. Property insurance products include traditional commercial fire coverage as well as energy industry-related and other technical coverages. Principal casualty products are commercial primary and excess casualty and general liability. ACE International provides D&O and professional indemnity coverages. Marine cargo and hull coverages are written in the London market as well as in marine markets throughout the world. The A&H insurance operations provide products that are designed to meet the insurance needs of individuals and groups outside of U.S. insurance markets. A&H products have been representing an increasing portion of ACE International’s business in recent years and include, but are not limited to, accidental death, medical, and hospital
 
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indemnity and income protection coverages. ACE International’s personal lines operations provides specialty products and services designed to meet the needs of specific target markets and include, but are not limited to, property damage, auto, homeowners and personal liability.
Following is a discussion of Insurance – Overseas General’s four regions of operations: ACE European Group, ACE Asia Pacific, ACE Far East and ACE Latin America.
• ACE European Group is headquartered in London and offers a broad range of P&C and specialty coverages principally directed at large and mid-sized corporations, as well as individual consumers. ACE European Group operates in every major market in the European Union. Commercial products are principally distributed through brokers while consumer products (mainly A&H) are distributed through brokers as well as through direct marketing programs. ACE European Group also has operations in Central and Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States (the CIS), and the Middle East and North Africa. Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS markets are serviced through our Warsaw and Moscow offices which were opened in 2005. The Middle East and North Africa region includes insurance subsidiaries and joint ventures in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. ACE Global Markets primarily underwrites P&C insurance through Lloyd’s Syndicate 2488 and AEGL. ACE Global Markets utilizes Syndicate 2488 primarily to underwrite P&C business on a global basis through Lloyd’s worldwide licenses. ACE Global Markets utilizes AEGL to underwrite similar classes of business through its network of U.K. and Continental Europe licenses, and in the U.S. where it is eligible to write E&S business. All business underwritten by ACE Global Markets is accessed through registered brokers. The main lines of business include aviation, property, energy, professional lines, marine, political risk and A&H. ACE Global Markets is an established lead underwriter on a significant portion of the risks underwritten, particularly within the aviation and marine lines of business, and hence is able to set the policy terms and conditions of many of the policies written.
• ACE Asia Pacific is headquartered in Singapore and has an extensive network of operations serving Australia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. ACE Asia Pacific offers a broad range of P&C, A&H and specialty coverages principally directed at large and mid-sized corporations as well as individual consumers. This region also provides management, underwriting and administrative support to our equity investee Huatai Insurance Company of China, Limited.
• ACE Far East is based in Tokyo and offers a broad range of P&C, A&H and personal lines insurance products and services to businesses and consumers in Japan, principally delivered through an extensive agency network.
• ACE Latin America includes business operations throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, including offices in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. ACE Latin America focuses on providing P&C, A&H and specialty personal lines insurance products and services to both large and small commercial clients as well as individual consumers. ACE Latin America distributes its products through brokers (for its commercial business) and direct marketing and sponsored programs (for its consumer business). In December 2006, we entered the Peruvian market with the purchase of Altas Cumbres Life Insurance Company, an insurer that sells credit life and A&H insurance.
 
Underwriting
Insurance — Overseas General’s operations are diversified by line of business and the geographic spread of risk. A global approach to risk management allows each local operation to underwrite and provided significant capacity. A global approach such as this requires substantial control over each process to ensure best practices and standards are maintained around the world. To do this, the regions are managed as one integrated team.
Clearly defined underwriting authorities, standards, and guidelines are in place in each of the local operations. Global profit centers and product boards ensure consistency of approach and the establishment of best practices throughout the world. A formal underwriting review process is in place to periodically test compliance against standards and guidelines. Experienced underwriting teams maintain underwriting discipline through the use of pricing models, sophisticated catastrophe and risk management methodologies and strict risk selection criteria. Qualified actuaries in each region work closely with the underwriting teams to provide additional expertise in the underwriting process. Centrally-coordinated reinsurance management facilitates appropriate risk transfer and efficient cost-effective use of external reinsurance markets. Insurance — Overseas General’s global claims management team ensures there is a consistent approach to reserving practices and the settlement of claims. The oversight process includes regular operational claims reviews throughout the world to ensure adherence to established guidelines.
 
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Competitive Environment
ACE International’s primary competitors include U.S.-based companies with global operations, as well as non-U.S. global carriers and indigenous companies in regional and local markets. For the A&H lines of business, locally-based competitors include financial institutions and bank-owned insurance subsidiaries.
Our international operations have the distinct advantage of being part of one of the few international insurance groups with a global network of licensed companies able to write policies on a locally admitted basis. The principal competitive factors that affect the international operations are underwriting expertise and pricing, relative operating efficiency, product differentiation, producer relations and the quality of policyholder services. A competitive strength of our international operations is our global network and breadth of insurance programs, which assist individuals and business organizations to meet their risk management objectives. Insurance operations in over 50 countries also represent a competitive advantage in terms of depth of local technical expertise, accomplishing a spread of risk and offering a global network to service multi-national accounts.
ACE Global Markets is one of the preeminent London market specialty insurers. All lines of business face competition, depending on the business class, from Lloyd’s syndicates, the London market and other major international insurers and reinsurers. Competition for international risks is also seen from domestic insurers in the country of origin of the insured. AGM differentiates itself from competitors through long standing experience in its product lines; its multiple insurance entities (Lloyd’s and AEGL); and the quality of its underwriting and claims service.
 
Global Reinsurance
 
Background
The Global Reinsurance segment represents ACE’s reinsurance operations comprising ACE Tempest Re Bermuda, ACE Tempest Re USA, ACE Tempest Re Europe and ACE Tempest Re Canada, which was established in 2006. Global Reinsurance markets its reinsurance products worldwide under the ACE Tempest Re brand name and provides a broad range of coverages to a diverse array of primary P&C companies.
Over the course of the last five years, Global Reinsurance has expanded its portfolio of coverage offerings beyond property catastrophe lines with the aim of building a leading global multi-line reinsurance business within ACE. This expansion has reduced the volatility of ACE’s reinsurance operations by diversifying Global Reinsurance’s business to offer a comprehensive range of products to satisfy client demand. We consider an expanded product offering vital to competing effectively in the reinsurance market, but not at the expense of profitability.
 
Products and Distribution
Global Reinsurance services clients globally through its three major units: ACE Tempest Re Bermuda, ACE Tempest Re USA and ACE Tempest Re Europe. Through these three operations, we are able to provide a complete portfolio of products on a global basis to clients. Major international brokers submit business to one or more of these units’ underwriting teams who have built strong relationships with both key brokers and clients by explaining their approach and demonstrating consistently open, responsive and dependable service.
Through reinsurance intermediaries, ACE Tempest Re Bermuda principally provides property catastrophe reinsurance globally to insurers of commercial and personal property. Property catastrophe reinsurance on an occurrence basis protects a ceding company against an accumulation of losses covered by its issued insurance policies, arising from a common event or occurrence. ACE Tempest Re Bermuda underwrites reinsurance principally on an excess of loss basis, meaning that its exposure only arises after the ceding company’s accumulated losses have exceeded the attachment point of the reinsurance policy. ACE Tempest Re Bermuda also writes other types of reinsurance on a limited basis for selected clients. Examples include proportional property (reinsurer shares a proportional part of the premiums and losses of the ceding company) and per risk excess of loss treaty reinsurance (coverage applies on a per risk basis rather than per event or aggregate basis), together with specialty lines (catastrophe workers’ compensation and terrorism).
ACE Tempest Re USA writes all lines of traditional and specialty P&C reinsurance for the North American market, with a focus on writing property per risk and casualty reinsurance, including medical malpractice, and surety, principally on a treaty basis, with a weighting towards casualty. This unit’s diversified portfolio is produced through reinsurance intermediaries.
ACE Tempest Re Europe provides treaty reinsurance of P&C business of insurance companies worldwide, with emphasis on non-U.S. and London market risks. ACE Tempest Re Europe writes all lines of traditional and specialty
 
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property, casualty, marine, aviation, and medical malpractice through our London and Zurich based divisions. The London-based divisions of ACE Tempest Re Europe focus on the development of business sourced through London market brokers and consequently write a diverse book of international business utilizing Lloyd’s global licensing and the Company market licensing. The Zurich-based division focuses on providing reinsurance to continental European insurers via continental European brokers.
ACE Tempest Re Canada commenced writing business during the first quarter of 2007, offering a full array of P&C reinsurance to the Canadian market. ACE Tempest Re Canada provides its coverage through its Canadian company platform and also offers its clients access to Lloyd’s Syndicate 2488.
 
Underwriting
Global Reinsurance is a disciplined underwriter and has built an underwriting environment, involving both underwriters and actuaries, to provide the necessary controls over the underwriting process. In addition to substantial management oversight, these controls include regular peer reviews, actuarial pricing and reserve support, and catastrophe exposure management using sophisticated modeling software. Global Reinsurance also establishes zonal and peril accumulation limits to avoid concentrations of risk from natural perils.
Rates, policy limits, retentions and other reinsurance terms and conditions are generally established in a worldwide competitive market that evaluates exposure and balances demand for property catastrophe coverage against the available supply. Global Reinsurance is considered a lead reinsurer and is typically involved in the negotiation and quotation of the terms and conditions of the majority of the contracts in which it participates. Deals are structured and priced by teams of underwriters and actuaries using a comprehensive suite of experience and exposure-based actuarial models. This process is designed to ensure that full consideration is given to a complete understanding of the underlying risk profile of the product and that the terms and conditions are appropriate. Each deal is peer-reviewed and approved by other underwriters and actuaries.
Because ACE Tempest Re Bermuda underwrites property catastrophe reinsurance and has large aggregate exposures to natural and man-made disasters, its claims experience generally will involve relatively infrequent events of considerable severity. ACE Tempest Re Bermuda seeks to diversify its property catastrophe reinsurance portfolio to moderate the impact of this severity. The principal means of diversification are by geographic coverage and by varying attachment points and imposing coverage limits per program. Furthermore, ACE Tempest Re Bermuda applies an underwriting process for property catastrophe risks based on models that use exposure data submitted by prospective reinsureds in accordance with requirements set by its underwriters. The data is analyzed using a suite of catastrophe analysis tools, including externally developed event based models licensed from credible vendors as well as proprietary models developed in-house. The output from these catastrophe analysis tools is fed into Global Reinsurance’s proprietary risk management platform (Heuron), enabling it to extensively simulate possible combinations of events affecting the portfolio and price coverages accordingly. Heuron measures the accumulation of exposures and assigns risk-based capital to each new risk that is being underwritten. The amount of risk-based capital required to support the new risk will vary according to the contribution that the new risk makes to existing portfolio accumulations. This unique analytical approach requires exposure data from each cedant within the portfolio. Heuron also provides decision support analysis for capital management, including the purchase of retrocessional coverages.
ACE Tempest Re Europe, ACE Tempest Re USA and ACE Tempest Re Canada write a diversified portfolio of P&C business produced through reinsurance intermediaries, utilizing an underwriting process based on the use of exposure and experience based models, with reliance on data provided by reinsureds. Business written includes a broad range of liability, property and specialty classes, including marine aviation and surety. Business is written on an excess-of-loss and pro-rata basis. Underwriters, actuaries and claims professionals collaborate in a team-oriented environment to develop appropriate loss cost, terms and conditions that fit an individual portfolio. Each transaction is assessed based on its individual merits. Exposure management is considered on both an account level and book of business basis within guidelines provided by senior management. Casualty business has maximum capacity commitments, by line of business, for types of business that can accumulate to any one event; property and specialty businesses establish maximum foreseeable loss by zone. Each deal written is assessed through a risk-based capital return on equity model that provides various scenarios to measure the appropriate pricing and expected returns on capital deployed.
 
Competitive Environment
The Global Reinsurance segment competes worldwide with major U.S. and non-U.S. reinsurers as well as reinsurance departments of numerous multi-line insurance organizations. Global Reinsurance competes effectively in P&C markets
 
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worldwide because of its strong capital position, the quality of service provided to customers, the leading role it plays in setting the terms, pricing and conditions in negotiating contracts, and its customized approach to risk selection. While consolidation and closures have reduced its number of competitors, there is still meaningful competition in the marketplace.
 
Life Insurance and Reinsurance
 
Background
Life Insurance and Reinsurance includes the operations of ACE Tempest Life Re (ACE Life Re) and ACE International Life (ACE Life).
ACE Life Re helps clients (ceding companies) manage mortality, morbidity, lapse and/or capital market risks embedded in their books of business. ACE Life Re comprises two companies. The first is a Bermuda-based niche player in the life reinsurance market that provides reinsurance coverage to other life insurance companies, focusing on guarantees included in certain fixed and variable annuity products. The second is a U.S.-based traditional life reinsurance company. In May 2006, we announced our expansion into the traditional U.S. life reinsurance marketplace with the acquisition of Hart Life Insurance Company (essentially a shell company) from the Hartford Financial Services Group. Licensed in 49 states and the District of Columbia, Hart Life has been inactive in recent years. Through this company, we are now marketing traditional life reinsurance products and services under our established life reinsurance brand name, ACE Tempest Life Re USA. Based in Stamford, Connecticut, ACE Tempest Life Re USA offers reinsurance capacity for the individual life business utilizing yearly renewable term and coinsurance structures.
ACE Life provides traditional life insurance protection, investment and savings products to individuals in several countries including Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, China and Egypt.
 
Products and Distribution
ACE Life Re markets its products directly to clients as well as through reinsurance intermediaries. The marketing plan seeks to capitalize on the relationships developed by our executive officers and underwriters with members of the actuarial profession and executives at client companies. ACE Life Re targets potential ceding insurers that it believes would benefit from its reinsurance products based on analysis of publicly available information and other industry data. In addition, reinsurance transactions are often placed by reinsurance intermediaries and consultants. ACE Life Re works with such third party marketers in an effort to maintain a high degree of visibility in the reinsurance marketplace. ACE Life Re’s strategy and business does not depend on a single client or a few clients. To date, we have entered into reinsurance agreements with over 30 clients. However, a significant percentage of total revenue and income derives from our core line of business, which is reinsurance of variable annuity guarantees. We anticipate that continued growth as well as expansion into the more traditional life reinsurance lines of business will provide ACE Life Re with more diversified sources of revenue by number of clients and by lines of business.
ACE Life offers a broad portfolio of products including whole life, endowment plans, universal life, personal accident, and term life policies. The policies written by ACE Life generally provide funds for dependents of insureds after death but can also be leveraged as savings vehicles. ACE Life sells to consumers through a variety of distribution channels including agents, direct marketing, sponsor products, telemarketing, work-site marketing and affinity groups.
 
Underwriting
ACE Life Re underwrites transactions on a qualitative and quantitative basis. The underwriters in this unit are individuals with specialized experience and expertise in the specific products we write. Underwriting guidelines have been developed with the objective of controlling the risks of the reinsurance policies written as well as to determine appropriate pricing levels. The guidelines are amended from time to time in response to changing industry conditions, market developments, changes in technology and other factors.
In implementing the underwriting guidelines, an experienced underwriting team is utilized to select opportunities with acceptable risk/return profiles. Reinsurance business is assumed only after considering many factors, including the type of risks to be covered, actuarial evaluations, historical performance data for the client and the industry as a whole, the client’s retention, the product to be reinsured, pricing assumptions, underwriting standards, reputation and financial strength of the client, the likelihood of establishing a long-term relationship with the client, and the market share of the client. Pricing of reinsurance products is based on ACE Life Re’s sophisticated stochastic modeling techniques and robust actuarial and investment models which incorporate a number of factors. These factors
 
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include assumptions for mortality, morbidity, expenses, demographics, persistency, investment returns, macroeconomic factors such as inflation and taxation and certain regulatory factors such as reserve and surplus requirements. All of ACE Life Re’s annuity reinsurance treaties, which are non-proportional in nature, incorporate some form of annual claim limit, and many include an aggregate claim limit as well as either an annual or aggregate claim deductible. ACE Life Re’s traditional reinsurance includes both proportional and non-proportional treaties. ACE Life Re also uses modeling software to monitor, measure, and manage the aggregate exposure which is bound by limits set by senior management.
ACE Life applies detailed underwriting procedures designed to assess and quantify insurance risks prior to issuing policies to individuals or groups. Medical examinations are required of applicants for certain products and for life insurance amounts exceeding prescribed limits. Underwriting requirements may vary according to the applicant’s age, policy type, product, or regulatory requirements. ACE Life policies are generally underwritten individually, although standardized underwriting procedures have been adopted for certain low face-amount life insurance coverages.
 
Competitive Environment
There is little competition for ACE Life Re in the variable annuity reinsurance marketplace. However, downward pressure on prices can result from our clients’ competitive requirements, new reinsurers entering the variable annuity marketplace and the availability of alternative means of managing the variable annuity risk (such as hedging). The life reinsurance market for traditional mortality risk is highly competitive as most of the reinsurance companies are well established, have significant operating histories, strong claims-paying ability ratings, and long-standing client relationships through existing treaties with ceding companies. ACE Life Re competes effectively by leveraging the strength of its client relationships, underwriting expertise and capacity, and our brand name and capital position.
ACE Life faces competition from local and international life insurance companies in each of its markets. ACE’s financial strength and reputation as an entrepreneurial organization with a global presence give ACE Life a strong base from which to compete.

Reinsurance Protection
As part of our risk management strategy, we purchase reinsurance protection to mitigate our exposure to losses, including catastrophes, at an acceptable level. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate our reinsurers to reimburse us for the agreed-upon portion of gross paid losses, they do not discharge our primary liability and thus we remain liable for the gross direct loss. In certain countries, reinsurer selection is limited by certain local laws or regulations. In those areas where there is more freedom of choice, the counter-party is selected based upon financial strength, financial strength ratings, management and line of business expertise. In support of this process, we maintain an ACE authorized reinsurer list that stratifies these authorized reinsurers by classes of business and acceptable limits. This list is maintained by our Reinsurance Security Committee, a committee comprised of senior management personnel, and a dedicated reinsurer security team. Changes to the list are authorized by ACE’s Chief Risk Officer. The reinsurers on the authorized list and potential new markets are regularly reviewed, and the list may be modified following these reviews. In addition to the authorized list, there is a formal exception process that allows reinsurance buyers to use reinsurers already on the authorized list for higher limits or different lines of business, for example, or other reinsurers not on the authorized list if their use is supported by compelling business reasons for a particular reinsurance program.
A separate policy and process exists for captive reinsurance companies. Generally, these reinsurance companies are established by our clients or our clients have an interest in them. It is generally our policy to obtain collateral equal to the expected losses that may be ceded to the captive. Where appropriate, exceptions to the collateral requirement are granted but only after senior management review. Specific collateral guidelines and an exception process are in place for ACE USA and Insurance - Overseas General, both of which have credit management units evaluating the captive’s credit quality and that of their parent company. The credit management units, working with actuarial, determine reasonable exposure estimates (collateral calculations), ensure receipt of collateral in a form acceptable to the Company and coordinate collateral adjustments as and when needed. Currently financial reviews and expected loss evaluations are performed annually for active captive accounts and as needed for run-off exposures. In addition to collateral, parental guarantees are often used to enhance the credit quality of the captive.
In general, we seek to place our reinsurance with highly rated companies with which we have a strong trading relationship. For more information refer to “Catastrophe Exposure Management” and “Natural Catastrophe Reinsurance Program”, under Item 7, and Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8.
 
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Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses
We establish reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses, which are estimates of future payments of reported and unreported claims for losses and related expenses, with respect to insured events that have occurred. The process of establishing loss reserves for P&C claims can be complex and is subject to considerable variability as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments based on circumstances known at the date of accrual. These estimates and judgments are based on numerous factors, and may be revised as additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, as new or improved methodologies are developed or as current laws change. We have actuarial staff in each of our operating segments who analyze insurance reserves and regularly evaluate the levels of loss reserves, taking into consideration factors that may impact the ultimate settlement value of the unpaid losses and loss expenses. Any such revisions could result in future changes in estimates of losses or reinsurance recoverable and would be reflected in our results of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed. Losses and loss expenses are charged to income as incurred. The reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses represents the estimated ultimate losses and loss expenses less paid losses and loss expenses, and comprises case reserves and incurred but not reported loss reserves (IBNR). With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, our loss reserves are not discounted for time value. In connection with these structured settlements, we carry reserves of $118 million, net of discount, at December 31, 2006.
We implicitly consider the impact of inflation in estimating the reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses. There is no precise method for subsequently evaluating the adequacy of the consideration given to inflation, since claim settlements are affected by many factors.
During the loss settlement period, which can be many years in duration, additional facts regarding individual claims and trends often will become known. As these become apparent, case reserves may be adjusted by allocation from IBNR without any change in the overall reserve. In addition, application of statistical and actuarial methods may require the adjustment of the overall reserves upward or downward from time to time. Accordingly, the ultimate settlement of losses may be significantly greater than or less than reported loss and loss expense reserves.
We have considered asbestos and environmental (A&E) claims and claims expenses in establishing the liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses and have developed reserving methods which incorporate new sources of data with historical experience to estimate the ultimate losses arising from A&E exposures. The reserves for A&E claims and claims expenses represent management’s best estimate of future loss and loss expense payments and recoveries which are expected to develop over the next several decades. We continuously monitor evolving case law and its effect on environmental and latent injury claims and we monitor A&E claims activity quarterly and perform a full reserve review annually.
For each product line, management, in conjunction with internal actuaries, develop a “best estimate” of the ultimate settlement value of the unpaid losses and loss expenses which they believe provide a reasonable estimate of the required reserve. We evaluate our estimates of reserves quarterly in light of developing information and discussions and negotiations with our insureds. While we are unable at this time to determine whether additional reserves, which could have a material adverse effect upon our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, may be necessary in the future, we believe that our reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses are adequate as of December 31, 2006.
For more information refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates—Unpaid losses and loss expenses” under Item 7 and to Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8.
The “Analysis of Losses and Loss Expenses Development” table shown below presents for each balance sheet date over the period 1996-2006, the gross and net loss and loss expense reserves recorded at the balance sheet date and subsequent payments from the net reserves. The reserves represent the amount required for the estimated future settlement value of liabilities incurred at or prior to the balance sheet date and those estimates may change subsequent to the balance sheet date as new information emerges regarding the ultimate settlement value of the liability. Accordingly, the table also presents through to December 31, 2006, for each balance sheet date, the cumulative impact of subsequent valuations of the liabilities incurred at the original balance sheet date. The data in the table is presented in accordance with reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This table should be interpreted with care by those not familiar with its format or those who are familiar with other triangulations arranged by origin year of loss such as accident or underwriting year rather than balance sheet date, as shown below. To clarify the interpretation of the table we use the reserves established at December 31, 1999, in the following example.
 
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• The top two lines of the table show for successive balance sheet dates the gross and net unpaid losses and loss expenses recorded as provision for liabilities incurred at or prior to each balance sheet date. It can be seen that at December 31, 1999, a reserve of $9.057 billion net of reinsurance had been established.
• The upper (paid) triangulation presents the net amounts paid as of periods subsequent to the balance sheet date. Hence in the 2000 financial year, $2.663 billion of payments were made from the December 31, 1999 reserve balance established for liabilities incurred prior to the 2000 financial year. At the end of the 2006 financial year this block of liabilities had resulted in cumulative net payments of $7.093 billion.
• The lower triangulation within the table shows the revised estimate of the net liability originally recorded at each balance sheet date as of the end of subsequent financial years. With the benefit of actual loss emergence and hindsight over the intervening period the net liabilities incurred as of December 31, 1999 are now estimated to be $10.521 billion, rather than the original estimate of $9.057 billion. One of the key drivers of this change has been adverse development on latent claims which we categorize as asbestos and environmental losses and other run-off liabilities covered under the NICO reinsurance treaties. Of the cumulative deficiency of $1.464 billion recognized in the seven years since December 31, 1999, $0.426 billion relates to non-latent claims and $1.038 billion relates to latent claims. The deficiency of $1.464 billion was identified and recorded as follows; $45 million redundant in 2000, $8 million deficient in 2001, $558 million deficient in 2002, $149 million deficient in 2003, $874 million deficient in 2004, $121 million favorable in 2005 and $41 million deficient in 2006.
• Importantly, the cumulative deficiency or redundancy for different balance sheet dates are not independent and therefore should not be added together. In the last year, we have revised our estimate of the December 31, 1999 liabilities from $10.480 billion to $10.521 billion. This adverse development of $41 million will also be included in each column to the right of the December 31, 1999 column to recognize that this additional amount was also required in the reserves established for each annual balance sheet date from December 31, 2000 to December 31, 2006.
The loss development table shows that our original estimate of the net unpaid loss and loss expense requirement at December 31, 2005 of $20.458 billion has, with the benefit of actual loss emergence and hindsight, been revised to $20.446 billion at December 31, 2006. This favorable movement of $12 million is referred to as prior period development and is the net result of a number of underlying movements both favorable and adverse. The key underlying movements are discussed in more detail within the “Segment Operating Results” section of Item 7.
The bottom lines of the table show the re-estimated amount of previously recorded gross liabilities at December 31, 2006, together with the change in reinsurance recoverable. Similar to the net liabilities, the cumulative redundancy or deficiency on the gross liability is the difference between the gross liability originally recorded and the re-estimated gross liability at December 31, 2006. For example, with respect to the gross unpaid loss and loss expenses of $16.713 billion for 1999, by December 31, 2006, this gross liability was re-estimated to be $22.808 billion, resulting in the cumulative deficiency on the gross liability originally recorded for the 1999 balance sheet year of $6.095 billion. This deficiency relates primarily to U.S. liabilities, including A&E liabilities for 1995 and prior. The gross deficiency results in a net deficiency of $1.464 billion as a result of substantial reinsurance coverage that reduces the gross loss; approximately $2.2 billion was covered by reinsurance placed when the risks were originally written and $1.25 billion of the remaining liability has been ceded to the National Indemnity Company (NICO).
We do not consider it appropriate to extrapolate future deficiencies or redundancies based upon the table, as conditions and trends that have affected development of the liability in the past may not necessarily recur in the future. We believe that our current estimates of net liabilities appropriately reflect our current knowledge of business profile and the prevailing market, social, legal and economic conditions while giving due consideration to historical trends and volatility evidenced in our markets over the longer term. The key issues and considerations involved in establishing our estimate of the net liabilities are discussed in more detail within the “Critical Accounting Estimates—Unpaid losses and loss expenses” section of Item 7.
On July 2, 1999, we changed our fiscal year-end from September 30 to December 31. As a result, the information provided for the 1999 year is actually for the 15-month period from October 1, 1998, through December 31, 1999. Prior to December 31, 1999, the net unpaid losses and loss expenses are in respect of annual periods ending on September 30 of each year. On November 1, 1993, we acquired CODA, on July 1, 1996, we acquired ACE Tempest Re, and on July 9, 1998, we acquired Tarquin. CODA, ACE Tempest Re and Tarquin’s loss experience have been included in the table as if each of these companies had been our wholly-owned subsidiaries from their inception. On January 2, 1998, we acquired ACE US Holdings, on April 1, 1998, we acquired CAT Limited, and on July 2, 1999, we acquired ACE INA (CIGNA’s P&C business). The unpaid loss information for ACE US Holdings, CAT Limited and ACE INA has been included in the table commencing in the year of acquisition. As a result, 1999 includes net reserves of $6.8 billion related to ACE
 
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INA at the date of acquisition and subsequent development thereon. On April 28, 2004, we completed the sale of 65.3 percent of Assured Guaranty. The historical loss information for Assured Guaranty has been removed from the table.
 
Analysis of Losses and Loss Expenses Development

 	 	Years ended September 30	 	 	 	 	Years ended December 31	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	1996	 	 	 	 	1997	 	 	 	1998	 	 	 	 	1999 (1)	 	 	 	 	2000	 	 	 	 	2001	 	 	 	 	2002	 	 	 	 	2003	 	 	 	 	2004	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2006	
Gross unpaid losses	 	$	1,978	 	 	 	 	$	2,112	 	 	 	$	3,738	 	 	 	 	$	16,713	 	 	 	 	$	17,184	 	 	 	 	$	20,555	 	 	 	 	$	24,143	 	 	 	 	$	26,605	 	 	 	 	$	31,483	 	 	 	 	$	35,055	 	 	 	 	$	35,517	
Net unpaid losses	 	 	1,892	 	 	 	 	 	2,007	 	 	 	 	2,677	 	 	 	 	 	9,057	 	 	 	 	 	9,075	 	 	 	 	 	10,226	 	 	 	 	 	11,546	 	 	 	 	 	14,203	 	 	 	 	 	17,517	 	 	 	 	 	20,458	 	 	 	 	 	22,008	
Net paid
(Cumulative)
As Of:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
1 year later	 	 	359	 	 	 	 	 	337	 	 	 	 	1,018	 	 	 	 	 	2,663	 	 	 	 	 	2,380	 	 	 	 	 	2,627	 	 	 	 	 	2,610	 	 	 	 	 	2,747	 	 	 	 	 	3,293	 	 	 	 	 	3,711	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2 years later	 	 	663	 	 	 	 	 	925	 	 	 	 	1,480	 	 	 	 	 	4,023	 	 	 	 	 	3,798	 	 	 	 	 	4,598	 	 	 	 	 	4,185	 	 	 	 	 	4,770	 	 	 	 	 	5,483	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3 years later	 	 	1,248	 	 	 	 	 	1,066	 	 	 	 	1,656	 	 	 	 	 	5,081	 	 	 	 	 	5,111	 	 	 	 	 	5,468	 	 	 	 	 	5,622	 	 	 	 	 	6,318	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4 years later	 	 	1,372	 	 	 	 	 	1,171	 	 	 	 	1,813	 	 	 	 	 	6,116	 	 	 	 	 	5,406	 	 	 	 	 	6,588	 	 	 	 	 	6,815	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
5 years later	 	 	1,465	 	 	 	 	 	1,197	 	 	 	 	1,979	 	 	 	 	 	6,225	 	 	 	 	 	6,094	 	 	 	 	 	7,395	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
6 years later	 	 	1,481	 	 	 	 	 	1,235	 	 	 	 	2,035	 	 	 	 	 	6,742	 	 	 	 	 	6,528	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
7 years later	 	 	1,517	 	 	 	 	 	1,274	 	 	 	 	2,240	 	 	 	 	 	7,093	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
8 years later	 	 	1,534	 	 	 	 	 	1,414	 	 	 	 	2,294	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
9 years later	 	 	1,673	 	 	 	 	 	1,428	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10 years later	 	 	1,686	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net Liability
Re-estimated
As Of:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
End of year	 	$	1,892	 	 	 	 	$	2,007	 	 	 	$	2,677	 	 	 	 	$	9,057	 	 	 	 	$	9,075	 	 	 	 	$	10,226	 	 	 	 	$	11,546	 	 	 	 	$	14,203	 	 	 	 	$	17,517	 	 	 	 	$	20,458	 	 	 	 	$	22,008	
1 year later	 	 	1,892	 	 	 	 	 	1,990	 	 	 	 	2,752	 	 	 	 	 	9,012	 	 	 	 	 	9,230	 	 	 	 	 	10,975	 	 	 	 	 	11,696	 	 	 	 	 	14,739	 	 	 	 	 	17,603	 	 	 	 	 	20,446	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2 years later	 	 	1,881	 	 	 	 	 	1,915	 	 	 	 	2,747	 	 	 	 	 	9,020	 	 	 	 	 	9,883	 	 	 	 	 	11,265	 	 	 	 	 	12,731	 	 	 	 	 	14,985	 	 	 	 	 	17,651	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3 years later	 	 	1,824	 	 	 	 	 	1,853	 	 	 	 	2,719	 	 	 	 	 	9,578	 	 	 	 	 	10,139	 	 	 	 	 	12,249	 	 	 	 	 	12,993	 	 	 	 	 	15,249	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4 years later	 	 	1,852	 	 	 	 	 	1,833	 	 	 	 	2,704	 	 	 	 	 	9,727	 	 	 	 	 	11,014	 	 	 	 	 	12,432	 	 	 	 	 	13,307	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
5 years later	 	 	1,932	 	 	 	 	 	1,815	 	 	 	 	2,688	 	 	 	 	 	10,601	 	 	 	 	 	10,947	 	 	 	 	 	12,588	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
6 years later	 	 	1,931	 	 	 	 	 	1,828	 	 	 	 	2,826	 	 	 	 	 	10,480	 	 	 	 	 	11,112	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
7 years later	 	 	1,963	 	 	 	 	 	1,846	 	 	 	 	2,696	 	 	 	 	 	10,521	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
8 years later	 	 	1,977	 	 	 	 	 	1,773	 	 	 	 	2,674	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
9 years later	 	 	1,934	 	 	 	 	 	1,767	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10 years later	 	 	1,923	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total cumulative redundancy/ (deficiency) on net unpaid losses	 	 	(31	)	 	 	 	 	240	 	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	 	 	(1,464	)	 	 	 	 	(2,037	)	 	 	 	 	(2,362	)	 	 	 	 	(1,761	)	 	 	 	 	(1,046	)	 	 	 	 	(134	)	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cumulative deficiency related to A&E	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(33	)	 	 	 	 	(1,038	)	 	 	 	 	(1,038	)	 	 	 	 	(1,033	)	 	 	 	 	(517	)	 	 	 	 	(517	)	 	 	 	 	(52	)	 	 	 	 	(52	)	 	 	 	 	 	
Cumulative redundancy/(deficiency) on net unpaid losses excluding A&E	 	 	(31	)	 	 	 	 	240	 	 	 	 	36	 	 	 	 	 	(426	)	 	 	 	 	(999	)	 	 	 	 	(1,329	)	 	 	 	 	(1,244	)	 	 	 	 	(529	)	 	 	 	 	(82	)	 	 	 	 	64	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses end of year	 	$	1,978	 	 	 	 	$	2,112	 	 	 	$	3,738	 	 	 	 	$	16,713	 	 	 	 	$	17,184	 	 	 	 	$	20,555	 	 	 	 	$	24,143	 	 	 	 	$	26,605	 	 	 	 	$	31,483	 	 	 	 	$	35,055	 	 	 	 	$	35,517	
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	 	 	86	 	 	 	 	 	105	 	 	 	 	1,061	 	 	 	 	 	7,656	 	 	 	 	 	8,109	 	 	 	 	 	10,329	 	 	 	 	 	12,597	 	 	 	 	 	12,402	 	 	 	 	 	13,966	 	 	 	 	 	14,597	 	 	 	 	 	13,509	
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses	 	 	1,892	 	 	 	 	 	2,007	 	 	 	 	2,677	 	 	 	 	 	9,057	 	 	 	 	 	9,075	 	 	 	 	 	10,226	 	 	 	 	 	11,546	 	 	 	 	 	14,203	 	 	 	 	 	17,517	 	 	 	 	 	20,458	 	 	 	 	 	22,008	
Gross liability re-estimated	 	 	1,964	 	 	 	 	 	1,807	 	 	 	 	4,250	 	 	 	 	 	22,808	 	 	 	 	 	23,825	 	 	 	 	 	27,644	 	 	 	 	 	28,610	 	 	 	 	 	29,604	 	 	 	 	 	32,225	 	 	 	 	 	34,425	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	 	 	41	 	 	 	 	 	40	 	 	 	 	1,576	 	 	 	 	 	12,287	 	 	 	 	 	12,713	 	 	 	 	 	15,056	 	 	 	 	 	15,303	 	 	 	 	 	14,355	 	 	 	 	 	14,574	 	 	 	 	 	13,979	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net liability re-estimated	 	 	1,923	 	 	 	 	 	1,767	 	 	 	 	2,674	 	 	 	 	 	10,521	 	 	 	 	 	11,112	 	 	 	 	 	12,588	 	 	 	 	 	13,307	 	 	 	 	 	15,249	 	 	 	 	 	17,651	 	 	 	 	 	20,446	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cumulative redundancy/ (deficiency) on gross unpaid losses	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	 	305	 	 	 	 	(512	)	 	 	 	 	(6,095	)	 	 	 	 	(6,641	)	 	 	 	 	(7,089	)	 	 	 	 	(4,467	)	 	 	 	 	(2,999	)	 	 	 	 	(742	)	 	 	 	 	630	 	 	 	 	 	 	
(1) The 1999 year is for the 15-month period ended December 31, 1999.
 
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Reconciliation of Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses

Years Ended December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006 	 	 	  	2005 	 	 	  	2004 	
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses at beginning of year	  	$	35,055 	 	 	  	$	31,483 	 	 	  	$	27,083 	
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	  	 	(14,597)	 	 	  	 	(13,966)	 	 	  	 	(12,408)	
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses at beginning of year	  	 	20,458 	 	 	  	 	17,517 	 	 	  	 	14,675 	
Sale of certain run-off subsidiaries	  	 	(472)	 	 	  	 	– 	 	 	  	 	– 	
Sale of Assured Guaranty	  	 	– 	 	 	  	 	– 	 	 	  	 	(374)	
Total	  	 	19,986 	 	 	  	 	17,517 	 	 	  	 	14,301 	
Net losses and loss expenses incurred in respect of losses occurring in:	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	
Current year	  	 	7,082 	 	 	  	 	8,485 	 	 	  	 	7,143 	
Prior year	  	 	(12)	 	 	  	 	86 	 	 	  	 	547 	
Total	  	 	7,070 	 	 	  	 	8,571 	 	 	  	 	7,690 	
Net losses and loss expenses paid in respect of losses occurring in:	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	
Current year	  	 	1,748 	 	 	  	 	2,076 	 	 	  	 	2,012 	
Prior year	  	 	3,711 	 	 	  	 	3,293 	 	 	  	 	2,748 	
Total	  	 	5,459 	 	 	  	 	5,369 	 	 	  	 	4,760 	
Foreign currency revaluation and other	  	 	411 	 	 	  	 	(261)	 	 	  	 	286 	
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses at end of year	  	 	22,008 	 	 	  	 	20,458 	 	 	  	 	17,517 	
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	  	 	13,509 	 	 	  	 	14,597 	 	 	  	 	13,966 	
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses at end of year	  	$	35,517 	 	 	  	$	35,055 	 	 	  	$	31,483 	
 
Net losses and loss expenses incurred for the year ended December 31, 2006 were $7.1 billion, compared with $8.6 billion and $7.7 billion in 2005 and 2004, respectively. Net losses and loss expenses incurred for 2006 include $12 million of favorable prior period development, 2005 and 2004 include $86 million and $547 million, respectively, of adverse prior period development. In 2004, we increased our reserve for asbestos, environmental and other run-off claims by $465 million. The net additions comprised A&E reserve increases of $554 million including the provision for uncollectible reinsurance of $95 million and favorable prior period development of $89 million in other run-off reserves. More information regarding prior period development is included in the “Segment Operating Results” section of Item 7.
 
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Investments
 
Our principal investment objective is to ensure that funds will be available to meet our primary insurance and reinsurance obligations. Within this broad liquidity constraint, the investment portfolio’s structure seeks to maximize return subject to specifically-approved guidelines of overall asset classes, credit quality, liquidity and volatility of expected returns. As such, our investment portfolio is invested primarily in investment-grade fixed-income securities as measured by the major rating agencies.
The management of our investment portfolio is the responsibility of ACE Asset Management. ACE Asset Management operates principally to guide and direct our investment process. In this regard, ACE Asset Management:
• conducts formal asset allocation modeling for each of the ACE subsidiaries, providing formal recommendations for the portfolio’s structure;
•establishes recommended investment guidelines that are appropriate to the prescribed asset allocation targets;
• provides the analysis, evaluation, and selection of our external investment advisors;
• establishes and develops investment-related analytics to enhance portfolio engineering and risk control;
• monitors and aggregates the correlated risk of the overall investment portfolio; and
• provides governance over the investment process for each of our operating companies to ensure consistency of approach and adherence to investment guidelines.
For the portfolio, we determine allowable, targeted asset allocation and ranges for each of the operating segments. These asset allocation targets are derived from sophisticated asset and liability modeling that measures correlated histories of returns and volatility of returns. Allowable investment classes are further refined through analysis of our operating environment, including expected volatility of cash flows, overall capital position, regulatory and rating agency considerations.
The Finance and Investment Committee of the Board of Directors approves asset allocation targets and reviews our investment policy to ensure that it is consistent with our overall goals, strategies and objectives. Overall investment guidelines are approved by the Finance and Investment Committee to ensure that appropriate levels of portfolio liquidity, credit quality, diversification and volatility are maintained. In addition, the Finance and Investment Committee systematically reviews the portfolio’s exposures to capture any potential violations of investment guidelines.
Within the guidelines and asset allocation parameters established by the Finance and Investment Committee, individual investment committees of the operating segments determine tactical asset allocation. Additionally, these committees review all investment-related activity that affects their operating company, including the selection of outside investment advisors, proposed asset allocations changes, and the systematic review of investment guidelines.
For additional information regarding the investment portfolio, including breakdowns of the sector and maturity distributions, refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8.

Regulation
 
Bermuda Operations
In Bermuda, our insurance subsidiaries are principally regulated by the Insurance Act 1978 (as amended) and related regulations (the Act). The Act imposes solvency and liquidity standards as well as auditing and reporting requirements, and grants the Bermuda Monetary Authority (the Authority) powers to supervise, investigate and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies. Significant requirements include the appointment of an independent auditor, the appointment of a loss reserve specialist and the filing of the Annual Statutory Financial Return with the Supervisor of Insurance (the Supervisor). The Supervisor is the chief administrative officer under the Act. We must comply with provisions of the Companies Act 1981 regulating the payment of dividends and distributions. A Bermuda company may not declare or pay a dividend or make a distribution out of contributed surplus if there are reasonable grounds for believing that: (a) the company is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due; or (b) the realizable value of the company’s assets would thereby be less than the aggregate of its liabilities and its issued share capital and share premium accounts. Further, an insurer may not declare or pay any dividends during any financial year if it would cause the insurer to fail to meet its relevant margins, and an insurer which fails to meet its relevant margins on the last day of any financial year may not, without the approval of the Minister, declare or pay any dividends during the next financial year. In addition, some of ACE’s Bermuda subsidiaries qualify as “Class 4” insurers
 
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and may not in any financial year pay dividends which would exceed 25 percent of their total statutory capital and surplus, as shown on their statutory balance sheet in relation to the previous financial year, unless they file a solvency affidavit at least seven days in advance.
The Supervisor may appoint an inspector with extensive powers to investigate the affairs of an insurer if he believes that an investigation is required in the interest of the insurer’s policyholders or persons who may become policyholders. In order to verify or supplement information otherwise provided to him, the Supervisor may direct an insurer to produce documents or information relating to matters connected with the insurer’s business. If it appears to the Supervisor that there is a risk of the insurer becoming insolvent, or that the insurer is in breach of the Act or any conditions of its registration under the Act, the Supervisor may direct the insurer not to take on any new insurance business, not to vary any insurance contract if the effect would be to increase the insurer’s liabilities, not to make certain investments, to realize certain investments, to maintain in, or transfer to the custody of a specified bank certain assets, not to declare or pay any dividends or other distributions, or to restrict the making of such payments and/or to limit its premium income.
The Act requires every insurer to appoint a principal representative resident in Bermuda and to maintain a principal office in Bermuda. The principal representative must be knowledgeable in insurance and is responsible for arranging the maintenance and custody of the statutory accounting records and for filing the annual Statutory Financial Return.
 
U.S. Operations
Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to extensive regulation and supervision by the states in which they do business. The laws of the various states establish departments of insurance with broad authority to regulate, among other things: the standards of solvency that must be met and maintained, the licensing of insurers and their producers, approval of policy forms and rates, the nature of and limitations on investments, restrictions on the size of the risks which may be insured under a single policy, deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders, requirements for the acceptability of reinsurers, periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies, the form and content of reports of financial condition required to be filed and the adequacy of reserves for unearned premiums, losses and other purposes.
Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to file detailed annual and quarterly reports with state insurance regulators in each of the states in which they do business. In addition, the U.S. insurance subsidiaries’ operations and accounts are subject to examination at regular intervals by state regulators.
All states have enacted legislation that regulates insurance holding companies. This legislation provides that each insurance company in the system is required to register with the insurance department of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies within the holding company system which may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. All transactions within a holding company system must be fair and equitable. Notice to the insurance departments is required prior to the consummation of transactions affecting the ownership or control of an insurer and of certain material transactions between an insurer and an entity in its holding company system; in addition, certain transactions may not be consummated without the department’s prior approval.
Statutory surplus is an important measure utilized by the regulators and rating agencies to assess our U.S. insurance subsidiaries’ ability to support business operations and provide dividend capacity. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to various state statutory and regulatory restrictions that limit the amount of dividends that may be paid without prior approval from regulatory authorities. These restrictions differ by state, but are generally based on calculations incorporating statutory surplus, statutory net income, and/or investment income.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) has a risk-based capital requirement for P&C insurance companies. This risk-based capital formula is used by many state regulatory authorities to identify insurance companies which may be undercapitalized and which merit further regulatory attention. These requirements are designed to monitor capital adequacy using a formula which prescribes a series of risk measurements to determine a minimum capital amount for an insurance company, based on the profile of the individual company. The ratio of a company’s actual policyholder surplus to its minimum capital requirement will determine whether any state regulatory action is required. There are progressive risk-based capital failure levels which trigger more stringent regulatory action. If an insurer’s policyholders’ surplus falls below the Mandatory Control Level (70 percent of the Authorized Control Level, as defined by the NAIC), the relevant insurance commissioner is required to place the insurer under regulatory control. However, an insurance commissioner may allow a P&C company operating below the Mandatory
 
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Control Level that is writing no business and is running off its existing business to continue its run-off. Brandywine is running off its liabilities consistent with the terms of an order issued by the Insurance Commissioner of Pennsylvania. This includes periodic reporting obligations to the Pennsylvania Insurance Department.
In November 2002, the U.S. Congress passed the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA), which was amended and restated in 2005. TRIA was enacted to ensure the availability of insurance coverage for certain types of terrorist acts in the U.S. and requires that qualifying insurers offer terrorism insurance coverage in all P&C insurance policies on terms not materially different than terms applicable to other losses. The U.S. federal government covers 90 percent (85 percent for acts of terrorism occurring in 2007) of the losses from covered certified acts of terrorism on commercial risks in the United States only, in excess of a specified deductible amount calculated as a percentage of an affiliated insurance group’s prior year premiums on commercial lines policies covering risks in the U.S. This specified deductible amount is 17.5 percent of such premiums for losses occurring in 2006, and 20 percent of such premiums for losses occurring in 2007. Further, to trigger coverage under TRIA, the aggregate industry P&C insurance losses resulting from an act of terrorism must exceed $5 million prior to April 2006, $50 million from April 2006 through December 2006, and $100 million for acts of terrorism occurring in 2007. TRIA applies only to losses resulting from attacks that have been committed by individuals on behalf of a foreign person or foreign interest, and does not cover acts of purely domestic terrorism. Further, any such attack must be certified as an “act of terrorism” by the U.S. federal government, and such decision is not subject to judicial review. TRIA will expire on December 31, 2007, and there can be no assurance that it will be extended beyond that date or as to the terms of any such extension.
Our U.S. subsidiaries are also subject to the general laws of the states in which they do business. ACE has received numerous subpoenas, interrogatories, and civil investigative demands in connection with the pending investigations of insurance industry practices. These inquiries have been issued by a number of attorneys general, state departments of insurance, and state and federal regulatory authorities, including the New York Attorney General (NYAG), the Pennsylvania Department of Insurance, the SEC, and the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. These inquiries seek information concerning underwriting practices and non-traditional or loss mitigation insurance products. On April 26, 2006, ACE reached a settlement with the Attorneys General of New York, Illinois and Connecticut and the New York Insurance Department pursuant to which ACE received from these authorities an Assurance of Discontinuance (AOD). Under the AOD, these regulators agreed not to file certain litigation against ACE relating to their investigation of certain business practices, and ACE agreed to pay $80 million ($66 million after tax) without admitting any liability, and to adopt certain business reforms. While the Attorneys General of New York, Illinois and Connecticut and the New York Department of Insurance have resolved investigations of ACE, other investigations and related civil litigation continue. ACE is cooperating and will continue to cooperate with such inquiries. Information on the insurance industry investigations and related matters is set forth in Note 12 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8.
 
International Operations
The extent of insurance regulation varies significantly among the countries in which the non-U.S. ACE operations conduct business. While each country imposes licensing, solvency, auditing and financial reporting requirements, the type and extent of the requirements differ substantially. For example:
• in some countries, insurers are required to prepare and file quarterly financial reports, and in others, only annual reports;
• some regulators require intermediaries to be involved in the sale of insurance products, whereas other regulators permit direct sales contact between the insurer and the customer;
• the extent of restrictions imposed upon an insurer’s use of foreign reinsurance vary;
• policy form filing and rate regulation vary by country;
• the frequency of contact and periodic on-site examinations by insurance authorities differ by country; and
• regulatory requirements relating to insurer dividend policies vary by country.
Significant variations can also be found in the size, structure and resources of the local regulatory departments that oversee insurance activities. Certain regulators prefer close relationships with all subject insurers and others operate a risk-based approach.
ACE operates in some countries through our subsidiaries and in some countries through branches of those subsidiaries. Local capital requirements applicable to a subsidiary generally include its branches. Certain ACE companies are jointly owned with local companies to comply with legal requirements for local ownership. Other legal requirements include discretionary licensing procedures, compulsory cessions of reinsurance, local retention of funds and
 
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records, and foreign exchange controls. ACE’s international companies are also subject to multinational application of certain U.S. laws. The complex regulatory environments in which ACE operates are subject to change and are regularly monitored.

Tax Matters
Refer to “Risk Factors”, under Item 1A below, and Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8.

 ITEM 1A. 	Risk Factors	
 
Factors that could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition are outlined below. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem insignificant may also impair our business or results of operations as they become known facts or as facts and circumstances change. Any of the risks described below could result in a significant or material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
 
Business
 
Our financial condition could be adversely affected by the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters.
We have substantial exposure to losses resulting from natural disasters, man-made catastrophes and other catastrophic events. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, hailstorms, explosions, severe winter weather, fires, war, acts of terrorism, political instability and other natural or man-made disasters. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable and our losses from catastrophes could be substantial. The occurrence of claims from catastrophic events is likely to result in substantial volatility in our results of operations or financial condition for any fiscal quarter or year. Increases in the values and concentrations of insured property may increase the severity of these occurrences in the future. Although we attempt to manage our exposure to such events through the use of underwriting controls and purchase of third-party reinsurance, catastrophic events are inherently unpredictable and the actual nature of such events when they occur could be more frequent or severe than contemplated in our pricing and risk management expectations. As a result, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Refer to “Catastrophe Exposure Management” under Item 7 for more information.
 
If actual claims exceed our loss reserves, our financial results could be adversely affected.
Our results of operations and financial condition depend upon our ability to assess accurately the potential losses associated with the risks that we insure and reinsure. We establish reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses, which are estimates of future payments of reported and unreported claims for losses and related expenses, with respect to insured events that have occurred at or prior to the date of the balance sheet. The process of establishing reserves is highly complex and is subject to considerable variability as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments. These estimates and judgments are based on numerous factors, and may be revised as additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, as new or improved methodologies are developed or as current laws or interpretations thereof change.
We have actuarial staff in each of our operating segments who analyze insurance reserves and regularly evaluate the levels of loss reserves. Any such evaluations could result in future changes in estimates of losses or reinsurance recoverable and would be reflected in our results of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed. Losses and loss expenses are charged to income as incurred. Reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses represent the estimated ultimate losses and loss expenses less paid losses and loss expenses, and is comprised of case reserves and IBNR. During the loss settlement period, which can be many years in duration for some of our lines of business, additional facts regarding individual claims and trends often will become known. As these become apparent, case reserves may be adjusted by allocation from IBNR without any change in overall reserves. In addition, application of statistical and actuarial methods may require the adjustment of overall reserves upward or downward from time to time.
Included in our liabilities for losses and loss expenses are liabilities for latent claims such as A&E. These claims are principally related to claims arising from remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites and bodily-injury claims related to exposure to asbestos products and environmental hazards. The estimation of these liabilities is subject to many complex variables including: the current legal environment; specific settlements that may be used as
 
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precedents to settle future claims; assumptions regarding multiple recoveries by claimants against various defendants; the ability of a claimant to bring a claim in a state in which they have no residency or exposure; the ability of a policyholder to claim the right to non-products coverage; whether high-level excess policies have the potential to be accessed given the policyholder’s claim trends and liability situation; payments to unimpaired claimants; and the potential liability of peripheral defendants.
Accordingly, the ultimate settlement of losses may be significantly greater or less than the loss and loss expense reserves held at the date of the balance sheet. If our loss reserves are determined to be inadequate, we will be required to increase loss reserves at the time of such determination and our net income will be reduced. If the increase in loss reserves is large enough, we could incur an operating loss and a reduction of our capital. Refer to “Asbestos and Environmental and Other Run-Off Liabilities”, under Item 7 and Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8.
 
The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain.
As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the frequency and severity of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until some time after we have issued insurance or reinsurance contracts that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance or reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract is issued.
 
The failure of any of the loss limitation methods we employ could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
We seek to limit our loss exposure by writing a number of our insurance and reinsurance contracts on an excess of loss basis. Excess of loss insurance and reinsurance indemnifies the insured against losses in excess of a specified amount. In addition, we limit program size for each client and purchase third-party reinsurance for our own account. In the case of our assumed proportional reinsurance treaties, we seek per occurrence limitations or loss and loss expense ratio caps to limit the impact of losses ceded by the client. In proportional reinsurance, the reinsurer shares a proportional part of the premiums and losses of the reinsured. We also seek to limit our loss exposure by geographic diversification. Geographic zone limitations involve significant underwriting judgments, including the determination of the area of the zones and the inclusion of a particular policy within a particular zone’s limits. Various provisions of our policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage or choice of forum negotiated to limit our risks, may not be enforceable in the manner we intend. As a result, one or more catastrophic or other events could result in claims that substantially exceed our expectations, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
 
We may be unable to purchase reinsurance, and if we successfully purchase reinsurance, we are subject to the possibility of non-payment.
We purchase reinsurance to protect certain ACE companies against catastrophes, to increase the amount of protection we can provide our clients and as part of our overall risk management strategy. Our reinsurance business also purchases some retrocessional protection. A retrocessional reinsurance agreement allows a reinsurer to cede to another company all or part of the reinsurance that was originally assumed by the reinsurer. A reinsurer’s or retrocessionaire’s insolvency, or inability or unwillingness to make timely payments under the terms of its reinsurance agreement with us, could have an adverse effect on us because we remain liable to the insured. From time to time, market conditions have limited, and in some cases have prevented, insurers and reinsurers from obtaining the types and amounts of reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance that they consider adequate for their business needs.
There is no guarantee our desired amounts of reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance will be available in the marketplace in the future. In addition to capacity risk, the remaining capacity may not be on terms we deem appropriate or acceptable or with companies with whom we want to do business. Finally, we face some degree of counter-party risk whenever we purchase reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance. Consequently, the insolvency, inability or unwillingness of any of our present or future reinsurers to make timely payments to us under the terms of our reinsurance or retrocessional agreements could have an adverse effect on us. At December 31, 2006, we had $14.6 billion of reinsurance recoverables, net of reserves for uncollectible recoverables.
 
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As part of the restructuring of INA Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries that occurred in 1996, Insurance Company of North America (INA) was divided into two separate corporations: an active insurance company that retained the INA name and continued to write P&C business and an inactive run-off company, now called Century Indemnity Company (Century). The A&E exposures of substantially all of INA’s U.S. P&C companies, now our subsidiaries, were either allocated to Century (as a result of the restructuring) or reinsured to subsidiaries of Brandywine, primarily Century. Certain of our subsidiaries are primarily liable for A&E and other exposures they have reinsured to Century. As of December 31, 2006, the aggregate reinsurance balances ceded by our active subsidiaries to Century were $1.6 billion. Should Century experience adverse loss reserve development in the future and should Century be placed into rehabilitation or liquidation, the reinsurance recoverables due to Century’s affiliates would be payable only after the payment in full of certain expenses and liabilities, including administrative expenses and direct policy liabilities. Thus, the intercompany reinsurance recoverables would be at risk to the extent of the shortage of assets remaining to pay these recoverables. While we believe the intercompany reinsurance recoverables from Century are not impaired at this time, we cannot assure you that adverse development with respect to Century’s loss reserves will not result in Century’s insolvency, which could result in our recognizing a loss to the extent of any uncollectible reinsurance from Century. For further information regarding our reinsurance exposure to Century, refer to “Asbestos and Environmental and Other Run-Off Liabilities”, under Item 7.
 
Financial Strength Ratings
 
A decline in our ratings could affect our standing among brokers and customers and cause our premiums and earnings to decrease.
Ratings have become an increasingly important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance and reinsurance companies. The objective of these rating systems is to provide an opinion of an insurer’s financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to its policyholders. Our financial strength ratings reflect the rating agencies’ opinions of our financial strength, are not evaluations directed to investors in our securities and are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold our securities. If our financial strength ratings are reduced from their current levels by one or more of these agencies, our competitive position in the insurance industry could suffer and it would be more difficult for us to market our products. A downgrade, therefore, could result in a substantial loss of business as insureds, ceding companies and brokers move to other insurers and reinsurers with higher ratings. We cannot give any assurance regarding whether or to what extent any of the rating agencies may downgrade our ratings in the future.
 
Loss of Key Executives
 
We could be adversely affected by the loss of one or more key executives or by an inability to attract and retain qualified personnel.
Our success depends on our ability to retain the services of our existing key executives and to attract and retain additional qualified personnel in the future. The loss of the services of any of our key executives or the inability to hire and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. We do not maintain key person life insurance policies with respect to our employees.
Many of our senior executives working in Bermuda, including our President and Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Accounting Officer, our Chief Actuary and our General Counsel, are not Bermudian. Under Bermuda law, non-Bermudians (other than spouses of Bermudians and holders of permanent resident’s certificates) may not engage in any gainful occupation in Bermuda without an appropriate governmental work permit. Our success may depend in part on the continued services of key employees in Bermuda. A work permit may be granted or renewed upon showing that, after proper public advertisement, no Bermudian (or spouse of a Bermudian or holder of a permanent resident’s certificate) is available who meets the minimum standards reasonably required by the employer. The Bermuda government’s policy places a six-year term limit on individuals with work permits, subject to certain exemptions for key employees. A work permit may be issued with an expiry date that is one to five years later and no assurances can be given that any work permit will be issued or, if issued, renewed upon the expiration of the relevant term.
 
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Reliance on Brokers
 
Since we depend on a few brokers for a large portion of our revenues, loss of business provided by any one of them could adversely affect us.
We market our insurance and reinsurance worldwide primarily through insurance and reinsurance brokers. Marsh, Inc. and its affiliates and Aon Corporation and its affiliates provided approximately 20 percent and 11 percent, respectively, of our gross premiums written in the year ended December 31, 2006. Loss of all or a substantial portion of the business provided by one or more of these brokers could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 
Our reliance on brokers subjects us to their credit risk.
In accordance with industry practice, we generally pay amounts owed on claims under our insurance and reinsurance contracts to brokers, and these brokers, in turn, pay these amounts over to the clients that have purchased insurance or reinsurance from us. Although the law is unsettled and depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case, in some jurisdictions, if a broker fails to make such a payment, we might remain liable to the insured or ceding insurer for the deficiency. Conversely, in certain jurisdictions, when the insured or ceding insurer pays premiums for these policies to brokers for payment over to us, these premiums might be considered to have been paid and the insured or ceding insurer will no longer be liable to us for those amounts, whether or not we have actually received the premiums from the broker. Consequently, we assume a degree of credit risk associated with brokers with whom we transact business. However, due to the unsettled and fact-specific nature of the law, we are unable to quantify our exposure to this risk. To date, we have not experienced any material losses related to these credit risks.
 
Liquidity
 
Our investment performance may affect our financial results and ability to conduct business.
Our funds are invested by professional investment management firms under the direction of our management team in accordance with investment guidelines approved by the Finance and Investment Committee of the Board of Directors. Although our investment guidelines stress diversification of risks and conservation of principal and liquidity, our investments are subject to market risks, as well as risks inherent to individual securities. The volatility of our loss claims may force us to liquidate securities, which may cause us to incur capital losses. Investment losses could significantly decrease our book value, thereby affecting our ability to conduct business.
 
We may be adversely affected by interest rate changes.
Our operating results are affected by the performance of our investment portfolio. Our investment portfolio contains fixed income investments and may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates. Volatility in interest rates could also have an adverse effect on our investment income and operating results. For example, if interest rates decline, funds reinvested will earn less than the maturing investment.
Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including monetary and fiscal policies, and domestic and international political conditions. Although we take measures to manage the risks of investing in a changing interest rate environment, we may not be able to effectively mitigate interest rate sensitivity. Our mitigation efforts include maintaining a high quality portfolio with a relatively short duration to reduce the effect of interest rate changes on book value. A significant increase in interest rates could have an adverse effect on our book value. Refer to “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk – Interest rate risk”, under Item 7A.
 
We may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.
Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including our ability to write new business successfully and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses. We may need to raise additional funds through financings. Any equity or debt financing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our shareholders could result, and in any case such securities may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of our Ordinary Shares. If we cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.
 
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Exchange Rates
 
Our operating results may be adversely affected by currency fluctuations.
Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar. Many of our non-U.S. companies maintain both assets and liabilities in local currencies. Therefore, foreign exchange risk is generally limited to net assets denominated in those foreign currencies. Foreign exchange risk is reviewed as part of our risk management process. Locally required capital levels are invested in home currencies in order to satisfy regulatory requirements, and to support local insurance operations. The principal currencies creating foreign exchange risk are the British pound sterling, the Euro dollar and the Canadian dollar. For the year ended December 31, 2006, approximately nine percent of our net assets were denominated in foreign currencies. We may experience losses resulting from fluctuations in the values of non-U.S. currencies, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Refer to “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk – Foreign currency exchange rate risk”, under Item 7A.
 
Regulatory and Other Governmental Developments
 
The regulatory regimes under which we operate, and potential changes thereto, could have an adverse effect on our business.
Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries conduct business globally including in all 50 states of the United States. Our businesses in each of these jurisdictions are subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision. The laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled require, among other things, that these subsidiaries maintain minimum levels of statutory capital, surplus and liquidity, meet solvency standards and submit to periodic examinations of their financial condition. These laws and regulations also sometimes restrict payments of dividends and reductions of capital. These statutes, regulations and policies may also restrict the ability of these subsidiaries to write insurance and reinsurance policies, to make certain investments and to distribute funds. The purpose of insurance laws and regulations generally is to protect insureds and ceding insurance companies, not our shareholders. We may not be able to comply fully with, or obtain appropriate exemptions from, these statutes and regulations. Failure to comply with or to obtain appropriate authorizations and/or exemptions under any applicable laws could result in restrictions on our ability to do business or undertake activities that are regulated in one or more of the jurisdictions in which we conduct business and could subject us to fines and other sanctions. In addition, changes in the laws or regulations to which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject could have an adverse effect on our business.
 
Current legal and regulatory activities relating to insurance brokers and agents, contingent commissions and certain finite-risk insurance products could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As described in greater detail in Note 12 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, ACE has received numerous regulatory inquiries, subpoenas, interrogatories, and civil investigative demands from regulatory authorities in connection with pending investigations of insurance industry practices. ACE is cooperating and will continue to cooperate with such inquiries. We cannot assure you that we will not receive any additional requests for information or subpoenas or what actions, if any, any of these governmental agencies will take as a result of these investigations. Additionally, at this time, we are unable to predict the potential effects, if any, that these actions may have upon the insurance and reinsurance markets and industry business practices or what, if any, changes may be made to laws and regulations regarding the industry and financial reporting. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 
Events may result in political, regulatory and industry initiatives, which could adversely affect our business.
Government intervention has occurred in the insurance and reinsurance markets in relation to terrorism coverage both in the U.S. and through industry initiatives in other countries. TRIA, which was enacted to ensure the availability of insurance coverage for certain types of terrorist acts in the U.S., will expire on December 31, 2007 and there can be no assurance that it will be extended beyond that date or as to the terms of any such extension. Refer to “Regulation – U.S. Operations” for more information.
Government intervention and the possibility of future interventions have created uncertainty in the insurance and reinsurance markets about the definition of terrorist acts and the extent to which future coverages will extend to terrorist acts. Government regulators are generally concerned with the protection of policyholders to the exclusion of
 
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other constituencies, including shareholders of insurers and reinsurers. While we cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of possible governmental initiatives, such proposals could adversely affect our business by:
• providing insurance and reinsurance capacity in markets and to consumers that we target;
• requiring our participation in industry pools and guaranty associations;
• expanding the scope of coverage under existing policies;
• regulating the terms of insurance and reinsurance policies; or
• disproportionately benefiting the companies of one country over those of another.
The insurance industry is also affected by political, judicial and legal developments that may create new and expanded theories of liability. Such changes may result in delays or cancellations of products and services by insurers and reinsurers, which could adversely affect our business.
 
Company Structure
 
Our ability to pay dividends and to make payments on indebtedness may be constrained by our holding company structure.
ACE Limited is a holding company and does not have any significant operations or assets other than its ownership of the shares of its operating insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries. Dividends and other permitted distributions from our insurance subsidiaries are our primary source of funds to meet ongoing cash requirements, including any future debt service payments and other expenses, and to pay dividends to our shareholders. Some of our insurance subsidiaries are subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends. The inability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our cash requirements at the holding company level could have an adverse effect on our operations and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders and/or meet our debt service obligations.
 
ACE Limited is a Cayman Islands company with headquarters in Bermuda; it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against it or its directors and executive officers.
ACE Limited is incorporated pursuant to the laws of the Cayman Islands and our principal executive offices are located in Bermuda. In addition, certain of our directors and officers reside outside the United States, and all or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of such persons are located in jurisdictions outside the United States. As such, it may be difficult or impossible to affect service of process within the United States upon those persons or to recover against us or them on judgments of U.S. courts, including judgments predicated upon civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws.
ACE has been advised by Maples and Calder, its Cayman Islands counsel, that there is doubt as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would enforce:
• judgments of U.S. courts based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. Federal securities laws obtained in actions against ACE or its directors and officers, who reside outside the United States; or
• original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against these persons or ACE predicated solely upon U.S. Federal securities laws.
ACE has also been advised by Maples and Calder that there is no treaty in effect between the United States and the Cayman Islands providing for this enforcement, and there are grounds upon which Cayman Islands courts may not enforce judgments of United States courts. Some remedies available under the laws of United States jurisdictions, including some remedies available under the U.S. Federal securities laws, would not be allowed in Cayman Islands courts as these could be contrary to that nation’s public policy.
 
Insurance and Reinsurance Industry
 
Competition in the insurance industry could reduce our margins.
The insurance and reinsurance industry is highly competitive. We compete on an international and regional basis with major U.S., Bermuda, European and other international insurers and reinsurers and with underwriting syndicates, some of which have greater financial, marketing and management resources than we do. We also compete with new companies that continue to be formed to enter the insurance and reinsurance markets. In addition, capital market participants have recently created alternative products that are intended to compete with reinsurance products.
 
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Increased competition could result in fewer submissions, lower premium rates and less favorable policy terms and conditions, which could reduce our margins.
 
The insurance and reinsurance business is historically cyclical, and we expect to experience periods with excess underwriting capacity and unfavorable premium rates.
The insurance and reinsurance business historically has been a cyclical industry characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excessive underwriting capacity as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted favorable premium levels. An increase in premium levels is often offset by an increasing supply of insurance and reinsurance capacity, either by capital provided by new entrants or by the commitment of additional capital by existing insurers or reinsurers, which may cause prices to decrease. Any of these factors could lead to a significant reduction in premium rates, less favorable policy terms and fewer submissions for our underwriting services. In addition to these considerations, changes in the frequency and severity of losses suffered by insureds and insurers may affect the cycles of the insurance and reinsurance business significantly.
 
Charter Documents and Applicable Law
 
There are provisions in our charter documents that may reduce or increase the voting rights of our Ordinary Shares.
Our Articles of Association generally provide that shareholders have one vote for each ordinary share held by them and are entitled to vote, on a non-cumulative basis, at all meetings of shareholders. However, the voting rights exercisable by a shareholder may be limited so that certain persons or groups are not deemed to hold 10 percent or more of the voting power conferred by our Ordinary Shares. Under these provisions, some shareholders may have the right to exercise their voting rights limited to less than one vote per share. Moreover, these provisions could have the effect of reducing the voting power of some shareholders who would not otherwise be subject to the limitation by virtue of their direct share ownership. In addition, our Board of Directors may limit a shareholder’s exercise of voting rights where it deems it necessary to do so to avoid adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences.
We also have the authority under our Articles of Association to request information from any shareholder for the purpose of determining whether a shareholder’s voting rights are to be limited pursuant to our Articles of Association. If a shareholder fails to respond to our request for information or submits incomplete or inaccurate information in response to a request by us, we may, in our sole discretion, eliminate the shareholder’s voting rights.
 
There are provisions in our Articles of Association which may restrict the ability to transfer Ordinary Shares and which may require shareholders to sell their Ordinary Shares.
Our Board of Directors may decline to register a transfer of any Ordinary Shares under some circumstances, including if they have reason to believe that any non-de minimis adverse tax, regulatory or legal consequences to us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our shareholders may occur as a result of such transfer. Our Articles of Association also provide that if our Board of Directors determines that share ownership by a person may result in non-de minimis adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences to us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our shareholders, then we have the option, but not the obligation, to require that shareholder to sell to us or to third parties to whom we assign the repurchase right for fair market value the minimum number of Ordinary Shares held by such person which is necessary to eliminate the non-de minimis adverse tax, legal or regulatory consequences.
 
Applicable laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control of our company.
Before a person can acquire control of a U.S. insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state where the domestic insurer is domiciled. Prior to granting approval of an application to acquire control of a domestic insurer, the state insurance commissioner will consider such factors as the financial strength of the applicant, the integrity and management of the applicant’s Board of Directors and executive officers, the acquiror’s plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control. Generally, state statutes provide that control over a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing, ten percent or more of the voting securities of the domestic insurer. Because a person acquiring ten percent or more of our Ordinary Shares would indirectly control the same percentage of the stock of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries, the insurance change of control laws of various U.S. jurisdictions would likely apply to such a transaction.
 
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We and certain of our U.K. subsidiaries are subject to the regulatory jurisdiction of the Council of Lloyd’s. Lloyd’s imposes an absolute prohibition on any person being a ten percent controller of a corporate member without first notifying Lloyd’s and receiving their consent. Because a person acquiring ten percent or more of our Ordinary Shares would indirectly control the same percentage of the stock of our subsidiary that is a Lloyd’s corporate member, the Lloyd’s restrictions on becoming a controller of a corporate member would likely apply to such a transaction.
Laws of other jurisdictions in which one or more of our existing subsidiaries are, or a future subsidiary may be, organized or domiciled may contain similar restrictions on the acquisition of control of ACE.
While our Articles of Association limit the voting power of any shareholder to less than ten percent, there can be no assurance that the applicable regulatory body would agree that a shareholder who owned ten percent or more of our Ordinary Shares did not, because of the limitation on the voting power of such shares, control the applicable insurance subsidiary.
These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of the Company, including transactions that some or all of our shareholders might consider to be desirable.
 
U.S. persons who own our Ordinary Shares may have more difficulty in protecting their interests than U.S. persons who are shareholders of a U.S. corporation.
The Companies Law (2004 Revision), of the Cayman Islands which applies to us, differs in certain material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. These differences include the manner in which directors must disclose transactions in which they have an interest, the rights of shareholders to bring class action and derivative lawsuits and the scope of indemnification available to directors and officers.
 
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents could impede an attempt to replace our directors or to effect a change of control, which could diminish the value of our Ordinary Shares.
Our Articles of Association contain provisions that may make it more difficult for shareholders to replace directors and could delay or prevent a change of control that a shareholder might consider favorable. These provisions include a staggered Board of Directors, limitations on the ability of shareholders to remove directors other than for cause, limitations on voting rights and restrictions on transfer of our Ordinary Shares. These provisions may prevent a shareholder from receiving the benefit from any premium over the market price of our Ordinary Shares offered by a bidder in a potential takeover. Even in the absence of an attempt to effect a change in management or a takeover attempt, these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our Ordinary Shares if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.
 
Taxation
 
We may become subject to taxes in Bermuda after March 28, 2016, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and your investment.
The Bermuda Minister of Finance, under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966 of Bermuda, as amended, has given each of ACE Limited and its Bermuda insurance subsidiaries a written assurance that if any legislation is enacted in Bermuda that would impose tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then the imposition of any such tax would not be applicable to those companies or any of their respective operations, shares, debentures or other obligations until March 28, 2016, except insofar as such tax would apply to persons ordinarily resident in Bermuda or is payable by us in respect of real property owned or leased by us in Bermuda. Given the limited duration of the Minister of Finance’s assurance, we cannot be certain that we will not be subject to any Bermuda tax after March 28, 2016.
 
We may become subject to taxes in the Cayman Islands after January 31, 2026, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and your investment.
Under current Cayman Islands law, we are not obligated to pay any taxes in the Cayman Islands on our income or gains. We have received an undertaking from the Governor in Cabinet of the Cayman Islands pursuant to the provisions of the Tax Concessions Law, as amended, that until January 31, 2026, (i) no subsequently enacted law imposing any tax on profits, income, gains or appreciation shall apply to us and (ii) no such tax and no tax in the nature of an estate duty or an inheritance tax shall be payable on any of our Ordinary Shares, debentures or other obligations. Under current law, no tax will be payable on the transfer or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares. The Cayman
 
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Islands currently impose stamp duties on certain categories of documents; however, our current operations do not involve the payment of stamp duties in any material amount. The Cayman Islands also currently impose an annual corporate fee upon all exempted companies incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Given the limited duration of the undertaking from the Governor in Cabinet of the Cayman Islands, we cannot be certain that we will not be subject to any Cayman Islands tax after January 31, 2026.
 
ACE Limited and our Bermuda-based subsidiaries may become subject to U.S. tax, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and your investment.
ACE Limited, ACE Bermuda Insurance Ltd., ACE Tempest Life Reinsurance Ltd. and our other Bermuda-based insurance subsidiaries operate in a manner so that none of these companies should be subject to U.S. tax (other than U.S. excise tax on insurance and reinsurance premium income attributable to insuring or reinsuring U.S. risks and U.S. withholding tax on some types of U.S. source investment income), because none of these companies should be treated as engaged in a trade or business within the United States. However, because there is considerable uncertainty as to the activities that constitute being engaged in a trade or business within the United States, we cannot be certain that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will not contend successfully that any of ACE Limited or its Bermuda-based subsidiaries is/are engaged in a trade or business in the United States. If ACE Limited or any of its Bermuda-based subsidiaries were considered to be engaged in a trade or business in the United States, such entity could be subject to U.S. corporate income and additional branch profits taxes on the portion of its earnings effectively connected to such U.S. business, in which case its results of operations and your investment could be adversely affected.
 
If you acquire ten percent or more of ACE Limited’s shares, you may be subject to taxation under the “controlled foreign corporation” (the CFC) rules.
Under certain circumstances, a U.S. person who owns ten percent or more of the voting power of a foreign corporation that is a CFC (a foreign corporation in which ten percent U.S. shareholders own more than 50 percent of the voting power of a foreign corporation or more than 25 percent of a foreign insurance company) for an uninterrupted period of 30 days or more during a taxable year must include in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes such “10 percent U.S. Shareholder’s” pro rata share of the CFC’s “subpart F income,” even if the subpart F income is not distributed to such 10 percent U.S. Shareholder if such 10 percent U.S. Shareholder owns (directly or indirectly through foreign entities) any of our shares on the last day of our fiscal year. “Subpart F income” of a foreign insurance corporation typically includes foreign personal holding company income (such as interest, dividends and other types of passive income), as well as insurance and reinsurance income (including underwriting and investment income) attributable to the insurance of risks situated outside the CFC’s country of incorporation.
We believe that because of the dispersion of our share ownership, provisions in our organizational documents that limit voting power and other factors, no U.S. person or U.S. Partnership who acquires shares of ACE Limited directly or indirectly through one or more foreign entities should be required to include our “subpart F income” in income under the CFC rules of the Code. It is possible, however, that the IRS could challenge the effectiveness of these provisions and that a court could sustain such a challenge, in which case your investment could be adversely affected if you own ten percent or more of ACE Limited’s stock.
 
U.S. persons who hold shares may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at ordinary income rates on their proportionate share of our Related Person Insurance Income (RPII).
If the RPII of any of our non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries (each a “Non-U.S. Insurance Subsidiary”) were to equal or exceed 20 percent of that company’s gross insurance income in any taxable year and direct or indirect insureds (and persons related to those insureds) own directly or indirectly through foreign entities 20 percent or more of the voting power or value of ACE Limited, then a U.S. person who owns any shares of ACE Limited (directly or indirectly through foreign entities) on the last day of the taxable year would be required to include in its income for U.S. federal income tax purposes such person’s pro rata share of such company’s RPII for the entire taxable year, determined as if such RPII were distributed proportionately only to U.S. persons at that date regardless of whether such income is distributed. In addition, any RPII that is includible in the income of a U.S. tax-exempt organization may be treated as unrelated business taxable income. We believe that the gross RPII of each Non-U.S. Insurance Subsidiary did not in prior years of operation and is not expected in the foreseeable future to equal or exceed 20 percent of each such company’s gross insurance income, and we do not expect the direct or indirect insureds of each Non-U.S. Insurance Subsidiary (and persons related to such insureds) to directly or indirectly own 20 percent or more of either the voting power or value of
 
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our shares, but we cannot be certain that this will be the case because some of the factors which determine the extent of RPII may be beyond our control. If these thresholds are met or exceeded, and if you are an affected U.S. person, your investment could be adversely affected.
 
U.S. persons who hold shares will be subject to adverse tax consequences if we are considered to be a Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
If ACE Limited is considered a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. person who owns any shares of ACE Limited will be subject to adverse tax consequences, including subjecting the investor to a greater tax liability than might otherwise apply and subjecting the investor to tax on amounts in advance of when tax would otherwise be imposed, in which case your investment could be adversely affected. In addition, if ACE Limited were considered a PFIC, upon the death of any U.S. individual owning shares, such individual’s heirs or estate would not be entitled to a “step-up” in the basis of the shares which might otherwise be available under U.S. federal income tax laws. We believe that we are not, have not been, and currently do not expect to become, a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We cannot assure you, however, that we will not be deemed a PFIC by the IRS. If we were considered a PFIC, it could have adverse tax consequences for an investor that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation. There are currently no regulations regarding the application of the PFIC provisions to an insurance company. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying these rules may be forthcoming. We cannot predict what impact, if any, such guidance would have on an investor that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation.
 
U.S. tax-exempt organizations who own our shares may recognize unrelated business taxable income.
A U.S. tax-exempt organization may recognize unrelated business taxable income if a portion of our insurance income is allocated to the organization, which generally would be the case if either we are a CFC and the tax-exempt shareholder is a ten percent U.S. Shareholder or there is RPII, certain exceptions do not apply and the tax-exempt organization, directly or indirectly through foreign entities, owns any shares of ACE Limited. Although we do not believe that any U.S. persons or U.S. Partnerships should be allocated such insurance income, we cannot be certain that this will be the case. Potential U.S. tax-exempt investors are advised to consult their tax advisors.
 
Changes in U.S. federal income tax law could adversely affect an investment in our shares.
Legislation is periodically introduced in the U.S. Congress intended to eliminate some perceived tax advantages of companies (including insurance companies) that have legal domiciles outside the United States but have certain U.S. connections. While there are no currently pending legislative proposals which, if enacted, would have a material adverse effect on us or our shareholders, it is possible that legislative proposals could emerge in the future that could have an adverse impact on us or our shareholders.
 
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the European Union are considering measures that might encourage countries to increase our taxes.
A number of multilateral organizations, including the European Union, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Financial Action Task Force and the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) have, in recent years, identified some countries as not participating in adequate information exchange, engaging in harmful tax practices or not maintaining adequate controls to prevent corruption, such as money laundering activities. Recommendations to limit such harmful practices are under consideration by these organizations, and a report published on November 27, 2001 by the OECD at the behest of FSF titled “Behind the Corporate Veil: Using Corporate Entities for Illicit Purposes,” contains an extensive discussion of specific recommendations. The OECD has threatened non-member jurisdictions that do not agree to cooperate with the OECD with punitive sanctions by OECD member countries, though specific sanctions have yet to be adopted by OECD member countries. It is as yet unclear what these sanctions will be, who will adopt them and when or if they will be imposed. In an April 18, 2002 report, updated as of June 2004, Bermuda was not listed as an uncooperative tax haven jurisdiction by the OECD because it previously committed to eliminate harmful tax practices and to embrace international tax standards for transparency, exchange of information, and the elimination of regimes for financial and other services that attract businesses with no substantial domestic activity. We cannot assure you, however, that the action taken by Bermuda would be sufficient to preclude all effects of the measures or sanctions described above, which, if ultimately adopted, could adversely affect Bermuda companies such as us.
 
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 ITEM 1B. 	Unresolved Staff Comments	
 
There are currently no unresolved SEC staff comments regarding our periodic or current reports.

 ITEM 2. 	Properties	
 
We maintain office facilities around the world including in North America, Bermuda, the U.K., Europe, Latin America, Asia and the Far East. Most of our office facilities are leased, although we own major facilities in Bermuda and Philadelphia. Management considers its office facilities suitable and adequate for the current level of operations.

 ITEM 3. 	Legal Proceedings	
 
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims on policies issued by our subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in our loss and loss expense reserves which are discussed in the P&C loss reserves discussion. In addition to claims litigation, we and our subsidiaries are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity or disputes arising from our business ventures.
While the outcomes of the business litigation involving us cannot be predicted with certainty at this point, we are disputing and will continue to dispute allegations against us that are without merit and believe that the ultimate outcomes of the matters in this category of business litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, future operating results or liquidity, although an adverse resolution of a number of these items could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a particular quarter or fiscal year.
More information relating to legal proceedings is set forth in Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8.

 ITEM 4. 	Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders	
 
No matters were submitted to a vote of stockholders during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year covered by this report.
 
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE COMPANY
 
The table below sets forth the names, ages, positions and business experience of the executive officers of ACE Limited.

Name	  	Age	  	Position	
Evan G. Greenberg	  	52	  	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director	
John W. Keogh	  	42	  	Chief Executive Officer, ACE Overseas General	
Brian E. Dowd	  	44	  	Chief Executive Officer, Insurance – North American	
Philip V. Bancroft	  	47	  	Chief Financial Officer	
Robert F. Cusumano	  	50	  	General Counsel and Secretary	
Paul B. Medini	  	49	  	Chief Accounting Officer	
Evan G. Greenberg has been a director of ACE since August 2002. Mr. Greenberg was appointed to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of ACE in May 2004. Mr. Greenberg was appointed President and Chief Operating Officer of ACE in June 2003. In April 2002, Mr. Greenberg was appointed to the position of Chief Executive Officer of ACE Overseas General. Mr. Greenberg joined ACE as Vice Chairman, ACE Limited, and Chief Executive Officer of ACE Tempest Re in November 2001. Prior to joining ACE, Mr. Greenberg was most recently President and Chief Operating Officer of American International Group (AIG), a position he held from 1997 until 2000.
John W. Keogh joined ACE as Chief Executive Officer of ACE Overseas General in April 2006. Prior to joining ACE, Mr. Keogh served as Senior Vice President, Domestic General Insurance of AIG, and President and Chief Executive
 
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Officer of National Union Fire Insurance Company, AIG’s member company that specializes in D&O and fiduciary liability coverages. Mr. Keogh joined AIG in 1986, and he had served in a number of senior positions there, including as Executive Vice President of AIG’s Domestic Brokerage Group, and as President and Chief Operating Officer of AIG’s Lexington Insurance Company unit.
Brian E. Dowd was appointed Chief Executive Officer of Insurance – North American in May 2006. In January 2005, Mr. Dowd was named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of ACE USA, Chairman of ACE Westchester Specialty and President of ACE INA Holdings Inc. From 2002 until 2005, Mr. Dowd was President and Chief Executive Officer of ACE Westchester Specialty. In January 2004, he was elected to the position of Office of the Chairman of ACE INA Holdings Inc. – a position which Mr. Dowd currently holds along with that of President. Mr. Dowd served as Executive Vice President, ACE USA Property Division from 1999 through 2001 when he was appointed President, ACE Specialty P&C Group. Mr. Dowd joined ACE in 1995.
Philip V. Bancroft was appointed Chief Financial Officer of ACE in January 2002. For nearly twenty years, Mr. Bancroft worked for PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Prior to joining ACE, he served as partner-in-charge of the New York Regional Insurance Practice. Mr. Bancroft had been a partner with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for ten years.
Robert F. Cusumano was appointed General Counsel and Secretary of ACE in March 2005. Mr. Cusumano joined ACE from the international law firm of Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, where he was a partner and a member of the firm’s Litigation Department from 2003 to 2005. From 1990 to 2003, Mr. Cusumano was a partner with the law firm of Simpson Thatcher and Bartlett.
Paul B. Medini was appointed Chief Accounting Officer of ACE in October 2003. For twenty-two years, Mr. Medini worked for PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Prior to joining ACE, he served as a partner in their insurance industry practice.
 
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 PART II

 ITEM 5. 	Market for the Registrant’s Ordinary Shares, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	
 
(a) Our Ordinary Shares, par value $0.041666667 per share, have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since March 25, 1993.
The following table sets forth the high and low closing sales prices of our Ordinary Shares per fiscal quarters, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange Composite Tape for the periods indicated:

 	 	2006	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	
 	 	High	 	 	 	Low	 	 	 	High	 	 	 	Low	
Quarter ending March 31	 	$	56.66	 	 	 	$	52.01	 	 	 	$	47.25	 	 	 	$	41.27	
Quarter ending June 30	 	$	55.54	 	 	 	$	48.18	 	 	 	$	45.90	 	 	 	$	38.70	
Quarter ending September 30	 	$	55.98	 	 	 	$	48.99	 	 	 	$	47.31	 	 	 	$	43.48	
Quarter ending December 31	 	$	61.16	 	 	 	$	54.09	 	 	 	$	56.57	 	 	 	$	45.58	
 
The last reported sale price of the Ordinary Shares on the New York Stock Exchange Composite Tape on February 26, 2007 was $57.21.
(b) The approximate number of record holders of Ordinary Shares as of February 26, 2007 was 2,362.
(c) The following table represents dividends paid per share to shareholders of record on each of the following dates:

Shareholders of Record as of:	  	 	  	Shareholders of Record as of:	  	 	
March 31, 2006	  	$	0.23	  	March 31, 2005	  	$	0.21	
June 30, 2006	  	$	0.25	  	June 30, 2005	  	$	0.23	
September 30, 2006	  	$	0.25	  	September 30, 2005	  	$	0.23	
December 31, 2006	  	$	0.25	  	December 31, 2005	  	$	0.23	
 
ACE Limited is a holding company whose principal source of income is investment income and dividends from its operating subsidiaries. The ability of the operating subsidiaries to pay dividends to us and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders are each subject to legal and regulatory restrictions. The declaration and payment of future dividends will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will be dependent upon the profits and financial requirements of ACE and other factors, including legal restrictions on the payment of dividends and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. Refer to Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.
 
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(d) The following table provides information with respect to purchases by the Company of its Ordinary Shares during the three months ended December 31, 2006:
 
Issuer’s Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	 	Total Number
of Shares
Purchased*	 	 	 	Average Price
Paid per
Share	 	 	 	Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plan**	 	 	 	Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares
that May Yet
Be Purchased
Under the Plan*	
October 1, 2006 through October 31, 2006	 	3,321	 	 	 	$	55.39	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	$	250 million	
November 1, 2006 through November 30, 2006	 	6,377	 	 	 	$	57.34	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	$	250 million	
December 1, 2006 through December 31, 2006	 	4,936	 	 	 	$	56.38	 	 	 	—  	 	 	 	$	250 million	
Total	 	14,634	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	250 million	
* For the three months ended December 31, 2006, this column includes the surrender to the Company of 9,103 Ordinary Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees and the surrender to the Company of 5,531 Ordinary Shares to satisfy the option cost on stock options exercised.
** As part of ACE’s capital management program, in November 2001, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of any ACE issued debt or capital securities including Ordinary Shares, up to $250 million. At December 31, 2006, this authorization had not been utilized.
(e) Set forth below is a line graph comparing the dollar change in the cumulative total shareholder return on the Company’s Ordinary Shares from December 31, 2001 through December 31, 2006 as compared to the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index and the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s Property-Casualty Insurance Index. The chart depicts the value on December 31, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 of a $100 investment made on December 31, 2001, with all dividends reinvested.
 
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 	  	12/31/2001	  	12/31/2002	  	12/31/2003	  	12/31/2004	  	12/31/2005	  	12/31/2006	
ACE Limited	  	$	100	  	$	75	  	$	108	  	$	113	  	$	144	  	$	167	
S&P 500 Index	  	$	100	  	$	78	  	$	100	  	$	111	  	$	117	  	$	136	
S&P 500 P&C Index	  	$	100	  	$	89	  	$	112	  	$	124	  	$	143	  	$	161	
 
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 ITEM 6.	Selected Financial Data	
 
The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data of the Company as of and for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, and 2002. These selected financial and other data should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes and with Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.

For the years ended December 31,
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share, per share data and
selected data)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	 	 	 	2003	 	 	 	 	2002	 	
Operations data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net premiums earned	 	$	11,825	 	 	 	 	$	11,748	 	 	 	 	$	11,110	 	 	 	 	$	9,727	 	 	 	 	$	6,904	 	
Net investment income	 	 	1,601	 	 	 	 	 	1,264	 	 	 	 	 	1,013	 	 	 	 	 	900	 	 	 	 	 	812	 	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	(98	)	 	 	 	 	76	 	 	 	 	 	197	 	 	 	 	 	265	 	 	 	 	 	(489	)	
Losses and loss expenses	 	 	7,070	 	 	 	 	 	8,571	 	 	 	 	 	7,690	 	 	 	 	 	6,167	 	 	 	 	 	4,973	 	
Life and annuity benefits	 	 	123	 	 	 	 	 	143	 	 	 	 	 	175	 	 	 	 	 	182	 	 	 	 	 	158	 	
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	 	 	3,171	 	 	 	 	 	2,924	 	 	 	 	 	2,824	 	 	 	 	 	2,539	 	 	 	 	 	1,879	 	
Interest expense	 	 	176	 	 	 	 	 	174	 	 	 	 	 	183	 	 	 	 	 	177	 	 	 	 	 	193	 	
Other (income) expense	 	 	(35	)	 	 	 	 	(25	)	 	 	 	 	9	 	 	 	 	 	34	 	 	 	 	 	36	 	
Income tax expense (benefit)	 	 	522	 	 	 	 	 	273	 	 	 	 	 	286	 	 	 	 	 	311	 	 	 	 	 	(112	)	
Income before cumulative effect	 	 	2,301	 	 	 	 	 	1,028	 	 	 	 	 	1,153	 	 	 	 	 	1,482	 	 	 	 	 	100	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle (net of income tax)	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net income	 	 	2,305	 	 	 	 	 	1,028	 	 	 	 	 	1,153	 	 	 	 	 	1,482	 	 	 	 	 	100	 	
Dividends on Preferred Shares	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(26	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Dividends on Mezzanine equity	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(10	)	 	 	 	 	(26	)	
Net income available to holders of Ordinary Shares	 	$	2,260	 	 	 	 	$	983	 	 	 	 	$	1,108	 	 	 	 	$	1,446	 	 	 	 	$	74	 	
Diluted earnings per share before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle (1)	 	$	6.90	 	 	 	 	$	3.31	 	 	 	 	$	3.88	 	 	 	 	$	5.25	 	 	 	 	$	0.27	 	
Diluted earnings per share (1)	 	$	6.91	 	 	 	 	$	3.31	 	 	 	 	$	3.88	 	 	 	 	$	5.25	 	 	 	 	$	0.27	 	
Balance sheet data (at end of period):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total investments	 	$	36,601	 	 	 	 	$	31,842	 	 	 	 	$	26,925	 	 	 	 	$	22,555	 	 	 	 	$	17,555	 	
Cash	 	 	565	 	 	 	 	 	512	 	 	 	 	 	498	 	 	 	 	 	559	 	 	 	 	 	661	 	
Total assets	 	 	67,135	 	 	 	 	 	62,440	 	 	 	 	 	56,183	 	 	 	 	 	49,317	 	 	 	 	 	43,874	 	
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses	 	 	22,008	 	 	 	 	 	20,458	 	 	 	 	 	17,517	 	 	 	 	 	14,674	 	 	 	 	 	11,988	 	
Net future policy benefits for life and annuity contracts	 	 	508	 	 	 	 	 	510	 	 	 	 	 	494	 	 	 	 	 	477	 	 	 	 	 	433	 	
Long-term debt	 	 	1,560	 	 	 	 	 	1,811	 	 	 	 	 	1,849	 	 	 	 	 	1,349	 	 	 	 	 	1,749	 	
Trust preferred securities	 	 	309	 	 	 	 	 	309	 	 	 	 	 	412	 	 	 	 	 	475	 	 	 	 	 	475	 	
Total liabilities	 	 	52,857	 	 	 	 	 	50,628	 	 	 	 	 	46,338	 	 	 	 	 	40,494	 	 	 	 	 	37,292	 	
Mezzanine equity	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	311	 	
Shareholders’ equity	 	 	14,278	 	 	 	 	 	11,812	 	 	 	 	 	9,845	 	 	 	 	 	8,823	 	 	 	 	 	6,271	 	
Book value per share	 	$	42.03	 	 	 	 	$	34.81	 	 	 	 	$	32.65	 	 	 	 	$	29.53	 	 	 	 	$	23.87	 	
Selected data	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss and loss expense ratio (2)	 	 	61.2%	 	 	 	 	 	74.5%	 	 	 	 	 	70.7%	 	 	 	 	 	64.6%	 	 	 	 	 	73.7%	 	
Underwriting and administrative expense ratio (3)	 	 	26.9%	 	 	 	 	 	25.0%	 	 	 	 	 	25.6%	 	 	 	 	 	26.4%	 	 	 	 	 	27.5%	 	
Combined ratio (4)	 	 	88.1%	 	 	 	 	 	99.5%	 	 	 	 	 	96.3%	 	 	 	 	 	91.0%	 	 	 	 	 	101.2%	 	
Net loss reserves to capital and surplus ratio (5)	 	 	157.7%	 	 	 	 	 	177.5%	 	 	 	 	 	182.9%	 	 	 	 	 	171.7%	 	 	 	 	 	198.1%	 	
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted	 	 	327,232,022	 	 	 	 	 	297,299,883	 	 	 	 	 	285,485,472	 	 	 	 	 	275,655,969	 	 	 	 	 	269,870,023	 	
Cash dividends per share	 	$	0.98	 	 	 	 	$	0.90	 	 	 	 	$	0.82	 	 	 	 	$	0.74	 	 	 	 	$	0.66	 	
(1) Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income available to holders of Ordinary Shares by weighted average shares outstanding – diluted.
(2) The loss and loss expense ratio is calculated by dividing the losses and loss expenses by net premiums earned excluding life insurance and reinsurance premiums. Net premiums earned for life insurance and reinsurance were $274 million, $248 million, $226 million, $187 million, and $158 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively.
(3) The underwriting and administrative expense ratio is calculated by dividing the policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses by net premiums earned excluding life insurance and reinsurance premiums.
(4) The combined ratio is the sum of the loss and loss expense ratio and the underwriting and administrative expense ratio.
(5) The net loss reserves to capital and surplus ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of the net unpaid losses and loss expenses and net future policy benefits for life and annuity contracts by shareholders’ equity.
 
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 ITEM 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	
 
The following is a discussion of our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity and capital resources as of and for the year ended December 31, 2006. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes presented on pages F-1 to F-72 of this Form 10-K.

Overview
ACE Limited (ACE) is a Bermuda-based holding company incorporated with limited liability under the Cayman Islands Companies Law. ACE and its direct and indirect subsidiaries are a global property and casualty insurance and reinsurance organization, servicing the insurance needs of commercial and individual customers in more than 140 countries and jurisdictions. Our product and geographic diversification differentiates us from the vast majority of our competitors and has been a source of stability during periods of industry volatility. Our long-term business strategy focuses on sustained growth in book value achieved through a combination of underwriting and investment income. By doing so, we provide value to our clients and shareholders through the utilization of our substantial capital base in the insurance and reinsurance markets.
Our senior management team is well-seasoned in the insurance industry and its attention to operational efficiency, maintaining balance sheet strength, and enforcing strong underwriting and financial discipline across the whole organization has laid the foundation for sustained earnings and book value growth. We are organized along a profit center structure by line of business and territory that does not necessarily correspond to corporate legal entities. Profit centers can access various legal entities, subject to licensing and other regulatory rules. Profit centers are expected to generate an underwriting income and appropriate risk-adjusted returns. This corporate structure has facilitated the development of management talent by giving each profit center's senior management team the necessary autonomy within underwriting authorities to make operating decisions and create products and coverages needed by its target customer base. We are an underwriting organization and senior management is focused on delivering underwriting profit. We strive to achieve underwriting income by only writing policies which we believe adequately compensate us for the risk we accept. We will not sacrifice underwriting income for growth. Distinction in service is an additional area of focus and a means to set us apart from our competition.
As an insurance and reinsurance company, we generate gross revenues from two principal sources: premiums and investment income. Cash flow is generated from premiums collected and investment income received less paid losses and loss expenses, policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses. Invested assets are generally held in liquid, investment grade fixed income securities of relatively short duration. We invest in equity securities in the U.S. and international markets. A small portion of our assets are held in less liquid or higher risk assets in an attempt to achieve higher risk-adjusted returns. Claims payments in any short-term period are highly unpredictable due to the random nature of loss events and the timing of claims awards or settlements. The value of investments held to pay future claims is subject to market forces such as the level of interest rates, stock market volatility and credit events such as corporate defaults. The actual cost of claims is also volatile based on loss trends, inflation rates, court awards and catastrophes. We believe that our cash balances, our highly liquid investments, credit facilities and reinsurance protection provide sufficient liquidity to meet any unforeseen claim demands that might occur in the year ahead.
The insurance industry is highly competitive, with many companies offering similar coverage. The rates, terms and conditions related to the products we offer have historically changed depending on the timing of the insurance cycle. During periods of excess underwriting capacity, as defined by availability of capital, competition can result in lower pricing and less favorable terms and conditions. During periods of reduced underwriting capacity, pricing and terms and conditions are generally more favorable.
Industry losses from natural catastrophes were comparatively low in 2006. During 2005 and 2004, the insurance industry experienced unprecedented natural catastrophe losses primarily from severe hurricane activity. We incurred net pre-tax catastrophe losses of $17 million in 2006, compared with $1.3 billion and $510 million in 2005 and 2004, respectively. We believe that major hurricanes like Hurricane Katrina will increase in frequency and have adjusted the models we use to measure catastrophe risk to reflect this, which in turn led to an adjustment in the prices we charge. We also enacted a series of internal risk management activities as set forth by our Enterprise Risk Management Committee to temper the amount of catastrophe risk we will assume. In the U.S., state governments’ responsibility to approve rates insurers charge for certain catastrophe coverages is undermined by populist political pressure to
 
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disallow rate increases, thereby distorting the true economic costs that should be borne by those living and working in catastrophe-prone areas and forcing insurers to exit markets or restrict coverage.

Insurance Industry Investigations and Related Matters
Information on the insurance industry investigations and related matters is set forth in Note 12 f) to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Critical Accounting Estimates
Our Consolidated Financial Statements include amounts that, either by their nature or due to requirements of accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP), are determined using best estimates and assumptions. While we believe that the amounts included in our Consolidated Financial Statements reflect our best judgment, actual amounts could ultimately materially differ from those currently presented in our Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe the items that require the most subjective and complex estimates are:
• unpaid loss and loss expense reserves, including asbestos and environmental reserves (A&E);
• reinsurance recoverable, including our provision for uncollectible reinsurance;
• impairments to the carrying value of our investment portfolio;
• the valuation of deferred tax assets;
• the fair value of certain derivatives;
• the valuation of goodwill; and
• assessment of risk transfer for certain structured insurance and reinsurance contracts.
 
We believe our accounting policies for these items are of critical importance to our Consolidated Financial Statements. The following discussion provides more information regarding the estimates and assumptions required to arrive at these amounts and should be read in conjunction with the sections entitled: Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses, Asbestos and Environmental and Other Run-off Liabilities, Reinsurance, Investments, Net Realized Gains (Losses) and Other Income and Expense Items.
 
Unpaid losses and loss expenses
As an insurance and reinsurance company, we are required, by applicable laws and regulations and U.S. GAAP, to establish loss and loss expense reserves for the estimated unpaid portion of the ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers. The estimate of the liabilities includes provision for claims that have been reported but unpaid at the balance sheet date (case reserves) and for future obligations from claims that have been incurred but not reported (IBNR) at the balance sheet date (IBNR may also include a provision for additional development on reported claims in instances where the case reserve is viewed to be insufficient). The loss reserve also includes an estimate of expenses associated with processing and settling these unpaid claims (loss expenses). At December 31, 2006, our unpaid loss and loss expense reserves were $35.5 billion. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, our loss reserves are not discounted for time value. In connection with such structured settlements, we carry reserves of $118 million (net of discount).
The table below presents a roll-forward of our unpaid losses and loss expenses for the indicated periods.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Gross 
Losses 	 	 	  	Reinsurance
Recoverable	 	 	  	Net
Losses	
Balance at December 31, 2004	  	$	31,483 	 	 	  	$	13,966 	 	 	  	$	17,517 	
Losses and loss expenses incurred	  	 	13,319 	 	 	  	 	4,748 	 	 	  	 	8,571 	
Losses and loss expenses paid	  	 	(8,745)	 	 	  	 	(3,376)	 	 	  	 	(5,369)	
Other (including foreign exchange revaluation)	  	 	(1,002)	 	 	  	 	(741)	 	 	  	 	(261)	
Balance at December 31, 2005	  	 	35,055 	 	 	  	 	14,597 	 	 	  	 	20,458 	
Losses and loss expenses incurred	  	 	9,902 	 	 	  	 	2,832 	 	 	  	 	7,070 	
Losses and loss expenses paid	  	 	(9,230)	 	 	  	 	(3,771)	 	 	  	 	(5,459)	
Sale of certain run-off reinsurance subsidiaries	  	 	(789)	 	 	  	 	(317)	 	 	  	 	(472)	
Other (including foreign exchange revaluation)	  	 	579 	 	 	  	 	168 	 	 	  	 	411 	
Balance at December 31, 2006	  	$	35,517 	 	 	  	$	13,509 	 	 	  	$	22,008 	
 
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The process of establishing loss reserves for property and casualty claims can be complex and is subject to considerable variability as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments based on circumstances known at the date of accrual. The following table shows our total reserves segregated between case reserves and IBNR reserves at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

 	  	December 31, 2006	 	 	  	December 31, 2005	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Gross	 	 	  	Ceded	 	 	  	Net	 	 	  	Gross	 	 	  	Ceded	 	 	  	Net	
Case reserves	  	$	15,592	 	 	  	$	6,135	 	 	  	$	9,457	 	 	  	$	15,422	 	 	  	$	5,889	 	 	  	$	9,533	
IBNR	  	 	19,925	 	 	  	 	7,374	 	 	  	 	12,551	 	 	  	 	19,633	 	 	  	 	8,708	 	 	  	 	10,925	
Total	  	$	35,517	 	 	  	$	13,509	 	 	  	$	22,008	 	 	  	$	35,055	 	 	  	$	14,597	 	 	  	$	20,458	
The following table segregates the loss reserves by components including property and all other, casualty and personal accident (A&H) at December 31, 2006 and 2005. In the table below, loss expenses are defined to include unallocated loss adjustment expenses and allocated loss adjustment expenses. For certain lines, in particular ACE International products, loss adjustment expenses are included in IBNR and not broken out separately.

 	  	December 31, 2006	 	 	  	December 31, 2005	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Gross	 	 	  	Ceded	 	 	  	Net	 	 	  	Gross	 	 	  	Ceded	 	 	  	Net	
Property and all other	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	
Case reserves	  	$	3,137	 	 	  	$	1,306	 	 	  	$	1,831	 	 	  	$	2,961	 	 	  	$	952	 	 	  	$	2,009	
Loss expenses	  	 	167	 	 	  	 	34	 	 	  	 	133	 	 	  	 	157	 	 	  	 	23	 	 	  	 	134	
IBNR	  	 	2,509	 	 	  	 	979	 	 	  	 	1,530	 	 	  	 	3,120	 	 	  	 	1,701	 	 	  	 	1,419	
Subtotal	  	 	5,813	 	 	  	 	2,319	 	 	  	 	3,494	 	 	  	 	6,238	 	 	  	 	2,676	 	 	  	 	3,562	
Casualty	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	
Case reserves	  	 	8,889	 	 	  	 	3,255	 	 	  	 	5,634	 	 	  	 	9,581	 	 	  	 	3,697	 	 	  	 	5,884	
Loss expenses	  	 	3,023	 	 	  	 	1,469	 	 	  	 	1,554	 	 	  	 	2,368	 	 	  	 	1,152	 	 	  	 	1,216	
IBNR	  	 	16,926	 	 	  	 	6,268	 	 	  	 	10,658	 	 	  	 	16,054	 	 	  	 	6,814	 	 	  	 	9,240	
Subtotal	  	 	28,838	 	 	  	 	10,992	 	 	  	 	17,846	 	 	  	 	28,003	 	 	  	 	11,663	 	 	  	 	16,340	
A&H	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	
Case reserves	  	 	351	 	 	  	 	69	 	 	  	 	282	 	 	  	 	335	 	 	  	 	65	 	 	  	 	270	
Loss expenses	  	 	25	 	 	  	 	2	 	 	  	 	23	 	 	  	 	20	 	 	  	 	—	 	 	  	 	20	
IBNR	  	 	490	 	 	  	 	127	 	 	  	 	363	 	 	  	 	459	 	 	  	 	193	 	 	  	 	266	
Subtotal	  	 	866	 	 	  	 	198	 	 	  	 	668	 	 	  	 	814	 	 	  	 	258	 	 	  	 	556	
Total	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	
Case reserves	  	 	12,377	 	 	  	 	4,630	 	 	  	 	7,747	 	 	  	 	12,877	 	 	  	 	4,714	 	 	  	 	8,163	
Loss expenses	  	 	3,215	 	 	  	 	1,505	 	 	  	 	1,710	 	 	  	 	2,545	 	 	  	 	1,175	 	 	  	 	1,370	
IBNR	  	 	19,925	 	 	  	 	7,374	 	 	  	 	12,551	 	 	  	 	19,633	 	 	  	 	8,708	 	 	  	 	10,925	
Total	  	$	35,517	 	 	  	$	13,509	 	 	  	$	22,008	 	 	  	$	35,055	 	 	  	$	14,597	 	 	  	$	20,458	
 
The judgments used to estimate unpaid loss and loss expense reserves require different considerations depending upon the individual circumstances underlying the insured loss. For example, the reserves established for an excess casualty claim, asbestos and environmental claims, losses from major catastrophic events or the IBNR for product lines will each require different assumptions and judgments to be made. Necessary judgments are based on numerous factors, and may be revised as additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, as new or improved methodologies are developed or as current laws change. Hence, ultimate loss payments will differ from the estimate of the ultimate liability made at the balance sheet date. Changes to our previous estimates of prior year loss reserves can impact the reported calendar year underwriting results by worsening our reported results if the prior year reserves prove to be deficient or improving our reported results if the prior year reserves prove to be redundant. The potential for variation in loss reserves is impacted by numerous factors, which we explain below.
We establish loss and loss expense reserves to cover our liabilities from claims for all of the insurance and reinsurance business that we write. For those claims reported by insureds or ceding companies to the Company prior
 
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to the balance sheet date, case reserves are established by claims personnel as appropriate based on the circumstances of the claim(s), standard claim handling practices and professional judgment. In respect of those claims that have been incurred but not reported prior to the balance sheet date, there is by definition limited actual information to form the reserve estimate and reliance is placed upon historical loss experience and actuarial methods to project the ultimate loss obligations and the corresponding amount of IBNR. Furthermore, for our assumed reinsurance operation, Global Reinsurance, an additional case reserve may sometimes be established above the amount notified by the ceding company if the notified case reserve is judged to be insufficient by Global Reinsurance’s claims department (refer to “Assumed Reinsurance”, below).
We have actuarial staff within each of our operating segments who analyze loss reserves and regularly project estimates of ultimate losses and the required IBNR reserve. IBNR reserve estimates are generally calculated by first projecting the ultimate amount of expected claims for a product line and subtracting paid losses and case reserves for reported claims. The judgments involved in projecting the ultimate losses may involve the use and interpretation of various actuarial projection methods as well as more qualitative factors that may impact the ultimate value of the losses such as actual loss experience, loss development patterns, and industry data. In addition, since standard actuarial projection methods place reliance on the extrapolation of historical data and patterns, the estimate of the IBNR reserve also requires judgment by actuaries and management to consider the impact from more contemporary and subjective factors. Amongst some of the factors that might be considered are changes in business mix or volume, changes in ceded reinsurance structures, reported and projected loss trends, inflation, legal environment and the terms and conditions of the contracts sold to our insured parties.
Typically for each product line, one or more standard actuarial reserving methods may be used to estimate ultimate losses and loss expenses and from these estimates a single point estimate is selected. Exceptions to the use of standard actuarial projection methods occur for individual claims of significance that require complex legal, claims and actuarial analysis and judgment (for example, A&E account projections or high excess casualty accounts in litigation). In addition, claims arising from catastrophic events require evaluation based upon our exposure at the time of the event and the circumstances of the catastrophe and its post-event impact that do not utilize standard actuarial loss projection methods.
The standard actuarial reserving methods may include, but are not necessarily limited to, paid and reported loss development, expected loss ratio and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. A general description of these methods is provided below. In addition, we may use other recognized actuarial methods and approaches depending upon the product line characteristics and available data. The historical loss and premium data required for these projections should be sufficiently homogenous such that the projections of future loss emergence from historical loss development patterns are representative of the underlying business. For example, to improve data homogeneity, we may group product line data further by similar risk attribute (for example, geography, coverage such as property versus liability exposure or origin year), project losses for these homogenous groups and then combine these results to provide the overall product line estimate. The premium and loss data is aggregated by origin year (e.g., the year in which the losses were incurred or “accident year”) and annual or quarterly periods subsequent to the origin year. Implicit in the standard accepted actuarial methodologies that we generally utilize is the need for two fundamental assumptions: first, the expected loss ratio for each origin year (i.e., accident, report or underwriting) and second, the pattern in which losses are expected to emerge over time for each origin year.
The expected loss ratio for any particular origin year is selected giving consideration to a number of potential factors including historical loss ratios adjusted for intervening premium and loss trends, industry benchmarks, the results of policy level loss modeling at the time of underwriting and other more subjective considerations of the product line and external environment as noted above. For the more recent origin years, the expected loss ratio for a given origin year is established at the start of the origin year as part of the planning process, this analysis is performed in conjunction with underwriters and management. The expected loss ratio method arrives at an ultimate loss estimate by taking this estimate of the initial expected ultimate loss ratio and multiplying by the corresponding premium base. This method is most commonly used for immature origin periods on product lines where the actual paid or reported loss experience is not yet credible enough to override our initial expectations of the ultimate loss ratio. In addition, the expected loss ratio may be modified should underlying assumptions such as loss trend or premium rate changes differ from the original assumptions, even if no credible loss experience has emerged.
Our assumed paid and reported development patterns provide a benchmark against which the actual emerging loss experience can be monitored. Where possible, development patterns are selected based on historical loss
 
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emergence by origin year with appropriate allowance for changes in business mix, claims handling process or ceded reinsurance that are likely to lead to a discernible difference between the rate of historical and future loss emergence. For product lines where the historical data is viewed to have low statistical credibility, the selected development patterns will also reflect relevant industry benchmarks and/or experience from similar product lines written elsewhere in the Company. This typically arises for product lines that are relatively immature or high severity/low frequency portfolios and for which our historical experience exhibits considerable volatility and/or lacks credibility. The paid and reported loss development methods convert the assumed loss emergence pattern to a set of multiplicative factors which are then applied to actual paid or reported losses to arrive at an estimate of ultimate losses for each period. Due to their multiplicative nature, the paid and reported loss development methods magnify deviations between actual and expected loss emergence. Therefore, these methods tend to be favored for more mature origin periods and for those portfolios where the loss emergence has been relatively consistent over time.
The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is essentially a combination of the expected loss ratio method and the loss development method, under which the loss development method is given more weight as the origin year matures. This approach allows a logical transition between the expected loss ratio method which is generally utilized at earlier maturities and the loss development methods which are favored at latter maturities. We usually apply this method using reported loss data.
The applicability of reserve methods will also be determined by the attachment point of the policy or contract with the insured or ceding company. In the case of low attachment points typical of primary or working layer reinsurance, the experience will tend to be more frequency driven. These product types allow for the standard actuarial methods to be used in determining loss reserve levels, as it is often customary to have the appropriate historical record and volume of claims experience to rely upon. In the case of high attachment points typical of excess or excess of loss reinsurance, the experience will tend to be severity driven, as only a loss of significant size will enter the layer. For structured or unique contracts, most common to the financial solutions business and, to a lesser extent, our reinsurance business, the standard actuarial methods need to be tempered with an analysis of each contract’s terms, original pricing information, subsequent internal and external analyses of the ongoing contracts, market exposures and history, and qualitative input from claims managers.
Our recorded reserves represent management’s best estimate of the provision for future unpaid claims. Each product line has an actuarial reserve review performed and a provisional best estimate is established at the review’s conclusion. The process to select the provisional best estimate, when more than one estimate is available, may differ across product lines. However, the objective of such a process is to determine a single best estimate that we believe represents a better estimate than any other. Such an estimate is viewed to support the most likely outcome of ultimate loss settlements and is determined based on several factors including, but not limited to:
• segmentation of data to provide sufficient homogeneity and credibility for loss projection methods;
• extent of internal historical loss data, and industry where required;
• historical variability of loss estimates compared with actual loss experience; and
• nature and extent of underlying assumptions.
 
Depending on the facts and circumstances of each product line, the determination of a single best estimate may be accomplished by selecting a single point estimate when one estimate is determined to reflect a “better” estimate than the other point estimates or using a probability weighted average approach when more than one estimate is viewed to be reasonable. For example, an actuary may base the selected estimate on loss projections developed using an incurred loss development approach instead of a paid loss development approach as the best estimate when reported losses are viewed to be a more credible indication of the ultimate loss compared with paid losses. The availability of estimates by different projection techniques will depend upon the product line, the underwriting circumstances and the maturity of the loss emergence. For a well-established product line with sufficient volume and history, the selected best estimate may be drawn from a weighting of paid and reported loss development and/or Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. However, for a new long-tailed product line with limited Company data and experience, the emerging loss experience will unlikely have sufficient stability to allow selection of loss development or Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and reliance will be placed upon the initial expected loss ratio method as the selected best estimate until the experience matures. The actuaries’ evaluation process to determine a best estimate involves collaboration with underwriting, claims, legal and finance departments and culminates with the input of reserve committees. Each business unit reserve committee includes the participation of the relevant parties from actuarial, finance, claims and executive management and has the responsibility for finalizing and approving the point estimate to be used as our best estimate. Reserves are further
 
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reviewed by ACE’s Chief Actuary and senior management. Management does not build in any specific provision for uncertainty in addition to the actuaries’ best estimate in establishing reserves.
We do not calculate a range of loss reserve estimates for our individual loss reserve studies. In particular, ranges are not necessarily a true reflection of the potential volatility between loss reserves estimated at the balance sheet date and the ultimate settlement value of losses. This is due to the fact that an actuarial range is developed based on known events as of the valuation date whereas actual volatility or prior period development has historically been reported in subsequent Consolidated Financial Statements, in part from events and circumstances that were unknown as of the original valuation date. While we believe that our recorded reserves are reasonable and represent management’s best estimate for each individual study as of the current valuation date, future changes to our view of the ultimate liabilities are possible. If the past is any indication of the future and using recent actual claims emergence excluding A&E, we estimate that our carried loss reserves at December 31, 2006, are unlikely to differ from the ultimate settlement of these liabilities by more than ten percent of the currently recorded amounts, either positively or negatively. Historically, including A&E reserve charges, our reserves have developed in excess of ten percent of recorded amounts. Refer to “Analysis of Losses and Loss Expense Development”, under Item 1 for a summary of historical volatility between estimated loss reserves and ultimate loss settlements.
We perform internal loss reserve studies for all product lines at least once a year; the timing of such studies varies throughout the year. External loss reserve studies are performed periodically and compared to our internal results. Additionally, for each product line, we review each quarter the emergence of actual losses relative to expectations used in reserving. If warranted from findings in loss emergence tests, we will accelerate the timing of our product line reserve studies.
The time period between the date of loss occurrence and the final payment date of the ensuing claim(s) is referred to as the “claim-tail”. The following is a discussion of specific reserving considerations for both short-tail and long-tail product lines. In this section we reference the nature of recent prior period development to give a high-level understanding of how these considerations translate through the reserving process into financial decisions. Refer to “Segment Operating Results” for more information on prior period development.
 
Short-tail business
Short-tail business describes product lines for which losses are usually known and paid shortly after the loss actually occurs. This would include, for example, most property, personal accident, aviation hull and automobile physical damage policies that are written. Due to the short reporting development pattern for these product lines, our estimate of ultimate losses from any particular accident period responds quickly to the latest loss data. We will typically assign credibility to methods that incorporate actual loss emergence, such as the paid and reported loss development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods, sooner than would be the case for long-tail lines at a similar stage of development from the origin year. The reserving process for short-tail losses arising from catastrophic events typically involves the determination by the claims department, in conjunction with underwriters and actuaries, of our exposure and likely losses immediately following an event and the subsequent regular refinement of those losses as our insureds provide updated actual loss information.
For short-tail lines, the bulk of prior period development movements made in the 2006 calendar year related to the 2005 accident year. Specifically, the Insurance-North American and Global Reinsurance segments experienced adverse development related to 2005 catastrophes and the Insurance-Overseas General segment experienced favorable development due to lower than anticipated loss emergence during 2006. In both instances, these prior period movements were primarily the result of changes to the ultimate loss estimates for the 2005 accident year to better reflect the latest reported loss data rather than any changes to underlying actuarial assumptions.
 
Long-tail business
Long-tail business describes lines of business for which specific losses may not be known for some period and claims can take significant time to emerge. This includes most casualty lines such as general liability, directors and officers liability (D&O) and workers’ compensation. There are many factors contributing to the uncertainty and volatility of long-tail business. Among these are:
• Given the recent expansion of this business, our historical loss data and experience is often too immature to place reliance upon for reserving purposes. Instead, particularly for newer lines of business, reserve methods are based on industry loss ratios or industry benchmark development patterns that are anticipated to reflect the nature and coverage of the underwritten business and its future development. For new or growing lines of business, actual loss
 
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experience is apt to differ from industry loss statistics that are based on averages as well as loss experience of previous underwriting years;
• The inherent uncertainty of the estimated duration of the paid and reporting loss development patterns beyond the historical record requires that professional judgment be used in the determination of the length of the patterns based on the historical data and other information;
• The inherent uncertainty of assuming historical paid and reporting loss development patterns on older origin years will be representative of subsequent loss emergence on newer origin years. For example, changes in establishing case reserves can distort reported loss development patterns or changes in ceded reinsurance structures by origin year can distort the development of paid and reported losses;
• The possibility of future litigation, legislative or judicial change that might impact future loss experience relative to prior loss experience relied upon in loss reserve analyses;
• Loss reserve analyses typically require loss or other data be grouped by common characteristics in some manner. If data from two combined lines of business exhibit different characteristics, such as loss payment patterns, the credibility of the reserve estimate could be affected. Additionally, since casualty lines of business can have significant intricacies in the terms and conditions afforded to the insured, there is an inherent risk as to the homogeneity of the underlying data used in performing reserve analyses.
• The applicability of the price change data used to estimate ultimate loss ratios for most recent origin years.
 
In contrast to short-tail lines, the prior period development in 2006 for long-tail lines of business arose across a number of accident years in the Insurance – North American and Insurance – Overseas General segments, typically more removed from the recent accident years. The movements were generally the result of actual loss emergence within the 2006 calendar year that differed materially from the expected loss emergence and these deviations were significant enough in certain product lines to warrant revising the projections. However, for a number of long-tail portfolios, to the extent that actual loss emergence in calendar year 2006 differed from our expectation in the more recent origin years, the deviation was not seen as sufficiently credible to alter either our ultimate loss selections or the set of actuarial assumptions underlying the reserving review for that particular portfolio. Such judgments were made with due consideration to the factors impacting reserve uncertainty as discussed above.
We continually evaluate our reserve estimates taking into account current information. We estimate the ultimate loss amounts by projecting losses as of the valuation date using loss development patterns derived from historical data. In addition, a tail factor is applied to the projected loss amount to reflect further potential development beyond the period of historical record. While we believe our reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses at December 31, 2006, is adequate, new information or trends, such as judicial action broadening the scope of coverage or expanding liability, may lead to future developments in ultimate losses and loss expenses significantly greater or less than the reserve provided, which could have a material adverse effect on future operating results. Particularly significant variables for which a change in assumption could have a material effect on unpaid losses and loss expenses include, but are not limited to, the items discussed above. As noted previously, our best estimate of required loss reserves for most portfolios is judgmentally selected for each origin year after considering the results from any number of reserving methodologies rather than being a purely mechanical process. Therefore, it is difficult to convey, in a simple and quantitative manner, the impact that a change to a single assumption will have on our best estimate. In the examples shown below, we attempt to give an indication of the potential impact by isolating a single change for a specific reserving method that would be pertinent in establishing the best estimate for the product line described. We consider each of the following sensitivity analyses to represent a reasonably likely deviation in the underlying assumption.
 
Insurance – North American
Given the long reporting and paid development pattern, the tail factors used to project actual current losses to ultimate losses for claims covered by our inactive middle market workers’ compensation business requires considerable judgment that could be material to consolidated loss and loss expense reserves. Specifically, when applying the paid loss development method, a one percent change in the tail factor (i.e., 1.04 changed to either 1.05 or 1.03) would cause a change of approximately $50 million, either positively or negatively, for the projected net loss and loss expense reserves. This is relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $300 million.
Our ACE Bermuda operations write predominantly high excess liability coverage on an occurrence-first-reported basis (typically with attachment points in excess of $300 million and limits of $100 million gross or less) and D&O and other professional-liability coverage on a claims-made basis (typically with attachment points in excess of $100 million
 
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and limits of $50 million gross or less). Claims development for this business can vary significantly for individual claims and historically could vary by as much as $50 million per claim for professional liability and $100 million per claim for excess liability depending on the nature of the loss.
 
Insurance – Overseas General
Certain long tail lines, such as casualty and professional lines, are particularly susceptible to changes in loss trend and claim inflation. Heightened perceptions of tort and settlement awards around the world are increasing the demand for these products as well as contributing to the uncertainty of the reserving estimates. Our reserving methods rely heavily on loss development patterns estimated from historical data and while we attempt to adjust such factors for known changes in the current tort environment, it is possible that such factors may not entirely reflect all recent trends in tort environments. For example, when applying the reported loss development method, the lengthening by six months of our selected loss development patterns would increase reserve estimates on long-tail casualty and professional lines by approximately $240 million. This movement is relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $3.0 billion.
 
Global Reinsurance
Typically, there is inherent uncertainty around the length of paid and reporting development patterns, especially for certain casualty lines such as excess workers’ compensation or general liability, which may take up to 30 years to fully develop. This uncertainty is accentuated by the need to supplement client development patterns with industry development patterns as justified by the credibility of the data. The underlying source and selection of the final development pattern can thus have a significant impact on the selected net losses and loss expenses ultimate. For example, a twenty percent slowing or quickening (shortening or lengthening as above) of the development patterns used for U.S. long-tail lines would cause the loss reserve estimate derived by the reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson method for these lines to change by approximately $115 million. This movement is relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $1.4 billion.
 
Assumed Reinsurance
At December 31, 2006, net unpaid losses and loss expenses for the Global Reinsurance segment aggregated to $2.6 billion, consisting of $778 million of case reserves and $1.8 billion of IBNR. In comparison, at December 31, 2005, net unpaid losses and loss expenses for the Global Reinsurance segment aggregated to $2.4 billion, consisting of $790 million of case reserves and $1.6 billion of IBNR.
Prior to 2000, our reinsurance operations had been concentrated in the property catastrophe reinsurance market. For catastrophe business, we principally estimate unpaid losses and loss expenses on an event basis by considering various sources of information, including specific loss estimates reported by our cedants, ceding company and overall industry loss estimates reported by our brokers, and our internal data regarding reinsured exposures related to the geographical location of the event. Our internal data analysis enables us to establish catastrophe reserves for known events with more certainty at an earlier date than would be the case if we solely relied on reports from third parties to determine carried reserves.
In 2000, we began writing casualty lines of reinsurance in the United States, and to a lesser extent, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Given the long-tail nature of this business, these new lines have both increased the amount of reserves in the Global Reinsurance segment as well as the uncertainty in the loss estimation process. For our casualty reinsurance business, we generally rely on ceding companies to report claims and then use that data as a key input to estimate unpaid losses and loss expenses. Due to the reliance on claims information reported by ceding companies, as well as other factors, the estimation of unpaid losses and loss expenses for assumed reinsurance includes certain risks and uncertainties that are unique relative to our direct insurance business. These include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following:
• The reported claims information could be inaccurate;
• Typically, a lag exists between the reporting of a loss event to a ceding company and its reporting to us as a reinsurance claim. The use of a broker to transmit financial information from a ceding company to us increases the reporting lag. Because most of our reinsurance business is produced by brokers, ceding companies generally first submit claim and other financial information to brokers, who then report the proportionate share of such information to each reinsurer of a particular treaty. The reporting lag generally results in a longer period of time between the date a claim is incurred and the date a claim is reported compared with direct insurance operations. Therefore, the risk of
 
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delayed recognition of loss reserve development is higher for assumed reinsurance than for direct insurance lines;
• The historical claims data for a particular reinsurance contract can be limited relative to our insurance business in that there may be less historical information available. Furthermore, for certain coverages provided by products, such as excess of loss contracts, there may be relatively few expected claims in a particular year so the actual number of claims may be susceptible to significant variability. In such cases, the actuary often relies on industry data from several recognized sources.
We mitigate the above risks in several ways. In addition to routine analytical reviews of ceding company reports to ensure reported claims information appears reasonable, we perform regular underwriting and claims audits of certain ceding companies to ensure reported claims information is accurate, complete, and timely. As appropriate, audit findings are used to adjust claims in the reserving process. We also use our knowledge of the historical development of losses from individual ceding companies to adjust the level of adequacy we believe exists in the reported ceded losses.
On occasion, there will be differences between our carried loss reserves and unearned premiums reserves and the amount of loss reserves and unearned premiums reserves reported by the ceding companies. This is due to the fact that we receive consistent and timely information from ceding companies only with respect to case reserves. For IBNR, we use historical experience and other statistical information, depending on the type of business, to estimate the ultimate loss (see “Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses” for more information). We estimate our unearned premiums reserve by applying estimated earning patterns to net premiums written for each treaty based upon that treaty's coverage basis (i.e., risks attaching or losses occurring). At December 31, 2006, the case reserves reported to us by our ceding companies were $754 million, compared with the $778 million we recorded. Our policy is to post additional case reserves in addition to the amounts reported by our cedants when our evaluation of the ultimate value of a reported claim is different than the evaluation of that claim by our cedant.
Within the Insurance – North American segment, we also have exposure to certain liability reinsurance lines that have been in run-off since 1994. Unpaid losses and loss expenses relating to this run-off reinsurance business resides within the Brandywine Division of our Insurance – North American segment. Most of the remaining unpaid losses and loss expense reserves for the run-off reinsurance business relate to asbestos and environmental claims. (Refer to “Asbestos and Environmental and Other Run-off Liabilities” for more information.)
 
Asbestos and Environmental Reserves
Included in our liabilities for losses and loss expenses are liabilities for asbestos and environmental claims and expenses (A&E). These claims are principally related to claims arising from remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites and bodily-injury claims related to exposure to asbestos products and environmental hazards. The estimation of these liabilities is particularly sensitive to the recent legal environment, including specific settlements that may be used as precedents to settle future claims.
Our A&E reserves and our range of estimates are not discounted and do not reflect any anticipated changes in the legal, social or economic environment, or any benefit from future legislative reforms. Accordingly, our A&E reserves make no allowance for future state or federal asbestos reforms, such as those currently being contemplated. During 2006, we conducted an internal, ground-up review of our consolidated A&E liabilities as of June 30, 2006. During the same period, a team of external actuaries performed an evaluation as to the adequacy of the reserves of Century and those liabilities of ACE American Reinsurance Company (ACE American Re) retained and not sold. The Century external review was conducted in accordance with the Brandywine Restructuring Order, which requires that an external actuarial review of Century’s reserves be completed every two years. As a result of the internal review, we concluded that our net loss reserves for the Brandywine operations were adequate and, therefore, no change to the carried net reserve was required, while the gross loss reserves increased by approximately $250 million. The conclusions of the external review provided estimates of ultimate gross and net Brandywine liabilities that are lower than the same study in 2004. As a result, the difference in net loss reserves between the internal and external studies has narrowed to approximately $150 million ($100 million after-tax) from $300 million ($180 million after-tax in 2004).
There are many complex variables that we consider when estimating the reserves for our inventory of asbestos accounts and these variables may directly impact the predicted outcome. We believe the most significant variables relating to our A&E reserves include assumptions regarding trends with respect to claim severity and the frequency of higher severity claims, the ability of a claimant to bring a claim in a state in which they have no residency or exposure, the ability of a policyholder to claim the right to non-products coverage, whether high-level excess policies have the potential to be accessed given the policyholders claim trends and liability situation, and payments to unimpaired claimants and the potential liability of peripheral defendants. Based on the policies, the facts, the law and a careful
 
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analysis of the impact that these factors will likely have on any given account, we estimate the potential liability for indemnity, policyholder defense costs and coverage litigation expense.
The results in asbestos cases announced by other carriers may well have little or no relevance to us because coverage exposures are highly dependent upon the specific facts of individual coverage and resolution status of disputes among carrier, policyholder and claimants.
Refer to “Asbestos and Environmental and Other Run-off Liabilities” for more information.
 
Reinsurance recoverable
Reinsurance recoverable includes the balances due to us from reinsurance companies for paid and unpaid losses and loss expenses, and is presented net of a provision for uncollectible reinsurance. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is determined based upon a review of the financial condition of the reinsurers and other factors. We determine the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses using actuarial estimates as well as a determination of our ability to cede unpaid losses and loss expenses under existing reinsurance contracts.
The recognition of a reinsurance recoverable asset requires two key judgments. The first judgment involves our estimation based on the amount of gross reserves and the percentage of that amount which may be ceded to reinsurers. Ceded IBNR, which is a major component of the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses, is generally developed as part of our loss reserving process and consequently, its estimation is subject to similar risks and uncertainties as the estimation of gross IBNR (refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates – Unpaid losses and loss expenses”). The second judgment involves our estimate of the amount of the reinsurance recoverable balance that we may ultimately be unable to recover from reinsurers due to insolvency, contractual dispute, or for other reasons. Amounts estimated to be uncollectible are reflected in a provision that reduces the reinsurance recoverable asset and, in turn, shareholders’ equity. Changes in the provision for uncollectible reinsurance are reflected in net income.
Although the contractual obligation of individual reinsurers to pay their reinsurance obligations is based on specific contract provisions, the collectability of such amounts requires estimation by management. The majority of the balance we have accrued as recoverable will not be due for collection until sometime in the future, in some cases several decades from now. Over this period of time, economic conditions and operational performance of a particular reinsurer may impact their ability to meet these obligations and while they may continue to acknowledge their contractual obligation to do so, they may not have the financial resources or willingness to fully meet their obligation to us.
To estimate the provision for uncollectible reinsurance, the reinsurance recoverable must first be determined for each reinsurer. This determination is based on a process rather than an estimate, although an element of judgment must be applied. As part of the process, ceded IBNR is allocated to reinsurance contracts because ceded IBNR is not generally calculated on a contract by contract basis. The allocations are generally based on premiums ceded under reinsurance contracts, adjusted for actual loss experience and historical relationships between gross and ceded losses. If actual experience varies materially from historical experience, including that used to determine ceded premium, the allocation of reinsurance recoverable by reinsurer will change. While such change is unlikely to result in a large percentage change in the provision for uncollectible reinsurance, it could, nevertheless, have a material effect on our net income in the period recorded.
Generally, we use a default analysis to estimate uncollectible reinsurance. The primary components of the default analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer, net of collateral, and default factors used to estimate the probability that the reinsurer may be unable to meet its future obligations in full. The definition of collateral for this purpose requires some judgment and is generally limited to assets held in an ACE-only beneficiary trust, letters of credit, and liabilities held by us with the same legal entity for which we believe there is a right of offset. We do not currently include multi-beneficiary trusts. However, we have several reinsurers that have established multi-beneficiary trusts for which certain of our companies are beneficiaries. The determination of the default factor is principally based on the financial strength rating of the reinsurer and a corresponding default factor applicable to the financial strength rating. Default factors require considerable judgment and are determined using the current financial strength rating, or rating equivalent, of each reinsurer as well as other key considerations and assumptions. Significant considerations and assumptions include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following:
• For reinsurers that maintain a financial strength rating from a major rating agency, and for which recoverable balances are considered representative of the larger population (i.e., default probabilities are consistent with similarly rated reinsurers and payment durations conform to averages), the judgment exercised by management to determine
 
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the provision for uncollectible reinsurance of each reinsurer is typically limited because the financial rating is based on a published source and the default factor we apply is based on a default factor of a major rating agency applicable to the particular rating class. Default factors applied for financial ratings of AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B and CCC, are 0.5 percent, 1.2 percent, 1.9 percent, 4.7 percent, 9.6 percent, 23.8 percent and 49.7 percent, respectively. Because the model we use is predicated on the default factors of a major rating agency, we do not generally consider alternative factors. However, when a recoverable is expected to be paid in a brief period of time by a highly-rated reinsurer, such as certain property catastrophe claims, a default factor may not be applied;
• For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are both unrated by a major rating agency and for which management is unable to determine a credible rating equivalent based on a parent, affiliate or peer company, we determine a rating equivalent based on an analysis of the reinsurer that considers an assessment of the creditworthiness of the particular entity, industry benchmarks, or other factors as considered appropriate. We then apply the applicable default factor for that rating class. For balances recoverable from unrated reinsurers for which our ceded reserve is below a certain threshold, we generally apply a default factor of 25 percent;
• For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are either insolvent or under regulatory supervision, we establish a default factor and resulting provision for uncollectible reinsurance based on specific facts and circumstances surrounding each company. Upon initial notification of an insolvency, we generally recognize expense for a substantial portion of all balances outstanding, net of collateral, through a combination of write-offs of recoverable balances and increases to the provision for uncollectible reinsurance. When regulatory action is taken on a reinsurer, we generally recognize a default factor by estimating an expected recovery on all balances outstanding, net of collateral. When sufficient credible information becomes available, we adjust the provision for uncollectible reinsurance by establishing a default factor pursuant to information received;
• For captives and other recoverables, management determines the provision for uncollectible reinsurance based on the specific facts and circumstances.
The following table summarizes reinsurance recoverables and the provision for uncollectible reinsurance for each type of recoverable balance at December 31, 2006.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Total
Reinsurance
Recoverables	 	 	  	Recoverables
(Net of Usable
Collateral)	 	 	  	Provision for
Uncollectible
Reinsurance	
Type	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	
Reinsurers with credit ratings	  	$	11,739	 	 	  	$	10,971	 	 	  	$	207	
Reinsurers not rated	  	 	673	 	 	  	 	541	 	 	  	 	229	
Reinsurers under supervision and insolvent reinsurers	  	 	293	 	 	  	 	278	 	 	  	 	197	
Captives	  	 	1,316	 	 	  	 	264	 	 	  	 	2	
Other – structured settlements and pools	  	 	1,208	 	 	  	 	1,206	 	 	  	 	14	
Total	  	$	15,229	 	 	  	$	13,260	 	 	  	$	649	
 
At December 31, 2006, the use of different assumptions within our approach could have a material effect on the provision for uncollectible reinsurance reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements. To the extent the creditworthiness of our reinsurers were to deteriorate due to an adverse event affecting the reinsurance industry, such as a large number of major catastrophes, actual uncollectible amounts could be significantly greater than our provision for uncollectible reinsurance. Such an event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and our liquidity. Given the various considerations used to estimate our uncollectible provision, we cannot precisely quantify the effect a specific industry event may have on the provision for uncollectible reinsurance. However, based on the composition (particularly the average credit quality) of the reinsurance recoverable balance at December 31, 2006, we estimate that a ratings downgrade of one notch for all rated reinsurers (i.e., from A to A- or A- to BBB+) could increase our provision for uncollectible reinsurance by approximately $170 million or approximately one percent of the reinsurance recoverable balance, assuming no other changes relevant to the calculation. While a ratings downgrade would result in an increase in our provision for uncollectible reinsurance and a charge to earnings in that period, a downgrade in and of itself does not imply that we will not ultimately collect all of the ceded reinsurance recoverable from the reinsurers in question. Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
 
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Investments
Our fixed maturity investments are classified as either “available for sale” or “held to maturity”. Our available for sale portfolio is reported at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in shareholders’ equity as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Fair value is determined using the quoted market price of these securities provided by either independent pricing services, or when such prices are not available, by reference to broker or underwriter bid indications. We regularly review our impaired investments (i.e., those debt securities in which fair value is below amortized cost or those equity securities in which fair value is below cost) for a possible other-than-temporary impairment. If we believe a decline in the value of a particular investment is temporary, we record the decline as an unrealized loss in our shareholders' equity. If we believe the decline is “other-than-temporary”, we write down the book value of the investment and record a realized loss in our consolidated statement of operations. An impairment is considered other-than-temporary unless we have the ability and intent to hold the investment to recovery of the cost of the investment, and evidence indicating the cost of the investment is recoverable within a reasonable period outweighs evidence to the contrary. The determination as to whether or not the decline is “other- than-temporary” principally requires the following critical judgments: i) the circumstances that require management to make a specific assessment as to whether or not the decline is “other-than-temporary”, such as the time period an investment has been in a loss position and the significance of the decline; and ii) for those securities to be assessed, whether we have the ability and intent to hold the security through an expected recovery period, absent a significant change in facts that would be expected to have a material adverse effect on either the financial markets or the financial position of the issuer.
With respect to securities where the decline in value is determined to be temporary and the security’s value is not written down, a subsequent decision may be made to sell that security and realize a loss. Subsequent decisions on security sales could be made based on changes in liquidity needs (i.e., arising from a large insured loss such as a catastrophe), internal risk management considerations, the financial condition of the issuer or its industry, market conditions, and new investment opportunities. Day to day management of the majority of our investment portfolio is outsourced to third-party investment managers. While these investment managers may, at a given point in time, believe that the preferred course of action is to hold securities with unrealized losses until such losses are recovered, the dynamic nature of portfolio management may result in a subsequent decision to sell the security and realize the loss based upon new circumstances such as those related to the changes described above. We believe that subsequent decisions to sell such securities are consistent with the classification of the majority of our portfolio as available for sale. The gross unrealized loss at December 31, 2006, for all securities in a loss position was $143 million with $25.4 million in an unrealized loss position for over 12 months (of which $24 million related to fixed maturities held to maturity). Our net realized losses in 2006 included write-downs of $214 million of which $198 million was related to fixed maturities. This compares with write-downs of $88 million and $39 million in 2005 and 2004, respectively. The impairments recorded in 2006 are primarily due to an increase in market interest rates from the date of security purchase and as such, are not credit-related.
Because our investment portfolio is the largest component of consolidated assets and a multiple of shareholders’ equity, adverse changes in economic conditions subsequent to the balance sheet date could result in other-than-temporary impairments that are material to our financial condition and operating results. Such economic changes could arise from overall changes in the financial markets and specific changes to industries, companies, or foreign governments in which we maintain relatively large investment holdings. Further, an increase in interest rates could result in an increased number of fixed maturities for which we cannot support the intent to hold to recovery. More information regarding our process for reviewing our portfolio for possible impairments can be found in the section entitled “Net Realized Gains (Losses)”.
 
Deferred tax assets
Many of our insurance businesses operate in income tax-paying jurisdictions. Our deferred tax assets and liabilities primarily result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in our Consolidated Financial Statements and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities. We determine deferred tax assets and liabilities separately for each tax-paying component (an individual entity or group of entities that is consolidated for tax purposes) in each tax jurisdiction.
At December 31, 2006, our net deferred tax asset was $1.2 billion. (Refer to Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information). At each balance sheet date, management assesses the need to establish a valuation allowance that reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the deferred tax
 
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assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance is based on all available information including projections of future taxable income from each tax-paying component in each tax jurisdiction, principally derived from business plans and available tax planning strategies. Projections of future taxable income incorporate several assumptions of future business and operations that are apt to differ from actual experience. If, in the future, our assumptions and estimates that resulted in our forecast of future taxable income for each tax-paying component proves to be incorrect, an additional valuation allowance could become necessary. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. At December 31, 2006, the valuation allowance of $35 million (including $24 million with respect to foreign tax credits) reflects management’s assessment that it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized due to the inability of certain foreign subsidiaries to generate sufficient taxable income or the inability to utilize foreign tax credits.
 
Derivatives
Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” (FAS 133) establishes accounting and reporting standards for derivative instruments, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts, and for hedging activities. FAS 133 requires that all derivatives be recognized as either assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value reflected in net income. For a sensitivity discussion of the effect of changes in interest rates and equity indices on the fair value of derivatives and the resulting impact on our net income, refer to Item 7A. We do not designate any derivatives as accounting hedges. Our principal participation in derivative instruments is as follows:
i)	To sell protection to customers as either the writer of a derivative financial instrument or an insurance or reinsurance contract that meets the definition of a derivative. The reinsurance of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIBs) in our life reinsurance operation is our primary product falling into this category. We believe that the most meaningful presentation of these derivatives is to reflect cash inflows or revenue as net premiums earned, and to record estimates of future cash outflows as incurred losses. When we determine that a future cash payment is probable, we establish reserves for the loss. Other components of fair value are reflected in other assets or other liabilities in the balance sheet and related changes in fair value reflected in net realized gains (losses) in the statement of operations. We generally hold these derivative contracts to maturity. Where we hold a derivative to maturity, the cumulative unrealized gains and losses will net to zero if we incur no losses on that contract. Refer to Note 8 c) to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of this product and related accounting treatment; and	
ii)	To mitigate our financial risks, principally arising from our investment holdings, products sold, or assets and liabilities held in foreign currencies. For these instruments, changes in assets or liabilities measured at fair value are recorded as net realized gains (losses). Derivative instruments used for this purpose include interest rate futures, equity futures, options, interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward contracts entered into primarily to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, enhance our portfolio yield or obtain an exposure to a particular financial market. In addition, as part of our investing activities, we purchase “to be announced mortgage backed securities” (TBA), which are derivatives.	
The fair value of derivative instruments depends on a number of factors, including changes in interest rates, changes in equity markets, changes in credit markets and, for GMIB reinsurance, changes in the allocation of the investments underlying annuitant account value. Where available, we use quoted market prices to determine the fair value of these instruments. If the quoted prices are not available, the fair value is estimated using valuation models for each type of instrument. Internal valuation models include the use of management estimates and current market information. These models may be developed by third parties or internally based on market conventions for similar transactions, depending on the circumstances. These models and related assumptions are continuously re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon improvements in modeling techniques and availability of more timely market information, such as market conditions and demographics of in-force annuities. Due to the inherent uncertainties of the assumptions used in the valuation models to determine the fair value of these derivative products, actual experience may differ from the estimates reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements, and the differences may be material.
Fair value adjustments attributed to all our derivative transactions are classified and recorded in our net realized gains (losses). With respect to derivatives sold, we recorded a net realized gain of $7 million and $29 million and a net realized loss of $13 million in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. In 2006, 2005 and 2004, the net realized gains
 
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included $nil, $18 million and $10 million for GMIB reinsurance, respectively. Refer to “Net Realized Gains (Losses)” for more information.
 
Goodwill
Goodwill, which represents the excess of the cost of our acquisitions over the fair value of net assets we acquired, was $2.7 billion at December 31, 2006. The ACE INA acquisition resulted in approximately 80 percent of this balance. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to a periodic evaluation of impairment. It is our policy to test goodwill as well as other intangible assets for impairments on an annual basis. The impairment tests in 2006, in the aggregate, show a fair value in excess of the carrying value. Goodwill is assigned to applicable reporting units of acquired entities at acquisition. The most significant reporting units are the domestic and international divisions of ACE INA, which were acquired in 1999; ACE Tempest Re’s catastrophe businesses, acquired in 1996 and 1998; and Tarquin Limited, acquired in 1998. There are other reporting units that resulted from smaller acquisitions that are also assessed annually. In our impairment tests, to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit, we principally use both an earnings model, that considers forecasted earnings and other financial ratios of the reporting unit as well as relevant financial data of comparable companies to the reporting unit such as the relationship of price to earnings for recent transactions and market valuations of publicly traded companies, and an analysis of the present value of estimated net cash flows. We must assess whether the current fair value of our operating units is at least equal to the fair value used in the determination of goodwill. In doing this, we make assumptions and estimates about the profitability attributable to our operating segments, as this is important in assessing whether an impairment has occurred. If, in the future, our assumptions and estimates made in assessing the fair value of acquired entities change, goodwill could be materially adjusted. This would cause us to write-down the carrying value of goodwill, resulting in a charge to earnings in the period recorded. Accordingly, this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period the charge is taken.
 
Risk transfer
In the ordinary course of business, we both purchase (or cede), and sell (or assume), P&C reinsurance protection. In 2002, as a matter of policy, we discontinued the purchase of all finite reinsurance contracts. For both ceded and assumed reinsurance, risk transfer requirements must be met in order to use reinsurance accounting, principally resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract as premiums and losses. If risk transfer requirements are not met, a contract is to be accounted for as a deposit, typically resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract through a deposit asset or liability and not as revenue or expense. To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance contract must include both insurance risk, consisting of underwriting and timing risk, and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. We also apply similar risk transfer requirements to determine whether certain commercial insurance contracts should be accounted for as insurance or a deposit. Contracts that include fixed premium (i.e., premium not subject to adjustment based on loss experience under the contract) for fixed coverage generally transfer risk and do not require judgment.
Reinsurance and insurance contracts that include both significant risk sharing provisions, such as adjustments to premiums or loss coverage based on loss experience, and relatively low policy limits as evidenced by a high proportion of maximum premium assessments to loss limits, can require considerable judgment to determine whether or not risk transfer requirements are met. For such contracts, often referred to as finite or structured products, we require that risk transfer be specifically assessed for each contract by developing expected cash flow analyses at contract inception. To support risk transfer, the cash flow analyses must support the fact that a significant loss is reasonably possible, such as a scenario in which the ratio of the net present value of losses divided by the net present value of premiums equals or exceeds 110 percent. For purposes of cash flow analyses, we generally use a risk-free rate of return consistent with the expected average duration of loss payments. In addition, to support insurance risk, we must prove the reinsurer’s risk of loss varies with that of the reinsured and/or support various scenarios under which the assuming entity can recognize a significant loss.
To ensure risk transfer requirements are routinely assessed, quantitative risk transfer analyses and memoranda supporting risk transfer are developed by underwriters for all structured products. We have established protocols for structured products that include criteria triggering an accounting review of the contract prior to quoting. If any criterion is triggered, a contract must be reviewed by a committee established by each of our operating segments with reporting oversight, including peer review, from our global Structured Transaction Review Committee.
 
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With respect to ceded reinsurance, we entered into a few multi-year excess of loss retrospectively-rated contracts, principally in 2002, some of which remain in-force. These contracts principally provide severity protection for specific product divisions. Because traditional one-year reinsurance coverage had become relatively costly, these contracts were generally entered into to secure a more cost-effective reinsurance program. All of these contracts transferred risk and have been accounted for as reinsurance. In addition, we maintain a few aggregate excess of loss reinsurance contracts that were principally entered into prior to 2003, such as the National Indemnity Company (NICO) contracts referred to in the section entitled, “Asbestos and Environmental and Other Run-off Liabilities”. Subsequent to the ACE INA acquisition, we have not purchased any retroactive ceded reinsurance contracts.
With respect to assumed reinsurance and insurance contracts, products giving rise to judgments regarding risk transfer are primarily sold by our financial solutions business, included in our Insurance – North American segment. While there is currently very little new activity for these products, several contracts remain in-force and principally include multi-year retrospectively-rated contracts and loss portfolio transfers. Because transfer of insurance risk is generally a primary client motivation for purchasing these products, relatively few P&C insurance and reinsurance contracts have historically been written for which we concluded that risk transfer criteria had not been met. For certain insurance contracts that have been reported as deposits, the insured desired to self-insure a risk but was required, legally or otherwise, to purchase insurance so that claimants would be protected by a licensed insurance company in the event of non-payment from the insured.
A significant portion of ACE Tempest Re USA’s business is written through quota share treaties (approximately $562 million of net premiums earned in 2006, comprised of $404 million of first dollar quota share treaties and $158 million of excess quota share treaties), some of which are categorized as structured products (approximately $139 million of net premiums earned in 2006). Structured quota share treaties typically contain relatively low aggregate policy limits, a feature that reduces loss coverage in some manner and a profit sharing provision. Accounting standard setters for both GAAP and statutory reporting have undertaken projects to re-evaluate risk transfer guidance, including accounting models that could ultimately require the bifurcation of structured quota share treaties into insurance and financing elements, and perhaps other quota share contracts not currently categorized as structured, into a reinsurance and financing component. New guidance in this area has the potential to have a significant impact on the amount of premiums and losses recognized under these contracts but we expect little impact to net income.
 
Results of Operations – Years Ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
The discussions that follow include tables, which show both our consolidated and segment operating results for the three years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004. In presenting our segment operating results, we have discussed our performance with reference to underwriting results, which is a non-GAAP measure. We consider this measure, which may be defined differently by other companies, to be important in understanding our overall results of operations. Underwriting results are calculated by subtracting losses and loss expenses, life and annuity benefits, policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses from net premiums earned. We use underwriting results and operating ratios to monitor the results of our operations without the impact of certain factors, including net investment income, other (income) expense, interest expense, income tax expense and net realized gains (losses). We believe the use of these measures enhances the understanding of our results of operations by highlighting the underlying profitability of our insurance business. Underwriting results should not be viewed as a substitute for measures determined in accordance with GAAP.
 
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Consolidated Operating Results

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	 	  	2005	 	 	 	  	2004	
Net premiums written	  	$	12,030	 	 	 	  	$	11,792	 	 	 	  	$	11,496	
Net premiums earned	  	 	11,825	 	 	 	  	 	11,748	 	 	 	  	 	11,110	
Net investment income	  	 	1,601	 	 	 	  	 	1,264	 	 	 	  	 	1,013	
Net realized gains (losses)	  	 	(98	)	 	 	  	 	76	 	 	 	  	 	197	
Total revenues	  	$	13,328	 	 	 	  	$	13,088	 	 	 	  	$	12,320	
Losses and loss expenses	  	 	7,070	 	 	 	  	 	8,571	 	 	 	  	 	7,690	
Life and annuity benefits	  	 	123	 	 	 	  	 	143	 	 	 	  	 	175	
Policy acquisition costs	  	 	1,715	 	 	 	  	 	1,663	 	 	 	  	 	1,559	
Administrative expenses	  	 	1,456	 	 	 	  	 	1,261	 	 	 	  	 	1,265	
Interest expense	  	 	176	 	 	 	  	 	174	 	 	 	  	 	183	
Other (income) expense	  	 	(35	)	 	 	  	 	(25	)	 	 	  	 	9	
Total expenses	  	 	10,505	 	 	 	  	 	11,787	 	 	 	  	 	10,881	
Income before income tax	  	 	2,823	 	 	 	  	 	1,301	 	 	 	  	 	1,439	
Income tax expense	  	 	522	 	 	 	  	 	273	 	 	 	  	 	286	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	  	 	4	 	 	 	  	 	—	 	 	 	  	 	—	
Net income	  	$	2,305	 	 	 	  	$	1,028	 	 	 	  	$	1,153	
 
Net premiums written, which reflect the premiums we retain after purchasing reinsurance protection, increased two percent in 2006, compared with 2005. The increase was primarily driven by production gains in many of ACE USA’s and ACE Westchester Specialty’s businesses, A&H growth at ACE International, and increased rates on short-tail lines at ACE Global Markets. These increases were partially offset by a decline in international financial solutions business. In addition, ACE International had growth on the P&C side in continental Europe and Latin America offset by declines in the U.K. and Asia Pacific. The year ended December 31, 2005 was impacted by net catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums, which reduced net premiums written and earned by $68 million. Additionally, the year ended December 31, 2005, included premiums written and earned of $148 million associated with multi-year contracts written in our international financial solutions business which did not recur in 2006. In general, due to favorable industry financial results and growth in capital which have resulted in increased competition, P&C market conditions have deteriorated over the past year, particularly in non-catastrophe P&C lines. However, the extent and pace of the deterioration has varied geographically and by line of business. Our global presence and broad product offering have allowed us to continue to be selective and grow lines of business which we believe will produce underwriting income while exiting unprofitable lines. Net premiums written increased three percent in 2005, compared with 2004, primarily due to strong production in ACE USA’s casualty operations and increased catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums, partially offset by a decline in net premiums written at ACE Global Markets.
The following table provides a consolidated breakdown of net premiums earned by line of business for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	% of
total	 	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	% of
total	 	 	 	  	2004	 	 	  	% of
total	 	
Property and all other	  	$	3,618	 	 	  	31	%	 	 	  	$	3,560	 	 	  	30	%	 	 	  	$	3,721	 	 	  	34	%	
Casualty	  	 	6,506	 	 	  	55	%	 	 	  	 	6,698	 	 	  	57	%	 	 	  	 	6,030	 	 	  	54	%	
A&H	  	 	1,427	 	 	  	12	%	 	 	  	 	1,242	 	 	  	11	%	 	 	  	 	1,133	 	 	  	10	%	
Total P&C	  	 	11,551	 	 	  	98	%	 	 	  	 	11,500	 	 	  	98	%	 	 	  	 	10,884	 	 	  	98	%	
Life Insurance and Reinsurance	  	 	274	 	 	  	2	%	 	 	  	 	248	 	 	  	2	%	 	 	  	 	226	 	 	  	2	%	
Net premiums earned	  	$	11,825	 	 	  	100	%	 	 	  	$	11,748	 	 	  	100	%	 	 	  	$	11,110	 	 	  	100	%	
 
Net premiums earned reflect the portion of net premiums written that were recorded as revenues for the period as the exposure period expires. Net premiums earned were stable in 2006, compared with 2005 as increases in A&H (15 percent) were offset by significant decreases in financial solutions business, which we include under casualty in the
 
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above table. Net premiums earned relating to financial solutions business were $143 million in 2006, compared with $445 million in 2005. Net premiums earned increased six percent in 2005, compared with 2004 primarily due to growth in production of U.S. casualty business, partially offset by the impact of the sale of Assured Guaranty.
Net investment income increased 27 percent in 2006, compared with 2005, and 25 percent in 2005, compared with 2004. These increases were primarily due to investment of positive operating cash flows and net proceeds from our approximately $1.5 billion public offering in October 2005, which have resulted in a higher overall average invested asset base.
In evaluating our P&C business, we use the combined ratio, the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. We calculate these ratios by dividing the respective expense amounts by net premiums earned. We do not calculate these ratios for the life business as we do not use these measures to monitor or manage that business. The combined ratio is determined by adding the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. A combined ratio under 100 percent indicates underwriting income and a combined ratio exceeding 100 percent indicates underwriting losses.
The following table shows our consolidated loss and loss expense ratio, policy acquisition ratio, administrative expense ratio and combined ratio for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

 	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
Loss and loss expense ratio	  	61.2%	 	 	  	74.5%	 	 	  	70.7%	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	  	14.6%	 	 	  	14.2%	 	 	  	14.1%	
Administrative expense ratio	  	12.3%	 	 	  	10.8%	 	 	  	11.5%	
Combined ratio	  	88.1%	 	 	  	99.5%	 	 	  	96.3%	
 
Our loss and loss expense ratio decreased in 2006, compared with 2005, during which we experienced significant catastrophe losses. The following table shows the impact of catastrophe losses, A&E reserve strengthening and prior period development on our loss and loss expense ratio for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

 	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
Loss and loss expense ratio, as reported	  	61.2%	 	 	  	74.5%	 	 	  	70.7%	
Catastrophe losses	  	(0.1)%	 	 	  	(11.4)%	 	 	  	(4.7)%	
A&E reserve strengthening	  	—    	 	 	  	—	 	 	  	(4.3)%	
Prior period development	  	0.1%	 	 	  	(0.7)%	 	 	  	(0.8)%	
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	  	61.2%	 	 	  	62.4%	 	 	  	60.9%	
 
We recorded $17 million in net catastrophe losses in 2006, compared with $1.4 billion in 2005, and $499 million in 2004. In 2005, the catastrophe losses were primarily associated with Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma. In 2004, the catastrophe losses were primarily associated with hurricanes which struck the Caribbean and the U.S. The results of the recent study conducted in 2006 for A&E and other run-off reserves resulted in activity between A&E and other with no increase in net reserves. In the fourth quarter of 2004, we recorded net increases in A&E and other run-off reserves of $465 million.
Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves first reported in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. We experienced $12 million in net favorable prior period development in 2006, compared with $86 million of net adverse prior period development in 2005, and $82 million of net adverse prior period development (excluding A&E reserve strengthening) in 2004. The favorable prior period development in 2006 was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements. Amongst these movements was net adverse development of $165 million on catastrophe losses primarily arising from 2005 hurricanes. We also had reserve releases in other short-tail lines. In the following segment discussions, prior period development unrelated to catastrophes are discussed in more detail.
Our policy acquisition costs include commissions, premium taxes, underwriting and other costs that vary with, and are primarily related to, the production of premium. Administrative expenses include all other operating costs. Our policy acquisition costs ratio increased in 2006 primarily due to changes in business mix and the favorable impact
 
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in 2005 of net premiums earned on multi-year contracts in connection with the significant 2005 catastrophe losses which, generally, did not incur acquisition costs.
Our administrative expense ratio increased in 2006, compared with 2005. We have invested in global expansion, including staff additions and infrastructure enhancements at ACE USA, ACE Westchester Specialty, ACE Life and ACE International. Administrative expenses in 2006 also include $80 million related to the settlement with certain governmental agencies from their investigations of various insurance industry practices and $16 million of related legal fees. The 2005 year included $45 million of legal fees related to the investigation. The decrease in the administrative expense ratio in 2005, compared with 2004, was primarily due to the increased net premiums earned. Additionally, for 2005, administrative expenses were reduced by the release of an accrual in Insurance – North American and higher net profits from ACE USA’s ESIS (claims services) operation, which we include in administrative expenses.
Interest expense was stable in 2006, compared with 2005. Interest expense decreased in 2005, compared with 2004, primarily due to the $75 million of Capital Re LLC preferred securities which were outstanding in 2004, and redeemed on July 12, 2004. Additionally, in 2004, we issued $500 million of 5.875 percent notes and repaid $400 million of ACE INA 8.2 percent notes.
Our effective tax rate is dependent upon the mix of earnings from different jurisdictions with various tax rates; a change in the geographic mix of earnings would change the effective tax rate. Our effective tax rate on net income, which we calculate as income tax expense divided by income before income tax, was 18 percent in 2006, compared with 21 percent in 2005, and 20 percent in 2004. In 2005 and 2004, a substantial portion of our catastrophe losses occurred in jurisdictions where we do not incur income tax, causing our income to decline without a commensurate decrease in income tax expense. The effective tax rate for 2005 was approximately five percentage points lower due to the favorable impact of the American Jobs Creation Act, which resulted in an income tax benefit of $69 million. No such benefit existed in 2006 or 2004. In 2004, we incurred approximately $13 million in income tax expense related to U.S. federal income taxes from the transfer of our U.S. financial and mortgage guaranty operations to Assured Guaranty and attributed to the sale of our Assured Guaranty shares. Additionally, the A&E reserve strengthening in 2004 resulted in tax benefits of $163 million, which partially reduced our overall effective tax rate on net income for that year.
 
Segment Operating Results – Years Ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
We operate through the following business segments: Insurance – North American, Insurance – Overseas General, Global Reinsurance and Life Insurance and Reinsurance. These business segments were determined in accordance with FAS No. 131, “Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information” (FAS 131). Prior to the fourth quarter of 2006, we presented a Financial Services segment. However, since this segment no longer represents a significant part of our operations, we no longer report it separately. We classify the financial solutions business of ACE Financial Solutions and ACE Financial Solutions International (previously included in the Financial Services segment) with the Insurance – North American segment. The financial results of our financial guaranty business through April 28, 2004 (the date of the Assured Guaranty initial public offering) and our share of the earnings of Assured Guaranty, were previously included in the Financial Services segment and have been classified into our corporate results. These segment changes were based primarily on the manner in which we manage the business and accountability for results. All prior periods presented have been amended to conform to this new presentation.
For more information on each of our segments, including products and distribution, refer to “Segment Information”, under Item 1.
 
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Insurance — North American
As discussed above, we have made changes to the Insurance – North American segment based on how we manage the business. ACE Financial Solutions has been classified into ACE USA’s results and ACE Financial Solutions International has been reclassified into ACE Bermuda’s results, both of which are included in this segment.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	 	
Net premiums written	  	$	5,940	 	 	 	  	$	5,803	 	 	  	$	5,424	 	
Net premiums earned	  	 	5,719	 	 	 	  	 	5,730	 	 	  	 	5,096	 	
Losses and loss expenses	  	 	4,026	 	 	 	  	 	4,577	 	 	  	 	4,266	 	
Policy acquisition costs	  	 	530	 	 	 	  	 	503	 	 	  	 	458	 	
Administrative expenses	  	 	502	 	 	 	  	 	427	 	 	  	 	470	 	
Underwriting income (loss)	  	 	661	 	 	 	  	 	223	 	 	  	 	(98	)	
Net investment income	  	 	876	 	 	 	  	 	698	 	 	  	 	583	 	
Net realized gains (losses)	  	 	(83	)	 	 	  	 	15	 	 	  	 	134	 	
Interest expense	  	 	—	 	 	 	  	 	—	 	 	  	 	1	 	
Other (income) expense	  	 	(2	)	 	 	  	 	18	 	 	  	 	6	 	
Income tax expense	  	 	352	 	 	 	  	 	235	 	 	  	 	114	 	
Net income	  	$	1,104	 	 	 	  	$	683	 	 	  	$	498	 	
Loss and loss expense ratio	  	 	70.4%	 	 	 	  	 	79.9%	 	 	  	 	83.7%	 	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	  	 	9.2%	 	 	 	  	 	8.8%	 	 	  	 	9.0%	 	
Administrative expense ratio	  	 	8.8%	 	 	 	  	 	7.4%	 	 	  	 	9.2%	 	
Combined ratio	  	 	88.4%	 	 	 	  	 	96.1%	 	 	  	 	101.9%	 	
 
Net premiums written for the Insurance – North American segment increased two percent in 2006 compared with 2005. ACE USA, this segment’s U.S.-based retail division, experienced growth across many lines. Increased production was reported in commercial property, including energy and aerospace lines, financial solutions, small and middle market workers’ compensation, excess liability, and specialty casualty lines of business, including management liability, errors and omissions, medical liability, surety and environmental liability. These increases were partially offset by a decline in production in the large account risk management unit. ACE Bermuda reported a significant decline in its financial solutions business as net premiums written in 2005 were bolstered by catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums on multi-year contracts of $148 million. ACE Westchester Specialty, this segment’s wholesale-focused division, reported modest growth driven primarily by primary and excess casualty, inland marine, environmental and professional risk business. The year ended December 31, 2005, was impacted by catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums, which reduced net premiums written and earned by $76 million, primarily at ACE USA and ACE Westchester Specialty. Net premiums written increased seven percent in 2005 compared with 2004. This increase was primarily driven by ACE USA’s risk management, medical liability and workers’ compensation businesses and ACE Westchester Specialty’s casualty lines. These gains were partially offset by lower net premiums written for property business, due in large part to higher reinstatement premiums in connection with catastrophe losses.
 
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The following two tables provide a line of business and entity/divisional breakdown of Insurance – North American’s net premiums earned for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	% of
total	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	% of
total	 	 	  	2004	 	 	  	% of
total	
Property and all other	  	$	1,289	 	 	  	22%	 	 	  	$	1,249	 	 	  	22%	 	 	  	$	1,280	 	 	  	25%	
Casualty	  	 	4,228	 	 	  	74%	 	 	  	 	4,299	 	 	  	75%	 	 	  	 	3,642	 	 	  	72%	
A&H	  	 	202	 	 	  	4%	 	 	  	 	182	 	 	  	3%	 	 	  	 	174	 	 	  	3%	
Net premiums earned	  	$	5,719	 	 	  	100%	 	 	  	$	5,730	 	 	  	100%	 	 	  	$	5,096	 	 	  	100%	

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
ACE USA	  	$	3,795	 	 	  	$	3,666	 	 	  	$	3,233	
ACE Westchester Specialty	  	 	1,465	 	 	  	 	1,385	 	 	  	 	1,242	
ACE Bermuda	  	 	459	 	 	  	 	679	 	 	  	 	621	
Net premiums earned	  	$	5,719	 	 	  	$	5,730	 	 	  	$	5,096	
 
ACE USA’s net premiums earned increased four percent in 2006, compared with 2005. The increase was primarily driven by growth in specialty casualty and commercial property lines over the last year, partially offset by a decline in U.S. financial solutions net premiums earned (which we include under casualty in the line of business table above). ACE USA reported continued growth in net premiums earned in workers’ compensation coverage offered to small and middle market clients, property, professional and management liability, surety and medical liability businesses. ACE USA’s net premiums earned increased 13 percent in 2005, compared with 2004. ACE Risk Management reported strong demand for its custom coverage solutions for large companies and construction projects while relatively new casualty units offering workers’ compensation and medical liability coverage also contributed to ACE USA’s growth in 2005, compared with 2004.
ACE Westchester Specialty’s net premiums earned increased six percent in 2006, compared with 2005. This increase was primarily driven by increased primary and excess casualty, inland marine, environmental and professional risk business and also the negative impact of catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums on the prior year. ACE Westchester Specialty reported a 12 percent increase in 2005, compared with 2004, primarily due to growth in casualty business, partially offset by higher catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums.
ACE Bermuda’s net premiums earned decreased 32 percent in 2006, compared with 2005. The decrease was a result of the decline in financial solutions business, including the impact on the prior year of catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums on multi-year contracts. In 2006, ACE Bermuda reported increases in net premiums earned on excess liability and excess property business offset by a decline in net premiums earned on professional lines business. ACE Bermuda’s net premiums earned increased in 2005, compared with 2004, primarily due to the reinstatement premiums on multi-year contracts, partially offset by a decline in professional lines production.
Insurance – North American’s loss and loss expense ratio decreased in 2006, compared with 2005. The following table shows the impact of catastrophe losses, A&E reserve strengthening and prior period development on our loss and loss expense ratio for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

 	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
Loss and loss expense ratio, as reported	  	70.4%	 	 	  	79.9%	 	 	  	83.7%	
Catastrophe losses	  	—	 	 	  	(8.9)%	 	 	  	(2.9)%	
A&E reserve strengthening	  	—	 	 	  	—	 	 	  	(9.0)%	
Prior period development	  	(1.2)%	 	 	  	(1.8)%	 	 	  	(3.3)%	
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	  	69.2%	 	 	  	69.2%	 	 	  	68.5%	
 
Insurance – North American’s catastrophe losses were $nil in 2006, compared with $557 million in 2005 and $137 million in 2004. In 2005, the catastrophe losses were primarily associated with Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma. In 2004, the catastrophe losses were primarily associated with hurricanes which struck the Caribbean and the U.S. The 2004 loss and loss expense ratio was negatively impacted by the A&E and other run-off reserve strengthening, which resulted in a
 
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before-tax charge of $459 million, including the provision for uncollectible reinsurance, for Insurance – North American. The net additions comprised A&E reserve increases of $548 million including the provision for uncollectible reinsurance of $95 million and favorable prior period development of $89 million in other run-off reserves.
Insurance – North American incurred net adverse prior period development of $65 million in 2006, representing 0.5 percent of the segment’s net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2005. The net prior period development in 2006 was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, the most significant of which were:
• Net adverse development of $60 million on long-tail business including:
• Adverse development of $57 million on a small number of run-off portfolios in the U.S. with predominantly workers’ compensation exposures from accident years 1996 and prior. This movement was largely due to a revision of selected loss development factors in the tail. Loss reserve estimates for this business are very sensitive to changes in such assumptions;
• Adverse development of $42 million on the ACE Bermuda D&O book from report years 2000-2002 driven by case estimate increases on large claims following significant events in the mediation process including increased plaintiff demands, settlement conferences and court proceedings;
• Favorable development of $29 million on the ACE Bermuda excess liability book driven by the settlement of a single claim from the 1991 report year on better than the anticipated terms used to establish the reserve;
• Favorable development of $13 million on large account business written by ACE USA due to lower than anticipated loss emergence.
• Net adverse development of $51 million on short-tail business including:
• Adverse development of $182 million related to property claims arising from 2005 catastrophes. The majority of this increase is related to property losses from Hurricane Katrina. The nature and extent of Hurricane Katrina resulted in some claims that increased over previously reported damage estimates. Factors leading to these increases included demand surge and some impact to previously unimpaired layers of excess coverage;
• Favorable development on ACE Westchester Specialty’s crop/hail business of $60 million due to recording of the final settlement of the 2005 crop results. In line with normal practice for this type of business ACE did not receive formal loss reports for the 2005 year until 2006. Therefore, the prior period movements were direct results of the loss amounts within the initial loss report issued during the first quarter of 2006 and final loss report issued during the second quarter of 2006 being lower than our preliminary estimates;
• Favorable development of $51 million on ACE USA’s workers’ compensation short-tail catastrophe and industrial accident exposure primarily arising from accident years 2004 and 2005, following the review of reported loss experience relative to expectations.
• Net favorable development on specialty lines of business of $46 million due to lower than expected loss emergence from the 2004 and 2005 accident years. The major components of this movement were $18 million and $14 million on surety and aerospace business respectively.
We experienced $103 million of net adverse prior period development in 2005, representing 0.9 percent of the segment’s net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2004. The 2005 prior period development was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, the most significant of which were:
• Adverse development of $171 million on certain sub-portfolios of long-tail business, written principally during accident years 1998-2002 in our U.S. operations. In particular:
• Run-off program business including aggregate excess workers’ compensation exposure, general liability and automobile liability ($59 million in accident years 1999-2002);
• Excess general liability business written on a portfolio of large corporate accounts ($38 million across accident years 1998-2001);
• Professional liability business, mainly related to a run-off nursing care program ($21 million for accident years 1999-2002);
• Pool participations covering workers’ compensation business assumed on both a voluntary and involuntary basis ($35 million in accident years 2004 and prior).
The development followed completion of reserve studies that reflected higher than anticipated actual loss experience compared with expectations from the previous reserve studies. In the case of the excess general liability and professional liability business, the development arose following the completion of a detailed claims review that identified the need for significant case reserve changes on a number of accounts;
• Adverse development of $99 million in the ACE Bermuda professional lines book on accident years 2002 and prior following a claims and legal review of information received on several previously notified claims;
 
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• Favorable prior period development of $22 million in the financial services lines relating to a financial guarantee reinsurance contract that provides default coverage for a diversified portfolio of securities. The portfolio was substantially reduced and actual losses, representing the shortfall between cash paid to settle securities and stated principal and interest amounts, were lower than corresponding loss reserves held for those securities;
• Adverse development of $84 million mostly on the 2001 and 2002 accident years relating to changes in the legal and claim positions on a small number of financial guarantee contracts;
• Favorable development of $107 million on lines with short-tail exposures (property, inland marine, and workers’ compensation catastrophe) resulting from our standard quarterly reserving process. Favorable development arose from the better than expected emergence of actual claims relative to expectations used to establish reserves. A majority of the favorable development arose from accident year 2004;
• Favorable development of $70 million in the ACE Bermuda excess liability book on accident years 2002 and prior due to a number of successful claim settlements during the year;
• Favorable development of $47 million on specialty business including agriculture, aviation, satellites, and political risk due to lower than anticipated loss emergence during the year, mainly related to more recent accident years, primarily the 2004 accident year.
We experienced net adverse prior period development of $166 million, excluding A&E, in 2004, representing 1.7 percent of the segment’s net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2003. The 2004 net adverse prior period development of $166 million was mainly driven by development on long-tail lines for accident years 2002 and prior, most notably $163 million on U.S. run-off workers’ compensation business and $98 million on the ACE Bermuda professional lines business. Partially offsetting this adverse development was $181 million of favorable prior period development on lines with short-tail exposures principally related to accident year 2003.
Insurance – North American’s policy acquisition cost ratio increased in 2006, compared with 2005, primarily due to additional profit commissions on crop/hail business due to 2005 crop results being more profitable than in 2004. The year ended December 31, 2005, benefited from premiums earned on multi-year contracts which generally do not incur acquisition costs. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased in 2005, compared with 2004, as higher acquisition costs on ACE Westchester Specialty’s crop business was offset by lower direct and contingent commissions at ACE USA and lower commission costs at ACE Bermuda.
Administrative expenses increased in 2006, compared with 2005. Administrative expenses in 2005 were favorably impacted by the reduction of $42 million in various accruals determined not to be needed. Additionally, net profits for ACE USA’s ESIS operation which we include in administrative expenses, were lower in 2006.

Insurance – Overseas General

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
Net premiums written	  	$	4,266	 	 	  	$	4,195	 	 	  	$	4,335	
Net premiums earned	  	 	4,321	 	 	  	 	4,239	 	 	  	 	4,296	
Losses and loss expenses	  	 	2,259	 	 	  	 	2,583	 	 	  	 	2,423	
Policy acquisition costs	  	 	856	 	 	  	 	836	 	 	  	 	800	
Administrative expenses	  	 	609	 	 	  	 	566	 	 	  	 	544	
Underwriting income	  	 	597	 	 	  	 	254	 	 	  	 	529	
Net investment income	  	 	370	 	 	  	 	319	 	 	  	 	224	
Net realized gains (losses)	  	 	(16)	 	 	  	 	51	 	 	  	 	47	
Other expense	  	 	10	 	 	  	 	16	 	 	  	 	25	
Income tax expense	  	 	206	 	 	  	 	107	 	 	  	 	232	
Net income	  	$	735	 	 	  	$	501	 	 	  	$	543	
Loss and loss expense ratio	  	 	52.3%	 	 	  	 	60.9%	 	 	  	 	56.4%	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	  	 	19.8%	 	 	  	 	19.7%	 	 	  	 	18.6%	
Administrative expense ratio	  	 	14.1%	 	 	  	 	13.4%	 	 	  	 	12.7%	
Combined ratio	  	 	86.2%	 	 	  	 	94.0%	 	 	  	 	87.7%	
 
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Insurance – Overseas General’s net premiums written increased two percent in 2006, compared with 2005. ACE International reported growth in A&H business driven by continued success in direct marketing campaigns in Asia Pacific and Latin America. On the P&C side, growth in continental Europe and Latin America was partially offset by a decline in net premiums written in the U.K. and the Far East due to pricing pressure and competitive conditions for new accounts. ACE Global Markets reported increased net premiums written due to rate increases in such lines as energy, property and marine. The year ended December 31, 2005, was impacted by catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums, which reduced net premiums written and earned by $38 million, primarily at ACE Global Markets. Net premiums written decreased three percent in 2005, compared with 2004. This decrease was primarily due to a decline in production combined with higher catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums at ACE Global Markets, partially offset by gains on conversion of the U.S. dollar against the British pound sterling and the Euro dollar (refer to the table below for impact of foreign exchange on net premiums written and earned).
The following two tables provide a line of business and entity/divisional breakdown of Insurance – Overseas General’s net premiums earned for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	% of
total	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	% of
total	 	 	  	2004	 	 	  	% of
total	
Property and all other	  	$	1,617	 	 	  	37%	 	 	  	$	1,609	 	 	  	38%	 	 	  	$	1,738	 	 	  	41%	
Casualty	  	 	1,479	 	 	  	34%	 	 	  	 	1,570	 	 	  	37%	 	 	  	 	1,599	 	 	  	37%	
A&H	  	 	1,225	 	 	  	29%	 	 	  	 	1,060	 	 	  	25%	 	 	  	 	959	 	 	  	22%	
Net premiums earned	  	$	4,321	 	 	  	100%	 	 	  	$	4,239	 	 	  	100%	 	 	  	$	4,296	 	 	  	100%	

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
ACE Europe	  	$	1,819	 	 	  	$	1,865	 	 	  	$	1,934	
ACE Asia Pacific	  	 	590	 	 	  	 	545	 	 	  	 	485	
ACE Far East	  	 	361	 	 	  	 	378	 	 	  	 	382	
ACE Latin America	  	 	521	 	 	  	 	416	 	 	  	 	355	
ACE International	  	 	3,291	 	 	  	 	3,204	 	 	  	 	3,156	
ACE Global Markets	  	 	1,030	 	 	  	 	1,035	 	 	  	 	1,140	
Net premiums earned	  	$	4,321	 	 	  	$	4,239	 	 	  	$	4,296	
 
Insurance – Overseas General reported a two percent increase in net premiums earned in 2006, compared with 2005. In 2006, this segment experienced growth in A&H business, offset by weakening market conditions for P&C business and higher reinsurance costs. Additionally, the prior year was impacted by catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums of $38 million. Net premiums earned decreased in 2005, compared with 2004, primarily due to a decline in production at ACE Global Markets, higher catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums and increased reinsurance costs.
ACE International’s net premiums earned increased three percent in 2006, compared with 2005. Generally, in the U.K., competition for P&C business has put pressure on rates, terms and conditions, while production of A&H business in Europe has increased. ACE Asia Pacific and ACE Latin America reported increases in net premiums earned in the current periods primarily driven by solid growth in A&H business over the past year. These regions have been successfully utilizing unique and innovative distribution channels to grow their A&H book. ACE Far East reported a decline in net premiums earned, primarily due to the weaker Japanese Yen. ACE International’s net premiums earned increased two percent in 2005, compared with 2004, primarily due to the relative position of the U.S. dollar, as strong A&H growth was more than offset by lower P&C writings. ACE Global Markets’ net premiums earned were stable in 2006, compared with 2005, as the decrease in catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums was offset by higher reinsurance costs in 2006, particularly on aviation, energy, property and marine lines. ACE Global Markets’ net premiums earned decreased nine percent in 2005, compared with 2004, primarily due to higher catastrophe-related reinstatement premiums and a decline in production across most of ACE Global Markets’ portfolio of products, particularly property and professional lines.
 
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Insurance – Overseas General conducts business internationally and in most major foreign currencies. The following table summarizes the approximate effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on the growth of net premiums written and earned for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005.

 	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	
Net premiums written:	  	 	 	 	  	 	
Growth in original currency	  	2.7%	 	 	  	(5.5)%	
Foreign exchange effect	  	(1.0)%	 	 	  	2.3%	
Growth as reported in U.S. dollars	  	1.7%	 	 	  	(3.2)%	
Net premiums earned:	  	 	 	 	  	 	
Growth in original currency	  	2.3%	 	 	  	(3.3)%	
Foreign exchange effect	  	(0.4)%	 	 	  	2.0%	
Growth as reported in U.S. dollars	  	1.9%	 	 	  	(1.3)%	
 
Insurance – Overseas General’s loss and loss expense ratio decreased in 2006, compared with 2005, primarily due to lower catastrophe losses. The following table shows the impact of catastrophe losses, and prior period development on our loss and loss expense ratio for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

 	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
Loss and loss expense ratio, as reported	  	52.3%	 	 	  	60.9%	 	 	  	56.4%	
Catastrophe losses	  	(0.1)%	 	 	  	(5.2)%	 	 	  	(1.4)%	
Prior period development	  	1.7%	 	 	  	(0.1)%	 	 	  	0.5%	
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	  	53.9%	 	 	  	55.6%	 	 	  	55.5%	
 
Net catastrophe losses for 2006 were $3 million, compared with $201 million and $53 million in 2005 and 2004, respectively. In 2005, the catastrophe losses were primarily associated with Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma. In 2004, the catastrophe losses were primarily associated with hurricanes which struck the Caribbean and the U.S. Insurance – Overseas General experienced net favorable prior period development of $72 million in 2006, representing 1.3 percent of the segment’s net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2005. The net prior period development for 2006 was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, the most significant of which were:
• Net favorable development of $111 million on short-tail property and fire lines. These reserve changes were made as part of our regular quarterly reserving process and arose from better than expected emergence of actual claims relative to expectations. This movement mainly related to accident years 2004 and 2005;
• Adverse development of $20 million on long-tail lines of business including:
• Adverse development of $29 million on the ACE Global Markets professional lines portfolio. This movement was due to heavier than expected loss development on years of account 2003 and prior;
• Adverse development of $14 million on asbestos liabilities excluding a provision for uncollectible reinsurance, following completion of our review of A&E liabilities;
• Net favorable development of $23 million on ACE International’s non-A&E exposures from the 2002-2004 accident periods. This movement was driven by continued favorable loss emergence most notably on the U.K. casualty and Asia-Pacific financial lines portfolios.
• Net adverse development of $19 million on specialty business including aviation, A&H, marine, consumer lines and political risk. Most of the adverse development was driven by higher than expected loss activity at ACE Global Markets, primarily on accident years 2002 and prior.
We experienced $5 million of net adverse development in 2005, representing 0.1 percent of the segment’s net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2004. The 2005 prior period development was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, the most significant of which were:
• Favorable development of $94 million on short-tail property and fire lines. These reserve changes were made as part of our regular quarterly reserving process and arose from better than expected emergence of actual claims relative to expectations. This movement mainly related to accident years 2003 and 2004;
• Adverse development of $41 million on ACE’s share of a consortium reinsuring U.S. workers’ compensation business during the late 1990’s. The adverse development arose following the completion of a financial and actuarial review of information received from the client;
 
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.• Adverse development of $62 million on professional lines business due to case reserve increases on a number of large claims. This adverse development was mainly related to accident years 2001 through 2003.
 
We experienced net favorable prior period development of $17 million, including $6 million of adverse development relating to A&E, in 2004, representing 0.4 percent of the segment’s net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2003. The 2004 net favorable prior period development was driven by favorable development on certain short-tail lines of $103 million being offset by moderate adverse movements on a number of sub-portfolios including aviation, casualty, political risk and A&H business.
Insurance – Overseas General’s policy acquisition cost ratio has increased over the last three years primarily due to changes in business mix at ACE International (increase in A&H, which typically attracts higher commission rates than other business, particularly in Latin America). Insurance – Overseas General’s administrative expense ratio increased in 2006, compared with 2005, primarily due to investments in global expansion including staff additions and infrastructure enhancements at ACE International, particularly in emerging markets. The increase in 2005 compared with 2004, was primarily due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar, increased costs to support business  opportunities and, to a lesser extent, the decline in net premiums earned.

Global Reinsurance

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
Net premiums written	  	$	1,550	 	 	  	$	1,546	 	 	  	$	1,518	
Net premiums earned	  	 	1,511	 	 	  	 	1,531	 	 	  	 	1,389	
Losses and loss expenses	  	 	784	 	 	  	 	1,402	 	 	  	 	973	
Policy acquisition costs	  	 	303	 	 	  	 	300	 	 	  	 	265	
Administrative expenses	  	 	62	 	 	  	 	60	 	 	  	 	65	
Underwriting income (loss)	  	 	362	 	 	  	 	(231)	 	 	  	 	86	
Net investment income	  	 	221	 	 	  	 	173	 	 	  	 	126	
Net realized gains (losses)	  	 	10	 	 	  	 	(4)	 	 	  	 	27	
Interest expense	  	 	—	 	 	  	 	3	 	 	  	 	—	
Other (income) expense	  	 	8	 	 	  	 	11	 	 	  	 	5	
Income tax expense	  	 	38	 	 	  	 	11	 	 	  	 	14	
Net income (loss)	  	$	547	 	 	  	$	(87)	 	 	  	$	220	
Loss and loss expense ratio	  	 	51.8%	 	 	  	 	91.6%	 	 	  	 	70.1%	
Policy acquisition cost ratio	  	 	20.1%	 	 	  	 	19.6%	 	 	  	 	19.1%	
Administrative expense ratio	  	 	4.1%	 	 	  	 	3.9%	 	 	  	 	4.6%	
Combined ratio	  	 	76.0%	 	 	  	 	115.1%	 	 	  	 	93.8%	
 
Global Reinsurance’s net premiums written were stable in 2006 compared with 2005. For the year ended December 31, 2006, this segment benefited from increased rates on property catastrophe coverages following two years of unprecedented hurricane activity, partially offset by lower casualty rates in Europe, and the cancellation of a large property account in the U.S. The year ended December 31, 2005, was impacted by catastrophe-related assumed reinstatement premiums, which increased net premiums written and earned by $46 million. Net premiums written increased two percent in 2005 compared with 2004. Increased assumed reinstatement premiums related to catastrophe losses were partially offset by weak market conditions for property and property catastrophe business (primarily in the first half of 2005) and lower casualty rates in Europe.
The following two tables provide a line of business and entity/divisional breakdown of Global Reinsurance’s net premiums earned for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	% of
total	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	% of
total	 	 	  	2004	 	 	  	% of
total	
Property and all other	  	$	354	 	 	  	23%	 	 	  	$	354	 	 	  	23%	 	 	  	$	374	 	 	  	27%	
Casualty	  	 	799	 	 	  	52%	 	 	  	 	829	 	 	  	54%	 	 	  	 	686	 	 	  	49%	
Property catastrophe	  	 	358	 	 	  	25%	 	 	  	 	348	 	 	  	23%	 	 	  	 	329	 	 	  	24%	
Net premiums earned	  	$	1,511	 	 	  	100%	 	 	  	$	1,531	 	 	  	100%	 	 	  	$	1,389	 	 	  	100%	
 
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(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
ACE Tempest Re Europe	  	$	272	 	 	  	$	295	 	 	  	$	303	
ACE Tempest Re USA	  	 	872	 	 	  	 	887	 	 	  	 	751	
ACE Tempest Re Bermuda	  	 	367	 	 	  	 	349	 	 	  	 	335	
Net premiums earned	  	$	1,511	 	 	  	$	1,531	 	 	  	$	1,389	
 
Global Reinsurance’s net premiums earned decreased one percent in 2006 compared with 2005, primarily due to reduced assumed reinstatement premiums at ACE Tempest Bermuda and ACE Tempest Re Europe and the cancellation of a large homeowner’s account at ACE Tempest Re USA. Net premiums earned increased 10 percent in 2005 compared with 2004, primarily due to higher assumed reinstatement premiums and casualty earnings on business written in prior periods.
The loss and loss expense ratio decreased in 2006, compared with 2005, primarily due to decreased catastrophe losses. The following table shows the impact of catastrophe losses and prior period development on our loss and loss expense ratio for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

 	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
Loss and loss expense ratio, as reported	  	51.8%	 	 	  	91.6%	 	 	  	70.1%	
Catastrophe losses	  	(0.9)%	 	 	  	(37.7)%	 	 	  	(21.8)%	
Prior period development	  	0.4%	 	 	  	1.4%	 	 	  	4.4%	
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	  	51.3%	 	 	  	55.3%	 	 	  	52.7%	
 
Global Reinsurance recorded net catastrophe losses of $14 million in 2006 compared with $601 million and $309 million in net catastrophe losses in 2005 and 2004, respectively. In 2005, the catastrophe losses were primarily associated with Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma. In 2004, the catastrophe losses were primarily associated with hurricanes which struck the Caribbean and the U.S. Global Reinsurance incurred net favorable prior period development of $5 million in 2006, representing 0.2 percent of the segment’s net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2005. The net prior period development in 2006 was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements. The largest adverse movement was related to catastrophes from the 2005 accident year of $29 million as a result of increased loss reports from cedants. Favorable movements largely related to property business from accident years pre-2005 and a number of small movements on different specialty portfolios. We experienced $22 million of net favorable prior period development in 2005, representing 1.4 percent of the segment’s net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2004. This compares with 2004 net favorable prior period development of $61 million, representing 6.6 percent of the segment’s net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2003. The 2005 favorable prior period development related primarily to property and other short-tail lines and resulted from a difference between the actual and expected claims emergence used to establish reserves for the 2003 and 2004 accident years. The prior period development in 2004 was primarily due to better than expected claims experience on property and other short-tail lines.
The remaining decreases to the loss and loss expense ratio in 2006 were primarily due to favorable current accident year experience on property business and changes in business mix. In 2006, there was a greater proportion of property and property catastrophe business and pro-rata business, which generally carries a lower loss ratio than excess of loss business.
Global Reinsurance’s policy acquisition cost ratio increased in 2006, primarily due to higher ceding commissions at ACE Tempest Re USA and the impact on the prior year of catastrophe-related assumed reinstatement premiums, which do not incur acquisition costs. The policy acquisition cost ratio increased in 2005 compared with 2004, primarily as a result of changes in business mix, partially offset by increased catastrophe-related assumed reinstatement premiums. Administrative expenses have been stable over the last three years. The administrative expense ratio increased in 2006 compared with 2005, primarily due to lower net premiums earned and decreased in 2005 compared with 2004, primarily due to increased net premiums earned.
 
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Life Insurance and Reinsurance
Life Insurance and Reinsurance includes the operations of ACE Tempest Life Re (ACE Life Re) and ACE International Life (ACE Life). We assess the performance of our life insurance and reinsurance business based on life underwriting income which includes net investment income.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	        2006	 	 	 	  	        2005	 	 	 	  	        2004	 	
Net premiums written	  	$	274	 	 	 	  	$	248	 	 	 	  	$	226	 	
Net premiums earned	  	 	274	 	 	 	  	 	248	 	 	 	  	 	226	 	
Life and annuity benefits	  	 	123	 	 	 	  	 	143	 	 	 	  	 	175	 	
Policy acquisition costs	  	 	26	 	 	 	  	 	24	 	 	 	  	 	24	 	
Administrative expenses	  	 	35	 	 	 	  	 	19	 	 	 	  	 	11	 	
Net investment income	  	 	42	 	 	 	  	 	36	 	 	 	  	 	33	 	
Life underwriting income	  	 	132	 	 	 	  	 	98	 	 	 	  	 	49	 	
Net realized gains (losses)	  	 	(36	)	 	 	  	 	19	 	 	 	  	 	7	 	
Income tax expense (benefit)	  	 	(6	)	 	 	  	 	(2	)	 	 	  	 	(2	)	
Net income	  	$	102	 	 	 	  	$	119	 	 	 	  	$	58	 	
 
Life underwriting income increased 35 percent in 2006, compared with 2005. Net premiums earned increased ten percent primarily due to continued growth in variable annuity business at ACE Life Re and ACE Life’s international operations. Life and annuity benefits declined due to favorable experience on variable annuity business combined with a decrease in group long-term disability business, which typically incurs higher benefit ratios than other types of business. Life underwriting income increased in 2005, compared with 2004, primarily due to a decrease in life and annuity benefits. In 2005, life and annuity benefits declined primarily due to a decrease in group long-term disability business. Life Insurance and Reinsurance’s administrative expenses increased in 2006 primarily due to increased expenses at ACE Life to support business development opportunities. Net realized gains (losses) consist of market value movement of the investment portfolio and fair value movement of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIBs), which occur due to changes in the level and volatility of interest rates and equity markets.

Net Investment Income
Net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 was derived from the following sources:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	 	  	2005	 	 	 	  	2004	 	
Fixed maturities	  	$	1,463	 	 	 	  	$	1,170	 	 	 	  	$	980	 	
Short-term investments	  	 	119	 	 	 	  	 	86	 	 	 	  	 	47	 	
Equity securities	  	 	57	 	 	 	  	 	50	 	 	 	  	 	25	 	
Other	  	 	26	 	 	 	  	 	22	 	 	 	  	 	17	 	
Gross investment income	  	 	1,665	 	 	 	  	 	1,328	 	 	 	  	 	1,069	 	
Investment expenses	  	 	(64	)	 	 	  	 	(64	)	 	 	  	 	(56	)	
Net investment income	  	$	1,601	 	 	 	  	$	1,264	 	 	 	  	$	1,013	 	
 
Net investment income is influenced by a number of factors, including the amounts and timing of inward and outward cash flows, the level of interest rates and changes in overall asset allocation. Net investment income increased 27 percent in 2006, compared with 2005, and 25 percent in 2005, compared with 2004. The increase in net investment income is primarily due to several years of positive operating cash flows which have resulted in a higher overall average invested asset base. Additionally, in late 2005, our invested asset base was increased by the proceeds from our public offering. Partially offsetting the growth trend in net investment income was the sale of Assured Guaranty in 2004, which reduced the average invested asset base. The investment portfolio’s average market yield on fixed maturities was 5.4 percent at December 31, 2006, compared with 5.0 percent and 4.1 percent at December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. The following table shows the return on average invested assets for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.
 
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(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	 	 	  	2004	
Average invested assets	  	$	34,007	 	 	  	$	29,118	 	 	  	$	24,129	
Net investment income	  	$	1,601	 	 	  	$	1,264	 	 	  	$	1,013	
Return on average invested assets	  	 	4.7%	 	 	  	 	4.3%	 	 	  	 	4.2%	

Net Realized Gains (Losses)
Our investment strategy takes a long-term view and our investment portfolio is actively managed to maximize total return within certain specific guidelines, designed to minimize risk. The majority of our investment portfolio is available for sale and reported at fair value. Our held to maturity investment portfolio is reported at amortized cost.
The effect of market movements on our available for sale investment portfolio impacts net income (through net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold or when “other-than-temporary” impairments are recorded on invested assets. Additionally, net income is impacted through the reporting of changes in the fair value of derivatives including futures, options, swaps, GMIB reinsurance, and credit-default swaps. Changes in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on available for sale securities, which result from the revaluation of securities held, are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity.
On July 3, 2006, we completed the sale of ACE American Re, Brandywine Reinsurance Company (UK) Ltd (BRUK), and Brandywine Reinsurance Company S.A.-N.V. to Randall & Quilter Investment Holdings Limited (R&Q). The transaction resulted in a pre-tax realized loss of approximately $23 million.
The following table presents our pre-tax net realized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	        2006	 	 	 	  	        2005	 	 	 	  	        2004	 	
Fixed maturities and short-term investments	  	$	(220	)	 	 	  	$	(45	)	 	 	  	$	113	 	
Equity securities	  	 	163	 	 	 	  	 	76	 	 	 	  	 	84	 	
Foreign currency gains (losses)	  	 	(13	)	 	 	  	 	—	 	 	 	  	 	1	 	
Other	  	 	5	 	 	 	  	 	4	 	 	 	  	 	(21	)	
Derivatives:	  	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Equity and fixed income derivatives	  	 	(40	)	 	 	  	 	12	 	 	 	  	 	33	 	
Fair value adjustment on insurance derivatives	  	 	7	 	 	 	  	 	29	 	 	 	  	 	(13	)	
Subtotal derivatives	  	 	(33	)	 	 	  	 	41	 	 	 	  	 	20	 	
Total net realized gains (losses)	  	$	(98	)	 	 	  	$	76	 	 	 	  	$	197	 	
 
Subject to investment guidelines approved by our Finance and Investment Committee of the Board of Directors (relating to asset classes, credit quality, and liquidity), our investment managers generally have the ability to sell securities from our available for sale investment portfolio when they determine that an alternative security with comparable risks is likely to provide a higher investment return, considering the realized gain or loss on sale of the held security and differential in future investment income. Often, sales of individual securities occur when investment managers conclude there are changes in the credit quality of a particular security or, for other reasons, market value is apt to deteriorate. Further, we may sell securities when we conclude it is prudent to reduce a concentration in a particular issuer or industry. Therefore, sales volume may increase in a volatile credit market in which credit spreads and thus the market value of fixed maturity investments are subject to significant changes in a short period of time. The interest rate environment will tend to have a limited effect on sales volume but extreme conditions could have an effect on the magnitude of realized gains or losses. For example, in a declining interest rate environment, the market value of securities increases, resulting in a greater likelihood of net realized gains and we would therefore tend to reduce the average duration of our fixed maturity investment portfolio. An increasing interest rate environment would tend to have the opposite effect. The effect of a high level of realized losses or gains for a particular period will tend to be offset by increases or decreases in investment income, respectively, in subsequent periods. From a liquidity perspective, our greatest risk is that we could be forced to sell a large volume of securities at a loss (i.e., in a high interest rate environment) to meet operating needs and are thus unable to reinvest proceeds to recoup such losses with future investment income (refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for more information).
 
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In 2006, we recorded net realized losses of $33 million on derivative transactions. This compares with net realized gains of $41 million and $20 million, in 2005 and 2004, respectively. For a sensitivity discussion of the effect of changes in interest rates and equity indices on the fair value of derivatives and the resulting impact on our net income, refer to Item 7A.
We regularly review our investment portfolio for possible impairment based on criteria including economic conditions, credit loss experience and issuer-specific developments. If there is a decline in a security’s net realizable value, we must determine whether that decline is temporary or “other-than-temporary”. If we believe a decline in the value of a particular investment is temporary, we record it as an unrealized loss in our shareholders’ equity. If we believe the decline is “other-than-temporary”, we write down the book value of the investment and record a net realized loss in our statement of operations. The decision to recognize a decline in the value of a security carried at fair value as “other-than-temporary” rather than temporary has no impact on our book value. Once a security is identified as having a potential “other-than-temporary” impairment, we determine whether or not cost will ultimately be recovered and whether we have the intent and ability to hold the security until an expected recovery period, absent a significant change in facts that is expected to have a material adverse financial effect on the issuer.
The process of determining whether a decline in value is temporary or “other-than-temporary” requires considerable judgment and differs depending on whether or not the security is traded on a public market as well as by type of security. We review all of our fixed maturities and equity securities for potential impairment each quarter. Refer to Note 7 e) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for criteria we consider in assessing potential impairment and for a table which summarizes all of our securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2006 and 2005.
Our net realized losses in 2006, included write-downs of $214 million, as a result of conditions which caused us to conclude that the decline in fair value was “other-than-temporary”. This compares with write-downs of $88 million and $39 million in 2005 and 2004, respectively. The impairments are primarily due to an increase in market interest rates from the date of security purchase and as such, are not credit-related.
A breakdown of write-downs by security type is included in Note 7 f) to the Consolidated Financial  Statements.

Other Income and Expense Items

Years Ended December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	        2006	 	 	 	  	        2005	 	 	 	  	        2004	 	
Equity in net income of partially-owned companies	  	$	(60	)	 	 	  	$	(60	)	 	 	  	$	(41	)	
Minority interest expense	  	 	8	 	 	 	  	 	16	 	 	 	  	 	22	 	
Federal excise tax	  	 	10	 	 	 	  	 	7	 	 	 	  	 	6	 	
Other	  	 	7	 	 	 	  	 	12	 	 	 	  	 	9	 	
Goodwill impairment	  	 	—	 	 	 	  	 	—	 	 	 	  	 	13	 	
Other (income) expense	  	$	(35	)	 	 	  	$	(25	)	 	 	  	$	9	 	
 
Other income in 2006 and 2005 is primarily comprised of our equity in net income of Assured Guaranty (included in equity in net income of partially-owned companies), and minority interest (income) expense associated with our consolidated joint ventures. Other income and expense also includes certain excise taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives. As these are considered capital transactions, they are excluded from underwriting results and are reported in other (income) expense. Other includes $2 million of pre-closing transaction costs for the sale of the run-off subsidiaries in 2006, $9 million of expense due to the write-off of intangible assets in 2005 and $8 million in compensation expense in connection with the settlement of ACE stock awards held by employees of Assured Guaranty in 2004. In 2004, we recognized $13 million of goodwill impairments, following a review of our goodwill balance during the first quarter of 2004.

Investments
Our principal investment objective is to ensure that funds are available to meet our insurance and reinsurance obligations. Within this broad liquidity constraint, the purpose of our investment portfolio’s structure is to maximize total return subject to specifically approved guidelines of overall asset classes, credit quality, liquidity and volatility of expected returns. Our investment portfolio is invested primarily in fixed income securities with an average credit
 
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quality of AA, as rated by the independent investment rating service S&P. The portfolio is externally managed by independent, professional investment managers. The average duration of our fixed income securities, including the effect of options and swaps, increased to 3.3 years at December 31, 2006, compared with 2.9 years at December 31, 2005. We estimate that a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would reduce our book value by approximately $1.1 billion. Our “other investments” are principally comprised of direct investments, investment funds and limited partnerships.
The following table shows the fair value and cost/amortized cost of our invested assets at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

 	  	December 31, 2006	 	 	  	December 31, 2005	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Fair
Value	 	 	  	Cost/
Amortized Cost	 	 	  	Fair
Value	 	 	  	Cost/
Amortized Cost	
Fixed maturities available for sale	  	$	28,540	 	 	  	$	28,389	 	 	  	$	24,285	 	 	  	$	24,273	
Fixed maturities held to maturity	  	 	3,015	 	 	  	 	3,047	 	 	  	 	3,055	 	 	  	 	3,076	
Short-term investments	  	 	2,456	 	 	  	 	2,456	 	 	  	 	2,299	 	 	  	 	2,299	
 	  	 	34,011	 	 	  	 	33,892	 	 	  	 	29,639	 	 	  	 	29,648	
Equity securities	  	 	1,713	 	 	  	 	1,372	 	 	  	 	1,507	 	 	  	 	1,280	
Other investments	  	 	845	 	 	  	 	661	 	 	  	 	675	 	 	  	 	592	
Total investments	  	$	36,569	 	 	  	$	35,925	 	 	  	$	31,821	 	 	  	$	31,520	
 
The fair value of our total investments increased $4.7 billion in 2006 compared with 2005, primarily due to the investment of $3.6 billion of positive cash flows in the current period, including the impact of the sale of the run-off companies which included, as part of the sale, cash and other investments of approximately $500 million. Unrealized appreciation of investments, particularly on fixed maturities, increased the total fair value of our investments by $353 million in 2006.
The following tables show the market value of our fixed maturities and short-term investments at December 31, 2006 and 2005. The first table lists investments according to type and the second according to S&P credit rating.

 	  	December 31, 2006	 	 	 	  	December 31, 2005	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Market
Value	 	 	  	Percentage of
Total	 	 	 	  	Market
Value	 	 	  	Percentage of
Total	 	
Treasury	  	$	1,322	 	 	  	4	%	 	 	  	$	1,956	 	 	  	6%	 	
Agency	  	 	2,207	 	 	  	7	%	 	 	  	 	1,506	 	 	  	5%	 	
Corporate	  	 	7,394	 	 	  	22	%	 	 	  	 	7,646	 	 	  	26%	 	
Mortgage-backed securities	  	 	11,346	 	 	  	33	%	 	 	  	 	8,363	 	 	  	28%	 	
Asset-backed securities	  	 	2,020	 	 	  	6	%	 	 	  	 	1,981	 	 	  	7%	 	
Municipal	  	 	809	 	 	  	2	%	 	 	  	 	504	 	 	  	2%	 	
Non-U.S.	  	 	6,457	 	 	  	19	%	 	 	  	 	5,384	 	 	  	18%	 	
Short-term investments	  	 	2,456	 	 	  	7	%	 	 	  	 	2,299	 	 	  	8%	 	
Total	  	$	34,011	 	 	  	100	%	 	 	  	$	29,639	 	 	  	100%	 	
				
 	  	December 31, 2006	 	 	 	  	December 31, 2005	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Market
Value	 	 	  	Percentage of
Total	 	 	 	  	Market
Value	 	 	  	Percentage of
Total	 	
AAA	  	$	22,471	 	 	  	66	%	 	 	  	$	18,985	 	 	  	64	%	
AA	  	 	2,725	 	 	  	8	%	 	 	  	 	2,108	 	 	  	7	%	
A	  	 	3,909	 	 	  	12	%	 	 	  	 	4,350	 	 	  	15	%	
BBB	  	 	2,498	 	 	  	7	%	 	 	  	 	2,083	 	 	  	7	%	
BB	  	 	943	 	 	  	3	%	 	 	  	 	945	 	 	  	3	%	
B	  	 	1,365	 	 	  	4	%	 	 	  	 	1,106	 	 	  	4	%	
Other	  	 	100	 	 	  	–	 	 	 	  	 	62	 	 	  	–	 	
Total	  	$	34,011	 	 	  	100	%	 	 	  	$	29,639	 	 	  	100	%	
 
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In accordance with our investment process, we invest in below-investment grade securities through dedicated investment portfolios managed by external investment managers that have investment professionals specifically dedicated to this asset class. At December 31, 2006, our fixed income investment portfolio included below-investment grade and non-rated securities which, in total, comprised approximately seven percent of our fixed income portfolio. We define a security as being below-investment grade if it has an S&P credit rating of BB or less. Our below-investment grade and non-rated portfolio includes approximately 800 issues, with the top 15 holdings making up approximately 12 percent of the $2.5 billion balance at December 31, 2006. The highest single exposure in this portfolio of securities is $25 million. Below-investment grade securities have different characteristics than investment grade corporate debt securities. Risk of loss from default by the borrower is greater with below-investment grade securities. Below-investment grade securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. Also, issuers of below-investment grade securities usually have higher levels of debt and are more sensitive to adverse economic conditions, such as recession or increasing interest rates, than are investment grade issuers. We reduce the overall risk in the below-investment grade portfolio, as in all investments, through careful credit analysis, strict investment policy guidelines and diversification by issuer and/or guarantor as well as by industry.

Restricted Assets
We are required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support our insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. We also utilize trust funds in certain large transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. We also have investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOCs and debt instruments. (Refer to Notes 11 and 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements)
The following table identifies the value of restricted assets at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	
Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities	  	$	999	 	 	  	$	921	
Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities	  	 	1,968	 	 	  	 	2,065	
Assets used for collateral or guarantees	  	 	1,045	 	 	  	 	910	
Trust funds	  	 	2,558	 	 	  	 	2,255	
 	  	$	6,570	 	 	  	$	6,151	
 
The value of restricted assets increased seven percent in 2006 compared with 2005, primarily due to increased use of trust funds in support of U.S. business ceded by ACE Tempest Re USA to ACE Tempest Re Bermuda.

Asbestos and Environmental and Other Run-off Liabilities
Included in our liabilities for losses and loss expenses are amounts for A&E. These A&E liabilities principally relate to claims arising from bodily-injury claims related to asbestos products and remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites. The estimation of these liabilities is particularly sensitive to future changes in the legal, social and economic environment. We have not assumed any such future changes in setting the value of our A&E reserves, which include provisions for both reported and IBNR claims.
Our exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998 and the P&C business of CIGNA in 1999, with the larger exposure contained within the liabilities acquired in the CIGNA transaction. In 1996, prior to our acquisition of the P&C business of CIGNA, the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner approved a plan to restructure INA Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries (the Restructuring) which included the division of Insurance Company of North America (INA) into two separate corporations: (1) an active insurance company that retained the INA name and continued to write P&C business and (2) an inactive run-off company, now called Century Indemnity Company (Century). As a result of the division, predominantly all A&E and certain other liabilities of INA were allocated to Century and extinguished, as a matter of Pennsylvania law, as liabilities of INA. As part of the Restructuring, the A&E liabilities of various U.S. affiliates of INA were reinsured to Century, and Century and certain other run-off companies having A&E and other liabilities were contributed to
 
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Brandywine Holdings Corporation (Brandywine Holdings). As part of the 1999 acquisition of the P&C business of CIGNA, we acquired Brandywine Holdings and its various subsidiaries. For more information refer to “Brandywine Run-Off Entities”, below.
The table below presents a roll forward of our consolidated A&E loss reserves, allocated and unallocated loss expense reserves for A&E exposures and the provision for uncollectible reinsurance, for the year ended December 31, 2006.

 	  	Asbestos	 	 	  	Environmental	 	 	  	Total	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Gross	 	 	  	Net	 	 	  	Gross	 	 	  	Net	 	 	  	Gross	 	 	  	Net	
Balance at December 31, 2005*	  	$	3,760	 	 	  	$	1,964	 	 	  	$	658	 	 	  	$	553	 	 	  	$	4,418	 	 	  	$	2,517	
Incurred activity	  	 	238	 	 	  	 	(71)	 	 	  	 	(55)	 	 	  	 	(24)	 	 	  	 	183	 	 	  	 	(95)	
Payment activity	  	 	(373)	 	 	  	 	(185)	 	 	  	 	(86)	 	 	  	 	(67)	 	 	  	 	(459)	 	 	  	 	(252)	
Foreign currency revaluation	  	 	28	 	 	  	 	6	 	 	  	 	3	 	 	  	 	2	 	 	  	 	31	 	 	  	 	8	
Subtotal	  	 	3,653	 	 	  	 	1,714	 	 	  	 	520	 	 	  	 	464	 	 	  	 	4,173	 	 	  	 	2,178	
Sale of certain run-off reinsurance subsidiaries	  	 	(461)	 	 	  	 	(236)	 	 	  	 	(33)	 	 	  	 	(33)	 	 	  	 	(494)	 	 	  	 	(269)	
Balance at December 31, 2006	  	$	3,192	 	 	  	$	1,478	 	 	  	$	487	 	 	  	$	431	 	 	  	$	3,679	 	 	  	$	1,909	
*The balance at December 31, 2005 has been adjusted to increase net reserves by $13 million for accounts not originally classified as A&E in our claim records, and to include $124 million of unallocated loss expense reserves and $310 million of provision for uncollectible reinsurance.
 
The A&E net loss reserves including allocated and unallocated loss expense reserves and provision for uncollectible reinsurance at December 31, 2006 of $2.1 billion shown in the above table are comprised of $1.6 billion in reserves held by Brandywine run-off companies, $245 million of reserves held by Westchester Specialty, $175 million of reserves held by ACE Bermuda and $124 million of reserves held by Insurance—Overseas General. Included in the net incurred activity above is $23 million of incurred development from Insurance—Overseas General and $21 million of unallocated loss adjustment expense incurred in the active ACE USA companies.
The net figures in the above table reflect third-party reinsurance other than reinsurance provided by NICO under three aggregate excess of loss contracts described below (collectively, the NICO contracts). We exclude the NICO contracts as they cover non-A&E liabilities as well as A&E liabilities. The split of coverage provided under the NICO contracts for A&E liabilities as compared to non-A&E liabilities is entirely dependant on the speed at which the related claims will be paid. Our ability to make an estimate of this split is not practicable. We believe, instead, that the A&E discussion is best provided excluding the NICO contracts, while separately discussing the NICO contracts in relation to the total subject business, both A&E and non-A&E, covered by those contracts. With certain exceptions, the NICO contracts provide coverage for our net A&E incurred losses and allocated loss expenses within the limits of coverage and above ACE’s retention levels. These exceptions include losses arising from operations of ACE Overseas General and participations by ACE Bermuda as a co-reinsurer or retrocessionaire in the NICO contracts.
The adverse gross asbestos incurred activity was primarily due to some deterioration in asbestos exposures driven by an increase in legal defense expenses and adverse development on select accounts, brought on by isolated circumstances specific to those accounts.
Despite the adverse gross asbestos incurred activity, net incurred activity declined in 2006. This was partially due to improvements in our recoverable estimation process, favorable actual paid net to gross trends since the prior review and changes in the mix of gross losses subject to reinsurance recoveries. Since our last A&E reserve study, we have improved our highly detailed and quantitative approach to modeling the cessions to our third party facultative and treaty reinsurance for each modeled account. We allocate each modeled ground-up account estimate to the applicable direct Brandywine policies and then apply the terms of each applicable facultative certificate and treaty program to determine the percentage ceded and the reinsurance ceded by reinsurer. This process allows us to specifically determine credit quality and hence the appropriate provision for uncollectible reinsurance. For this study, we applied the reinsurance model to over 90 percent of accounts, compared to 80 percent for the previous study. With respect to change in exposure mix, our overall gross incurred loss and loss expense comprises favorable and adverse development in the underlying component lines of business and exposures. We experienced adverse development with respect to gross losses for lines with significant third-party reinsurance (e.g. asbestos, excess liability) and favorable development of gross losses in less heavily reinsured lines. Hence, the impact of the adverse gross development was reduced by reinsurance recoveries while at the same time less of the favorable development was ceded to reinsurers and retained.
 
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Brandywine Run-off – Impact of NICO Contracts on ACE’s Run-Off Liabilities
As part of the acquisition of the CIGNA’s P&C business, NICO provided $2.5 billion of reinsurance protection to Century on all Brandywine loss and loss adjustment expense reserves and on the A&E reserves of various ACE INA insurance subsidiaries reinsured by Century (in each case, including uncollectible reinsurance). The benefits of this NICO contract (the “Brandywine NICO Agreement”) flow to the other Brandywine companies and to the ACE INA insurance subsidiaries through reinsurance agreements between those companies and Century. The Brandywine NICO Agreement was exhausted on an incurred basis in the fourth quarter of 2002.
The following table presents a roll forward of net loss reserves, allocated and unallocated loss adjustment expense reserves and provision for uncollectible reinsurance in respect of Brandywine operations only, including the impact of the Brandywine NICO Agreement. The table represents the full year of the Brandywine incurred activity as well as the results of the reserve reviews discussed below.

 	  	Brandywine	 	 	 	  	NICO
Coverage (2)	 	 	 	  	Net of
NICO
Coverage	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	A&E	 	 	 	  	Other (1)	 	 	 	  	Total	 	 		  			 		  			
Balance at December 31, 2005	  	$	1,951	 	 	 	  	$	1,422	 	 	 	  	$	3,373	 	 	 	  	$	2,161	 	 	 	  	$	1,212	 	
Incurred activity	  	 	(146	)	 	 	  	 	152	 	 	 	  	 	6	 	 	 	  	 	—	 	 	 	  	 	6	 	
Payment activity	  	 	(192	)	 	 	  	 	(117	)	 	 	  	 	(309	)	 	 	  	 	(279	)	 	 	  	 	(30	)	
Subtotal	  	 	1,613	 	 	 	  	 	1,457	 	 	 	  	 	3,070	 	 	 	  	 	1,882	 	 	 	  	 	1,188	 	
Sale of certain run-off reinsurance subsidiaries	  	 	(269	)	 	 	  	 	(203	)	 	 	  	 	(472	)	 	 	  	 	—	 	 	 	  	 	(472	)	
Balance at December 31, 2006	  	$	1,344	 	 	 	  	$	1,254	 	 	 	  	$	2,598	 	 	 	  	$	1,882	 	 	 	  	$	716	 	
(1) Other consists primarily of workers’ compensation, non-A&E general liability losses and provision for uncollectible reinsurance on non-A&E business.
( 2 ) The NICO Coverage amount at December 31, 2005 has been increased by $299 million to exclude the impact of advances received from NICO.
 
Reserve Reviews
During 2006, we conducted an internal, ground-up review of our consolidated A&E liabilities as of June 30, 2006. During the same period, a team of external actuaries performed an evaluation as to the adequacy of the reserves of Century. This external review was conducted in accordance with the Brandywine Restructuring Order, which requires that an external actuarial review of Century’s reserves be completed every two years. In addition, we engaged the external actuaries to review the A&E reserves of ACE American Re. As a result of the internal review, we concluded that our net loss reserves for the Brandywine operations, including A&E, were adequate and, therefore, no change to the carried net reserve was required, while the gross loss reserves increased by approximately $210 million. The conclusions of the external review provided estimates of ultimate gross and net Brandywine liabilities that are lower than a comparable study in 2004. As a result, the difference in net loss reserves between the internal and external studies has narrowed to approximately $150 million ($100 million after-tax) from $300 million ($180 million after-tax) in 2004. Our A&E reserves are not discounted and do not reflect any anticipated future changes in the legal, social or economic environment, or any benefit from future legislative reforms.
 
Westchester Specialty – Impact of NICO Contracts on ACE’s Run-Off Liabilities
As part of the acquisition of Westchester Specialty in 1998, NICO provided a 75 percent pro-rata share of $1 billion of reinsurance protection on losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred on or before December 31, 1996, in excess of a retention of $721 million (the 1998 NICO Agreement). NICO has also provided an 85 percent pro-rata share of $150 million of reinsurance protection on losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses incurred on or before December 31, 1992, in excess of a retention of $755 million (the 1992 NICO Agreement). At December 31, 2006, the remaining unused incurred limit under the 1998 NICO Agreement was $485 million, which is available only for losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses. The 1992 NICO Agreement is exhausted on an incurred basis.
 
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The following table presents a roll forward of net loss reserves, allocated and unallocated loss adjustment expense reserves and provision for uncollectible reinsurance in respect of 1996 and prior Westchester Specialty operations that are the subject business of the NICO covers.

 	  	Westchester Specialty	  	NICO
Coverage	 	 	 	  	Net of NICO
Coverage	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	A&E	 	 	 	  	Other*	 	 	 	  	Total	 	 	 	  			 		  			
Balance at December 31, 2005	  	$	260	 	 	 	  	$	196	 	 	 	  	$	456	 	 	 	  	$	375	 	 	 	  	$	81	 	
Incurred activity	  	 	7	 	 	 	  	 	1	 	 	 	  	 	8	 	 	 	  	 	5	 	 	 	  	 	3	 	
Payment activity	  	 	(22	)	 	 	  	 	(20	)	 	 	  	 	(42	)	 	 	  	 	(24	)	 	 	  	 	(18	)	
Balance at December 31, 2006	  	$	245	 	 	 	  	$	177	 	 	 	  	$	422	 	 	 	  	$	356	 	 	 	  	$	66	 	
* Other consists primarily of non-A&E general liability and products liability losses.
 
Reserving Considerations
For asbestos, we face claims relating to policies issued to manufacturers, distributors, installers and other parties in the chain of commerce for asbestos and products containing asbestos. Claims can be filed by individual claimants or group of claimants with the potential for hundreds of individual claimants at one time. Claimants will generally allege damages across an extended time period which may coincide with multiple policies for a single insured. Our definition of an asbestos claim count is a policyholder asbestos cause of action, with claims for bodily injury and property damage tracked separately. For example, an asbestos manufacturer who faces products liability claims alleging bodily injury from exposure to their product would generate one count regardless of the number of policies we may have issued or the actual numbers of underlying claimants alleging bodily injury damages.
Environmental claims present exposure for remediation and defense costs associated with the contamination of property as a result of pollution. It is common, especially for larger defendants, to be named as a potentially responsible party (PRP) at multiple sites. Our environmental claim count definition is based on policyholder by site numbers. For example, if a policyholder were named as a PRP at ten pollution sites, we would track this as ten claim counts. In addition, should we have multiple policyholders identified as PRP’s at the same waste site, each would constitute a separate claim count.
The table below summarizes count information for asbestos and environmental claims for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005, for direct policies only, and excludes claims from assumed reinsurance.

 	  	2006	 	 	  	2005	
Asbestos (by causative agent)	  	 	 	 	  	 	
Open at the beginning of year	  	1,349	 	 	  	1,340	
Newly reported	  	80	 	 	  	118	
Closed or otherwise disposed	  	38	 	 	  	109	
Open at end of year	  	1,391	 	 	  	1,349	
Environmental (by site)	  	 	 	 	  	 	
Open at the beginning of year	  	6,902	 	 	  	7,172	
Newly reported	  	220	 	 	  	345	
Closed or otherwise disposed	  	698	 	 	  	615	
Open at end of year	  	6,424	 	 	  	6,902	
 
In 2006, the number of newly reported asbestos claims declined 32 percent to 80, compared with 118 new claims in 2005. The total pending asbestos claims increased three percent to 1,391 at December 31, 2006, compared with 1,349 at December 31, 2005. This increase in pending claims is influenced by the number of closings during the period. Given the nature of asbestos claim files, it is not unusual for a file to remain open for a period of time after the financial activity on the file has ended and a minimal increase in pending claims should not be taken as an adverse indication of underlying trends.
In 2006, the number of newly reported environmental claims continued the decline experienced in recent years. The number of new sites in 2006 declined 36 percent to 220, compared with 345 in 2005. Total pending environmental claims at December 31, 2006 declined seven percent to 6,424, compared with 6,902 at December 31, 2005.
 
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The following table shows our gross and net survival ratios for our A&E loss reserves and allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE) reserves at December 31, 2006.

 	 	3 Year Survival Ratios	 	1 Year Survival Ratios	
 	 	Gross	 	Net	 	Gross	 	Net	
Asbestos	 	10.9	 	10.5	 	8.8	 	7.5	
Environmental	 	4.0	 	5.9	 	5.6	 	6.4	
Total	 	8.9	 	8.8	 	8.2	 	7.2	
 
The net ratios reflect third party reinsurance other than the aggregate excess reinsurance provided under the NICO contracts. These survival ratios are calculated by dividing the asbestos or environmental loss and ALAE reserves by the average asbestos or environmental loss and ALAE payments for the three most recent calendar years (3 year survival ratio), and by asbestos or environmental loss and ALAE payments in 2006 (1 year survival ratio). The survival ratios provide only a very rough measure of reserve adequacy and are significantly impacted by a number of factors such as aggressive settlement practices, variations in gross to ceded relationships within the asbestos or environmental claims and levels of coverage provided. We therefore urge caution in using these very simplistic ratios to gauge reserve adequacy and note that the 1 year survival ratios, particularly, are likely to move considerably from year to year for the reasons just described.
Our survival ratios decreased in 2006, compared with 2005. In 2005, the net 1 year survival ratio for asbestos was 33.0, compared with 7.5 in 2006, and was heavily impacted by a single large cession of paid losses, which resulted in an atypically high net survival ratio. Additionally, in 2006, we had a favorable settlement that resulted in a full buyback of policy obligations on a significant account that resulted in a large increase in payments for the year and, therefore, had an unfavorable impact on our asbestos survival ratios.
 
Brandywine Run-off Entities
In addition to housing a significant portion of our A&E exposure, the Brandywine operations include run-off liabilities related to various insurance and reinsurance businesses. The following companies comprise ACE’s Brandywine operations: Century (a Pennsylvania insurer), Century Re (a Pennsylvania insurer) and Century International Reinsurance Company Ltd. (a Bermuda insurer (CIRC)). All of the Brandywine companies are direct or indirect subsidiaries of Brandywine Holdings.
The U.S.-based ACE INA companies assumed two contractual obligations in respect of the Brandywine operations in connection with the Restructuring: a dividend retention fund obligation and a surplus maintenance obligation in the form of an aggregate excess of loss reinsurance agreement. In accordance with the Brandywine restructuring order, INA Financial Corporation established and funded a dividend retention fund (the Dividend Retention Fund) consisting of $50 million plus investment earnings. The full balance of the Dividend Retention Fund was contributed to Century as of December 31, 2002. To the extent future dividends are paid by INA Holdings Corporation to its parent, INA Financial Corporation, and to the extent INA Financial Corporation then pays such dividends to INA Corporation, a portion of those dividends must be withheld to replenish the principal of the Dividend Retention Fund to $50 million within five years. In 2006, 2005 and 2004, no such dividends were paid and, therefore, no replenishment of the Dividend Retention Fund occurred. The obligation to maintain and to replenish the Dividend Retention Fund as necessary and to the extent dividends are paid is ongoing until ACE INA receives prior written approval from the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner to terminate the fund.
In addition, the ACE INA insurance subsidiaries provided insurance coverage to Century in the amount of $800 million under an aggregate excess of loss reinsurance agreement (the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement) if the statutory capital and surplus of Century falls below $25 million or if Century lacks liquid assets with which to pay claims as they become due, after giving effect to the contribution of the balance, if any, of the Dividend Retention Fund. Coverage under the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement was triggered as of December 31, 2002 following contribution of the balance of the Dividend Retention Fund, because Century’s capital and surplus fell below $25 million at December 31, 2002.
Effective December 31, 2004, ACE INA Holdings contributed $100 million to Century in exchange for a surplus note. After giving effect to the contribution and issuance of the surplus note, the statutory surplus of Century at December 31, 2006 was $25 million and approximately $349 million in statutory-basis losses were ceded to the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement. Century reports the amount ceded under the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement in accordance with statutory accounting principles, which differ from GAAP by, among other things, allowing Century
 
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to discount its asbestos and environmental reserves. For GAAP reporting purposes, intercompany reinsurance recoverables related to the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement are eliminated upon consolidation. To estimate ACE’s remaining claim exposure under the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement under GAAP, we adjust the statutory cession to exclude the discount embedded in statutory loss reserves. At December 31, 2006, approximately $654 million in GAAP basis losses were ceded under the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement, leaving a remaining limit of coverage under that agreement of approximately $146 million. At December 31, 2005, the remaining limit of coverage under the agreement was $7 million. The increase in the remaining limit in 2006 was primarily related to the sale of the run-off reinsurance subsidiaries. While we believe ACE has no legal obligation to fund losses above the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement limit of coverage, ACE’s consolidated results would nevertheless continue to report any losses above the limit of coverage for so long as the Brandywine companies remain consolidated subsidiaries of ACE.
 
Uncertainties Relating to ACE’s Ultimate Brandywine Exposure
In addition to the Dividend Retention Fund and Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement commitments described above, certain ACE entities are primarily liable for asbestos, environmental and other exposures that they have reinsured to Century. Accordingly, if Century were to become insolvent and ACE were to lose control of Century, some or all of the recoverables due to these ACE companies from Century could become uncollectible, yet those ACE entities would continue to be responsible to pay claims to their insureds or reinsureds. Under such circumstances, ACE would recognize a loss in its consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2006, the aggregate reinsurance balances ceded by the active ACE companies to Century were approximately $1.5 billion. At December 31, 2006, Century’s carried gross reserves (including reserves ceded by the active ACE companies to Century) were $4.0 billion. We believe the intercompany reinsurance recoverables, which relate to liabilities payable over many years (i.e., 25 years or more), are not impaired at this time. A substantial portion of the liabilities ceded to Century by its affiliates have in turn been ceded by Century to NICO and, as of December 31, 2006, approximately $1.9 billion of cover remains on a paid basis. Should Century’s loss reserves experience adverse development in the future and should Century be placed into rehabilitation or liquidation, the reinsurance recoverables due to Century’s affiliates would be payable only after the payment in full of certain expenses and liabilities, including administrative expenses and direct policy liabilities. Thus, the intercompany reinsurance recoverables would be at risk to the extent of the shortage of assets remaining to pay these recoverables. As of December 31, 2006, reserves ceded by Century to the active ACE companies and other amounts owed to Century by the active ACE companies were approximately $550 million in the aggregate.
In a lawsuit filed in California state court in December 1999 (AICCO, Inc v. Insurance Company of North America, et al.), certain competitors of ACE USA challenged the validity of the Restructuring under California’s Unfair Competition Law, Business and Professions Code Section 17200 (UCL). The lawsuit claims that the Restructuring is not applicable to California policyholders under the UCL because it constituted a transfer of liabilities without the consent of the policyholders. The suit also claims that the notice of the Restructuring was misleading. In November 2004, the voters of California approved Proposition 64 amending the UCL by, among other things, requiring that lawsuits brought under the UCL be brought by plaintiffs who have suffered actual injury as a result of the challenged business practice. In response to a motion to dismiss brought by ACE USA, the court ruled in February 2005 that the competitors/plaintiffs who brought this suit have not alleged actual injury as required by Proposition 64 and dismissed the suit. Plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal on May 5, 2005. Oral argument over plaintiffs’ appeal was held on April 19, 2006. On May 10, 2006, the Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of AICCO’s lawsuit. AICCO filed a petition to appeal to the California Supreme Court, however, the California Supreme Court accepted review of another unrelated case that will ultimately decide the issue of whether Proposition 64 should be applied retroactively and which will be binding on this case. On July 24, 2006, the California Supreme Court announced its decision in Californians for Disability Rights v Mervyn’s et al., ruling that Proposition 64 applies to pending cases. The Supreme Court has entered an order denying leave to appeal and this case is concluded.
 
Sale of Certain Brandywine Companies
Refer to Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Catastrophe Exposure Management
We have exposure to catastrophic event risks from global insurance and reinsurance writings of property and workers’ compensation and, to a lesser extent, marine, aviation and energy. This potential loss accumulation, caused by either man-made (for example, terrorism, aviation) or natural perils (for example, hurricane, earthquake) is addressed using
 
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several different approaches. First, we have established a series of Product Boards to ensure that geographic, product and client exposures are appropriate and meet both account level and portfolio limit guidelines adopted by the Product Boards. Second, we have a standardized modeling approach across our organization that utilizes a third-party catastrophe simulation software package as the basis for preparing probabilistic estimates of our potential catastrophic loss. Each unit with catastrophe exposure is required to model, price and manage its catastrophe risk using the output analytics from the software and this output also allows the aggregation of risk within and across business units. We continually examine the reasonableness of the modeling assumptions and their applicability to reflect the catastrophic loss potential of our various businesses. In addition, we maintain minimum data quality standards that must be met in order to quote and bind business. The aggregation of risk across units, products, perils and geography is performed across our organization on a quarterly basis to provide an overall assessment of risk and the results reviewed by senior management each quarter. Management maintains a prudent level of risk through a series of related accumulation thresholds that cap the net retention from single or multiple events, the probability of exhaustion of core catastrophe reinsurance programs, and the net catastrophe loss relative to tangible capital (shareholders’ equity less goodwill). Third, where the risk / return economics are compelling, reinsurance is purchased from reinsurers of appropriate quality and security to protect the business unit level from accumulations arising either within product, peril or business unit or across a combination thereof such that the aggregate risk from a catastrophe loss is appropriate to the unit’s capital structure. Despite the above controls, there remains uncertainty about the characteristics, timing and extent of insured loss given the nature of catastrophes.

Natural Catastrophe Reinsurance Program
ACE’s core catastrophe reinsurance program provides protection against natural catastrophes impacting its primary operations (i.e. excluding assumed reinsurance) and consists of two separate towers.
First, for losses arising out of North America, our core traditional program renewed on January 1, 2007, and we purchased $125 million part of $350 million excess of $200 million in coverage and we purchased $161 million part of $250 million excess of $300 million in coverage. The combined effect of our traditional program purchase is that we have 100 percent of $250 million excess of $300 million in coverage placed and we have approximately 36 percent of the $100 million excess $200 million layer placed. Each of these layers has a single reinstatement. In addition, we have purchased multi-year, peril specific coverage from a major reinsurer that is backed by their credit worthiness and the issuance of fully collateralized catastrophe bonds. Under this multi-year coverage, we have $200 million of U.S. – hurricane coverage in excess of $570 million retention. In addition, we have purchased U.S. – earthquake coverage for California, Pacific Northwest, and Central U.S. This cover is 25 percent of $200 million of loss incurred in excess of a $570 million retention. Finally, we also purchased a combined US earthquake (as defined above) and U.S. hurricane top layer cover of 67 percent of $150 million of loss incurred in excess of a $770 million retention. These multiyear programs do not have a reinstatement feature. The Company also entered into a swap agreement whereby the Company received $100 million of U.S. – earthquake (California, and Pacific Northwest) protection in exchange for providing its counterparty with protection for northeast U.S. – hurricane exposure. Payments for each side of the swap would be triggered if, following a catastrophic event from a covered region and peril, the counter-party and industry insured losses reach levels as specified in the swap contract. By way of comparison, the 2007 program has approximately $135 million more in coverage for U.S. – hurricane and $185 million more in coverage for California earthquake than the expiring program. The actual retention for 2007 will depend upon the nature of the loss and the interplay between the underlying per risk programs and certain other coverages purchased by individual business units.
Second, for losses arising outside of North America and effective July 1, 2006, we have protection of 100 percent of $250 million from a single catastrophic event in excess of the retention of $50 million with two reinstatements. There is further protection above this core program, (i.e., $200 million excess of $300 million for Asia Pacific and $100 million excess of $300 million for Europe). In addition, there are various underlying per risk and catastrophe treaties underlying the core program’s retention of $50 million. The program has essentially the same terms as expiring but with the addition of the Europe specific layer.
 
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Liquidity
Liquidity is a measure of a company’s ability to generate cash flows sufficient to meet short-term and long-term cash requirements of its business operations. As a holding company, ACE possesses assets that consist primarily of the stock of its subsidiaries, and of other investments. In addition to net investment income, our cash flows currently depend primarily on dividends or other statutorily permissible payments. Historically, these dividends and other payments have come from ACE’s Bermuda-based operating subsidiaries, which we refer to as our Bermuda subsidiaries.
As an insurance company, one of our principal responsibilities to our clients is to ensure that we have ready access to funds to settle large unforeseen claims. Given anticipated growth in premiums and a lengthening of the average duration of our claim liabilities due to a higher proportionate growth in long-tail relative to short-tail business, we expect that positive cash flow from operations (underwriting activities and investment income) will be sufficient to cover cash outflows under most loss scenarios through 2007. To further ensure the sufficiency of funds to settle unforeseen claims, we hold a certain amount of invested assets in cash and short-term investments and maintain available credit facilities (refer to the section entitled “Credit Facilities” below). In addition, for certain insurance, reinsurance, or deposit contracts that tend to have relatively large and reasonably predictable cash outflows, such as loss portfolio contracts, we attempt to establish dedicated portfolios of assets that are duration-matched with the related liabilities. With respect to the duration of our overall investment portfolio, we manage asset durations to both maximize return given current market conditions and provide sufficient liquidity to cover future loss payments. In a low interest rate environment, the overall duration of our fixed maturity investments tends to be shorter and in a high interest rate environment, such durations tend to be longer. Given the current low-rate environment, at December 31, 2006, the average duration of our fixed maturity investments (3.3 years) is less than the average expected duration of our insurance liabilities (4 years).
Despite our safeguards, if paid losses accelerated beyond our ability to fund such paid losses from current operating cash flows, we might need to either liquidate a portion of our investment portfolio or arrange for financing. Potential events causing such a liquidity strain could include several significant catastrophes occurring in a relatively short period of time or large scale uncollectible reinsurance recoverables on paid losses (as a result of coverage disputes, reinsurers’ credit problems or decreases in the value of collateral supporting reinsurance recoverables). Additional strain on liquidity could occur if the investments sold to fund loss payments were sold at depressed prices. Because each subsidiary focuses on a more limited number of specific product lines than is collectively available from the ACE Group of Companies, the mix of business tends to be less diverse at the subsidiary level. As a result, the probability of a liquidity strain, as described above, may be greater for individual subsidiaries than when liquidity is assessed on a consolidated basis. If such a liquidity strain were to occur in a subsidiary, we could liquidate a portion of the portfolio as well as be required to contribute capital to the particular subsidiary and/or curtail dividends from the subsidiary to support holding company operations.
The payments of dividends or other statutorily permissible distributions from our operating companies are subject to the laws and regulations applicable to each jurisdiction, as well as the need to maintain capital levels adequate to support the insurance and reinsurance operations, including financial strength ratings issued by independent rating agencies, which are discussed below. During 2006, we were able to meet all of our obligations, including the payment of dividends declared on our Ordinary Shares and Preferred Shares, with our net cash flow and dividends received. Should the need arise, we generally have access to the capital markets and other available credit facilities.
We assess which subsidiaries to draw dividends from based on a number of factors. Considerations such as regulatory and legal restrictions as well as the subsidiary’s financial condition are paramount to the dividend decision. The legal restrictions on the payment of dividends from retained earnings by our Bermuda subsidiaries are currently satisfied by the share capital and additional paid-in capital of each of the Bermuda subsidiaries. In 2006, ACE Bermuda declared and paid dividends of $491 million and ACE Tempest Life Reinsurance declared and paid dividends of $125 million. During 2005, ACE Bermuda and ACE Tempest Life Reinsurance declared and paid dividends of $548 million and $32 million, respectively. We expect that a majority of our cash inflows in 2007 will be from our Bermuda subsidiaries.
The payment of any dividends from ACE Global Markets or its subsidiaries is subject to applicable U.K. insurance laws and regulations. In addition, the release of funds by Syndicate 2488 to subsidiaries of ACE Global Markets is subject to regulations promulgated by the Society of Lloyd’s. ACE INA’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries may pay dividends, without prior regulatory approval, subject to restrictions set out in state law of the subsidiary’s domicile (or, if applicable, “commercial domicile”). Typically, restrictions state that dividends may only be paid from earned surplus
 
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(unassigned funds) and are subject to (i) certain limitations based upon the policyholder surplus and/or net income or investment income of the insurer (specific threshold set by state law of insurer’s domicile); (ii) total dividends paid during a twelve month period, and (iii) the maintenance of minimum capital requirements. ACE INA’s international subsidiaries are also subject to insurance laws and regulations particular to the countries in which the subsidiaries operate. These laws and regulations sometimes include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends payable without prior approval of regulatory insurance authorities.
ACE did not receive any dividends from ACE Global Markets or ACE INA in 2006 and 2005. The debt issued by ACE INA to provide partial financing for the ACE INA acquisition and for other operating needs is serviced by statutorily permissible distributions by ACE INA’s insurance subsidiaries to ACE INA as well as other group resources.
Our consolidated sources of funds consist primarily of net premiums written, net investment income and proceeds from sales and maturities of investments. Funds are used primarily to pay claims, operating expenses, dividends, debt service and for the purchase of investments. After satisfying our cash requirements, excess cash flows from these underwriting and investing activities are invested.
Our insurance and reinsurance operations provide liquidity in that premiums are received in advance, sometimes substantially in advance, of the time claims are paid. Generally, cash flows are affected by claim payments that, due to the nature of our operations, may be comprised of large loss payments on a limited number of claims and which can fluctuate significantly from period to period. The irregular timing of these loss payments can create significant variations in cash flows from operations between periods. Refer to “Contractual obligations and commitments” for our estimate for future claim payments by period.
Sources of liquidity include cash from operations, routine sales of investments and financing arrangements. The following is a discussion of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005.
• Our consolidated net cash flows from operating activities were $4.1 billion in 2006, compared with $4.3 billion in 2005. These amounts reflect net income for each period, adjusted for non-cash items and changes in working capital. Net income increased to $2.3 billion in 2006, compared with $1 billion in 2005. For 2006, significant adjustments included increases in unpaid losses and loss expenses and unearned premiums of $1 billion and a decrease in reinsurance recoverable of $766 million due to growth in casualty and A&H lines. Net cash flows from operating activities were negatively impacted by increased catastrophe loss payments in 2006 and 2005.
• Our consolidated net cash flows used for investing activities were $3.8 billion in 2006, compared with $5.6 billion in 2005. For the indicated periods, net cash flows used for investing activities were related principally to net purchases of fixed maturities. The 2006 year included the impact of the sale of the run-off companies which reduced cash and investments by approximately $500 million. In 2005, net cash flows used for investing activities benefited from the net proceeds of the public offering of approximately $1.5 billion.
• Our consolidated net cash flows used for financing activities were $284 million in 2006, compared with consolidated net cash flows from financing activities of $1.3 billion in 2005. Net cash flows used for financing activities in 2006 were primarily comprised of dividends paid on Ordinary Shares, partially offset by proceeds from the exercise of options for Ordinary Shares. In 2005, cash flows from financing activities were primarily comprised of the net proceeds of the public offering, partially offset by dividends paid on Ordinary Shares.
Both internal and external forces influence our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Claim settlements, premium levels and investment returns may be impacted by changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions. In many cases, significant periods of time, ranging up to several years or more, may lapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us and the settlement of the liability for that loss. We believe that our cash balances, cash flow from operations, routine sales of investments and the liquidity provided by our credit facilities, as discussed below, are adequate to meet expected cash requirements.
In order to enhance cash management efficiency, during 2006, we entered into agreements with a bank provider to implement an international multi-currency notional cash pooling program and a U.S. multi-currency notional cash pooling program. In each program, participating ACE entities (based on regulatory approval) establish deposit accounts in different currencies with the bank provider and, each day, the credit or debit balances in every account are notionally translated into a single currency (U.S. dollars) and then notionally pooled. The bank extends overdraft credit to any participating ACE entity as needed, provided that the overall notionally-pooled balance of all accounts in each pool at the end of each day is at least zero. Actual cash balances are not physically converted and are not co-mingled between legal entities. This arrangement is particularly effective during periods of short-term timing mismatches between expected inflows and outflows of cash by currency. ACE entities may incur overdraft balances as a means to address such mismatches, and any overdraft balances incurred under this program by an ACE entity would be guaran -
 
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teed by ACE Limited (up to $150 million in the aggregate). ACE Limited has negotiated a dedicated credit facility to support both programs.
ACE Limited and its subsidiaries are assigned debt and financial strength (insurance) ratings from internationally recognized rating agencies, including S&P, A.M. Best, Moody’s Investors Service and Fitch. The ratings issued on our companies by these agencies are announced publicly and are available directly from the agencies. Our Internet site, www.acelimited.com, also contains some information about our ratings, which can be found under the Investor Information tab.
Financial strength ratings represent the opinions of the rating agencies on the financial strength of a company and its capacity to meet the obligations of insurance policies. Independent ratings are one of the important factors that establish our competitive position in the insurance markets. The rating agencies consider many factors in determining the financial strength rating of an insurance company, including the relative level of statutory surplus necessary to support the business operations of the company. These ratings are based upon factors relevant to policyholders, agents and intermediaries and are not directed toward the protection of investors. Such ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold securities.
Debt ratings apply to short-term and long-term debt as well as preferred stock. These ratings are assessments of the likelihood that we will make timely payments of principal, interest and preferred stock dividends.
It is possible that, in the future, one or more of the rating agencies may reduce our existing ratings. If one or more of our ratings were downgraded, we could incur higher borrowing costs, and our ability to access the capital markets could be impacted. In addition, our insurance and reinsurance operations could be adversely impacted by a downgrade in our financial strength ratings, including a possible reduction in demand for our products in certain markets.

Capital Resources
Capital resources consist of funds deployed, or available to be deployed, to support our business operations. The following table summarizes the components of our capital resources at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	December 31
2006	 	 	  	December 31
2005	
Short-term debt	  	$	578	 	 	  	$	300	
Long-term debt	  	 	1,560	 	 	  	 	1,811	
Total debt	  	 	2,138	 	 	  	 	2,111	
Trust preferred securities	  	 	309	 	 	  	 	309	
Preferred Shares	  	 	557	 	 	  	 	557	
Ordinary shareholders’ equity	  	 	13,721	 	 	  	 	11,255	
Total shareholders’ equity	  	 	14,278	 	 	  	 	11,812	
Total capitalization	  	$	16,725	 	 	  	$	14,232	
Ratio of debt to total capitalization	  	 	12.8%	 	 	  	 	14.8%	
Ratio of debt plus trust preferred securities to total capitalization	  	 	14.6%	 	 	  	 	17.0%	
 
We believe our financial strength provides us with the flexibility and capacity to obtain funds externally through debt or equity financing on both a short-term and long-term basis. Our ability to access the capital markets is dependent on, among other things, market conditions and our perceived financial strength. We have accessed both the debt and equity markets from time to time.

Short-term Debt
We have commercial paper programs that use revolving credit facilities as back-up facilities and provide for up to $600 million in commercial paper issuance for each of ACE Limited and ACE INA Holdings, Inc. (subject to the availability of back-up facilities, which currently total $600 million). At December 31, 2006, there was no commercial paper outstanding. Short-term debt consisted of $500 million of 6.0 percent senior notes due April 2007 and a $78 million 6.15 percent term loan due December 2007.
 
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Long-term Debt
During the first quarter of 2007 we issued, at a slight discount, $500 million of 5.7 percent senior notes due 2017. We plan to use the net proceeds from this issuance together with available cash to repay $500 million of indebtedness maturing in April 2007. Long-term debt includes $300 million, 6.7 percent senior notes due 2036, issued at a slight discount in 2006. The net proceeds together with available cash were used to repay the $300 million, 8.3 percent notes which matured in August 2006. Our total long-term debt of $1.6 billion is described in detail in Note 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following instruments have specific collateral triggers. In 1998, ACE US Holdings issued $250 million of unsecured senior notes that mature in October 2008. In December 1999, ACE INA issued $300 million of unsecured subordinated notes that mature in December 2009; we repaid $100 million of this outstanding amount during 2002. We have a $450 million credit default swap in place that has the economic effect of reducing our cost of borrowing associated with these two issuances. The minimum collateral in connection with the credit default swap is $158 million. The actual collateral can be higher depending on the credit quality of securities pledged.
Under these transactions, we would be required to provide collateral of $450 million if S&P downgraded our debt rating to BB+ or lower or downgraded ACE Bermuda’s financial strength rating to BBB- or lower. Although there can be no assurance, we believe it is unlikely that either of these two events will occur. In the event that we terminate either of the swaps prematurely, we would be liable for certain transaction costs. The counter-party in each swap is a highly rated major financial institution and management does not anticipate non-performance.

Trust Preferred Securities
During 1999 and 2000, we issued $800 million of trust preferred securities. The funds generated from these issues were used to partially finance the ACE INA acquisition. In 2002, $400 million of the trust preferred securities matured and were repaid. In 2005 and 2004, we repaid an additional $175 million ($100 million ACE INA trust preferred securities in 2005 and $75 million Capital Re trust preferred securities in 2004). The securities outstanding consist of $300 million of trust preferred securities due in 2030, issued by a special purpose entity (a trust) that is wholly owned by us. The sole assets of the special purpose entities are debt instruments issued by one or more of our subsidiaries. The special purpose entity looks to payments on the debt instruments to make payments on the preferred securities. We have guaranteed the payments on these debt instruments. The trustees of the trust include one or more of our officers and at least one independent trustee, such as a trust company. Our officers serving as trustees of the trust do not receive any compensation or other remuneration for their services in such capacity. The full $309 million of outstanding trust preferred securities (calculated as $300 million as discussed above plus our equity share of the trust) is shown on our consolidated balance sheet as a liability. Additional information with respect to the trust preferred securities is contained in Note 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Ordinary Shares
Total shareholders’ equity increased $2.5 billion in 2006, primarily due to net income of $2.3 billion and unrealized appreciation on our investment portfolio, partially offset by dividends declared. Our ratios of debt to total capitalization and debt plus trust preferred securities to total capitalization have decreased due to the increase in shareholders’ equity and stable debt and trust preferred securities.
In October 2005, we completed a public offering of 32.91 million Ordinary Shares for total gross proceeds of approximately $1.5 billion.
As part of our capital management program, in November 2001, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of any ACE issued debt or capital securities including Ordinary Shares, up to $250 million. At December 31, 2006, this authorization had not been utilized. We generally maintain shelf capacity at all times in order to allow capital market access for refinancing as well as for unforeseen capital needs. Consistent with this policy, in 2005, we filed an unlimited shelf registration which expires in December 2008.
On January 12, 2006, and April 13, 2006, we paid dividends of 23 cents per ordinary share to shareholders of record on December 30, 2005 and March 31, 2006, respectively. On July 14, 2006, October 13, 2006, and January 12, 2007, we paid dividends of 25 cents per share to shareholders of record on June 30, 2006, September 30, 2006, and December 29, 2006, respectively. We have paid dividends each quarter since we became a public company in 1993. However, the declaration, payment and value of future dividends on ordinary shares is at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our profits, financial requirements and other factors including legal restrictions
 
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on the payment of dividends and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant. Dividends on the preferred shares are payable quarterly when, and if, declared by our Board of Directors, in arrears on March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1 of each year. In 2006, we paid dividends of $4.875 per preferred share on March 1, June 1, September 1, and December 1, to shareholders of record on February 28, May 31, August 31 and November 30, respectively.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The table below shows our contractual obligations and commitments including our payments due by period at December 31, 2006:

 	  	Payments Due By Period	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Total	 	 	  	Less than
1 Year	 	 	  	1-3 Years	 	 	  	4-5 Years	 	 	  	After
5 Years	
Payment amounts determinable from the respective contracts	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	
Deposit liabilities	  	$	335	 	 	  	$	60	 	 	  	$	116	 	 	  	$	84	 	 	  	$	75	
Purchase obligations	  	 	351	 	 	  	 	71	 	 	  	 	193	 	 	  	 	87	 	 	  	 	–	
Limited partnerships – funding commitments	  	 	303	 	 	  	 	–	 	 	  	 	303	 	 	  	 	–	 	 	  	 	–	
Operating leases	  	 	357	 	 	  	 	59	 	 	  	 	101	 	 	  	 	79	 	 	  	 	118	
Short-term debt	  	 	578	 	 	  	 	578	 	 	  	 	–	 	 	  	 	–	 	 	  	 	–	
Long-term debt	  	 	1,560	 	 	  	 	–	 	 	  	 	649	 	 	  	 	–	 	 	  	 	911	
Trust preferred securities	  	 	309	 	 	  	 	–	 	 	  	 	–	 	 	  	 	–	 	 	  	 	309	
Interest on debt obligations	  	 	1,812	 	 	  	 	137	 	 	  	 	234	 	 	  	 	186	 	 	  	 	1,255	
Total obligations in which payment amounts are determinable from the respective contracts	  	 	5,605	 	 	  	 	905	 	 	  	 	1,596	 	 	  	 	436	 	 	  	 	2,668	
Payment amounts not determinable from the respective contracts	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	
Estimated gross loss payments under insurance and reinsurance contracts	  	 	35,517	 	 	  	 	8,181	 	 	  	 	9,245	 	 	  	 	5,176	 	 	  	 	12,915	
Estimated payments for future life and annuity policy benefits	  	 	1,671	 	 	  	 	105	 	 	  	 	205	 	 	  	 	206	 	 	  	 	1,155	
Total contractual obligations and commitments	  	$	42,793	 	 	  	$	9,191	 	 	  	$	11,046	 	 	  	$	5,818	 	 	  	$	16,738	
The above table excludes pension obligations and our Preferred Shares. Minimum funding requirements for our pension obligations are immaterial over the next year. Subsequent funding commitments are apt to vary due to many factors and are difficult to estimate at this time. Our Preferred Shares, issued in 2003, have no fixed repayment terms. We may redeem the Preferred Shares at any time after May 30, 2008, at a redemption value of $25 per depository share (each of which represent one-tenth of one Preferred Share) or at any time under certain limited circumstances. Refer to Notes 13 and 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on our Preferred Shares and pension plans, respectively.
We have no other significant contractual obligations or commitments not reflected in the table above.
 
Deposit Liabilities
Deposit liabilities include reinsurance deposit liabilities of $225 million and $212 million and contract holder deposit funds of $110 million and $138 million for 2006 and 2005, respectively. The reinsurance deposit liabilities arise from contracts we sold for which there is not a significant transfer of risk. At contract inception, the deposit liability is equal to net cash we received. An accretion rate is established based on actuarial estimates whereby the deposit liability is increased to the estimated amount payable over the term of the contract. The deposit accretion rate is the rate of return required to fund expected future payment obligations. We periodically reassess the estimated ultimate liability and related expected rate of return. Any resulting changes to the amount of the deposit liability are reflected as an adjustment to earnings to reflect the cumulative effect of the period the contract has been in force, and by an adjustment to the future accretion rate of the liability over the remaining estimated contract term.
Additional information with respect to deposit liabilities is contained in Note 2 j) to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
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Purchase Obligations
We are party to enforceable and legally binding agreements to purchase certain services. Purchase obligations in the table primarily comprise audit fees and agreements with vendors to purchase system software administration and maintenance services.
 
Limited Partnerships – Funding Commitments
In connection with our investments in limited partnerships, we have commitments that may require funding of up to $303 million over the next several years. The timing of the payment of these commitments is uncertain and will differ from our estimated timing in the table.
 
Operating Lease Commitments
We lease office space in most countries in which we operate under operating leases that expire at various dates through December 2033. We renew and enter into new leases in the ordinary course of business as required.
 
Estimated Gross Loss Payments under Insurance and Reinsurance Contracts
We are obligated to pay claims under insurance and reinsurance contracts for specified loss events covered under those contracts. Such loss payments represent our most significant future payment obligation as a P&C insurance and reinsurance company. In contrast to other contractual obligations, cash payments are not determinable from the terms specified within the contract. For example, we do not ultimately make a payment to our counterparty for many insurance and reinsurance contracts (i.e., when a loss event has not occurred) and if a payment is to be made, the amount and timing cannot be determined from the contract. In the table above, we estimate payments by period relating to our gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses included in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2006 and do not take reinsurance recoverables into account. These estimated loss payments are inherently uncertain and the amount and timing of actual loss payments are likely to differ from these estimates and the differences could be material. Given the numerous factors and assumptions involved in both estimates of loss and loss expense reserves and related estimates as to the timing of future loss and loss expense payments in the table above, differences between actual and estimated loss payments will not necessarily indicate a commensurate change in ultimate loss estimates.
 
Estimated Payments for Future Life and Annuity Policy Benefits
We establish reserves for future policy benefits for life and annuity contracts including, but not limited to, guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDBs) and GMIBs. The amounts in the table are gross of fees or premiums due from the underlying contracts. The liability for future policy benefits for life and annuity contracts presented in our balance sheet is discounted and, with respect to GMIB reinsurance, reflected net of fees or premiums due from the underlying contracts, and with respect to GMDB reinsurance, does not consider benefit payments related to future fees or premiums not recognized through the balance sheet date. Accordingly, the estimated amounts in the table exceed the liability for future policy benefits for life and annuity contracts presented in our balance sheet. Payment amounts related to these reserves must be estimated and are not determinable from the contract. Due to the uncertainty with respect to the timing and amount of these payments, actual results could materially differ from the estimates in the table.

Credit Facilities
As our Bermuda subsidiaries are not admitted insurers and reinsurers in the U.S., the terms of certain U.S. insurance and reinsurance contracts require them to provide LOCs to clients. In addition, ACE Global Markets is required to satisfy certain U.S. regulatory trust fund requirements which can be met by the issuance of LOCs. LOCs may also be used for general corporate purposes and for Funds at Lloyd’s.
 
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The following table shows our credit facilities by credit line, usage, expiry date and purpose at December 31, 2006.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Credit Line 1	 	 	  	Usage	 	 	  	Expiry Date	
Unsecured Liquidity Facilities	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	
ACE Limited 2	  	$	600	 	 	  	$	264	 	 	  	Dec. 2010	
ACE Limited 3	  	 	50	 	 	  	 	—	 	 	  	March 2007	
Secured Operational LOC Facilities	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	
ACE Limited	  	 	500	 	 	  	 	299	 	 	  	July 2010	
Other 4	  	 	72	 	 	  	 	72	 	 	  	Various	
Unsecured Operational LOC Facilities	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	
ACE Limited	  	 	1,000	 	 	  	 	781	 	 	  	July 2010	
Unsecured Capital Facilities	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	
ACE Limited 5	  	 	744	 	 	  	 	699	 	 	  	Dec. 2012	
Total	  	$	2,966	 	 	  	$	2,115	 	 	  	 	
(1) Certain facilities are guaranteed by operating subsidiaries and/or ACE Limited.
(2) Commercial paper back-up facility may also be used for LOCs.
(3) Cash pooling back-up facility.
(4) These facilities are issued in the name of ACE European Group Limited, Lloyd’s Syndicate 2488 and Century Indemnity Reinsurance Company.
(5) Supports ACE Global Markets underwriting capacity for Lloyd’s Syndicate 2488.
With the exception of the LOC facilities noted under “Other”, the facilities noted above require that we maintain certain covenants, all of which have been met at December 31, 2006. These covenants include:
(i)	maintenance of a minimum consolidated net worth in an amount not less than the “Minimum Amount”. For the purpose of this calculation, the Minimum Amount is an amount equal to the sum of the base amount (currently $8 billion) plus 25 percent of consolidated net income for each fiscal quarter, ending after the date on which the current base amount became effective, plus 50 percent of any increase in consolidated net worth during the same period, attributable to the issuance of Ordinary and Preferred Shares. The Minimum Amount is subject to an annual reset provision; and	
(ii)	maintenance of a maximum debt to total capitalization ratio of not greater than 0.35 to 1. Under this covenant, debt does not include trust preferred securities or mezzanine equity, except where the ratio of the sum of trust preferred securities and mezzanine equity to total capitalization is greater than 15 percent. In this circumstance, the amount greater than 15 percent would be included in the debt to total capitalization ratio.	
At December 31, 2006, (a) the minimum consolidated net worth requirement under the covenant described in (i) above was $8.6 billion and our actual consolidated net worth as calculated under that covenant was $13.7 billion and (b) our ratio of debt to total capitalization was 0.13 to 1.
In addition to these covenants, the ACE Global Markets capital facility requires that collateral be posted if the financial strength rating of ACE falls to S&P BBB+ or lower.
Our failure to comply with the covenants under any credit facility would, subject to grace periods in the case of certain covenants, result in an event of default. This could require us to repay any outstanding borrowings or to cash collateralize LOCs under such facility. A failure by ACE Limited (or any of its subsidiaries) to pay an obligation due for an amount exceeding $50 million would result in an event of default under all of the facilities described above.
 
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Refer to Note 2 p) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.
 
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 Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	

Market Sensitive Instruments and Risk Management
Market risk represents the potential for loss due to adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. We are exposed to potential losses from various market risks including changes in interest rates, equity prices and foreign currency exchange rates. Further, through the writings of certain products such as credit derivatives (through our approximately 28 percent ownership of Assured Guaranty) and GMIB and GMDB products, we are exposed to deterioration in the credit markets, decreases in interest rates and declines in the equity markets. Our investment portfolio consists of both fixed income and equity securities, denominated in both U.S. dollars and foreign currencies, which are sensitive to changes in interest rates, equity prices and foreign currency exchange rates.
The majority of our fixed income and all of our equity securities are classified as available-for-sale and, as such, changes in interest rates, equity prices or foreign currency exchange rates will have an immediate effect on comprehensive income and shareholders’ equity but will not ordinarily have an immediate effect on net income. Nevertheless, changes in interest rates and equity prices affect consolidated net income when, and if, a security is sold or impaired. From time to time, we also use investment derivative instruments such as futures, options, interest rate swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts to manage the duration of our investment portfolio and foreign currency exposures and also to obtain exposure to a particular financial market. In addition, as part of our investing activity, we purchase TBAs. These instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities in our Consolidated Financial Statements and are sensitive to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity security prices. Changes in the fair value of TBAs are included in net realized gains (losses) and therefore have an immediate effect on both our net income and shareholders’ equity. At December 31, 2006 and 2005, our notional exposure to investment derivative instruments was $16 billion and $17 billion, respectively.
We seek to mitigate market risk using a number of techniques, including maintaining and managing the assets and liabilities of our international operations consistent with the foreign currencies of the underlying insurance and reinsurance businesses, thereby limiting exchange rate risk to net assets denominated in foreign currencies. Also, from time to time, we enter into derivative financial instruments for the purpose of managing certain investment portfolio exposures.
The following is a discussion of our primary market risk exposures at December 31, 2006. Our policies to address these risks in 2006 were not materially different from 2005. We do not currently anticipate significant changes in our primary market risk exposures or in how those exposures are managed in future reporting periods based upon what is known or expected to be in effect in future reporting periods.

Interest rate risk
Our exposure to interest rate risk is primarily concentrated in our fixed income portfolio, our debt obligations and, to a lesser extent, our GMIB reinsurance business. Changes in investment values attributable to interest rate changes are mitigated by corresponding and partially offsetting changes in the economic value of our insurance reserves and debt obligations. We monitor this exposure through periodic reviews of our asset and liability positions.
The following table shows the impact on the market value of our fixed income portfolio of an increase in interest rates of 100 basis points applied instantly across the yield curve (an immediate time horizon was used as this presents the worst case scenario) at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	December 31
2006	  	December 31
2005	
Fair value of fixed income portfolio	  	$	34,011	  	$	29,639	
Pre-tax impact of 100 basis point increase in interest rates	  	$	1,062	  	$	824	
Percentage of total fixed income portfolio at fair value	  	 	3.1%	  	 	2.8%	
 
Changes in interest rates will have an immediate effect on comprehensive income and shareholders’ equity but will not ordinarily have an immediate effect on net income.
Although our debt, preferred shares, and trust preferred securities (collectively referred to as debt obligations) are reported at amortized value and not adjusted for fair value changes, changes in interest rates could have a material impact on their fair value, albeit there is no immediate impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. The
 
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following table shows the impact on the market value of our debt obligations of a decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points applied instantly across the yield curve (an immediate time horizon was used as this presents the worst case scenario) at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	December 31
2006	 	 	  	December 31
2005	
Fair value of debt obligations	  	$	3,219	 	 	  	$	3,210	
Impact of 100 basis point decrease in interest rates	  	$	257	 	 	  	$	228	
Percentage of total debt obligations at fair value	  	 	8.0%	 	 	  	 	7.1%	
 
Variations in market interest rates could produce significant changes in the timing of prepayments due to prepayment options available. For these reasons, actual results could differ from those reflected in the tables.
Our net income is directly impacted by changes in the fair value of GMIBs. Net realized gains of $nil and $18 million were reported for GMIB reinsurance in 2006 and 2005, respectively. The change in the fair value of GMIBs is determined using internal valuation models. Such valuations require considerable judgment and are subject to significant uncertainty. The valuation of these products is subject to fluctuations arising from, among other factors, changes in interest rates, changes in the equity markets and changes in the allocation of the investments underlying annuitant’s account value. These models and the related assumptions are continually reviewed by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon improvements in modeling techniques and availability of more timely information, such as market conditions and demographics of in-force annuities.
Including the effect of hedge derivatives, we estimate that based on in-force annuities covered by GMIB reinsurance treaties at December 31, 2006, a downward parallel shift of the yield curve of 100 basis points would result in an unrealized loss of approximately $79 million. This estimated change in fair value would be recorded as net realized losses in our net income. The gain or loss created by the estimated fair value adjustment will rise or fall each period based on estimated market pricing and may not be an indication of ultimate claims.

Equity price risk
Our portfolio of equity securities, which we carry on our balance sheet at fair value, has exposure to price risk. This risk is defined as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in stock prices. In addition, we attain exposure to the equity markets through the use of derivative instruments, which also have exposure to price risk. Our U.S. equity portfolio is correlated with the S&P 500 index and changes in that index would approximate the impact on our portfolio. Our international equity portfolio has exposure to a broad range of non-U.S. equity markets. The following table provides more information on our exposure to equity price risk at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

(millions of U.S. dollars)	  	December 31
2006	 	 	  	December 31
2005	
Fair value of equity securities	  	$	1,713	 	 	  	$	1,507	
Pre-tax impact of 10 percent decline in market prices for equity exposures	  	$	171	 	 	  	$	151	
 
Changes in the fair value of our equity portfolio are recorded as unrealized appreciation (depreciation) and are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity.
As discussed above, our net income is directly impacted by changes in the fair value of GMIBs. Including the effect of hedge derivatives, we estimate that based on in-force annuities covered by GMIB reinsurance treaties at December 31, 2006, a 10 percent decline in the S&P index would result in an unrealized loss of approximately $11 million. This estimated change in fair value would be recorded as net realized losses in our consolidated statement of operations. The gain or loss created by the estimated fair value adjustment will rise or fall each period based on estimated market pricing and may not be an indication of ultimate claims.
 
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Foreign currency exchange rate risk
Many of our non-U.S. companies maintain both assets and liabilities in local currencies. Therefore, foreign exchange rate risk is generally limited to net assets denominated in those foreign currencies. Foreign exchange rate risk is reviewed as part of our risk management process. Locally required capital levels are invested in home currencies in order to satisfy regulatory requirements and to support local insurance operations regardless of currency fluctuations. The principal currencies creating foreign exchange risk for us are the British pound sterling, the Euro dollar and the Canadian dollar. The following table provides more information on our exposure to foreign exchange rate risk at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

(millions of U.S. dollars)	  	December 31
2006	 	 	 	  	December 31
2005	 	
Fair value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies	  	$	1,251	 	 	 	  	$	995	 	
Percentage of fair value of total net assets	  	 	8.8	%	 	 	  	 	8.4	%	
Pre-tax impact on equity of hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of U.S. dollar	  	$	114	 	 	 	  	$	90	 	

 ITEM 8. 	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	
 
The financial statements and supplementary data required by Regulation S-X are included in this report on Form 10-K commencing on page F-1.

 ITEM 9. 	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	
 
There have been no changes in, or any disagreements with, accountants on accounting and financial disclosure within the two years ended December 31, 2006.

 ITEM 9A. 	Controls and Procedures	
 
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13(a) -15(e) and Rule 15(d) -15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of December 31, 2006. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in allowing information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 to be recorded, processed, summarized and reported within time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There has been no change in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting during the Company’s quarter ended December 31, 2006, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting. The Company’s management report on internal control over financial reporting is included on page F-3 and PricewaterhouseCooper LLP’s audit report is included on page F-4.

 ITEM 9B. 	Other Information	
 
There is no information required to be disclosed in a report on Form 8-K that has not been reported.
 
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PART  III

ITEM 10. 	Directors, Ex  ecutive Officers and Corporate Governance	
 
Information pertaining to this item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Proposal No. 1: Election of Directors”, “Corporate Governance – Did our Officers and Directors Comply with Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting in 2006?”, “Corporate Governance – How are Directors Nominated?” and “Corporate Governance – The Committees of the Board – The Audit Committee” of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 17, 2007, which involves the election of directors and will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to regulation 14A.
 
Code of Ethics
The Company has adopted a Code of Conduct, which sets forth standards by which all ACE employees, officers and directors must abide as they work for the Company. The Company has posted this Code of Conduct on its Internet site (www.acelimited.com, under Investor Information / Corporate Governance / Code of Conduct). The Company intends to disclose on its Internet site any amendments to, or waivers from, its Code of Conduct that are required to be publicly disclosed pursuant to the rules of the SEC or the New York Stock Exchange.

ITEM 11. 	Ex  ecutive Compensation	
 
This item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Executive Compensation” of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 17, 2007, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to regulation 14A.

ITEM 12. 	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matt  ers	
 
The following table presents securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2006:

Plan Category	  	Number of securities to
be issued upon exercise
of outstanding options,
warrants and rights	 	 	  	Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights	 	 	  	Number of securities
remaining available for
future issuance under
equity compensation
plans (1)	
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (2)	  	11,706,063	 	 	  	$	39.52	 	 	  	12,952,636	
Equity compensation plans not approved by security
holders (3)	  	46,458	 	 	  	$	16.19	 	 	  	—  	
Total	  	11,752,521	 	 	  	$	39.43	 	 	  	12,952,636	
 
(1) These totals include securities available for future issuance under the following plans:
 
i.	ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan ( the “2004 LTIP ”) A total of 15,000,000 Ordinary Shares of the Company are authorized to be issued pursuant to awards made as stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock and restricted stock units. The maximum number of shares that may be delivered to participants and their beneficiaries under the 2004 LTIP shall be equal to the sum of: (i) 15,000,000 shares; and (ii) any shares that are represented by awards granted under the ACE Limited 1995 Long-Term Incentive Plan, the ACE Limited 1995 Outside Directors Plan, the ACE Limited 1998 Long-Term Incentive Plan, and the ACE Limited 1999 Replacement Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Prior Plans”) that are forfeited, expired or are canceled after the effective date of the 2004 LTIP of February 25, 2004, without delivery of shares or which result in the forfeiture of the shares back to the Company to the extent that such shares would have been added back to the reserve under the terms of the applicable Prior Plan. As of December 29, 2006, a total of 11,554,053 shares remain available for future issuance under this plan.	
 
ii.	ACE Limited 1998 Long-Term Incentive Plan . A total of 21,252,007 shares were authorized to be issued pursuant to awards made as stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock and restricted stock units; the number of shares available for awards other than stock options and stock apprecia -	
 
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 	tion rights was 3,232,485 shares. This plan only remains in effect with respect to outstanding awards made pursuant to this plan. Future awards will be made pursuant to the 2004 LTIP.	
 
iii.	ACE Limited 1995 Long-Term Incentive Plan . Shares were authorized to be issued in an amount determined by a formula described in footnote (2) below pursuant to awards to be made as stock options, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock. This plan only remains in effect with respect to outstanding awards made pursuant to this plan. Future awards will be made pursuant to the 2004 LTIP.	
 
iv.	ACE Limited 1999 Replacement Long Term Incentive Plan. A total of 4,770,555 shares were authorized to be issued pursuant to awards to be made as stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock and restricted stock units. This plan only remains in effect with respect to outstanding awards made pursuant to this plan.	
 
v.	ACE Limited 1995 Outside Directors Plan . Shares were authorized to be issued in an amount determined by a formula described in footnote (2) below pursuant to awards made as stock options, restricted stock and unrestricted stock. This plan only remains in effect with respect to outstanding awards made pursuant to this plan. Future awards will be made pursuant to the 2004 LTIP.	
 
vi.	Employee Stock Purchase Plan . A total of 3,000,000 shares are authorized for purchase at a discount. As of December 29, 2006, 1,398,583 shares remain available for future issuance under this plan.	
 
(2) This plan category includes shares issuable pursuant to the following plans that authorize shares based on a formula:
 
i.	ACE Limited 1995 Long-Term Incentive Plan . The total number of shares available for awards under this plan in any fiscal year was five percent of the adjusted average of the outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company, as that number is determined by the Company, to calculate fully diluted earnings per share for the preceding fiscal year, reduced by any shares of stock granted pursuant to awards under this plan and any shares of stock subject to any outstanding award under this plan. This plan only remains in effect with respect to outstanding awards made pursuant to this plan. Future awards will be made pursuant to the 2004 LTIP.	
 
ii.	ACE Limited 1995 Outside Directors Plan . The total number of shares available for awards under this plan in any fiscal year was 0.5 percent of the adjusted average of the outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company, as that number was determined by the Company, to calculate fully diluted earnings per share for the preceding fiscal year, reduced by any shares of stock granted pursuant to awards under the Plan and any shares of stock subject to any outstanding award under the plan. This plan only remains in effect with respect to outstanding awards made pursuant to this plan. Future awards will be made pursuant to the 2004 LTIP.	
 
(3) This plan category consists of the following plan:
 
ACE Limited 1999 Replacement Stock Plan. This plan authorized awards to persons employed by the Company in conjunction with the Company’s acquisition of Capital Re Corporation as replacement for Capital Re Corporation awards. A total of 46,458 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $16.19 are outstanding as replacement awards under this plan. This plan also permitted awards to employees or other persons providing services to the Company or its subsidiaries. A total of 25,000 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $36.30 are outstanding as awards made to employees of the Company or its subsidiaries under this plan. This plan only remains in effect with respect to outstanding awards made pursuant to this plan.
 
Additional information is incorporated by reference to the section entitled “Information About our Ordinary Share Ownership” of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 17, 2007, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to regulation 14A.
 
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ITEM 13. 	Cert  ain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	
 
This item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Corporate Governance – What Is Our Related Party Transactions Approval Policy and What Procedures Do We Use to Implement It?”, “Corporate Governance – What Related Person Transactions Do We Have?” and “Corporate Governance – Director Independence” of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 17, 2007, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to regulation 14A.

ITEM 14. 	Principal Acc  ounting Fees and Services	
 
This item is incorporated by reference to the section entitled “Proposal No. 2: Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – Independent Auditor Fee Information” of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 17, 2007, which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to regulation 14A.
 
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 PART IV

 ITEM 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	
 
(a) Financial Statements, Schedules and Exhibits

 1.	 	Consolidated Financial Statements	  	Page	
			
–	 	Management’s Responsibility for Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting	  	F-3	
–	 	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	  	F-4	
–	 	Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2006 and 2005	  	F-5	
–	 	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004	  	F-6	
–	 	Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004	  	F-7	
–	 	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004	  	F-9	
–	 	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	  	F-10	
			
2.	 	Financial Statement Schedules	  	 	
			
–	 	Schedule I—Summary of Investments – Other Than Investments in Related Parties	  	F-72	
–	 	Schedule II—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only)	  	F-73	
–	 	Schedule IV—Supplemental Information Concerning Reinsurance	  	F-76	
–	 	Schedule VI—Supplemental Information Concerning Property and Casualty Operations	  	F-77	
	
Other schedules have been omitted as they are not applicable to ACE, or the required information has been included in
the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes.	
			
3.	 	Exhibits	  	 	

 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference	  	 	
Exhibit
Number	  	Exhibit Description	  	Form	  	Original
Number	  	Date Filed	  	SEC File
Reference
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
3.1	  	Memorandum of Association of the Company	  	10-K	  	3.1	  	December 18, 1998	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
3.2	  	Articles of Association of the Company	  	10-K	  	3.2	  	December 18, 1998	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
3.3	  	Special Resolutions adopted January 22, 2002 increasing the number of authorized Ordinary Shares and Other Shares	  	10-K	  	3.3	  	March 18, 2002	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
3.4	  	Resolutions of a committee of the Board of Directors of ACE Limited establishing the terms of the 7.80 percent Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares, Series C, of ACE Limited	  	8-K	  	4.1	  	May 30, 2003	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
4.1	  	Memorandum of Association of the Company	  	10-K	  	3.1	  	December 18, 1998	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
4.2	  	Articles of Association of the Company	  	10-K	  	3.2	  	December 18, 1998	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
4.3	  	Special Resolutions adopted January 22, 2002 increasing the number of authorized Ordinary Shares and Other Shares	  	10-K	  	3.3	  	March 18, 2002	  	001-11778	  	 	
 
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 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference	  	 	
Exhibit
Number	  	Exhibit Description	  	Form	  	Original
Number	  	Date Filed	  	SEC File
Reference
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
4.4	  	Resolutions of a committee of the Board of Directors of ACE Limited establishing the terms of the 7.80 percent Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares, Series C, of ACE Limited	  	8-K	  	4.1	  	May 30, 2003	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
4.5	  	Specimen certificate representing Ordinary Shares	  	10-K	  	4.3	  	March 18, 2002	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
4.6	  	Amended and Restated Rights Agreement between ACE Limited and Mellon Investor Services LLC, Rights Agent, dated as of December 20, 2001	  	10-K	  	10.59	  	March 18, 2002	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
4.7	  	Indenture, dated as of March 15, 2002, between ACE Limited and Bank One Trust Company, N.A	  	8-K	  	4.1	  	March 22, 2002	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
4.8	  	Senior Indenture, dated as of August 1, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., ACE Limited and Bank One, N.A. (formerly The First National Bank of Chicago), as trustee	  	S-1	  	4.5	  	August 12, 1999	  	333-78841	  	 	
							
4.9	  	Indenture, dated as of November 30, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc. and Bank One Trust Company, N.A., as trustee	  	10-K	  	10.38	  	March 29, 2000	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
4.10	  	Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of December 6, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc. and Bank One Trust Company, N.A., as trustee	  	10-K	  	10.39	  	March 29, 2000	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
4.11	  	Supplemental Indenture No. 2 and waiver, dated as of February 16, 2000, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc. and Bank One Trust Company, N.A., as trustee	  	10-K	  	4.11	  	March 16, 2006	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
4.12	  	Indenture, dated as of December 1, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., ACE Limited and Bank One Trust Company, National Association, as trustee	  	10-K	  	10.41	  	March 29, 2000	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
4.13	  	Indenture, dated as of October 27, 1998, between ACE US Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as successor trustee	  	10-K	  	10.37	  	December 18, 1998	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
4.14	  	Supplemental indenture and waiver, dated as of February 16, 2000, between ACE US Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as successor trustee	  	10-K	  	4.14	  	March 16, 2006	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
4.15	  	Supplemental indenture No. 2, dated as of June 1, 2003, between ACE US Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as successor trustee	  	10-K	  	4.15	  	March 16, 2006	  	011-11778	  	 	
 
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 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference	  	 	
Exhibit
Number	  	Exhibit Description	  	Form	  	Original
Number	  	Date Filed	  	SEC File
Reference
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
4.16	  	Supplemental indenture No. 3, dated as of September 1, 2004, between ACE US Holdings, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as successor trustee	  	10-K	  	4.16	  	March 16, 2006	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
4.17	  	Amended and Restated Trust Agreement, dated March 31, 2000, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., Bank One Trust Company, National Association, as property trustee, Bank One Delaware Inc., as Delaware trustee and the administrative trustees named therein	  	10-K	  	4.17	  	March 16, 2006	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
4.18	  	Common Securities Guarantee Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2000	  	10-K	  	4.18	  	March 16, 2006	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
4.19	  	Capital Securities Guarantee Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2000	  	10-K	  	4.19	  	March 16, 2006	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
10.1	  	Amendment dated as of November 14, 2005 amending and restating Information Technology Services Agreement, dated as of June 29, 2005, among ACE INA Holdings Inc. and International Business Machines Corporation	  	10-K	  	10.1	  	March 16, 2006	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
10.2*	  	Amended and Restated Indemnification Agreement in the form executed between the Company and directors and/or officers	  	10-K	  	10.2	  	March 16, 2006	  	011-11778	  	 	
							
10.3	  	Stock Purchase Agreement dated as of January 5, 2005, among Century Indemnity Company, ACE INA International Holdings, Ltd. and Randall & Quilter Investment Holdings Limited	  	10-K	  	10.34	  	March 16, 2005	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.4	  	Amendment and waiver to the Stock Purchase Agreement dated as of January 26, 2006, among Century Indemnity Company, ACE INA International Holdings, Ltd. and Randall & Quilter Investment Holdings Limited	  	10-K	  	10.5	  	March 16, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.5	  	Assurance of Discontinuance and Voluntary Compliance with the Office of the New York Attorney General, the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Illinois and the Attorney General of the State of Connecticut	  	8-K	  	10.1	  	April 28, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.6	  	Stipulation with the New York State Department of Insurance	  	8-K	  	10.2	  	April 28, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.7	  	Consulting Services Agreement by and between GTS Consulting, LLC and ACE American Insurance Company	  	10-Q	  	10.1	  	November 8, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
 
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 	 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference	  	 	
Exhibit
Number	 	  	Exhibit Description	  	Form	  	Original
Number	  	Date Filed	  	SEC File
Reference
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
10.8	 	  	Credit Agreement dated as of March 31, 2006, among ACE Limited, ACE Bermuda Insurance Ltd., ACE Tempest Reinsurance Ltd., and ING Bank, N.V., London Branch	  	10-Q	  	10.2	  	May 5, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.9	 	  	Seventh Amendment and Restatement Agreement dated as of November 17, 2006, relating to a letter of credit facility originally dated November 19, 1999, among ACE Limited, ACE Bermuda Insurance Ltd., ACE Tempest Reinsurance Ltd., Citigroup Global Markets Limited, and Barclays Capital as lead arrangers and ING Bank, as co-arranger, and Citibank International plc, as agent and security trustee and certain financial institutions	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.10	 	  	Credit Agreement for A$100,000,000 dated as of December 13, 2005, among ACE Australia Holdings PTY Limited, ACE Limited, and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc and HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. as lead arrangers and certain other financial institutions	  	10-K	  	10.7	  	March 16, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.11	 	  	Credit Agreement for £100,000,000 dated as of December 13, 2005, among ACE European Holdings NO.2 Limited, ACE Limited, and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc and HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. as lead arrangers and certain other financial institutions	  	10-K	  	10.8	  	March 16, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.12	 	  	Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for $600,000,000 dated as of December 15, 2005, among ACE Limited, certain subsidiaries, various lenders and J.P. Morgan Securities and Barclays Capital as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners	  	10-K	  	10.9	  	March 16, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.13	 	  	Amended and Restated Reimbursement Agreement for $1,000,000,000 Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility, dated as of July 1, 2005, among ACE Limited, certain subsidiaries, various lenders and Wachovia Bank, National Association as administrative agent	  	8-K	  	10.1	  	July 7, 2005	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.14	 	  	Amended and Restated Reimbursement Agreement for $500,000,000 Secured Letter of Credit Facility, dated as of July 1, 2005, among ACE Limited, certain subsidiaries, various lenders and Wachovia Bank, National Association as administrative agent	  	8-K	  	10.2	  	July 7, 2005	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.15	*	  	Letter agreement, dated as of May 17, 2006, setting forth Brian Duperreault’s compensation arrangements.	  	10-Q	  	10.3	  	August 7, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
 
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 	 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference	  	 	
Exhibit
Number	 	  	Exhibit Description	  	Form	  	Original
Number	  	Date Filed	  	SEC File
Reference
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
10.16	*	  	Employment Terms dated October 29, 2001, between ACE Limited and Evan Greenberg	  	10-K	  	10.64	  	March 27, 2003	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.17	*	  	Employment Terms dated November 2, 2001, between ACE Limited and Philip V. Bancroft	  	10-K	  	10.65	  	March 27, 2003	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.18	*	  	Executive Severance Agreement between ACE Limited and Philip Bancroft, effective January 2, 2002	  	10-Q	  	10. 1	  	May 10, 2004	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.19	*	  	Employee note from Brian Dowd, dated May 28, 2002	  	10-K	  	10.36	  	March 16, 2005	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.20	*	  	Promissory note from Brian Dowd, dated July 28, 2002	  	10-K	  	10.37	  	March 16, 2005	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.21	*	  	Employment Terms dated February 25, 2005, between ACE Limited and Robert Cusumano	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.22	*	  	Employment Terms dated April 7, 2003, between ACE Limited and Paul Medini	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.23	*	  	ACE Limited Executive Severance Plan as adopted effective March 29, 2006.	  	10-Q	  	10.1	  	May 5, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.24	*	  	Description of executive officer cash compensation for 2006	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.25	*	  	Director compensation under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.26	*	  	ACE Limited Annual Performance Incentive Plan	  	S-1	  	10.13	  	January 21, 1993	  	33-57206	  	 	
							
10.27	*	  	ACE Limited Elective Deferred Compensation Plan as amended and restated effective January 1, 2005	  	10-K	  	10.24	  	March 16, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.28	*	  	ACE USA Officer Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended through January 1, 2001)	  	10-K	  	10.25	  	March 16, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.29	*	  	ACE Limited Supplemental Retirement Plan (as amended and restated effective July 1, 2001)	  	10-Q	  	10.1	  	November 14, 2001	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.30	*	  	ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (as amended through the Second Amendment)	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.31	*	  	ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (as amended through the Third Amendment)	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.32	*	  	The ACE Limited 1995 Outside Directors Plan (as amended through the Seventh Amendment)	  	10-Q	  	10.1	  	August 14, 2003	  	001-11778	  	 	
 
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 	 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference	  	 	
Exhibit
Number	 	  	Exhibit Description	  	Form	  	Original
Number	  	Date Filed	  	SEC File
Reference
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
10.33	*	  	ACE Limited 1995 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended through the Third Amendment)	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.34	*	  	ACE Limited 1998 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended through the Fourth Amendment)	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.35	*	  	ACE Limited 1999 Replacement Long-Term Incentive Plan	  	10-Q	  	10.1	  	November 15, 1999	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.36	*	  	ACE Limited Rules of the Approved U.K. Stock Option Program	  	10-Q	  	10.2	  	February 13, 1998	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.37	*	  	ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended through the Second Amendment)	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
10.38	*	  	Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan	  	8-K	  	10.2	  	September 13, 2004	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.39	*	  	Revised Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan.	  	10-Q	  	10.3	  	November 8, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.40	*	  	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan	  	8-K	  	10.3	  	September 13, 2004	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.41	*	  	Revised Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan.	  	10-Q	  	10.4	  	November 8, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.42	*	  	Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan	  	8-K	  	10.4	  	September 13, 2004	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.43	*	  	Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan	  	8-K	  	10.5	  	September 13, 2004	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.44	*	  	Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as updated through May 4, 2006	  	10-Q	  	10.3	  	May 5, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
10.45	*	  	Revised Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan	  	10-Q	  	10.2	  	November 8, 2006	  	001-11778	  	 	
							
12.1	 	  	Ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred share dividends calculation	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
21.1	 	  	Subsidiaries of the Company	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
23.1	 	  	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 
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 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference	  	 	
Exhibit
Number	  	Exhibit Description	  	Form	  	Original
Number	  	Date Filed	  	SEC File
Reference
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
31.1	  	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
31.2	  	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
32.1	  	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
							
32.2	  	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
* Management Contract or Compensation Plan
 
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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 	 	 	 	ACE L IMITED	
					
 	 	 	 	 	 	By:	 	/ S / P HILIP V. B ANCROFT	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Philip V. Bancroft
Chief Financial Officer	
February 28, 2007
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	  	Title	  	Date	
			
/ S / B RIAN D UPERREAULT    

Brian Duperreault	  	Chairman; Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / E VAN G. G REENBERG    

Evan G. Greenberg	  	President, Chief Executive Officer; Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / P HILIP V. B ANCROFT    

Philip V. Bancroft	  	Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / P AUL B. M EDINI    

Paul B. Medini	  	Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / M ICHAEL G. A TIEH    

Michael G. Atieh	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / M ARY A. C IRILLO    

Mary A. Cirillo	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / B RUCE L. C ROCKETT    

Bruce L. Crockett	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / R OBERT M. H ERNANDEZ    

Robert M. Hernandez	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / J OHN A. K ROL    

John A. Krol	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / P ETER M ENIKOFF    

Peter Menikoff	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / T HOMAS J. N EFF    

Thomas J. Neff	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / R OBERT R IPP    

Robert Ripp	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / D ERMOT F. S MURFIT    

Dermot F. Smurfit	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
			
/ S / G ARY M. S TUART    

Gary M. Stuart	  	Director	  	February 28, 2007	
 
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ACE LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
DECEMBER 31, 2006
 
F-1

Table of Contents
ACE Limited
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 	 	Page	
Management’s Responsibility for Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting	 	F-3	
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	 	F-4	
		
Consolidated Financial Statements	 	 	
Consolidated Balance Sheets	 	F-5	
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income	 	F-6	
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity	 	F-7	
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	 	F-9	
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	 	F-10	
		
Financial Statement Schedules	 	 	
Schedule I – Summary of Investments – Other Than Investments In Related Parties	 	F-72	
Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only)	 	F-73	
Schedule IV – Supplemental Information Concerning Reinsurance	 	F-76	
Schedule VI – Supplementary Information Concerning Property and Casualty Operations	 	F-77	
 
F-2

Table of Contents
 MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Financial Statements
The consolidated financial statements of ACE Limited were prepared by management, who are responsible for their reliability and objectivity. The statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and, as such, include amounts based on informed estimates and judgments of management. Financial information elsewhere in this annual report is consistent with that in the consolidated financial statements.
The Board of Directors, operating through its Audit Committee, which is composed entirely of directors who are not officers or employees of the Company, provides oversight of the financial reporting process and safeguarding of assets against unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition. The Audit Committee annually recommends the appointment of an independent registered public accounting firm and submits its recommendation to the Board of Directors for approval.
The Audit Committee meets with management, the independent registered public accountants and the internal auditor; approves the overall scope of audit work and related fee arrangements; and reviews audit reports and findings. In addition, the independent registered public accountants and the internal auditor meet separately with the Audit Committee, without management representatives present, to discuss the results of their audits; the adequacy of the Company’s internal control; the quality of its financial reporting; and the safeguarding of assets against unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition.
The consolidated financial statements have been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, who were given unrestricted access to all financial records and related data, including minutes of all meetings of the Board of Directors and committees of the Board. The Company believes that all representations made to our independent registered public accountants during their audits were valid and appropriate.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The management of ACE Limited (ACE) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
As of December 31, 2006, management has evaluated the effectiveness of ACE’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework,” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, we have concluded that ACE’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2006.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of ACE included in this Annual Report, has issued a report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006. The report, which expresses unqualified opinions on management’s assessment and on the effectiveness of ACE’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, is included in this Item under “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and follows this statement.

/s/    Evan G. Greenberg

Evan G. Greenberg
President and Chief Executive Officer	 	 	 	/s/    Philip V. Bancroft

Philip V. Bancroft
Chief Financial Officer	
 
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Table of Contents
 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of ACE Limited:
 
We have completed integrated audits of ACE Limited’s consolidated financial statements and of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006 in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Our opinions, based on our audits, are presented below.
 
Consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(1) present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of ACE Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) at December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2006 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. These financial statements and financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedules based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit of financial statements includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
Internal control over financial reporting
Also, in our opinion, management’s assessment, included in “Management’s Responsibility for Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” appearing under Item 15, that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), is fairly stated, in all material respects, based on those criteria. Furthermore, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the COSO. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on management’s assessment and on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting, in all material respects. An audit of internal control over financial reporting includes obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we consider necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 28, 2007
 
F-4

Table of Contents
 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries

December 31, 2006 and 2005
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)	 	December 31
2006	 	 	 	 	December 31
2005	 	
Assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Investments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed maturities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost – $28,389 and $24,273)	 	$	28,540	 	 	 	 	$	24,285	 	
Fixed maturities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value – $3,015 and $3,055)	 	 	3,047	 	 	 	 	 	3,076	 	
Equity securities, at fair value (cost – $1,372 and $1,280)	 	 	1,713	 	 	 	 	 	1,507	 	
Short-term investments, at fair value and amortized cost	 	 	2,456	 	 	 	 	 	2,299	 	
Other investments (cost – $661 and $592)	 	 	845	 	 	 	 	 	675	 	
Total investments	 	 	36,601	 	 	 	 	 	31,842	 	
Cash	 	 	565	 	 	 	 	 	512	 	
Securities lending collateral	 	 	2,171	 	 	 	 	 	1,723	 	
Accrued investment income	 	 	352	 	 	 	 	 	338	 	
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	 	 	3,580	 	 	 	 	 	3,343	 	
Reinsurance recoverable	 	 	14,580	 	 	 	 	 	15,463	 	
Deferred policy acquisition costs	 	 	1,077	 	 	 	 	 	930	 	
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	 	 	1,586	 	 	 	 	 	1,346	 	
Goodwill	 	 	2,731	 	 	 	 	 	2,703	 	
Deferred tax assets	 	 	1,165	 	 	 	 	 	1,314	 	
Investments in partially-owned insurance companies (cost – $727 and $818)	 	 	789	 	 	 	 	 	876	 	
Other assets	 	 	1,938	 	 	 	 	 	2,050	 	
Total assets	 	$	67,135	 	 	 	 	$	62,440	 	
Liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	 	$	35,517	 	 	 	 	$	35,055	 	
Unearned premiums	 	 	6,437	 	 	 	 	 	5,884	 	
Future policy benefits for life and annuity contracts	 	 	518	 	 	 	 	 	521	 	
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable	 	 	2,449	 	 	 	 	 	2,405	 	
Deposit liabilities	 	 	335	 	 	 	 	 	350	 	
Securities lending payable	 	 	2,171	 	 	 	 	 	1,723	 	
Payable for securities purchased	 	 	1,286	 	 	 	 	 	701	 	
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	 	 	1,541	 	 	 	 	 	1,395	 	
Income taxes payable	 	 	156	 	 	 	 	 	174	 	
Short-term debt	 	 	578	 	 	 	 	 	300	 	
Long-term debt	 	 	1,560	 	 	 	 	 	1,811	 	
Trust preferred securities	 	 	309	 	 	 	 	 	309	 	
Total liabilities	 	 	52,857	 	 	 	 	 	50,628	 	
Commitments and contingencies	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Shareholders’ equity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Preferred Shares ($1.00 par value, 2,300,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding)	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	 	2	 	
Ordinary Shares ($0.041666667 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized;	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
326,455,468 and 323,322,586 shares issued and outstanding)	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	 	13	 	
Additional paid-in capital	 	 	6,640	 	 	 	 	 	6,569	 	
Unearned stock grant compensation	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(69	)	
Retained earnings	 	 	6,906	 	 	 	 	 	4,965	 	
Deferred compensation obligation	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive income	 	 	716	 	 	 	 	 	332	 	
Ordinary Shares issued to employee trust	 	 	(4	)	 	 	 	 	(6	)	
Total shareholders’ equity	 	 	14,278	 	 	 	 	 	11,812	 	
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	 	$	67,135	 	 	 	 	$	62,440	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
 
F-5

Table of Contents
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries

For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Revenues	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross premiums written	 	$	17,401	 	 	 	 	$	16,811	 	 	 	 	$	16,094	 	
Reinsurance premiums ceded	 	 	(5,371	)	 	 	 	 	(5,019	)	 	 	 	 	(4,598	)	
Net premiums written	 	 	12,030	 	 	 	 	 	11,792	 	 	 	 	 	11,496	 	
Change in unearned premiums	 	 	(205	)	 	 	 	 	(44	)	 	 	 	 	(386	)	
Net premiums earned	 	 	11,825	 	 	 	 	 	11,748	 	 	 	 	 	11,110	 	
Net investment income	 	 	1,601	 	 	 	 	 	1,264	 	 	 	 	 	1,013	 	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	(98	)	 	 	 	 	76	 	 	 	 	 	197	 	
Total revenues	 	 	13,328	 	 	 	 	 	13,088	 	 	 	 	 	12,320	 	
Expenses	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Losses and loss expenses	 	 	7,070	 	 	 	 	 	8,571	 	 	 	 	 	7,690	 	
Life and annuity benefits	 	 	123	 	 	 	 	 	143	 	 	 	 	 	175	 	
Policy acquisition costs	 	 	1,715	 	 	 	 	 	1,663	 	 	 	 	 	1,559	 	
Administrative expenses	 	 	1,456	 	 	 	 	 	1,261	 	 	 	 	 	1,265	 	
Interest expense	 	 	176	 	 	 	 	 	174	 	 	 	 	 	183	 	
Other (income) expense	 	 	(35	)	 	 	 	 	(25	)	 	 	 	 	9	 	
Total expenses	 	 	10,505	 	 	 	 	 	11,787	 	 	 	 	 	10,881	 	
Income before income tax and cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	2,823	 	 	 	 	 	1,301	 	 	 	 	 	1,439	 	
Income tax expense	 	 	522	 	 	 	 	 	273	 	 	 	 	 	286	 	
Income before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	2,301	 	 	 	 	 	1,028	 	 	 	 	 	1,153	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net income	 	$	2,305	 	 	 	 	$	1,028	 	 	 	 	$	1,153	 	
Other comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) arising during the period	 	 	289	 	 	 	 	 	(251	)	 	 	 	 	183	 	
Reclassification adjustment for net realized (gains) losses included in net income	 	 	64	 	 	 	 	 	(135	)	 	 	 	 	(272	)	
 	 	 	353	 	 	 	 	 	(386	)	 	 	 	 	(89	)	
Change in:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cumulative translation adjustments	 	 	135	 	 	 	 	 	(139	)	 	 	 	 	131	 	
Minimum pension liability	 	 	20	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	(43	)	
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income tax	 	 	508	 	 	 	 	 	(517	)	 	 	 	 	(1	)	
Income tax (expense) benefit related to other comprehensive income items	 	 	(113	)	 	 	 	 	115	 	 	 	 	 	22	 	
Other comprehensive income (loss)	 	 	395	 	 	 	 	 	(402	)	 	 	 	 	21	 	
Comprehensive income	 	$	2,700	 	 	 	 	$	626	 	 	 	 	$	1,174	 	
Basic earnings per share before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	$	7.01	 	 	 	 	$	3.36	 	 	 	 	$	3.95	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	.01	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Basic earnings per share	 	$	7.02	 	 	 	 	$	3.36	 	 	 	 	$	3.95	 	
Diluted earnings per share before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	$	6.90	 	 	 	 	$	3.31	 	 	 	 	$	3.88	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	.01	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Diluted earnings per share	 	$	6.91	 	 	 	 	$	3.31	 	 	 	 	$	3.88	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
 
F-6

Table of Contents
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries

For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Preferred Shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning and end of year	 	$	2	 	 	 	 	$	2	 	 	 	 	$	2	 	
Ordinary Shares	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of year	 	 	13	 	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	12	 	
Shares issued	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Balance – end of year	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	 	13	 	 	 	 	 	12	 	
Additional paid-in capital	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of year	 	 	6,569	 	 	 	 	 	4,905	 	 	 	 	 	4,767	 	
Reclassification of unearned stock grant compensation	 	 	(69	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net shares (redeemed) issued under employee share-based compensation plans	 	 	(14	)	 	 	 	 	52	 	 	 	 	 	50	 	
Exercise of stock options	 	 	67	 	 	 	 	 	140	 	 	 	 	 	83	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	(5	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Share-based compensation expense	 	 	88	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Other	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	5	 	
Issuance of new shares	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,465	 	 	 	 	 	—	 	
Balance – end of year	 	 	6,640	 	 	 	 	 	6,569	 	 	 	 	 	4,905	 	
Unearned stock grant compensation	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of year	 	 	(69	)	 	 	 	 	(57	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	
Reclassification of unearned stock grant compensation	 	 	69	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net issuance of restricted stock under employee share-based compensation plans	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(68	)	 	 	 	 	(54	)	
Amortization	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	56	 	 	 	 	 	42	 	
Balance – end of year	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(69	)	 	 	 	 	(57	)	
Retained earnings	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of year	 	 	4,965	 	 	 	 	 	4,249	 	 	 	 	 	3,374	 	
Net income	 	 	2,305	 	 	 	 	 	1,028	 	 	 	 	 	1,153	 	
Dividends declared on Ordinary Shares	 	 	(319	)	 	 	 	 	(267	)	 	 	 	 	(233	)	
Dividends declared on Preferred Shares	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	
Balance – end of year	 	 	6,906	 	 	 	 	 	4,965	 	 	 	 	 	4,249	 	
Deferred compensation obligation	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of year	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	17	 	
Decrease to obligation	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	(6	)	 	 	 	 	(5	)	
Balance – end of year	 	$	4	 	 	 	 	$	6	 	 	 	 	$	12	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
 
F-7

Table of Contents
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
																	
For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive income	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of year	 	$	317	 	 	 	 	$	634	 	 	 	 	$	684	 	
Change in year, net of income tax (expense) benefit of $(63), $69 and $39	 	 	290	 	 	 	 	 	(317	)	 	 	 	 	(50	)	
Balance – end of year	 	 	607	 	 	 	 	 	317	 	 	 	 	 	634	 	
Cumulative translation adjustments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of year	 	 	73	 	 	 	 	 	164	 	 	 	 	 	65	 	
Change in year, net of income tax (expense) benefit of $(43), $48 and $(32)	 	 	92	 	 	 	 	 	(91	)	 	 	 	 	99	 	
Balance – end of year	 	 	165	 	 	 	 	 	73	 	 	 	 	 	164	 	
Pension liability	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Minimum pension liability – beginning of year	 	 	(58	)	 	 	 	 	(64	)	 	 	 	 	(36	)	
Change in year, net of income tax (expense) benefit of $(7), $(2) and $15	 	 	13	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	(28	)	
Minimum pension liability adjustment due to adoption of FAS 158, net of income tax (expense) benefit of $(25)	 	 	45	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Minimum pension liability – end of year	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(58	)	 	 	 	 	(64	)	
Pension liability adjustment due to adoption of FAS 158, net of income tax (expense) benefit of $30	 	 	(56	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Unrecognized losses and prior service cost – end of year	 	 	(56	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive income	 	 	716	 	 	 	 	 	332	 	 	 	 	 	734	 	
Ordinary Shares issued to employee trust	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance – beginning of year	 	 	(6	)	 	 	 	 	(12	)	 	 	 	 	(17	)	
Decrease in Ordinary Shares	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	5	 	
Balance – end of year	 	 	(4	)	 	 	 	 	(6	)	 	 	 	 	(12	)	
Total shareholders’ equity	 	$	14,278	 	 	 	 	$	11,812	 	 	 	 	$	9,845	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
 
F-8

Table of Contents
 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries

For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Cash flows from operating activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income	 	$	2,305	 	 	 	 	$	1,028	 	 	 	 	$	1,153	 	
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net realized (gains) losses	 	 	98	 	 	 	 	 	(76	)	 	 	 	 	(197	)	
Amortization of premium/discount on fixed maturities	 	 	10	 	 	 	 	 	90	 	 	 	 	 	107	 	
Deferred income taxes	 	 	57	 	 	 	 	 	(15	)	 	 	 	 	(10	)	
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	 	 	700	 	 	 	 	 	4,589	 	 	 	 	 	3,829	 	
Unearned premiums	 	 	343	 	 	 	 	 	79	 	 	 	 	 	758	 	
Future policy benefits for life and annuity contracts	 	 	(3	)	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	17	 	
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable	 	 	41	 	 	 	 	 	103	 	 	 	 	 	411	 	
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	 	 	66	 	 	 	 	 	19	 	 	 	 	 	106	 	
Income taxes payable	 	 	(18	)	 	 	 	 	(46	)	 	 	 	 	151	 	
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	 	 	(226	)	 	 	 	 	(227	)	 	 	 	 	(392	)	
Reinsurance recoverable	 	 	766	 	 	 	 	 	(1,367	)	 	 	 	 	(922	)	
Deferred policy acquisition costs	 	 	(114	)	 	 	 	 	(7	)	 	 	 	 	(105	)	
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	 	 	(137	)	 	 	 	 	(46	)	 	 	 	 	(233	)	
Other	 	 	217	 	 	 	 	 	172	 	 	 	 	 	266	 	
Net cash flows from operating activities	 	 	4,105	 	 	 	 	 	4,308	 	 	 	 	 	4,939	 	
Cash flows used for investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	(41,195	)	 	 	 	 	(32,309	)	 	 	 	 	(25,394	)	
Purchase of fixed maturities held to maturity	 	 	(533	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Purchases of equity securities	 	 	(841	)	 	 	 	 	(654	)	 	 	 	 	(1,081	)	
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	33,939	 	 	 	 	 	24,441	 	 	 	 	 	18,419	 	
Sales of equity securities	 	 	927	 	 	 	 	 	492	 	 	 	 	 	527	 	
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	3,409	 	 	 	 	 	2,390	 	 	 	 	 	1,870	 	
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity	 	 	543	 	 	 	 	 	174	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net proceeds from (payments made on) the settlement of investment derivatives	 	 	(40	)	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	32	 	
Sale of subsidiary (net of cash sold of $2, $Nil and $82)	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	959	 	
Other	 	 	23	 	 	 	 	 	(146	)	 	 	 	 	(198	)	
Net cash flows used for investing activities	 	 	(3,770	)	 	 	 	 	(5,593	)	 	 	 	 	(4,866	)	
Cash flows (used for) from financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dividends paid on Ordinary Shares	 	 	(312	)	 	 	 	 	(253	)	 	 	 	 	(226	)	
Dividends paid on Preferred Shares	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	 	 	298	 	 	 	 	 	262	 	 	 	 	 	499	 	
Repayment of short-term debt	 	 	(300	)	 	 	 	 	(146	)	 	 	 	 	(399	)	
Proceeds from exercise of options for Ordinary Shares	 	 	67	 	 	 	 	 	140	 	 	 	 	 	83	 	
Proceeds from Ordinary Shares issued under ESPP	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	
Repayment of trust preferred securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(103	)	 	 	 	 	(75	)	
Net proceeds from issuance of Ordinary Shares	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,465	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net cash flows (used for) from financing activities	 	 	(284	)	 	 	 	 	1,328	 	 	 	 	 	(155	)	
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	 	(29	)	 	 	 	 	21	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash	 	 	53	 	 	 	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	 	(61	)	
Cash – beginning of year	 	 	512	 	 	 	 	 	498	 	 	 	 	 	559	 	
Cash – end of year	 	$	565	 	 	 	 	$	512	 	 	 	 	$	498	 	
Supplemental cash flow information	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Taxes paid	 	$	477	 	 	 	 	$	338	 	 	 	 	$	167	 	
Interest paid	 	$	186	 	 	 	 	$	167	 	 	 	 	$	184	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
 
F-9

Table of Contents
 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
1. General
 
ACE Limited (ACE or the Company) is a holding company incorporated with limited liability under the Cayman Islands Companies Law and maintains its corporate business office in Bermuda. The Company, through its various subsidiaries, provides a broad range of insurance and reinsurance products to insureds worldwide. ACE operates through the following business segments: Insurance – North American, Insurance – Overseas General, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance and Reinsurance. These segments are described in Note 5.
 
2. Significant accounting policies
 
a) Basis of presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain items in the prior year financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company’s principal estimates include:
• unpaid losses and loss expenses, including asbestos and environmental reserves;
• reinsurance recoverable, including a provision for uncollectible reinsurance;
• impairments to the carrying value of the investment portfolio;
• the valuation of deferred tax assets;
• the fair value of certain derivatives;
• the valuation of goodwill; and
• the assessment of risk transfer for structured insurance and reinsurance contracts.
While the amounts included in the consolidated financial statements reflect the Company’s best estimates and assumptions, these amounts could ultimately be materially different from the amounts currently recorded in the consolidated financial statements.
 
b) Premiums
Premiums are generally recognized as written upon inception of the policy. For multi-year policies for which premiums written are payable in annual installments, only the annual premium is included as written at policy inception, due to the ability of the insured/reinsured to commute or cancel coverage within the term of the policy. The remaining annual premiums are included as written at each successive anniversary date within the multi-year term.
For property and casualty insurance and reinsurance products, premiums written are primarily earned on a pro-rata basis over the terms of the policies to which they relate. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written applicable to the unexpired portion of the policies in force. For retrospectively-rated policies, written premiums are adjusted to reflect expected ultimate premiums consistent with changes to reported losses, or other measures of exposure as stated in the policy, and earned over the coverage period of the policy. For retrospectively-rated multi-year policies, the amount of premiums recognized in the current period is computed, using a with-and-without method, as the difference between the ceding enterprise’s total contract costs before and after the experience under the contract as of the reporting date. Accordingly, for retrospectively-rated multi-year policies, additional premiums are generally written and earned when losses are incurred. Mandatory reinstatement premiums assessed on reinsurance policies are written and earned in the same period as the loss event that gives rise to the reinstatement premiums.
Reinsurance premiums from traditional life and annuity policies with life contingencies are generally recognized as revenue when due from policyholders. Traditional life policies include those contracts with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits. Benefits and expenses are matched with such income to result in the recognition of profit over the life of the contracts.
The Company underwrites retroactive loss portfolio transfer (LPT) contracts in which insured loss events have occurred prior to the inception of the contract. These contracts are evaluated to determine whether they meet the established criteria for reinsurance accounting and, if so, at inception, written premiums are fully earned and
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
corresponding losses and loss expenses recognized. The contracts can cause significant variances in gross premiums written, net premiums written, net premiums earned, and net incurred losses in the years in which they are written. Reinsurance contracts sold not meeting the established criteria for reinsurance accounting are recorded using the deposit method.
Reinsurance premiums assumed are based on information provided by ceding companies supplemented by the Company’s own estimates of premium for which ceding company reports have not yet been received. The information used in establishing these estimates is reviewed and subsequent adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are determined. These premiums are earned over the coverage terms of the related reinsurance contracts and can range from one to three years.
 
c) Policy acquisition costs
Policy acquisition costs consist of commissions, premium taxes, and underwriting and other costs that vary with, and are primarily related to, the production of premium. Acquisition costs are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. Deferred policy acquisition costs are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from future income, including investment income. If such costs are determined to be unrecoverable, they are expensed in the period this determination is made.
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred except for direct-response campaigns, principally related to personal accident (A&H) business produced by the Insurance – Overseas General segment, which are deferred and recognized over the expected future benefit period in accordance with Statement of Position 93-7, Reporting on Advertising Costs. For individual direct-response marketing campaigns that the Company can demonstrate have specifically resulted in incremental sales to customers and such sales have probable future economic benefits, incremental costs directly related to the marketing campaigns are capitalized. Deferred marketing costs are reviewed regularly for recoverability and amortized over the expected economic future benefit period. The expected future benefit period is evaluated periodically based on historical results and adjusted prospectively. The amount of deferred marketing costs reported in deferred policy acquisition costs was $216 million and $126 million at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. The amortization expense for deferred marketing costs was $52 million and $66 million for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. In the first quarter of 2006, the Company completed a study of revenues derived from historical direct-response marketing campaigns. Beginning January 1, 2006, the Company revised the amortization for deferred costs arising from direct-response marketing campaigns to be consistent with the findings of the study. As a result of this change in estimate, the average amortization period has been lengthened from 3 to 5 years. With respect to direct-response marketing campaigns completed prior to January 1, 2006, the lengthening of the average amortization period, relative to previous amortization schedules, did not have a significant impact on amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2006.
 
d) Reinsurance
In the ordinary course of business, the Company’s insurance subsidiaries assume and cede reinsurance with other insurance companies. These agreements provide greater diversification of business and minimize the net loss potential arising from large risks. Ceded reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company of its obligation to its insureds.
For both ceded and assumed reinsurance, risk transfer requirements must be met in order to obtain reinsurance status for accounting purposes, principally resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract as premiums and losses. To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance contract must include insurance risk, consisting of both underwriting and timing risk, and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. To assess risk transfer for certain contracts, the Company generally develops expected discounted cash flow analyses at contract inception. If risk transfer requirements are not met, a contract is accounted for using the deposit method. Deposit accounting requires that consideration received or paid be recorded in the balance sheet as opposed to premiums written or losses incurred in the statement of operations and any non-refundable fees earned based on the terms of the contract. Refer to Note 2 j).
Reinsurance recoverable includes the balances due from reinsurance companies for paid and unpaid losses and loss expenses that will be recovered from reinsurers, based on contracts in force, and is presented net of a provision for uncollectible reinsurance that has been determined based upon a review of the financial condition of the reinsurers and other factors. The method for determining the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses incurred but not reported involves actuarial estimates as well as a determination of the Company’s ability to cede losses and loss expenses under its existing reinsurance contracts. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is based
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
on an estimate of the amount of the reinsurance recoverable balance that the Company will ultimately be unable to recover due to reinsurer insolvency, a contractual dispute or any other reason. The valuation of this provision includes several judgments including certain aspects of the allocation of reinsurance recoverable on incurred but not reported claims by reinsurer and a default analysis to estimate uncollectible reinsurance. The primary components of the default analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer, net of collateral, and default factors used to determine the portion of a reinsurer’s balance deemed uncollectible. The definition of collateral for this purpose requires some judgment and is generally limited to assets held in an ACE-only beneficiary trust, letters of credit, and liabilities held by the Company with the same legal entity for which it believes there is a right of offset. The determination of the default factor is principally based on the financial strength rating of the reinsurer and a default factor applicable to the financial strength rating. Default factors require considerable judgment and are determined using the current financial strength rating, or rating equivalent, of each reinsurer as well as other key considerations and assumptions. The more significant considerations include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following:
• For reinsurers that maintain a financial strength rating from a major rating agency, and for which recoverable balances are considered representative of the larger population (i.e., default probabilities are consistent with similarly rated reinsurers and payment durations conform to averages), the financial rating is based on a published source and the default factor is based on published default statistics of a major rating agency applicable to the reinsurer’s particular rating class. When a recoverable is expected to be paid in a brief period of time by a highly rated reinsurer, such as certain property catastrophe claims, a default factor may not be applied;
• For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are both unrated by a major rating agency and for which management is unable to determine a credible rating equivalent based on a parent, affiliate or peer company, the Company determines a rating equivalent based on an analysis of the reinsurer that considers an assessment of the creditworthiness of the particular entity, industry benchmarks, or other factors as considered appropriate. The Company then applies the applicable default factor for that rating class. For balances recoverable from unrated reinsurers for which the ceded reserve is below a certain threshold, the Company generally applies a default factor of 25 percent;
• For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are either insolvent or under regulatory supervision, the Company establishes a default factor and resulting provision for uncollectible reinsurance based on specific facts and circumstances surrounding each company. Upon initial notification of an insolvency, the Company generally recognizes expense for a substantial portion of all balances outstanding, net of collateral, through a combination of write-offs of recoverable balances and increases to the provision for uncollectible reinsurance. When regulatory action is taken on a reinsurer, the Company generally recognizes a default factor by estimating an expected recovery on all balances outstanding, net of collateral. When sufficient credible information becomes available, the Company adjusts the provision for uncollectible reinsurance by establishing a default factor pursuant to information received;
• For other recoverables, management determines the provision for uncollectible reinsurance based on the specific facts and circumstances of that dispute.
The methods used to determine the reinsurance recoverable balance, and related provision for uncollectible reinsurance, are regularly reviewed and updated and any resulting adjustments are reflected in earnings in the period identified.
Prepaid reinsurance premiums represent the portion of premiums ceded to reinsurers applicable to the unexpired coverage terms of the reinsurance contracts in force.
 
e) Investments
The Company’s fixed maturity investments are classified as either “available for sale” or “held to maturity”. The Company’s available for sale portfolio is reported at fair value, being the quoted market price of these securities provided by either independent pricing services, or when such prices are not available, by reference to broker or underwriter bid indications. The Company’s held to maturity portfolio includes securities for which the Company has the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption and is reported at amortized cost. Equity securities are classified as “available for sale” and are recorded at fair value based on quoted market prices. Short-term investments comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase. Short-term investments include certain cash and cash equivalents, which are part of investment portfolios under the management of external investment managers.
Other investments is principally comprised of other direct equity investments, investment funds, limited partnerships, and trading securities. Except for trading securities, other investments over which the Company cannot exercise significant influence are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through accumulated other comprehensive income. For these investments, investment income and realized gains are recognized as related
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
distributions are received. The fair value of investment funds is based on the net asset value as advised by the fund. Trading securities are recorded on a trade date basis and carried at fair value, except for life insurance policies which are carried at policy cash surrender value. Unrealized gains and losses on trading securities are reflected in net investment income. At December 31, 2006 and 2005, the fair value of trading securities was $63 million and $50 million, respectively.
Investments in partially-owned insurance companies include other investments and direct investments. Direct investments are investments in which the Company has significant influence and, as such, meet the requirements for equity accounting. The Company accrues its share of the net income or loss of the partially-owned insurance companies in “Other (income) expense”.
Realized gains or losses on sales of investments are determined on a first-in, first-out basis. Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments is included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. The Company regularly reviews its investments for possible impairment based on: i) certain indicators of an impairment, including the amount of time a security has been in a loss position, the magnitude of the loss position, and whether the security is rated below an investment grade level; ii) the period in which cost is expected to be recovered, if at all, based on various criteria including economic conditions, credit loss experience and other issuer-specific developments; and iii) the Company’s ability and intent to hold the security to the expected recovery period. If there is a decline in a security’s net realizable value, a determination is made as to whether that decline is temporary or “other-than-temporary”. If it is believed that a decline in the value of a particular investment is temporary, the decline is recorded as an unrealized loss in shareholders’ equity. If it is believed that the decline is “other-than-temporary,” the Company writes down the book value of the investment and records a realized loss in the consolidated statement of operations. The new cost basis is then amortized up to the amount recoverable based on anticipated future cash flow through net investment income.
The Company utilizes futures, options, interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward contracts for the purpose of managing certain investment portfolio risk and exposures. Refer to Note 12 for additional discussion of the objectives and strategies employed. These instruments are derivatives and reported at fair value, generally using publicly quoted market prices, and recorded as assets or liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets in “Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities” with changes in market value included in net realized gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations. Collateral held by brokers equal to a percentage of the total value of open futures contracts is included in short-term investments.
Net investment income includes interest and dividend income together with amortization of fixed maturity market premiums and discounts and is net of investment management and custody fees. For mortgage-backed securities, and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and revised as necessary. Any adjustments required due to the resultant change in effective yields and maturities are recognized prospectively. Prepayment fees or call premiums that are only payable to the Company when a security is called prior to its maturity, are earned when received and reflected in net investment income.
The Company engages in a securities lending program from which it generates net investment income from the lending of certain of its investments to other institutions for short periods of time. The market value of the loaned securities is monitored on a daily basis, with additional collateral obtained or refunded as the market value of the loaned securities changes. The Company’s policy is to require collateral consisting of fixed maturities and/or cash equal to 102 percent of the fair value of the loaned securities. The collateral is held by a third party custodian, and the Company has the right to access the collateral only in the event that the institution borrowing the Company’s securities is in default under the lending agreement. As a result of these restrictions, the Company considers its securities lending activities to be non-cash investing and financing activities. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects the Company in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The fair value of the securities on loan is included in fixed maturities and equity securities. The securities lending collateral is reported as a separate line in total assets with a corresponding liability related to the Company’s obligation to return the collateral plus interest.
Similar to securities lending arrangements, securities sold under agreements to repurchase are accounted for as collateralized investments and borrowings and are recorded at the contractual repurchase amounts plus accrued interest. Assets to be repurchased are the same, or substantially the same, as the assets transferred and the transferor, through right of substitution, maintains the right and ability to redeem the collateral on short notice. The fair value of the underlying securities is included in fixed maturities and equity securities. In contrast to securities lending
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
programs, the Company’s use of cash received is not restricted. The Company reports its obligation to return the cash as short-term debt.
 
f) Cash
Cash includes cash on hand and deposits with a maturity of three months or less at time of purchase. Cash held by external money managers is included in short-term investments.
 
g) Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquisitions over the fair value of net assets acquired and is not amortized. For purposes of annual impairment evaluation, goodwill is assigned to the applicable reporting unit of the acquired entities giving rise to the goodwill. Goodwill recorded in connection with investments in partially-owned insurance companies is recorded in “Investments in partially-owned insurance companies” and is also measured for impairment annually. Goodwill is assigned to applicable reporting units of acquired entities based on goodwill recognized at acquisition. Impairment tests are performed annually for each acquired entity giving rise to goodwill, or more frequently if circumstances indicate that a possible impairment has occurred. In the Company’s impairment tests, to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit, both an earnings model, that considers forecasted earnings and other financial ratios of the reporting unit as well as relevant financial data of comparable companies to the reporting unit such as the relationship of price to earnings for recent transactions and market valuations of publicly traded companies, and an analysis of the present value of estimated net cash flows are used.
 
h) Value of reinsurance business assumed
The value of reinsurance business assumed of $220 million and $235 million at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively, included in “Other assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, represents the excess of estimated ultimate value of the liabilities assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts over consideration received. The value of reinsurance business assumed is amortized and recorded to losses and loss expenses based on the payment pattern of the losses assumed. The unamortized value is reviewed regularly to determine if it is recoverable based upon the terms of the contract, estimated losses and loss expenses and anticipated investment income. If such amounts are estimated to be unrecoverable, they are expensed in the period identified.
 
i) Unpaid losses and loss expenses
Property and Casualty
A liability is established for the estimated unpaid losses and loss expenses of the Company under the terms of, and with respect to, its policies and agreements. These amounts include provision for both reported claims (case reserves) and incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims. The methods of determining such estimates and establishing the resulting liability are reviewed regularly and any adjustments are reflected in operations in the period in which they become known. Future developments may result in losses and loss expenses materially greater or less than recorded amounts. Except for net loss and loss expenses reserves of $118 million, representing structured settlements for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, the Company does not discount its property and casualty loss reserves.
Included in unpaid losses and loss expenses are liabilities for asbestos and environmental claims and expenses (A&E). These unpaid losses and loss expenses are principally related to claims arising from remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites and bodily-injury claims related to asbestos products and environmental hazards. The estimation of these liabilities is particularly sensitive to changes in the legal environment, including specific settlements that may be used as precedents to settle future claims. However, ACE does not anticipate future changes in laws and regulations in setting its A&E reserve levels.
Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves first reported in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premiums from previous accident years. For purposes of analysis and disclosure, management views prior period development to be changes in the nominal value of loss estimates from period to period and excludes changes in loss estimates that do not arise from the emergence of claims, such as those related to uncollectible reinsurance, interest, unallocated loss adjustment expenses or foreign currency. Accordingly, specific items excluded from prior period development include the following: gains/losses related to foreign currency translation that affect both the valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses; losses recognized from the early termination or commutation of reinsurance
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
agreements that principally relate to the time value of money; changes in the value of reinsurance business assumed reflected in losses incurred but principally related to the time value of money; and losses that arise from changes in estimates of earned premiums from prior accident years. Except for foreign currency revaluation, which is disclosed separately, these items are included in current year losses.
 
Life Reinsurance
The development of assumed life and annuity policy reserves requires management to make estimates and assumptions regarding mortality, morbidity, lapse, expense and investment experience. Such estimates are primarily based on historical experience and information provided by ceding companies. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Management monitors actual experience, and where circumstances warrant, will revise its assumptions and the related reserve estimates. These revisions are recorded in the period they are determined.
 
j) Deposit assets and liabilities
Deposit assets arise from ceded reinsurance contracts purchased by the Company that do not transfer significant underwriting risk. Under deposit accounting, consideration received or paid, excluding non-refundable fees, is recorded as a deposit asset in the balance sheet as opposed to ceded premiums and losses in the statement of operations. Interest income on deposits, representing the consideration received or to be received in excess of cash payments related to the deposit contract, is earned using an effective yield calculation. The calculation of the effective yield is based on the amount and timing of actual cash flows as of the balance sheet date and the estimated amount and timing of future cash flows. The effective yield is recalculated periodically to reflect revised estimates of cash flows. When a change in the actual or estimated cash flows occurs, the resulting change to the carrying amount of the deposit asset is reported as income or expense. Deposit assets of $160 million and $213 million at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively, are reflected in “Other assets” in the balance sheets and the accretion of deposit assets related to interest pursuant to the effective yield calculation is reflected in “Net investment income” in the statement of operations.
Non-refundable fees are earned based on the terms of the contract considering facts and circumstances specific to each contract. Non-refundable fees paid but unearned are reflected in “Other assets” in the balance sheet and earned fees are reflected in “Other (income) expense” in the statement of operations.
Deposit liabilities include reinsurance deposit liabilities of $225 million and $212 million and contract holder deposit funds of $110 million and $138 million for 2006 and 2005, respectively. The reinsurance deposit liabilities arise from contracts sold by the Company for which there is not a significant transfer of risk. At contract inception, the deposit liability is equal to net cash received by the Company. An accretion rate is established based on actuarial estimates whereby the deposit liability is increased to the estimated amount payable over the term of the contract. The deposit accretion rate is the rate of return required to fund expected future payment obligations. The Company periodically reassesses the estimated ultimate liability and related expected rate of return. Any resulting changes to the amount of the deposit liability are reflected as an adjustment to earnings to reflect the cumulative effect of the period the contract has been in force, and by an adjustment to the future accretion rate of the liability over the remaining estimated contract term.
The contract holder deposit funds represent a liability for investment contracts sold that do not meet the definition of an insurance contract under Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) No. 97, Accounting and Reporting by Insurance Enterprises for Certain Long-Duration Contracts and for Realized Gains and Losses from the Sale of Investments . The investment contracts are sold with a guaranteed rate of return. The proceeds are then invested with the intent of realizing a greater return than is called for in the investment contracts.
 
k) Translation of foreign currencies
Financial statements of the Company’s foreign divisions are valued in foreign currencies, referred to as the functional currency. Under FAS No. 52, Foreign Currency Translation , functional currency assets and liabilities are translated into the reporting currency, U.S. dollars, using period end rates of exchange and the related translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Functional statement of operations amounts expressed in functional currencies are translated using average exchange rates. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are recorded in net realized gains (losses).
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
l) Income taxes
Income taxes have been provided in accordance with the provisions of FAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes (FAS 109), on those operations which are subject to income taxes. Refer to Note 18. Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Such temporary differences are primarily due to the tax basis discount on unpaid losses and loss expenses, unearned premiums reserves, foreign tax credits, deferred policy acquisition costs, net unrealized appreciation on investments, and un-remitted foreign earnings. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is recorded if it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the benefits related to deferred tax assets will not be realized.
 
m) Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is calculated using the weighted-average shares outstanding. All potentially dilutive securities including unvested restricted stock, stock options, warrants and convertible securities are excluded from the basic earnings per share calculation. In calculating diluted earnings per share, the weighted-average shares outstanding is increased to include all potentially dilutive securities. The incremental shares from assumed conversions are not included in computing diluted loss per share amounts as these shares are considered anti-dilutive. Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated by dividing net income available to ordinary shareholders by the applicable weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the year.
 
n) Cash flow information
Purchases and sales or maturities of short-term investments are recorded net for purposes of the statements of cash flows and are included with fixed maturities.
 
o) Derivatives
The Company recognizes all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets which are measured at the fair value of the instrument. The Company participates in derivative instruments in two principal ways as follows:
(i) To sell protection to customers as an insurance or reinsurance contract that meets the definition of a derivative under FAS No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (FAS 133). For 2006 and 2005, the reinsurance of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIBs) was the Company’s primary product falling into this category. Refer to Note 8 c) for a description of this product and related accounting treatment; and
(ii) To mitigate financial risks, principally arising from investment holdings, products sold, or assets and liabilities held in foreign currencies. For these instruments, changes in assets or liabilities measured at fair value are recorded as realized gains or losses in the consolidated statement of operations.
The Company did not designate any derivatives as accounting hedges during 2006, 2005 and 2004.
 
p) New accounting pronouncements
Adopted in 2006
Share-based compensation
Effective January 1, 2006, the Company accounts for share-based compensation plans in accordance with FAS No. 123 (Revised) Share-Based Payment (FAS 123R). This statement requires all companies to measure and record compensation cost for all share-based payment awards (including employee stock options) at grant-date fair value. Prior to the adoption of FAS 123R, the Company accounted for its share-based compensation plans in accordance with Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25 Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees (APB 25). In accordance with APB 25, the Company did not recognize compensation expense for employee stock options in net income, as all options granted under those plans had an exercise price equal to the market value of the underlying Ordinary Shares on the date of the grant. In addition, the Company did not recognize expenses related to its employee stock purchase plan (ESPP). Upon adopting FAS 123R on January 1, 2006, the Company began recognizing expenses related to employee stock options and its ESPP. For additional details relating to share-based compensation and the cumulative effect of the change in accounting principle, refer to Note 4.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Call options in debt instruments
In 2005, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement 133 Implementation Issue No. B38, Embedded Derivatives: Evaluation of Net Settlement with Respect to the Settlement of a Debt Instrument through Exercise of an Embedded Put Option or Call Option (Issue B38), which clarifies that the potential settlement of a debtor’s obligation to the creditor that would occur upon exercise of the put option or call option meets the net settlement criterion in paragraph (9a) of FAS 133. Issue B38 became effective in the first quarter of 2006. In adopting Issue B38, the Company determined that call options within three debt instruments were embedded derivatives and must be reported at fair value. Accordingly, at December 31, 2006, the Company has reported a net liability of $2 million. Changes to this net liability are included in net realized gains (losses).
 
Pensions
In September 2006, the FASB issued FAS No. 158, Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106, and 132(R) (FAS 158). FAS 158 requires an employer to recognize the over-funded or under-funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan as an asset or liability in its balance sheet and to recognize changes in funded status in the year in which the changes occur through comprehensive income. Additionally, FAS 158 requires an employer to measure the funded status of a plan as of the date of its year-end balance sheet, with limited exceptions. The Company has adopted the recognition and disclosure provisions of FAS 158 as of December 31, 2006. At December 31, 2006, the Company increased pension liabilities, and correspondingly reduced accumulated other comprehensive income by $16 million before tax ($11 million after tax) to fully recognize the under-funded status of its defined benefit pension plans. For additional details related to defined benefit pension plans, refer to Note 15.
 
Considering the effect of prior year misstatements when quantifying misstatements in current year financial statements
In September 2006, the Securities and Exchange Commission staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements (SAB 108). SAB 108 provides guidance as to how errors should be evaluated to assess materiality from a quantitative perspective. SAB 108 permits companies to initially apply its provisions by either restating prior financial statements or recording the cumulative effect of initially applying the approach as adjustments to the carrying values of assets and liabilities as of January 1, 2006 with an offsetting adjustment to retained earnings. At December 31, 2006, the date of required adoption, SAB 108 did not have an effect on the financial statements.
 
To be Adopted after 2006
Accounting for uncertainty in income taxes
In July 2006, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes – an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109 (FIN 48). FIN 48 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions by prescribing a financial statement recognition threshold and measurement attribute for tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Further, FIN 48 expands the required disclosures associated with such uncertain tax positions. The provisions of FIN 48 are effective January 1, 2007 and the cumulative effect of adoption, if any, will result in an adjustment to opening retained earnings. The Company is continuing its evaluation of the potential impact on the financial statements of adopting FIN 48. The Company does not expect the adoption of FIN 48 to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
 
Accounting for certain hybrid financial instruments
In February 2006, the FASB issued FAS No. 155, Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments – an amendment of FASB Statements No. 133 and 140 (FAS 155). FAS 155 permits fair value re-measurement of an entire hybrid financial instrument that contains an embedded derivative that otherwise would require bifurcation; establishes a requirement to evaluate interests in securitized financial assets to identify interests that are freestanding derivatives or that are hybrid financial instruments that contain embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation; narrows the scope exemption applicable to interest-only strips and principal-only strips from FAS 133 and clarifies that concentrations of credit risk in the form of subordination are not embedded derivatives. In December 2006, the FASB issued implementation guidance, Statement 133 Implementation Issue B40 Embedded Derivatives: Application of Paragraph 13(b) to Securitized Interests in Prepayable Financial Assets , which creates a scope exception with respect to accounting for prepayment risk within certain securitized financial assets as an embedded derivative. FAS 155 is effective for all financial instruments acquired or issued after January 1, 2007, and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
operations. However, upon adopting FAS 155 on January 1, 2007, the Company will exercise the option provided in FAS 155 to account for hybrid financial instruments at fair value in their entirety, principally convertible debt securities with an aggregate fair value of $277 million as of December 31, 2006. Changes in fair value after January 1, 2007 will be reflected in net income.
 
Accounting by insurance enterprises for deferred acquisition costs in connection with modifications or exchanges of insurance contracts
In September 2005, the Accounting Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC) issued Statement of Position 05-1, Accounting by Insurance Enterprises for Deferred Acquisition Costs in Connection with Modifications or Exchanges of Insurance Contracts (SOP 05-1). SOP 05-1 provides guidance on accounting by insurance enterprises for deferred acquisition costs on internal replacements of insurance and investment contracts. SOP 05-1 defines an internal replacement as a modification in product benefits, features, rights, or coverages that occurs by the exchange of a contract for a new contract, or by amendment, endorsement, or rider to a contract, or by the election of a feature or coverage within a contract. SOP 05-1 is effective for internal replacements occurring in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006. The adoption of SOP 05-1 effective January 1, 2007, did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
 
Fair value measurements
In September 2006, the FASB issued FAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (FAS 157). FAS 157 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, and interim periods within those fiscal years. FAS 157 focuses on how to measure fair value and establishes a three-level hierarchy for both measurement and disclosure purposes. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. Under FAS 157, fair value measurements would be separately disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy. FAS 157 does not expand the use of fair value to any new circumstances. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting FAS 157 on its financial condition or results of operations.
 
Fair Value Option
In February 2007, the FASB issued FAS No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (FAS 159). FAS 159 permits an entity to irrevocably elect fair value on a contract-by-contract basis as the initial and subsequent measurement attribute for many financial assets and liabilities and certain other items including insurance contracts. Entities electing the fair value option would be required to recognize changes in fair value in earnings and to expense upfront cost and fees associated with the item for which the fair value option is elected. FAS 159 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of a fiscal year that begins on or before November 15, 2007, provided the entity also elects to apply the provisions of FAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting FAS 159 on its financial condition or results of operations.
 
3. Purchase and Sale of Subsidiaries
 
a) Purchase of Altas Cumbres Life Insurance Company
In December 2006, the Company purchased 100 percent of the common stock of Altas Cumbres Life Insurance Company, a Peruvian insurer that sells credit life and A&H insurance, for $24 million. In connection with the transaction, the Company recognized $16 million of intangible assets consisting of goodwill of $4 million, other intangible assets with indefinite lives not subject to amortization of $4 million, and intangible assets with definite lives subject to amortization of $8 million.
 
b) Sale of Certain Run-Off Reinsurance Subsidiaries
On July 3, 2006, the Company completed the sale of ACE American Reinsurance Company (ACE American Re), Brandywine Reinsurance Company (UK) Ltd (BRUK), and Brandywine Reinsurance Company S.A.-N.V. (collectively, “the three companies”) to Randall & Quilter Investment Holdings Limited (R&Q). At the time of sale, the three companies held aggregate net assets of $31 million comprised of loss and loss expenses reserves of approximately $758 million, reinsurance recoverables, net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance, of approximately $317 million, investments of approximately $497 million and other liabilities, net of other assets, of approximately $25 million. In connection with
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
the sale, the Company received a $5 million interest bearing note from R&Q plus contingent consideration in the form of preference shares issued by R&Q with a total potential benefit of $15 million, depending upon the performance of BRUK and ACE American Re. The Company will not recognize the contingent consideration until its receipt is assured. The pre-tax realized loss on sale is reduced by other miscellaneous adjustments of $3 million.
The transaction resulted in a pre-tax realized loss of approximately $23 million which is included in realized gains (losses) in the accompanying statement of operations and an after-tax gain of approximately $10 million. The income tax benefit of approximately $33 million principally relates to the effect of the sale on U.S. federal income taxes reflecting differences in the basis of the assets of the three companies for financial reporting purposes compared to the corresponding tax basis. During the fourth quarter of 2006, the accounting loss was updated to reflect adjustments between the preliminary closing balance sheets of the three companies delivered at the time of sale, which were used to estimate the accounting gain at September 30, 2006, and the final closing balance sheets. Financial results related through the date of sale to the sold business are included in the Insurance – North American segment.
In connection with the sale, the Company eliminated a deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $48 million that had been established in connection with the purchase of the three companies in 1999 as part of the acquisition of CIGNA’s property/casualty business. Pursuant to FAS 109, the Company has reduced goodwill by $48 million to reflect the elimination of this valuation allowance.
Subsequent to the sale, the Company maintains the following obligations related to the three companies:
• In connection with the sale, a subsidiary of the Company issued an aggregate reinsurance agreement to ACE American Re providing 70 percent coverage of up to $50 million in losses above net undiscounted reserves of $346 million, including the provision for uncollectible reinsurance, held by ACE American Re on July 3, 2006. The coverage is payable only if, and to the extent, ACE American Re surplus falls below $25 million at the time losses covered by this agreement become due and payable;
• Prior to the sale, the Company entered into a claims servicing agreement with a third party vendor that covers several Brandywine entities including ACE American Re. In connection with the sale, ACE agreed to retain this obligation for a specified period and the Company will continue to pay fees arising from the servicing of ACE American Re claims. Accordingly, at December 31, 2006, the Company has a liability of $31 million related to this obligation;
• Prior to the sale of BRUK, the Company guaranteed certain insurance policies issued by BRUK (the BRUK Guarantee). Subsequent to the sale, the BRUK Guarantee remains in force. As part of the transaction, R&Q has agreed to indemnify the Company in the event the Company is required to make payment under the BRUK Guarantee; however, the Company has not been relieved of its obligation to perform under the BRUK Guarantee. At the time of sale, the unpaid losses and loss expenses reserves covered by the BRUK Guarantee were approximately $32 million.
Additionally, prior to the sale, an ACE affiliate ceded 100 percent of the risks associated with certain insurance policies to BRUK. Subsequent to the sale, this cession remains in force. At the time of sale, the reinsurance recoverable by the ACE affiliate from BRUK under this agreement was approximately $69 million. In addition, at December 31, 2006, other receivables held by ACE affiliates due from the three companies aggregate to $40 million.
 
4. Share-Based Compensation
 
The Company has share-based compensation plans which currently provide for awards of stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units to its employees and members of the Board of Directors. In December 2004, the FASB issued FAS 123R which is a revision of FAS 123 that supersedes Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees (APB 25). This statement requires all companies to measure and record compensation cost for all share-based payment awards (including employee stock options) at grant-date fair value. The Company adopted FAS 123R effective January 1, 2006. Prior to the adoption of FAS 123R, the Company accounted for its share-based compensation plans in accordance with APB 25. In accordance with APB 25, the Company did not recognize compensation expense for employee stock options in net income, as all options granted under those plans had an exercise price equal to the market value of the underlying Ordinary Shares on the date of the grant. In addition, the Company did not recognize expenses related to its ESPP. Upon adopting FAS 123R on January 1, 2006, the Company began recognizing expenses related to employee stock options and its ESPP. FAS 123R also requires that the excess tax benefits of deductions resulting from the exercise of stock options be classified as cash flows from financing activities. Prior to the adoption of FAS 123R, the Company presented all tax benefits of deductions resulting from the exercise of stock options as operating cash flows.
In adopting FAS 123R, the Company applied the modified prospective method and accordingly, prior period amounts have not been restated. Under this method, beginning on January 1, 2006, the Company recognizes
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
compensation expense for all share-based payments granted, modified, or settled after January 1, 2006, as well as for any awards that were granted prior to January 1, 2006 for which the requisite service had not been provided as of January 1, 2006 (i.e., unvested awards). Unvested awards are to be expensed consistent with the valuation used in previous disclosures of the pro forma effect of FAS 123. The Company used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to disclose the pro forma effect of FAS 123 and to determine the fair value of share compensation under FAS 123R.
The Company principally issues restricted stock grants and stock options on a graded vesting schedule. Prior to the adoption of FAS 123R, the Company recognized compensation cost for restricted stock grants with only service conditions that have a graded vesting schedule on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in-substance, multiple awards. Upon adopting FAS 123R, the Company recognizes compensation costs for both restricted stock grants and stock options on this basis. Further, prior to the adoption of FAS 123R, forfeitures were recognized as they occurred. Upon adopting FAS 123R, an estimate of future forfeitures is incorporated into the determination of compensation cost for both restricted stock grants and stock options. At January 1, 2006, the cumulative effect of this change in accounting principle was $4 million, net of income tax. This effect related to the recognition of expected forfeitures on restricted stock grants that had not vested as of January 1, 2006.
The following table outlines the Company’s net income available to holders of Ordinary Shares and basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 had the compensation cost been determined in accordance with the fair value method recommended in FAS 123. The reported and pro forma net income and basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2006 are the same since share-based compensation expense is calculated under the provisions of FAS 123R. The amounts for the year ended December 31, 2006 are included in the table below only to provide the detail for a comparative presentation to the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004.

(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	2004	
Net income available to holders of Ordinary Shares:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	 	$	2,260	 	 	 	$	983	 	 	 	$	1,108	
Add: Share-based compensation expense included in reported net income, net of income tax	 	 	68	 	 	 	 	46	 	 	 	 	43	
Deduct: Compensation expense, net of income tax	 	 	68	 	 	 	 	61	 	 	 	 	82	
Pro forma net income	 	$	2,260	 	 	 	$	968	 	 	 	$	1,069	
Basic earnings per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	 	$	7.02	 	 	 	$	3.36	 	 	 	$	3.95	
Pro forma	 	$	7.02	 	 	 	$	3.31	 	 	 	$	3.81	
Diluted earnings per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
As reported	 	$	6.91	 	 	 	$	3.31	 	 	 	$	3.88	
Pro forma	 	$	6.91	 	 	 	$	3.26	 	 	 	$	3.75	
 
The adoption of FAS 123R resulted in incremental share-based compensation expense for the cost of stock options and shares issued under the ESPP of $20 million ($18 million after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2006 ($0.05 per basic and diluted share) that would not have otherwise been recognized. Prior to the adoption of FAS 123R, share-based compensation expense for restricted stock was recognized in net income. For the year ended December 31, 2006, the expense for the restricted stock was $65 million ($49 million after tax).
During 2004, the Company established the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 2004 LTIP). Once the 2004 LTIP was approved by shareholders, it became effective February 25, 2004. It will continue in effect until terminated by the Board. This plan replaced the ACE Limited 1995 Long-Term Incentive Plan, the ACE Limited 1995 Outside Directors Plan, the ACE Limited 1998 Long-Term Incentive Plan, and the ACE Limited 1999 Replacement Long-Term Incentive Plan (the Prior Plans) except as to outstanding awards. Under the 2004 LTIP, a total of 15,000,000 Ordinary Shares of the Company are authorized to be issued pursuant to awards made as stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock and restricted stock units. The maximum number of shares that may be delivered to participants and their beneficiaries under the 2004 LTIP shall be equal to the sum of: (i) 15,000,000 shares; and (ii) any shares that are represented by awards granted under the Prior Plans that are forfeited,
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
expired or are canceled after the effective date of the 2004 LTIP, without delivery of shares or which result in the forfeiture of the shares back to the Company to the extent that such shares would have been added back to the reserve under the terms of the applicable Prior Plan. As of December 31, 2006, a total of 11,554,053 shares remain available for future issuance under this plan.
At the Annual General Meeting, held on May 18, 2006, the Second Amendment to the ACE Limited ESPP was approved by shareholders. The Second Amendment of the ESPP increased the number of Ordinary Shares available for issuance under the ESPP by 1,500,000 shares (Additional Shares), which shares are in addition to the 1,500,000 Ordinary Shares previously reserved under the ESPP. As of December 31, 2006, a total of 1,398,583 Ordinary Shares remain available for issuance under the ESPP.
 
Stock Options
The Company’s 2004 LTIP provides for grants of both incentive and non-qualified stock options principally at an option price per share of 100 percent of the fair market value of the Company’s Ordinary Shares on the date of grant. Stock options are generally granted with a 3-year vesting period and a 10-year term. The stock options vest in equal annual installments over the respective vesting period, which is also the requisite service period. Included in the beginning of year balance are 5-year cliff vest options of 100,000, 150,000 and 25,000 issued respectively in 2002, 2003 and 2004. There were 150,000 5-year cliff vest options granted in February 2006.
Included in the Company’s share-based compensation expense in the year ended December 31, 2006 is the cost related to the unvested portion of the 2005, 2004 and 2003 stock option grants. The fair value of the stock options was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option valuation model that uses the assumptions noted in the following table. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected life (estimated period of time from grant to exercise date) was estimated using the historical exercise behavior of employees. For 2005 and prior options, expected volatility was based on historical volatility for a period equal to the stock option’s expected life, ending on the date of grant, and calculated on a monthly basis. For 2006 options, expected volatility was calculated as a blend of (a) historical volatility based on daily closing prices over a period equal to the expected life assumption, (b) long-term historical volatility based on daily closing prices over the period from ACE’s initial public trading date through the most recent quarter; and (c) implied volatility derived from ACE’s publicly traded options.
The fair value of the options issued is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, with the following weighted-average assumptions used for grants for the years indicated:

 	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	2004	
Dividend yield	 	1.64%	 	 	 	1.89%	 	 	 	1.75%	
Expected volatility	 	31.29%	 	 	 	22.36%	 	 	 	26.6%	
Risk-free interest rate	 	4.60%	 	 	 	3.88%	 	 	 	2.78%	
Forfeiture rate	 	7.50%	 	 	 	5.00%	 	 	 	5.00%	
Expected life	 	6 years	 	 	 	4 years	 	 	 	4 years	
 
The following table shows changes in the Company’s stock options for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005:

 	 	Number of
Options	 	 	 	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise Price	
Options outstanding, December 31, 2004	 	16,237,718	 	 	 	 	$	33.83	
Granted	 	1,606,001	 	 	 	 	$	44.43	
Exercised	 	(4,727,981	)	 	 	 	$	47.85	
Forfeited	 	(471,977	)	 	 	 	$	39.70	
Options outstanding, December 31, 2005	 	12,643,761	 	 	 	 	$	36.53	
Granted	 	1,505,215	 	 	 	 	$	56.29	
Exercised	 	(1,982,560	)	 	 	 	$	33.69	
Forfeited	 	(413,895	)	 	 	 	$	39.71	
Options outstanding, December 31, 2006	 	11,752,521	 	 	 	 	$	39.43	
Options exercisable, December 31, 2006	 	8,419,023	 	 	 	 	$	35.82	
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
The weighted-average remaining contractual term was 5.97 years for the stock options outstanding and 5.08 years for the stock options exercisable at December 31, 2006. The total intrinsic value was approximately $248 million for stock options outstanding and $208 million for stock options exercisable at December 31, 2006. The total intrinsic value for stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2006 was approximately $43 million. The weighted-average fair value for the stock options granted for the year ended December 31, 2006 was $18.30.
The amount of cash received during the year ended December 31, 2006 from the exercise of stock options was $67 million.
 
Restricted Stock
The Company’s 2004 LTIP also provides for grants of restricted stock. The Company generally grants restricted stock with a 4-year vesting period, based on a graded vesting schedule. The restricted stock is granted at market close price on the date of grant. Included in the Company’s share-based compensation expense in the year ended December 31, 2006 is a portion of the cost related to the unvested restricted stock granted in the years 2002 to 2006.
The following table shows changes in the Company’s restricted stock for the year ended December 31, 2006 and 2005:

 	 	Number of
Restricted Stock	 	 	 	 	Weighted
Average Grant-
Date Fair Value	
Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2004	 	2,871,164	 	 	 	 	$	37.85	
Granted	 	1,785,589	 	 	 	 	$	44.45	
Vested and issued	 	(943,246	)	 	 	 	$	37.24	
Forfeited	 	(224,839	)	 	 	 	$	39.95	
Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2005	 	3,488,668	 	 	 	 	$	41.26	
Granted	 	1,632,504	 	 	 	 	$	56.05	
Vested and issued	 	(1,181,249	)	 	 	 	$	40.20	
Forfeited	 	(360,734	)	 	 	 	$	44.04	
Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2006	 	3,579,189	 	 	 	 	$	48.07	
Included in the above table are 96,200 performance-based restricted shares issued to executive officers, consisting of 50,200 target awards issued in 2006 and 46,000 target awards issued prior to 2006. With respect to the 2006 target awards, the performance goal is based on the achievement by ACE Limited of growth in GAAP book value exceeding the median growth of a specified peer group, according to a designated financial measure listed in the ACE Limited LTIP. The target awards are based on a graded vesting schedule over a 4-year period. If an installment does not vest because the initial one-year performance goal is missed, a re-measurement feature provides additional vesting opportunities based on cumulative performance over a series of extended measurement periods within the 4-year performance period. If performance measures are not achieved by the end of the 4-year performance period, related shares are forfeited. Excluded from the above table are premium awards granted in 2006 that provide the same executive officers an opportunity to earn up to an additional 50,200 shares based on the Company’s performance. The premium awards vest at the end of four years and, similar to target awards, performance is measured based on the Company’s growth in GAAP book value relative to its peers. With respect to the 2006 premium awards, if cumulative performance is less than the peer group’s 65 th percentile, no premium award will be earned. For performance between the 65 th and 75 th percentile, the premium will be interpolated between 50 percent and 100 percent of the number of actual shares earned from the target award. With respect to target awards granted prior to 2006, the performance measurement and vesting period is comparable to the 2006 target awards. The Company recognizes expense related to performance-based restricted shares based on an estimate of the restricted shares that will ultimately be earned. For the year ended December 31, 2006, compensation expense was recognized for the 96,200 target awards but not the premium awards. During 2005, 1,793,434 restricted stock were awarded to officers of the Company and its subsidiaries. These restricted stock vest at various dates through December 2009. During 2004, 1,619,761 restricted stock were awarded to officers of the Company and its subsidiaries. These restricted stock vest at various dates through December 2008.
Under the provisions of FAS 123R, the recognition of deferred compensation, a contra-equity account representing the amount of unrecognized restricted stock expense that is reduced as expense is recognized, at the date restricted stock is granted is no longer permitted. Therefore, the amount of deferred compensation that had been reflected in “Unearned stock grant compensation” was reclassified to “Additional paid-in capital” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Restricted Stock Units
The Company’s 2004 LTIP also provides for grants of other awards, including restricted stock units. In 2006, the Company granted restricted stock units with a 4-year vesting period, based on a graded vesting schedule. Each restricted stock unit represents the Company’s obligation to deliver to the holder one share of Ordinary Shares upon vesting. Throughout 2006, the Company awarded 81,120 restricted stock units to officers of the Company and its subsidiaries with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $56.34. During 2005, 80,550 restricted stock units, with a weighted-average grant date fair vale of $44.59, were awarded to officers of the Company and its subsidiaries. During 2004, 30,880 restricted stock units, with a weighted-average grant date fair vale of $43.56, were awarded to officers of the Company and its subsidiaries.
The Company also grants restricted stock units with a 1-year vesting period to non-management directors. Delivery of Ordinary Shares on account of these restricted stock units to non-management directors is deferred until six months after the date of the non-management directors’ termination from the Board. During 2006, 23,092 restricted stock units were awarded to non-management directors. These units will vest in May 2007. During 2005, 26,186 restricted stock units were awarded to non-management directors. These units vested in May 2006. During 2004, 30,361 restricted stock units were awarded to non-management directors. These units vested in May 2005.
 
ESPP
The ESPP gives participating employees the right to purchase Ordinary Shares through payroll deductions during consecutive “Subscription Periods.” Annual purchases by participants are limited to the number of whole shares that can be purchased by an amount equal to ten percent of the participant’s compensation or $25,000, whichever is less. The ESPP has two six-month Subscription Periods, the first of which runs between January 1 and June 30 and the second of which runs between July 1 and December 31 of each year. The amounts that have been collected from participants during a Subscription Period are used on the “Exercise Date” to purchase full shares of Ordinary Shares. An Exercise Date is generally the last trading day of a Subscription Period. The number of shares purchased is equal to the total amount, as of the Exercise Date, that has been collected from the participants through payroll deductions for that Subscription Period, divided by the Purchase Price, rounded down to the next full share. The “Purchase Price” is 85 percent of the lower of (1) the fair market value of an Ordinary Share on the first day of the Subscription Period, or (2) the fair market value of an Ordinary Share on the Exercise Date. Participants may withdraw from an offering before the exercise date and obtain a refund of the amounts withheld through payroll deductions. Included in the Company’s share-based compensation expense in the year ended December 31, 2006 is a portion of the cost related to the estimated December 31, 2006 ESPP offering. Pursuant to the provisions of the ESPP, during 2006, 2005 and 2004, employees paid $8.3 million, $7.8 million and $7.7 million, respectively, to purchase 202,949 shares, 216,504 shares and 239,776 shares, respectively.
The fair values of the offerings of the Subscription Periods ended December 31, 2006 and June 30, 2006 were calculated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model that used the assumptions noted in the following table. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve. Expected volatility was based on an average of historical and implied volatility.

 	 	July 1 –
December 31
2006	 	 	 	January 1 –
June 30
2006	
Dividend yield	 	1.98%	 	 	 	1.69%	
Expected volatility	 	24%	 	 	 	25%	
Risk-free interest rate	 	5.00%	 	 	 	4.20%	
Expected life	 	6 months	 	 	 	6 months	
 
The weighted-average fair value for the Company’s ESPP rights was $11.22 and $12.21, respectively, for the December 31, 2006 and June 30, 2006 ESPP offerings.
As of December 31, 2006, unrecognized compensation expense related to the unvested portion of the Company’s employee share-based awards was approximately $99 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.89 years.
The Company generally issues shares for the exercise of stock options, for restricted stock and shares under the ESPP from un-issued reserved shares.
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
5. Segment information
 
The Company operates through the following business segments: Insurance – North American, Insurance – Overseas General, Global Reinsurance and Life Insurance and Reinsurance. Beginning with the fourth quarter of 2006, the Company no longer presents a Financial Services segment since this segment no longer represents a significant part of the Company’s operations. The financial solutions business of ACE Financial Solutions and ACE Financial Solutions International (previously included in the Financial Services segment) has been classified with the Insurance – North American segment. The financial results of the Company’s financial guaranty business through April 28, 2004 (the date of the Assured Guaranty initial public offering) and the Company’s share of the earnings of Assured Guaranty were previously included in the Financial Services segment and have been classified into the corporate results. These segment changes were based primarily on how the business is managed and accountability for results. All prior periods presented have been amended for this new presentation. These segments distribute their products through various forms of brokers and agencies. Insurance – North American, Insurance – Overseas General and Global Reinsurance utilize direct marketing programs to reach clients. Additionally, Insurance – North American has formed internet distribution channels for some of its products. Global Reinsurance, Insurance – North American and Life Insurance and Reinsurance have established relationships with reinsurance intermediaries.
The Insurance – North American segment comprises the P&C operations in the U.S., Canada and Bermuda. This segment includes the operations of ACE USA (including ACE Canada), ACE Westchester Specialty, ACE Bermuda and various run-off operations. ACE USA provides a broad range of P&C insurance and reinsurance products to a diverse group of commercial and non-commercial enterprises and consumers. These products include general liability, excess liability, property, workers’ compensation, automobile liability, professional lines, medical liability, aerospace, A&H coverages as well as claims and risk management products and services. The financial solutions business includes insurance and reinsurance solutions to complex risks that generally cannot be adequately addressed by the traditional insurance marketplace. It consists of securitization and risk trading, finite and structured risk products, and retroactive contracts in the form of loss portfolio transfers. ACE Westchester Specialty focuses on the wholesale distribution of excess, surplus and specialty P&C products, as well as the retail and wholesale distribution of specialty inland marine products. ACE Bermuda provides commercial insurance products to a global client base, covering risks that are generally low in frequency and high in severity. The run-off operations include Brandywine, Commercial Insurance Services, residual market workers’ compensation business, pools and syndicates not attributable to a single business group, the run-off of open market facilities and other exited lines of business. Run-off operations do not actively sell insurance products, but are responsible for the management of existing policies and related claims. As discussed in Note 3 b), during the third quarter of 2006, the Company completed the sale of three of the run-off reinsurance subsidiaries ACE American Re, BRUK and Brandywine Reinsurance Company S.A.-N.V. to R&Q.
The Insurance – Overseas General segment consists of ACE International (excluding its life insurance business) and the wholesale insurance operations of ACE Global Markets. The segment has four regions of operations: the ACE European Group which is comprised of ACE Europe and ACE Global Markets branded business, ACE Asia Pacific, ACE Far East and ACE Latin America. ACE International comprises ACE INA’s network of indigenous retail insurance operations, which provide insurance coverage on a world-wide basis. ACE Global Markets comprises our insurance operations within ACE European Group Limited (AEGL) and at Lloyd’s via Syndicate 2488. ACE provides funds at Lloyd’s to support underwriting by Syndicate 2488, The reinsurance operation of ACE Global Markets is included in the Global Reinsurance segment. Companies within the Insurance – Overseas General segment write a variety of insurance products including property, casualty, professional lines (D&O and E&O), marine, energy, aviation, political risk, consumer-oriented products and A&H (principally accident and supplemental health).
The Global Reinsurance segment comprises ACE Tempest Re Bermuda, ACE Tempest Re USA, ACE Tempest Re Europe and ACE Tempest Re Canada, which was established in 2006. These divisions provide a broad range of property catastrophe, casualty and property reinsurance coverages, to a diverse array of primary P&C companies.
The Life Insurance and Reinsurance segment includes the operations of ACE Tempest Life Re (ACE Life Re) and ACE International Life (ACE Life). ACE Life Re provides reinsurance coverage to other life insurance companies as well as marketing traditional life reinsurance products and service for the individual life business. ACE Life provides traditional life insurance protection, investment and savings products to individuals in several countries including Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, China and Egypt.
Corporate and Other (Corporate) includes ACE Limited and ACE INA Holdings, Inc. and intercompany eliminations. In addition, Corporate includes the financial results of Assured Guaranty through April 28, 2004 (the date of the sale of Assured Guaranty). Commencing April 29, 2004, the Company’s proportionate share of Assured Guaranty’s earnings is reflected in “Other (income) expense” in Corporate. Further, included in “Losses and loss expenses” for 2006, 2005 and
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
2004 are losses incurred in connection with the commutation of ceded reinsurance contracts that resulted from a differential between the consideration received from reinsurers and the related reduction of reinsurance recoverables, principally related to the time value of money. Due to the Company’s initiatives to reduce reinsurance recoverable balances and thereby encourage such commutations, losses recognized in connection with the commutation of ceded reinsurance contracts are generally not considered when assessing segment performance and accordingly, are directly allocated to Corporate. Accordingly, the effect of the related loss reserve development on net income is reported within Corporate.
For segment reporting purposes, certain items have been presented in a different manner than in the consolidated financial statements. The following tables summarize the operations by segment for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.
 
Statement of Operations by Segment

For the year ended December 31, 2006
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Insurance –
North
American	 	 	 	 	Insurance –
Overseas
General	 	 	 	 	Global
Reinsurance	 	 	 	Life Insurance
and
Reinsurance	 	 	 	 	Corporate and
Other	 	 	 	 	ACE
Consolidated	 	
Gross premiums written	 	$	9,663	 	 	 	 	$	5,897	 	 	 	 	$	1,567	 	 	 	$	274	 	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	17,401	 	
Net premiums written	 	 	5,940	 	 	 	 	 	4,266	 	 	 	 	 	1,550	 	 	 	 	274	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	12,030	 	
Net premiums earned	 	 	5,719	 	 	 	 	 	4,321	 	 	 	 	 	1,511	 	 	 	 	274	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	11,825	 	
Losses and loss expenses	 	 	4,026	 	 	 	 	 	2,259	 	 	 	 	 	784	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	 	7,070	 	
Life and annuity benefits	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	123	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	123	 	
Policy acquisition costs	 	 	530	 	 	 	 	 	856	 	 	 	 	 	303	 	 	 	 	26	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,715	 	
Administrative expenses	 	 	502	 	 	 	 	 	609	 	 	 	 	 	62	 	 	 	 	35	 	 	 	 	 	248	 	 	 	 	 	1,456	 	
Underwriting income (loss)	 	 	661	 	 	 	 	 	597	 	 	 	 	 	362	 	 	 	 	90	 	 	 	 	 	(249	)	 	 	 	 	1,461	 	
Net investment income	 	 	876	 	 	 	 	 	370	 	 	 	 	 	221	 	 	 	 	42	 	 	 	 	 	92	 	 	 	 	 	1,601	 	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	(83	)	 	 	 	 	(16	)	 	 	 	 	10	 	 	 	 	(36	)	 	 	 	 	27	 	 	 	 	 	(98	)	
Interest expense	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	176	 	 	 	 	 	176	 	
Other (income) expense	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	10	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(51	)	 	 	 	 	(35	)	
Income tax expense (benefit)	 	 	352	 	 	 	 	 	206	 	 	 	 	 	38	 	 	 	 	(6	)	 	 	 	 	(68	)	 	 	 	 	522	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	4	 	
Net income (loss)	 	$	1,104	 	 	 	 	$	735	 	 	 	 	$	547	 	 	 	$	102	 	 	 	 	$	(183	)	 	 	 	$	2,305	 	
 
F-25

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Statement of Operations by Segment

For the year ended December 31, 2005
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Insurance –
North
American	 	 	 	Insurance –
Overseas
General	 	 	 	Global
Reinsurance	 	 	 	 	Life Insurance
and
Reinsurance	 	 	 	 	Corporate and
Other	 	 	 	 	ACE
Consolidated	 	
Gross premiums written	 	$	9,189	 	 	 	$	5,775	 	 	 	$	1,599	 	 	 	 	$	248	 	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	16,811	 	
Net premiums written	 	 	5,803	 	 	 	 	4,195	 	 	 	 	1,546	 	 	 	 	 	248	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	11,792	 	
Net premiums earned	 	 	5,730	 	 	 	 	4,239	 	 	 	 	1,531	 	 	 	 	 	248	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	11,748	 	
Losses and loss expenses	 	 	4,577	 	 	 	 	2,583	 	 	 	 	1,402	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	9	 	 	 	 	 	8,571	 	
Life and annuity benefits	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	143	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	143	 	
Policy acquisition costs	 	 	503	 	 	 	 	836	 	 	 	 	300	 	 	 	 	 	24	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,663	 	
Administrative expenses	 	 	427	 	 	 	 	566	 	 	 	 	60	 	 	 	 	 	19	 	 	 	 	 	189	 	 	 	 	 	1,261	 	
Underwriting income (loss)	 	 	223	 	 	 	 	254	 	 	 	 	(231	)	 	 	 	 	62	 	 	 	 	 	(198	)	 	 	 	 	110	 	
Net investment income	 	 	698	 	 	 	 	319	 	 	 	 	173	 	 	 	 	 	36	 	 	 	 	 	38	 	 	 	 	 	1,264	 	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	15	 	 	 	 	51	 	 	 	 	(4	)	 	 	 	 	19	 	 	 	 	 	(5	)	 	 	 	 	76	 	
Interest expense	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	171	 	 	 	 	 	174	 	
Other (income) expense	 	 	18	 	 	 	 	16	 	 	 	 	11	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(70	)	 	 	 	 	(25	)	
Income tax expense (benefit)	 	 	235	 	 	 	 	107	 	 	 	 	11	 	 	 	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	(78	)	 	 	 	 	273	 	
Net income (loss)	 	$	683	 	 	 	$	501	 	 	 	$	(87	)	 	 	 	$	119	 	 	 	 	$	(188	)	 	 	 	$	1,028	 	
 
Statement of Operations by Segment

For the year ended December 31, 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Insurance –
North
American	 	 	 	 	Insurance –
Overseas
General	 	 	 	Global
Reinsurance	 	 	 	Life Insurance
and
Reinsurance	 	 	 	 	Corporate and
Other	 	 	 	 	ACE
Consolidated	
Gross premiums written	 	$	8,453	 	 	 	 	$	5,851	 	 	 	$	1,567	 	 	 	$	230	 	 	 	 	$	(7	)	 	 	 	$	16,094	
Net premiums written	 	 	5,424	 	 	 	 	 	4,335	 	 	 	 	1,518	 	 	 	 	226	 	 	 	 	 	(7	)	 	 	 	 	11,496	
Net premiums earned	 	 	5,096	 	 	 	 	 	4,296	 	 	 	 	1,389	 	 	 	 	226	 	 	 	 	 	103	 	 	 	 	 	11,110	
Losses and loss expenses	 	 	4,266	 	 	 	 	 	2,423	 	 	 	 	973	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	28	 	 	 	 	 	7,690	
Life and annuity benefits	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	175	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	175	
Policy acquisition costs	 	 	458	 	 	 	 	 	800	 	 	 	 	265	 	 	 	 	24	 	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	1,559	
Administrative expenses	 	 	470	 	 	 	 	 	544	 	 	 	 	65	 	 	 	 	11	 	 	 	 	 	175	 	 	 	 	 	1,265	
Underwriting income (loss)	 	 	(98	)	 	 	 	 	529	 	 	 	 	86	 	 	 	 	16	 	 	 	 	 	(112	)	 	 	 	 	421	
Net investment income	 	 	583	 	 	 	 	 	224	 	 	 	 	126	 	 	 	 	33	 	 	 	 	 	47	 	 	 	 	 	1,013	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	134	 	 	 	 	 	47	 	 	 	 	27	 	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	(18	)	 	 	 	 	197	
Interest expense	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	182	 	 	 	 	 	183	
Other (income) expense	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	25	 	 	 	 	5	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(27	)	 	 	 	 	9	
Income tax expense (benefit)	 	 	114	 	 	 	 	 	232	 	 	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	(72	)	 	 	 	 	286	
Net income (loss)	 	$	498	 	 	 	 	$	543	 	 	 	$	220	 	 	 	$	58	 	 	 	 	$	(166	)	 	 	 	$	1,153	
 
Underwriting assets are reviewed in total by management for purposes of decision-making. The Company does not allocate assets to its segments.
 
F-26

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
The following tables summarize the net premiums earned of each segment by product offering for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

Year ended December 31, 2006
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Property &
Casualty	 	 	 	Life, Accident
& Health	 	 	 	ACE
Consolidated	
Insurance – North American	 	$	5,517	 	 	 	$	202	 	 	 	$	5,719	
Insurance – Overseas General	 	 	3,096	 	 	 	 	1,225	 	 	 	 	4,321	
Global Reinsurance	 	 	1,511	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	1,511	
Life Insurance and Reinsurance	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	274	 	 	 	 	274	
 	 	$	10,124	 	 	 	$	1,701	 	 	 	$	11,825	
						
Year ended December 31, 2005	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Insurance – North American	 	$	5,548	 	 	 	$	182	 	 	 	$	5,730	
Insurance – Overseas General	 	 	3,179	 	 	 	 	1,060	 	 	 	 	4,239	
Global Reinsurance	 	 	1,531	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	1,531	
Life Insurance and Reinsurance	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	248	 	 	 	 	248	
 	 	$	10,258	 	 	 	$	1,490	 	 	 	$	11,748	
						
Year ended December 31, 2004	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Insurance – North American	 	$	4,922	 	 	 	$	174	 	 	 	$	5,096	
Insurance – Overseas General	 	 	3,337	 	 	 	 	959	 	 	 	 	4,296	
Global Reinsurance	 	 	1,389	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	1,389	
Corporate and Other	 	 	103	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	103	
Life Insurance and Reinsurance	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	226	 	 	 	 	226	
 	 	$	9,751	 	 	 	$	1,359	 	 	 	$	11,110	
 
The following table summarizes the Company’s gross premiums written by geographic region. Allocations have been made on the basis of location of risk.

Year Ended	 	North America	 	 	 	Europe	 	 	 	Asia
Pacific/Far East	 	 	 	Latin America	
2006	 	63%	 	 	 	24%	 	 	 	9%	 	 	 	4%	
2005	 	61%	 	 	 	25%	 	 	 	10%	 	 	 	4%	
2004	 	61%	 	 	 	25%	 	 	 	10%	 	 	 	4%	
 
F-27

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
6. Earnings per share
 
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Numerator:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	$	2,301	 	 	 	 	$	1,028	 	 	 	 	$	1,153	 	
Dividends on Preferred Shares	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	
Net income available to holders of Ordinary Shares before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	2,256	 	 	 	 	 	983	 	 	 	 	 	1,108	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net income available to holders of Ordinary Shares	 	$	2,260	 	 	 	 	$	983	 	 	 	 	$	1,108	 	
Denominator:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Denominator for basic earnings per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted-average shares outstanding	 	 	321,768,672	 	 	 	 	 	292,401,343	 	 	 	 	 	280,271,225	 	
Denominator for diluted earnings per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Share-based compensation plans	 	 	5,463,350	 	 	 	 	 	4,898,540	 	 	 	 	 	5,214,247	 	
Adjusted weighted average shares outstanding and assumed conversions	 	 	327,232,022	 	 	 	 	 	297,299,883	 	 	 	 	 	285,485,472	 	
Basic earnings per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Earnings per share before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	$	7.01	 	 	 	 	$	3.36	 	 	 	 	$	3.95	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	.01	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Earnings per share	 	$	7.02	 	 	 	 	$	3.36	 	 	 	 	$	3.95	 	
Diluted earnings per share:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Earnings per share before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	$	6.90	 	 	 	 	$	3.31	 	 	 	 	$	3.88	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	.01	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Earnings per share	 	$	6.91	 	 	 	 	$	3.31	 	 	 	 	$	3.88	 	
 
Excluded from adjusted weighted average shares outstanding and assumed conversions is the impact of securities that would have been anti-dilutive at the respective year ends. At December 31 2006, 2005 and 2004, the potential anti-dilutive share conversions were 319,397, 129,902, and 859,142, respectively.
 
F-28

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
7. Investments
 
a) Fixed maturities
The fair values and amortized costs of and the gross unrealized appreciation (depreciation) related to fixed maturities at December 31, 2006 and 2005 are as follows:

 	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
(in millions of
U.S. dollars)	 	Amortized
Cost	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized
Appreciation	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized
Depreciation	 	 	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Amortized
Cost	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized
Appreciation	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized
Depreciation	 	 	 	 	Fair Value	
Available for sale	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	 	$	2,513	 	 	 	$	18	 	 	 	$	(7	)	 	 	 	$	2,524	 	 	 	$	2,396	 	 	 	$	10	 	 	 	$	(20	)	 	 	 	$	2,386	
Foreign	 	 	6,406	 	 	 	 	47	 	 	 	 	(50	)	 	 	 	 	6,403	 	 	 	 	5,304	 	 	 	 	66	 	 	 	 	(30	)	 	 	 	 	5,340	
Corporate securities	 	 	8,757	 	 	 	 	111	 	 	 	 	(25	)	 	 	 	 	8,843	 	 	 	 	8,925	 	 	 	 	108	 	 	 	 	(79	)	 	 	 	 	8,954	
Mortgage-backed securities	 	 	10,331	 	 	 	 	67	 	 	 	 	(14	)	 	 	 	 	10,384	 	 	 	 	7,398	 	 	 	 	13	 	 	 	 	(65	)	 	 	 	 	7,346	
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	 	 	382	 	 	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	386	 	 	 	 	250	 	 	 	 	10	 	 	 	 	(1	)	 	 	 	 	259	
 	 	$	28,389	 	 	 	$	249	 	 	 	$	(98	)	 	 	 	$	28,540	 	 	 	$	24,273	 	 	 	$	207	 	 	 	$	(195	)	 	 	 	$	24,285	
Held to maturity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	 	$	1,015	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	$	(10	)	 	 	 	$	1,005	 	 	 	$	1,081	 	 	 	$	2	 	 	 	$	(7	)	 	 	 	$	1,076	
Foreign	 	 	55	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	(1	)	 	 	 	 	54	 	 	 	 	44	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	44	
Corporate securities	 	 	577	 	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	(8	)	 	 	 	 	571	 	 	 	 	678	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	(5	)	 	 	 	 	673	
Mortgage-backed securities	 	 	976	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	(14	)	 	 	 	 	962	 	 	 	 	1,027	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	(10	)	 	 	 	 	1,017	
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	 	 	424	 	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	423	 	 	 	 	246	 	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	245	
 	 	$	3,047	 	 	 	$	3	 	 	 	$	(35	)	 	 	 	$	3,015	 	 	 	$	3,076	 	 	 	$	3	 	 	 	$	(24	)	 	 	 	$	3,055	
 
Mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies are combined with all other to be announced mortgage derivatives held (refer to Note 12 a) (iii)) and are included in the category, “Mortgage-backed securities”. Approximately 60 percent of the total mortgage-backed securities at December 31, 2006 and 66 percent at December 31, 2005, are represented by investments in U.S. government agency bonds. The remainder of the mortgage exposure consists of collateralized mortgage obligations and non-government mortgage-backed securities, the majority of which provide a planned structure for principal and interest payments and carry a rating of AAA by the major credit rating agencies.
 
F-29

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Fixed maturities at December 31, 2006 and 2005, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.

 	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Amortized Cost	 	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Amortized Cost	
Available for sale; maturity period	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Less than 1 year	 	$	985	 	 	 	$	987	 	 	 	$	1,277	 	 	 	$	1,277	
1 – 5 years	 	 	8,743	 	 	 	 	8,714	 	 	 	 	8,242	 	 	 	 	8,253	
5 – 10 years	 	 	6,020	 	 	 	 	5,969	 	 	 	 	5,394	 	 	 	 	5,362	
Greater than 10 years	 	 	2,408	 	 	 	 	2,388	 	 	 	 	2,026	 	 	 	 	1,983	
 	 	 	18,156	 	 	 	 	18,058	 	 	 	 	16,939	 	 	 	 	16,875	
Mortgage-backed securities	 	 	10,384	 	 	 	 	10,331	 	 	 	 	7,346	 	 	 	 	7,398	
 	 	$	28,540	 	 	 	$	28,389	 	 	 	$	24,285	 	 	 	$	24,273	
Held to Maturity; maturity period	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Less than 1 year	 	$	197	 	 	 	$	198	 	 	 	$	202	 	 	 	$	203	
1 – 5 years	 	 	1,310	 	 	 	 	1,323	 	 	 	 	1,083	 	 	 	 	1,092	
5 – 10 years	 	 	477	 	 	 	 	481	 	 	 	 	678	 	 	 	 	680	
Greater than 10 years	 	 	69	 	 	 	 	69	 	 	 	 	75	 	 	 	 	74	
 	 	 	2,053	 	 	 	 	2,071	 	 	 	 	2,038	 	 	 	 	2,049	
Mortgage-backed securities	 	 	962	 	 	 	 	976	 	 	 	 	1,017	 	 	 	 	1,027	
 	 	$	3,015	 	 	 	$	3,047	 	 	 	$	3,055	 	 	 	$	3,076	
 
b) Equity securities
The gross unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on equity securities at December 31, 2006 and 2005 is as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	
Equity securities – cost	 	$	1,372	 	 	 	 	$	1,280	 	
Gross unrealized appreciation	 	 	349	 	 	 	 	 	245	 	
Gross unrealized depreciation	 	 	(8	)	 	 	 	 	(18	)	
Equity securities – fair value	 	$	1,713	 	 	 	 	$	1,507	 	
 
c) Other investments
Other investments over which the Company cannot exercise significant influence are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in other comprehensive income. Partially-owned investment companies over which the Company has significant influence are carried under the equity method of accounting. Trading securities are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in net income. At December 31, 2006, trading securities included $50 million of equity securities and $13 million of fixed maturities, compared with $41 million and $9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2005. Other investments at December 31, 2006 and 2005 are as follows:

 	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Cost	 	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Cost	
Investment funds	 	$	308	 	 	 	$	220	 	 	 	$	303	 	 	 	$	240	
Limited partnerships	 	 	215	 	 	 	 	187	 	 	 	 	136	 	 	 	 	122	
Partially-owned investment companies	 	 	44	 	 	 	 	48	 	 	 	 	61	 	 	 	 	62	
Trading securities	 	 	63	 	 	 	 	57	 	 	 	 	50	 	 	 	 	43	
Other	 	 	215	 	 	 	 	149	 	 	 	 	125	 	 	 	 	125	
Total	 	$	845	 	 	 	$	661	 	 	 	$	675	 	 	 	$	592	
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
d) Investments in partially-owned insurance companies
Investments in partially-owned insurance companies at December 31, 2006 and 2005 are comprised of the following:

 	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
Company
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Carrying Value	 	 	 	Ownership
Percentage	 	 	 	Carrying Value	 	 	 	Ownership
Percentage	
Freisenbruch-Meyer	 	$	7	 	 	 	40.0%	 	 	 	$	6	 	 	 	40.0%	
Intrepid Re Holdings Limited	 	 	77	 	 	 	38.5%	 	 	 	 	72	 	 	 	38.5%	
Assured Guaranty	 	 	469	 	 	 	28.4%	 	 	 	 	587	 	 	 	35.2%	
Huatai Insurance Company	 	 	151	 	 	 	22.1%	 	 	 	 	149	 	 	 	22.1%	
Rain and Hail Insurance Services, Inc.	 	 	65	 	 	 	20.6%	 	 	 	 	58	 	 	 	20.6%	
Huatai Life Insurance Company	 	 	16	 	 	 	20.0%	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	–   	
Island Heritage	 	 	4	 	 	 	11.0%	 	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	10.0%	
Sovereign Risk Insurance Limited	 	 	–	 	 	 	–    	 	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	50.0%	
Total	 	$	789	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	$	876	 	 	 	 	
 
Using a quoted market price, the fair value of the Company’s investment in Assured Guaranty was $510 million and $660 million at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively.
 
e) Gross unrealized loss
As of December 31, 2006, there were 5,793 fixed maturities out of a total of 14,174 fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position. The largest single unrealized loss in the fixed maturities was $2.7 million. There were 245 equity securities out of a total of 2,099 equity securities in an unrealized loss position. The largest single unrealized loss in the equity securities was $0.8 million. There were no securities that had been in a loss position for the previous nine consecutive months with a market value of less than 80 percent of amortized cost, or cost for equity securities. Most of the fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position were investment grade securities for which fair value declined due to increases in market interest rates from the date of purchase.
The following tables summarize, for all securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2006 and 2005 (including securities on loan), the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position.

 	 	0 – 12 Months	 	 	 	 	Over 12 Months	 	 	 	 	Total	 	
December 31, 2006
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized Loss	 	 	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized Loss	 	 	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized Loss	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	 	$	1,647	 	 	 	$	(12.8	)	 	 	 	$	320	 	 	 	$	(4.3	)	 	 	 	$	1,967	 	 	 	$	(17.1	)	
Foreign	 	 	4,289	 	 	 	 	(50.0	)	 	 	 	 	67	 	 	 	 	(0.8	)	 	 	 	 	4,356	 	 	 	 	(50.8	)	
Corporate securities	 	 	3,863	 	 	 	 	(26.2	)	 	 	 	 	410	 	 	 	 	(6.9	)	 	 	 	 	4,273	 	 	 	 	(33.1	)	
Mortgage-backed securities	 	 	3,817	 	 	 	 	(15.7	)	 	 	 	 	840	 	 	 	 	(12.7	)	 	 	 	 	4,657	 	 	 	 	(28.4	)	
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	 	 	525	 	 	 	 	(2.7	)	 	 	 	 	31	 	 	 	 	(0.7	)	 	 	 	 	556	 	 	 	 	(3.4	)	
Total fixed maturities	 	 	14,141	 	 	 	 	(107.4	)	 	 	 	 	1,668	 	 	 	 	(25.4	)	 	 	 	 	15,809	 	 	 	 	(132.8	)	
Equities	 	 	210	 	 	 	 	(8.1	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	210	 	 	 	 	(8.1	)	
Other investments	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	(2.1	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	(2.1	)	
Total	 	$	14,359	 	 	 	$	(117.6	)	 	 	 	$	1,668	 	 	 	$	(25.4	)	 	 	 	$	16,027	 	 	 	$	(143.0	)	
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Included in the “0 – 12 Months” and “Over 12 Months” aging categories at December 31, 2006, are fixed maturities held to maturity with combined fair values of $1.2 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively. The associated gross unrealized losses related to these fixed maturities are $10 million and $24 million, respectively.

 	 	0 – 12 Months	 	 	 	 	Over 12 Months	 	 	 	 	Total	 	
December 31, 2005
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized Loss	 	 	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized Loss	 	 	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Gross
Unrealized Loss	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	 	$	2,766	 	 	 	$	(26.9	)	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	2,766	 	 	 	$	(26.9	)	
Foreign	 	 	3,133	 	 	 	 	(30.0	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	3,133	 	 	 	 	(30.0	)	
Corporate securities	 	 	6,465	 	 	 	 	(83.4	)	 	 	 	 	116	 	 	 	 	(0.9	)	 	 	 	 	6,581	 	 	 	 	(84.3	)	
Mortgage-backed securities	 	 	6,134	 	 	 	 	(74.9	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	6,134	 	 	 	 	(74.9	)	
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	 	 	306	 	 	 	 	(2.9	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	306	 	 	 	 	(2.9	)	
Total fixed maturities	 	 	18,804	 	 	 	 	(218.1	)	 	 	 	 	116	 	 	 	 	(0.9	)	 	 	 	 	18,920	 	 	 	 	(219.0	)	
Equities	 	 	520	 	 	 	 	(18.1	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	520	 	 	 	 	(18.1	)	
Other investments	 	 	24	 	 	 	 	(1.6	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	24	 	 	 	 	(1.6	)	
Total	 	$	19,348	 	 	 	$	(237.8	)	 	 	 	$	116	 	 	 	$	(0.9	)	 	 	 	$	19,464	 	 	 	$	(238.7	)	
 
Included in the “0 – 12 Months” aging category at December 31, 2005, were fixed maturities held to maturity with combined fair values of $2.6 billion. The associated gross unrealized losses related to these fixed maturities were $24 million.
Each quarter, the Company reviews all of its securities in an unrealized loss position (impaired securities), including fixed maturity securities, securities on loan, equity securities and other investments, to determine whether the impairment is other-than-temporary. Initially, the Company identifies those impaired securities to be specifically evaluated for a potential “other-than-temporary impairment” (OTTI). In this process, the following is considered by type of security:

Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities, including Securities on Loan
A security that meets any of the following criteria is evaluated for a potential OTTI:
• securities that have been in a loss position for the previous eleven consecutive months;
• those securities that have been in a loss position for the previous nine consecutive months and market value is less than 80 percent of amortized cost, or cost for equity securities; or
• those securities that are rated below investment grade by at least one major rating agency.
The Company evaluates all other fixed maturity and equity securities for a potential OTTI when the unrealized loss at the balance sheet date exceeds a certain scope, based on both a percentage (i.e., market value is less than 80 percent of amortized cost, or cost for equity securities) and aggregate dollar decline, and/or certain indicators of an OTTI are present including:
• a significant economic event has occurred that is expected to adversely affect the industry in which the issuer participates;
• recent issuer-specific news that is likely to have an adverse affect on operating results and cash flows; or
• a missed or late interest or principal payment related to any debt issuance.
For those securities identified as having a potential OTTI based on the above criteria, the Company estimates a reasonable period of time in which market value is expected to recover to a level in excess of cost, if at all. For fixed maturity securities, factors considered include:
• the degree to which any appearance of impairment is attributable to an overall change in market conditions such as interest rates rather than changes in the individual factual circumstances and risk profile of the issuer;
• the performance of the relevant industry sector;
• the nature of collateral or other credit support;
• whether an issuer is current in making principal and interest payments on the debt securities in question;
• the issuer’s financial condition and the Company’s assessment (using available market information) of its ability to make future scheduled principal and interest payments on a timely basis; and
• current financial strength or debt rating, analysis and guidance provided by rating agencies and analysts.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
For equity securities, factors considered include:
• whether the decline appears to be related to general market or industry conditions or is issuer-specific; and
• the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, including specific events that may influence the issuer’s operations.
Securities will be assessed to have an OTTI if cost is not expected to be recovered or the Company does not have the ability and specific intent to hold the security until its expected recovery. The Company typically makes this latter assessment when such intent is considered inconsistent with management’s investment objectives, such as maximizing total return.

Other Investments
With respect to other investments that are not traded in a public market, such as venture capital investments funds, the portfolio managers, as well as the Company’s internal valuation committee, consider a variety of factors in determining whether or not the investment should be evaluated for OTTI. Indicators of impairment include:
• the fund has reported losses for two consecutive fiscal years;
• a significant economic event has occurred that is expected to adversely affect an industry for which the fund has significant exposure to; and
• recent issuer-specific news that is expected to adversely affect a significant holding in the fund.
For those investments identified as having a possible OTTI, the Company determines a reasonable period of time in which market value is expected to recover to a level in excess of cost, if at all. Factors considered include:
• recent trends in financial performance and future expectations of financial performance based on the underlying assets held in the portfolio and market conditions affecting those assets;
• an analysis of whether fundamental deterioration has occurred; and
• the fund’s most recent financing event.
These investments will be assessed to have an OTTI if cost is not expected to be recovered or it is concluded that the Company does not have the ability and specific intent to hold the security until its expected recovery.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
f) Net realized gains (losses) and change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments
Net realized gains (losses) and the change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 are as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Fixed maturities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross realized gains	 	$	131	 	 	 	 	$	152	 	 	 	 	$	206	 	
Gross realized losses	 	 	(153	)	 	 	 	 	(129	)	 	 	 	 	(75	)	
Other-than-temporary impairments	 	 	(198	)	 	 	 	 	(68	)	 	 	 	 	(18	)	
 	 	 	(220	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	113	 	
Equity securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross realized gains	 	 	182	 	 	 	 	 	122	 	 	 	 	 	103	 	
Gross realized losses	 	 	(9	)	 	 	 	 	(30	)	 	 	 	 	(10	)	
Other-than-temporary impairments	 	 	(10	)	 	 	 	 	(16	)	 	 	 	 	(9	)	
 	 	 	163	 	 	 	 	 	76	 	 	 	 	 	84	 	
Other investments gains (losses)	 	 	34	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	(9	)	
Write-down of other investments	 	 	(6	)	 	 	 	 	(4	)	 	 	 	 	(12	)	
Foreign currency gains (losses)	 	 	(13	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1	 	
Futures, option contracts and interest rate swaps	 	 	(40	)	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	33	 	
Sale of certain run-off reinsurance subsidiaries	 	 	(23	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Fair value adjustment on insurance derivatives	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	29	 	 	 	 	 	(13	)	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	(98	)	 	 	 	 	76	 	 	 	 	 	197	 	
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	139	 	 	 	 	 	(457	)	 	 	 	 	(196	)	
Fixed maturities held to maturity	 	 	(5	)	 	 	 	 	10	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Equity securities	 	 	114	 	 	 	 	 	23	 	 	 	 	 	54	 	
Other investments	 	 	101	 	 	 	 	 	21	 	 	 	 	 	20	 	
Investments in partially-owned insurance companies	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	17	 	 	 	 	 	33	 	
Change in deferred income taxes	 	 	(63	)	 	 	 	 	69	 	 	 	 	 	39	 	
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments	 	 	290	 	 	 	 	 	(317	)	 	 	 	 	(50	)	
Total net realized gains (losses) and change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments	 	$	192	 	 	 	 	$	(241	)	 	 	 	$	147	 	
 
g) Net investment income
Net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 was derived from the following sources:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Fixed maturities	 	$	1,463	 	 	 	 	$	1,170	 	 	 	 	$	980	 	
Short-term investments	 	 	119	 	 	 	 	 	86	 	 	 	 	 	47	 	
Equity securities	 	 	57	 	 	 	 	 	50	 	 	 	 	 	25	 	
Other	 	 	26	 	 	 	 	 	22	 	 	 	 	 	17	 	
Gross investment income	 	 	1,665	 	 	 	 	 	1,328	 	 	 	 	 	1,069	 	
Investment expenses	 	 	(64	)	 	 	 	 	(64	)	 	 	 	 	(56	)	
Net investment income	 	$	1,601	 	 	 	 	$	1,264	 	 	 	 	$	1,013	 	
 
h) Restricted assets
The Company is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. The Company also
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
utilizes trust funds in certain large transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. The Company also has investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOCs and debt instruments described in Notes 11 and 12. At December 31, 2006, restricted assets of $6.1 billion are included in fixed maturities. The remaining balance is included in short-term investments, equity securities and cash. The components of the fair value of the restricted assets at December 31, 2006 and 2005 are as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities	 	$	999	 	 	 	$	921	
Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities	 	 	1,968	 	 	 	 	2,065	
Assets used for collateral or guarantees	 	 	1,045	 	 	 	 	910	
Trust funds	 	 	2,558	 	 	 	 	2,255	
 	 	$	6,570	 	 	 	$	6,151	
 
8. Reinsurance
 
a) Consolidated reinsurance
The Company purchases reinsurance to manage various exposures including catastrophe risks. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate the Company’s reinsurers to reimburse it for the agreed-upon portion of its gross paid losses, they do not discharge the primary liability of the Company. The amounts for net premiums written and net premiums earned in the consolidated statements of operations are net of reinsurance. Direct, assumed and ceded premiums for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 are as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Premiums written	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Direct	 	$	13,892	 	 	 	 	$	13,240	 	 	 	 	$	13,134	 	
Assumed	 	 	3,509	 	 	 	 	 	3,571	 	 	 	 	 	2,960	 	
Ceded	 	 	(5,371	)	 	 	 	 	(5,019	)	 	 	 	 	(4,598	)	
Net	 	$	12,030	 	 	 	 	$	11,792	 	 	 	 	$	11,496	 	
Premiums earned	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Direct	 	$	13,562	 	 	 	 	$	13,106	 	 	 	 	$	12,804	 	
Assumed	 	 	3,461	 	 	 	 	 	3,654	 	 	 	 	 	2,708	 	
Ceded	 	 	(5,198	)	 	 	 	 	(5,012	)	 	 	 	 	(4,402	)	
Net	 	$	11,825	 	 	 	 	$	11,748	 	 	 	 	$	11,110	 	
 
For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, the Company recorded reinsurance recoveries on losses and loss expenses incurred of $2.8 billion, $4.7 billion, and $4.1 billion, respectively.
 
b) Reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance
The composition of the Company’s reinsurance recoverable at December 31, 2006 and 2005 is as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses	 	$	1,316	 	 	 	 	$	1,191	 	
Provision for uncollectible reinsurance on paid losses and loss expenses	 	 	(255	)	 	 	 	 	(336	)	
Reinsurance recoverable on future policy benefits	 	 	10	 	 	 	 	 	11	 	
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses	 	 	13,903	 	 	 	 	 	15,048	 	
Provision for uncollectible reinsurance on unpaid losses and loss expenses	 	 	(394	)	 	 	 	 	(451	)	
Net reinsurance recoverable	 	$	14,580	 	 	 	 	$	15,463	 	
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
The Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and potential reinsurers on a regular basis and also monitors concentrations of credit risk with reinsurers. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is required principally due to the failure of reinsurers to indemnify ACE, primarily because of disputes under reinsurance contracts and insolvencies. Provisions have been established for amounts estimated to be uncollectible. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance on paid and unpaid losses and loss expenses decreased in 2006 mainly due to the write-off of $114 million of reinsurance recoverable balances and the associated provision for uncollectible reinsurance.
The following table shows a breakdown of the Company’s reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

 	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
Category
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Recoverable
Amount	 	 	 	Provision	 	 	 	% of
Recoverable
Amount	 	 	 	Recoverable
Amount	 	 	 	Provision	 	 	 	% of
Recoverable
Amount	
General collections	 	$	930	 	 	 	$	54	 	 	 	5.8%	 	 	 	$	710	 	 	 	$	32	 	 	 	4.5%	
Other	 	 	386	 	 	 	 	201	 	 	 	52.1%	 	 	 	 	481	 	 	 	 	304	 	 	 	63.2%	
Total	 	$	1,316	 	 	 	$	255	 	 	 	19.4%	 	 	 	$	1,191	 	 	 	$	336	 	 	 	28.2%	
 
General collections balances represent amounts in the process of collection in the normal course of business, for which the Company has no indication of dispute or credit-related issues.
The other category includes amounts recoverable that are in dispute, or are from companies who are in supervision, rehabilitation or liquidation for the Brandywine Group and active operations. The Company’s estimation of this reserve considers the merits of the underlying matter, the credit quality of the reinsurer and whether the Company has received collateral or other credit protections such as parental guarantees.
The following tables provide a listing, at December 31, 2006, of the Company’s largest reinsurers with the first category representing the top 10 reinsurers and the second category representing the remaining reinsurers with balances greater than $20 million. The third category includes amounts due from approximately 2,100 companies, each having balances of less than $20 million. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance for these three categories is principally based on an analysis of the credit quality of the reinsurer and collateral balances. The next category, mandatory pools and government agencies, includes amounts backed by certain state and federal agencies. In certain states, insurance companies are required by law to participate in these pools. The fifth category, structured settlements, includes annuities purchased from life insurance companies to settle claims. Since the Company retains the ultimate liability in the event that the life company fails to pay, it reflects the amount as a liability and a recoverable for GAAP purposes. The next category, captives, includes companies established and owned by the Company’s insurance clients to assume a significant portion of their direct insurance risk from the Company, (i.e., they are structured to allow clients to self-insure a portion of their insurance risk). It is generally the Company’s policy to obtain collateral equal to expected losses; where appropriate, exceptions are granted but only with review and approval at a senior officer level. The final category, other, includes amounts recoverable that are in dispute or are from companies that are in supervision, rehabilitation, or liquidation. The Company establishes its provision for uncollectible reinsurance in this category based on a case by case analysis of individual situations, including credit and collateral analysis and consideration of the Company’s collection experience in similar situations.

Breakdown of Reinsurance Recoverable
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	Provision	 	 	 	% of Gross	
Categories	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Top 10 reinsurers	 	$	8,075	 	 	 	$	88	 	 	 	1.1%	
Other reinsurers balances greater than $20 million	 	 	3,468	 	 	 	 	146	 	 	 	4.2%	
Other reinsurers balances less than $20 million	 	 	681	 	 	 	 	71	 	 	 	10.5%	
Mandatory pools and government agencies	 	 	602	 	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	0.5%	
Structured settlements	 	 	522	 	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	0.4%	
Captives	 	 	1,315	 	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	0.1%	
Other	 	 	566	 	 	 	 	338	 	 	 	59.6%	
Total	 	$	15,229	 	 	 	$	649	 	 	 	4.3%	
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries

			
Top 10 Reinsurers (net of collateral)	
American International Group	  	Hannover Group	
Berkshire Hathaway Insurance Group	  	Lloyd’s of London	
Chubb Insurance Group	  	Munich Re Group	
Equitas	  	Swiss Re Group	
Everest Re Group	  	XL Capital Group	

Other Reinsurers Balances Greater Than $20 million (net of collateral)
					
AGRI General Ins Co	  	Dukes Place Holdings	  	Platinum Underwriters	
AIOI Insurance Group	  	Electric Insurance Company	  	PMA Capital Corporation	
Allianz	  	Endurance Specialty Holdings Ltd.	  	Renaissance Re Holdings Ltd.	
Allied World Assurance Group	  	Enstar Group Ltd	  	Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Group	
Allmerica Financial Corp	  	Fairfax Financial	  	SCOR Group	
Allstate Group	  	Federal Crop Insurance Corporation	  	Sompo Japan Group	
Arch Capital	  	FM Global Group	  	St Paul Travelers Companies	
Aspen Insurance Holdings Ltd.	  	Gerling Global Group	  	Tawa UK Ltd.	
AVIVA	  	Hartford Insurance Group	  	Toa Reinsurance Company	
AXA	  	ING Groep NV	  	Trenwick Group	
CIGNA	  	IRB – Brasil Resseguros S.A. Group	  	White Mountains Insurance Group	
CNA Insurance Companies	  	Liberty Mutual Insurance Companies	  	WR Berkley Corp	
Converium Group	  	Millea Holdings	  	Zurich Financial Services Group	
Dominion Insurance Co Ltd.	  	Montpelier Reinsurance Ltd	  	 	
Dow Chemical Co	  	Partner Re	  	 	
 
c) Assumed reinsurance programs involving minimum benefit guarantees under annuity contracts
The Company reinsures various death and living benefit guarantees associated with variable annuities issued primarily in the United States. Each reinsurance treaty covers variable annuities written during a limited period, typically not exceeding two years. The Company generally receives a monthly premium during the accumulation phase of the covered annuities (in-force) based on a percentage of the underlying accumulated account values. Depending on an annuitant’s age, the accumulation phase can last many years. To limit the Company’s exposure under these programs, all reinsurance treaties include aggregate claim limits and many include an aggregate deductible.
The guarantees which are payable on death, referred to as guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDBs), principally cover shortfalls between accumulated account value at the time of an annuitant’s death and either i) an annuitant’s total deposits; ii) an annuitant’s total deposits plus a minimum annual return; or iii) the highest accumulated account value attained during any policy anniversary date. In addition, a death benefit may be based on a formula specified in the variable annuity contract that uses a percentage of the growth of the underlying contract value. Reinsurance programs covering GMDBs are accounted for pursuant to Statement of Position 03-1, Accounting and Reporting by Insurance Enterprises for Certain Nontraditional Long-Duration Contracts and for Separate Accounts (SOP 03-1). Pursuant to SOP 03-1, liabilities for the GMDBs are based on cumulative assessments or premiums to date multiplied by a benefit ratio that is determined by estimating the present value of benefit payments and related adjustment expenses divided by the present value of cumulative assessment or expected fees during the contract period. In the event the Company was to anticipate an ultimate loss on the business over the in-force period of the underlying annuities, an additional liability would be established to recognize such losses.
Under reinsurance programs covering living benefit guarantees, the Company assumes the risk of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIBs) associated with variable annuity contracts. The GMIB risk is triggered if, at the time the contract holder elects to convert the accumulated account value to a periodic payment stream (annuitize), the accumulated account value is not sufficient to provide a guaranteed minimum level of monthly income. The Company’s GMIB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative for accounting purposes and is therefore carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in income in the period of the change pursuant to FAS 133 and classified as described below. As the assuming entity, the Company is obligated to provide coverage until the expiration of the underlying annuities. Premiums received under the reinsurance treaties are classified as premium. Expected losses allocated to premiums received are classified as life and annuity benefits and valued pursuant to SOP 03-1, similar to
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
GMDB reinsurance. Other changes in fair value, principally arising from changes in expected losses allocated to expected future premiums, are classified as realized gains (losses). As fair value generally represents the cost to exit a business and thus includes a risk margin, the Company may recognize a loss for other changes in fair value during a given period due to adverse changes in the capital markets (e.g., declining interest rates and/or declining equity markets) even when the Company continues to expect the business to be profitable. Management believes this presentation provides the most meaningful disclosure of changes in the underlying risk within the GMIB reinsurance programs for a given reporting period.
The presentation of income and expenses relating to GMDB and GMIB reinsurance for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, is as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	2004	 	
GMDB	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net premiums earned	 	$	104	 	 	 	 	$	71	 	 	 	$	46	 	
Life and annuity benefits expense	 	$	45	 	 	 	 	$	34	 	 	 	$	15	 	
GMIB	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net premiums earned	 	$	95	 	 	 	 	$	86	 	 	 	$	64	 	
Life and annuity benefits expense	 	$	(1	)	 	 	 	$	4	 	 	 	$	15	 	
Realized gains (losses)	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	18	 	 	 	$	10	 	
Fair Value Components	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gain (loss) recognized in income	 	$	96	 	 	 	 	$	100	 	 	 	$	59	 	
Net cash received (disbursed)	 	$	95	 	 	 	 	$	85	 	 	 	$	65	 	
Net decrease (increase) in liability	 	$	1	 	 	 	 	$	15	 	 	 	$	(6	)	
 
At December 31, 2006, reported liabilities for GMDB and GMIB reinsurance were $97 million and $13 million, respectively, compared with $59 million and $14 million, respectively, at December 31, 2005. The reported liability for GMIB reinsurance in 2006 and 2005 is net of a fair value adjustment of $28 million. Reported liabilities for both GMDB and GMIB reinsurance are determined using internal valuation models. Such valuations require considerable judgment and are subject to significant uncertainty. The valuation of these products is subject to fluctuations arising from, among other factors, changes in interest rates, changes in equity markets, changes in credit markets and, for GMIB reinsurance, changes in the allocation of the investments underlying annuitant’s account value and assumptions regarding future policyholder behavior. These models and the related assumptions are continually reviewed by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon improvements in modeling techniques and availability of more timely information, such as market conditions and demographics of in-force annuities. The life and annuity benefits expense for 2004 does not include the impact of adoption of SOP 03-1 of $6.4 million for GMDB reinsurance and $2.1 million for the GMIB reinsurance.
At December 31, 2006, the Company’s net amount at risk from its GMDB and GMIB reinsurance programs was $776 million and $10 million, respectively, compared with $520 million and $14 million, respectively, at December 31, 2005. For the GMDB programs, the net amount at risk is defined as the excess, if any, of the current guaranteed value over the current account value. For the GMIB programs, the net amount at risk is defined as the excess, if any, of the present value of the minimum guaranteed annuity payments over the present value of the annuity payments assumed (under the terms of the reinsurance contract) to be available to each policyholder.
 
9. Goodwill
 
The following table details goodwill by reporting segment at December 31, 2006 and 2005. Changes in the balances during 2006 principally relate to the purchase and sale of insurance companies in 2006, as more fully described in Note 3, and reclassifications of certain pre-acquisition balances to goodwill relating to the CIGNA acquisition.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries

											
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	 	 	
Insurance – North American	 	$	1,192	 	 	 	$	1,168	 	 	
Insurance – Overseas General	 	 	1,174	 	 	 	 	1,170	 	 	
Global Reinsurance	 	 	365	 	 	 	 	365	 	 	
Total	 	$	2,731	 	 	 	$	2,703	 	 	
 
10. Unpaid losses and loss expenses
 
Property and casualty
The Company establishes reserves for the estimated unpaid ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of its policies and agreements. These reserves include estimates for both claims that have been reported and for IBNR, and include estimates of expenses associated with processing and settling these claims. The process of establishing reserves for property and casualty (P&C) claims can be complex and is subject to considerable variability as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments. The Company’s estimates and judgments may be revised as additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, as new or improved methodologies are developed, or as current laws change. The Company continually evaluates its estimates of reserves in light of developing information and in light of discussions and negotiations with its insureds. While the Company believes that its reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses at December 31, 2006 are adequate, new information or trends may lead to future developments in ultimate losses and loss expenses significantly greater or less than the reserves provided. Any such revisions could result in future changes in estimates of losses or reinsurance recoverable, and would be reflected in the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed.
The reconciliation of unpaid losses and loss expenses for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 is as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of year	 	$	35,055	 	 	 	 	$	31,483	 	 	 	 	$	27,083	 	
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	 	 	(14,597	)	 	 	 	 	(13,966	)	 	 	 	 	(12,408	)	
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of year	 	 	20,458	 	 	 	 	 	17,517	 	 	 	 	 	14,675	 	
Sale of certain run-off reinsurance subsidiaries	 	 	(472	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Sale of Assured Guaranty	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(374	)	
Total	 	 	19,986	 	 	 	 	 	17,517	 	 	 	 	 	14,301	 	
Net losses and loss expenses incurred in respect of losses occurring in:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current year	 	 	7,082	 	 	 	 	 	8,485	 	 	 	 	 	7,143	 	
Prior year	 	 	(12	)	 	 	 	 	86	 	 	 	 	 	547	 	
Total	 	 	7,070	 	 	 	 	 	8,571	 	 	 	 	 	7,690	 	
Net losses and loss expenses paid in respect of losses occurring in:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current year	 	 	1,748	 	 	 	 	 	2,076	 	 	 	 	 	2,012	 	
Prior year	 	 	3,711	 	 	 	 	 	3,293	 	 	 	 	 	2,748	 	
Total	 	 	5,459	 	 	 	 	 	5,369	 	 	 	 	 	4,760	 	
Foreign currency revaluation and other	 	 	411	 	 	 	 	 	(261	)	 	 	 	 	286	 	
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of year	 	 	22,008	 	 	 	 	 	20,458	 	 	 	 	 	17,517	 	
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	 	 	13,509	 	 	 	 	 	14,597	 	 	 	 	 	13,966	 	
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of year	 	$	35,517	 	 	 	 	$	35,055	 	 	 	 	$	31,483	 	
 
Net losses and loss expenses incurred include $12 million of net favorable prior period development for 2006 and $86 million and $547 million of net adverse prior period development for 2005 and 2004, respectively. In 2004, the
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Company increased its reserve for asbestos, environmental and other run-off claims by $465 million. The net additions comprised A&E reserve increases of $554 million including the provision for uncollectible reinsurance of $95 million and favorable prior period development of $89 million in other run-off reserves.
Insurance – North American experienced $65 million of net adverse prior period development in 2006, compared with net adverse prior period development of $103 million in 2005. The 2006 prior period development was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements as summarized below:
• Net adverse development of $60 million on long-tail business including:
• Adverse development of $57 million on a small number of run-off portfolios in the U.S. with predominantly workers’ compensation exposures from accident years 1996 and prior. This movement was largely due to a revision of selected loss development factors in the tail. Loss reserve estimates for this business are very sensitive to changes in such assumptions;
• Adverse development of $42 million on the ACE Bermuda D&O book from report years 2000-2002 driven by case estimate increases on large claims following significant events in the mediation process including increased plaintiff demands, settlement conferences and court proceedings;
• Favorable development of $29 million on the ACE Bermuda excess liability book driven by the settlement of a single claim from the 1991 report year on better than anticipated terms used to establish the held reserve;
• Favorable development of $13 million on large account business written by ACE USA due to lower than anticipated loss emergence.
• Net adverse development of $51 million on short-tail business including:
• Adverse development of $182 million related to property claims arising from 2005 catastrophes. The majority of this increase is related to property losses from Hurricane Katrina. The nature and extent of Hurricane Katrina resulted in some claims that increased over previously reported damage estimates. Factors leading to these increases included demand surge and some impact to previously unimpaired layers of excess coverage;
• Favorable development on ACE Westchester Specialty’s crop/hail business of $60 million due to recording of the final settlement of the 2005 crop results. In line with normal practice for this type of business ACE did not receive formal loss reports for the 2005 year until 2006. Therefore, the prior period movements were direct results of the loss amounts within the initial loss report issued during the first quarter of 2006 and final loss report issued during the second quarter of 2006 being lower than our preliminary estimates;
• Favorable development of $51 million on ACE USA’s workers’ compensation short-tail catastrophe and industrial accident exposure primarily arising from accident years 2004 and 2005, following the review of reported loss experience relative to expectations.
• Net favorable development on specialty lines of business of $46 million due to lower than expected loss emergence from the 2004 and 2005 accident years. The major components of this movement were $18 million and $14 million on surety and aerospace business, respectively.
In 2005, the net adverse prior period development of $103 million for Insurance - North American was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, the most significant of which were:
• Adverse development of $171 million on certain sub-portfolios of long-tail business, written principally during accident years 1998-2002 in the Company’s U.S. operations. The development followed completion of reserve studies that reflected higher than anticipated actual loss experience compared with expectations from the previous reserve studies;
• Adverse development of $99 million in the ACE Bermuda professional lines book on accident years 2002 and prior following a claims and legal review of information received on several previously notified claims;
• Favorable prior period development of $22 million in the financial services lines relating to a financial guarantee reinsurance contract that provides default coverage for a diversified portfolio of securities. The portfolio was substantially reduced and actual losses, representing the shortfall between cash paid to settle securities and stated principal and interest amounts, were lower than corresponding loss reserves held for those securities;
• Adverse development of $84 million mostly on the 2001 and 2002 accident years relating to changes in the legal and claim positions on a small number of financial guarantee contracts;
•Favorable development of $107 million on lines with short-tail exposures (property, inland marine, and workers’ compensation catastrophe) resulting from the standard quarterly reserving process. Favorable development arose from the better than expected emergence of actual claims relative to expectations used to establish reserves. A majority of the favorable development arose from accident year 2004;
• Favorable development of $70 million in the ACE Bermuda excess liability book on accident years 2002 and prior due to a number of successful claim settlements during the year;
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
• Favorable development of $47 million on specialty business including agriculture, aviation, satellite, and political risk due to lower than anticipated loss emergence during the year, mainly related to more recent accident years, primarily the 2004 accident year.
Insurance – North American experienced net adverse prior period development of $166 million, excluding A&E, in 2004. The 2004 net adverse prior period development was mainly driven by development on long-tail lines for accident years 2002 and prior, most notably $163 million on U.S. run-off workers’ compensation business and $98 million on the ACE Bermuda professional lines business. Partially offsetting this adverse development was $181 million of favorable prior period development on lines with short-tail exposures principally related to accident year 2003.
Insurance – Overseas General experienced $72 million of net favorable development in 2006, compared with 2005 net adverse development of $5 million. The 2006 prior period development was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, the most significant of which are summarized below:
• Net favorable development of $111 million on short-tail property and fire lines. These reserve changes were made as part of the regular quarterly reserving process and arose from better than expected emergence of actual claims relative to expectations. This movement mainly related to accident years 2004 and 2005;
• Adverse development of $20 million on long-tail lines of business including:
• Adverse development of $29 million on the ACE Global Markets professional lines portfolio. This movement was due to heavier than expected loss development on years of account 2003 and prior;
• Adverse development of $14 million on asbestos liabilities, excluding the provision for uncollectible reinsurance, following completion of the review of A&E;
• Net favorable development of $23 million on ACE International’s non-A&E exposures from the 2002 - 2004 accident periods. This movement was driven by continued favorable loss emergence most notably on the U.K. casualty and Asia-Pacific financial lines portfolios.
• Net adverse development of $19 million on specialty business including aviation, A&H, marine, consumer lines and political risk. Most of the adverse development was driven by heavier than expected loss activity at ACE Global Markets, primarily on accident years 2002 and prior.
In 2005, the net adverse prior period development of $5 million experienced by Insurance - Overseas General was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, the most significant of which were:
• Favorable development of $94 million on short-tail property and fire lines. These reserve changes were made as part of the regular quarterly reserving process and arose from better than expected emergence of actual claims relative to expectations. This movement mainly related to accident years 2003 and 2004;
• Adverse development of $41 million on ACE’s share of a consortium reinsuring U.S. workers’ compensation business during the late 1990’s. The adverse development arose following the completion of a financial and actuarial review of information received from the client;
• Adverse development of $62 million on professional lines business due to case reserve increases on a number of large claims. This adverse development was mainly related to accident years 2001 through 2003.
Insurance – Overseas General experienced net favorable prior period development of $17 million, including $6 million of adverse development relating to A&E in 2004. The 2004 net favorable prior period development was driven by favorable development on certain short-tail lines of $103 million being offset by moderate adverse movements on a number of sub-portfolios including aviation, casualty, political risk and A&H business.
Global Reinsurance experienced $5 million of net favorable prior period development in 2006, compared with 2005 net favorable development of $22 million. The net prior period development for 2006 was the result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements. The largest adverse movement was related to catastrophes from the 2005 accident year of $29 million as a result of increased loss reports from cedants. Favorable movements largely related to property business from accident years pre-2005 and a number of small movements on different specialty portfolios. The 2005 net favorable prior period development related primarily to property and other short-tail lines and resulted from a difference between the actual and expected claims emergence used to establish reserves for the 2003 and 2004 accident years. In 2004, Global Reinsurance experienced net favorable prior period development of $61 million. The prior period development in 2004 was primarily due to better than expected claims experience on property and other short-tail lines.
 
Asbestos and environmental and other run-off liabilities
Included in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses are amounts for A&E. These A&E liabilities principally relate to claims arising from bodily-injury claims related to asbestos products and remediation costs associated with hazardous
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
waste sites. The estimation of these liabilities is particularly sensitive to changes in the legal, social and economic environment. The Company has not assumed any such changes in setting the value of A&E reserves, which include provisions for both reported and IBNR claims.
The Company’s exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when it purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998 and the P&C business of CIGNA in 1999, with the larger exposure contained within the liabilities acquired in the CIGNA transaction. In 1996, prior to the acquisition of the P&C business of CIGNA, the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner approved a plan to restructure INA Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries (the Restructuring) which included the division of Insurance Company of North America (INA) into two separate corporations: (1) an active insurance company that retained the INA name and continued to write P&C business and (2) an inactive run-off company, now called Century Indemnity Company (Century). As a result of the division, predominantly all A&E and certain other liabilities of INA were allocated to Century and extinguished, as a matter of Pennsylvania law, as liabilities of INA. As part of the Restructuring, the A&E liabilities of various U.S. affiliates of INA were reinsured to Century, and Century and certain other run-off companies having A&E and other liabilities were contributed to Brandywine Holdings Corporation (Brandywine Holdings). As part of the 1999 acquisition of the P&C business of CIGNA, the Company acquired Brandywine Holdings and its various subsidiaries. Refer to the “Brandywine Run-Off Entities” section below for additional information.
The table below presents a roll forward of consolidated A&E loss reserves, allocated and unallocated loss expense reserves for A&E exposures, and the provision for uncollectible reinsurance, for the year ended December 31, 2006.

 	 	Asbestos	 	 	 	 	Environmental	 	 	 	 	Total	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Gross	 	 	 	 	Net	 	 	 	 	Gross	 	 	 	 	Net	 	 	 	 	Gross	 	 	 	 	Net	 	
Balance at December 31, 2005*	 	$	3,760	 	 	 	 	$	1,964	 	 	 	 	$	658	 	 	 	 	$	553	 	 	 	 	$	4,418	 	 	 	 	$	2,517	 	
Incurred activity	 	 	238	 	 	 	 	 	(71	)	 	 	 	 	(55	)	 	 	 	 	(24	)	 	 	 	 	183	 	 	 	 	 	(95	)	
Payment activity	 	 	(373	)	 	 	 	 	(185	)	 	 	 	 	(86	)	 	 	 	 	(67	)	 	 	 	 	(459	)	 	 	 	 	(252	)	
Foreign currency revaluation	 	 	28	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	 	31	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	
Subtotal	 	 	3,653	 	 	 	 	 	1,714	 	 	 	 	 	520	 	 	 	 	 	464	 	 	 	 	 	4,173	 	 	 	 	 	2,178	 	
Sale of certain run-off reinsurance subsidiaries	 	 	(461	)	 	 	 	 	(236	)	 	 	 	 	(33	)	 	 	 	 	(33	)	 	 	 	 	(494	)	 	 	 	 	(269	)	
Balance at December 31, 2006	 	$	3,192	 	 	 	 	$	1,478	 	 	 	 	$	487	 	 	 	 	$	431	 	 	 	 	$	3,679	 	 	 	 	$	1,909	 	
* The balance at December 31, 2005 has been adjusted to increase net reserves by $13 million for accounts not originally classified as A&E in our claim records, and to include $124 million of unallocated loss expense reserves and $310 million of provision for uncollectible reinsurance.
 
The A&E net loss reserves including allocated and unallocated loss expense reserves and provision for uncollectible reinsurance at December 31, 2006 of $2.1 billion shown in the above table are comprised of $1.6 billion in reserves held by Brandywine run-off companies, $245 million of reserves held by Westchester Specialty, $175 million of reserves held by ACE Bermuda and $124 million of reserves held by Insurance – Overseas General. Included in the net incurred activity above is $23 million of incurred development from Insurance – Overseas General and $21 million of unallocated loss adjustment expense incurred in the active ACE USA companies.
Net figures in the above table reflect third-party reinsurance other than reinsurance provided by National Indemnity Company (NICO) under three aggregate excess of loss contracts described below (collectively, the NICO contracts). The NICO contracts are excluded as they cover non-A&E liabilities as well as A&E liabilities. The split of coverage provided under the NICO contracts for A&E liabilities as compared to non-A&E liabilities is entirely dependant on the speed at which the related claims will be paid. The Company’s ability to make an estimate of this split is not practicable. The Company believes, instead, that the A&E discussion is best provided excluding the NICO contracts, while separately discussing the NICO contracts in relation to the total subject business, both A&E and non-A&E, covered by those contracts. With certain exceptions, the NICO contracts provide coverage for the net A&E incurred losses and allocated loss expenses within the limits of coverage and above ACE’s retention levels. These exceptions include losses arising from operations of ACE Overseas General and participations by ACE Bermuda as a co-reinsurer or retrocessionaire in the NICO contracts.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
The adverse gross asbestos incurred activity was primarily due to some deterioration in asbestos exposures driven by an increase in legal defense expenses and adverse development on select accounts, brought on by isolated circumstances specific to those accounts.
Despite the adverse gross asbestos incurred activity, net incurred activity declined in 2006. This was partially due to improvements in the recoverable estimation process, favorable actual paid net to gross trends since the prior review and changes in the mix of gross losses subject to reinsurance recoveries. Since the last A&E reserve study, the Company has improved its highly detailed and quantitative approach to modeling the cessions to its third party facultative and treaty reinsurance for each modeled account. The Company allocates each modeled ground-up account estimate to the applicable direct Brandywine policies and then applies the terms of each applicable facultative certificate and treaty program to determine the percentage ceded and the reinsurance ceded by reinsurer. This process allows the Company to specifically determine credit quality and hence the appropriate provision for uncollectible reinsurance. With respect to change in exposure mix, the overall gross incurred loss and loss expense comprises favorable and adverse development in the underlying component lines of business and exposures. The Company experienced adverse development with respect to gross losses for lines with significant third-party reinsurance (e.g. asbestos, excess liability) and favorable development of gross losses in less heavily reinsured lines. Hence, the impact of the adverse gross development was reduced by reinsurance recoveries while at the same time less of the favorable development was ceded to reinsurers and retained.
 
Brandywine Run-Off – Impact of NICO contracts on ACE’s Run-off Liabilities
As part of the acquisition of the CIGNA P&C business, NICO provided $2.5 billion of reinsurance protection to Century on all Brandywine loss and loss adjustment expense reserves and on the A&E reserves of various ACE INA insurance subsidiaries reinsured by Century (in each case, including uncollectible reinsurance). The benefits of this NICO contract (the Brandywine NICO Agreement) flow to the other Brandywine companies and to the ACE INA insurance subsidiaries through reinsurance agreements between those companies and Century. The Brandywine NICO Agreement was exhausted on an incurred basis in the fourth quarter of 2002.
The following table presents a roll forward of net loss reserves, allocated and unallocated loss adjustment expense reserves and provision for uncollectible reinsurance in respect of Brandywine operations only, including the impact of the Brandywine NICO Agreement. The table represents the full year of the Brandywine incurred activity as well as the results of the reserve reviews discussed below.

 	 	Brandywine	 	 	 	 	NICO
Coverage (2)	 	 	 	 	Net of NICO
Coverage	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	A&E	 	 	 	 	Other (1)	 	 	 	 	Total	 	 		 			 		 			
Balance at December 31, 2005	 	$	1,951	 	 	 	 	$	1,422	 	 	 	 	$	3,373	 	 	 	 	$	2,161	 	 	 	 	$	1,212	 	
Incurred activity	 	 	(146	)	 	 	 	 	152	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	
Payment activity	 	 	(192	)	 	 	 	 	(117	)	 	 	 	 	(309	)	 	 	 	 	(279	)	 	 	 	 	(30	)	
Subtotal	 	 	1,613	 	 	 	 	 	1,457	 	 	 	 	 	3,070	 	 	 	 	 	1,882	 	 	 	 	 	1,188	 	
Sale of certain run-off reinsurance subsidiaries	 	 	(269	)	 	 	 	 	(203	)	 	 	 	 	(472	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(472	)	
Balance at December 31, 2006	 	$	1,344	 	 	 	 	$	1,254	 	 	 	 	$	2,598	 	 	 	 	$	1,882	 	 	 	 	$	716	 	
(1) Other consists primarily of workers’ compensation, non-A&E general liability losses and provision for uncollectible reinsurance on non-A&E business 
( 2 ) The NICO Coverage amount at December 31, 2005 has been increased by $299 million to exclude the impact of advances received from NICO.
 
Reserve Reviews
During 2006, the Company conducted an internal, ground-up review of its consolidated A&E liabilities as of June 30, 2006. During the same period, a team of external actuaries performed an evaluation as to the adequacy of the reserves of Century. This external review was conducted in accordance with the Brandywine Restructuring Order, which requires that an external actuarial review of Century’s reserves be completed every two years. In addition, the Company engaged the external actuaries to review the A&E reserves of ACE American Re. As a result of the internal review, the Company concluded that its net loss reserves for the Brandywine operations, including A&E, were adequate and, therefore, no change to the carried net reserve was required, while the gross loss reserves increased by approximately $210 million. The conclusions of the external review provided estimates of ultimate gross and net Brandywine liabilities that are lower than a comparable study in 2004. As a result, the difference in net loss reserves between the internal and
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
external studies has narrowed to approximately $150 million ($100 million after-tax) from $300 million ($180 million after-tax) in 2004. The Company’s A&E reserves are not discounted and do not reflect any anticipated future changes in the legal, social or economic environment, or any benefit from future legislative reforms.
 
Westchester Specialty – Impact of NICO Contracts on ACE’s Run-Off Liabilities
As part of the acquisition of Westchester Specialty in 1998, NICO provided a 75 percent pro-rata share of $1 billion of reinsurance protection on losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred on or before December 31, 1996, in excess of a retention of $721 million (the 1998 NICO Agreement). NICO has also provided an 85 percent pro-rata share of $150 million of reinsurance protection on losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses incurred on or before December 31, 1992, in excess of a retention of $755 million (the 1992 NICO Agreement). At December 31, 2006, the remaining unused incurred limit under the 1998 NICO Agreement was $485 million, which is available only for losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses. The 1992 NICO Agreement is exhausted on an incurred basis.
The following table presents a roll forward of net loss reserves, allocated and unallocated loss adjustment expense reserves and provision for uncollectible reinsurance in respect of 1996 and prior Westchester Specialty operations that are the subject business of the NICO covers.

 	 	Westchester Specialty	 	 	 	 	NICO
Coverage	 	 	 	 	Net of NICO
Coverage	 	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	A&E	 	 	 	 	Other*	 	 	 	 	Total	 	 		 			 		 			
Balance at December 31, 2005	 	$	260	 	 	 	 	$	196	 	 	 	 	$	456	 	 	 	 	$	375	 	 	 	 	$	81	 	
Incurred activity	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	5	 	 	 	 	 	3	 	
Payment activity	 	 	(22	)	 	 	 	 	(20	)	 	 	 	 	(42	)	 	 	 	 	(24	)	 	 	 	 	(18	)	
Balance at December 31, 2006	 	$	245	 	 	 	 	$	177	 	 	 	 	$	422	 	 	 	 	$	356	 	 	 	 	$	66	 	
* Other consists primarily of non-A&E general liability and products liability losses.
 
Brandywine Run-off Entities
In addition to housing a significant portion of the A&E exposure, the Brandywine operations include run-off liabilities related to various insurance and reinsurance businesses. The following companies comprise ACE’s Brandywine operations: Century (a Pennsylvania insurer), Century Re (a Pennsylvania insurer) and Century International Reinsurance Company Ltd. (a Bermuda insurer (CIRC)). All of the Brandywine companies are direct or indirect subsidiaries of Brandywine Holdings.
The U.S.-based ACE INA companies assumed two contractual obligations in respect of the Brandywine operations in connection with the Restructuring: a dividend retention fund obligation and a surplus maintenance obligation in the form of an aggregate excess of loss reinsurance agreement. In accordance with the Brandywine restructuring order, INA Financial Corporation established and funded a dividend retention fund (the Dividend Retention Fund) consisting of $50 million plus investment earnings. The full balance of the Dividend Retention Fund was contributed to Century as of December 31, 2002. To the extent future dividends are paid by INA Holdings Corporation to its parent, INA Financial Corporation, and to the extent INA Financial Corporation then pays such dividends to INA Corporation, a portion of those dividends must be withheld to replenish the principal of the Dividend Retention Fund to $50 million within five years. In 2006, 2005 and 2004, no such dividends were paid and, therefore, no replenishment of the Dividend Retention Fund occurred. The obligation to maintain and to replenish the Dividend Retention Fund as necessary and to the extent dividends are paid is ongoing until ACE INA receives prior written approval from the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner to terminate the fund.
In addition, the ACE INA insurance subsidiaries provided insurance coverage to Century in the amount of $800 million under an aggregate excess of loss reinsurance agreement (the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement) if the statutory capital and surplus of Century falls below $25 million or if Century lacks liquid assets with which to pay claims as they become due, after giving effect to the contribution of the balance, if any, of the Dividend Retention Fund. Coverage under the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement was triggered as of December 31, 2002, following contribution of the balance of the Dividend Retention Fund, because Century’s capital and surplus fell below $25 million at December 31, 2002.
Effective December 31, 2004, ACE INA Holdings contributed $100 million to Century in exchange for a surplus note. After giving effect to the contribution and issuance of the surplus note, the statutory surplus of Century at December 31, 2006 was $25 million and approximately $349 million in statutory-basis losses were ceded to the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement. Century reports the amount ceded under the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
in accordance with statutory accounting principles, which differ from GAAP by, among other things, allowing Century to discount its asbestos and environmental reserves. For GAAP reporting purposes, intercompany reinsurance recoverables related to the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement are eliminated upon consolidation. To estimate ACE’s remaining claim exposure under the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement under GAAP, the Company adjusts the statutory cession to exclude the discount embedded in statutory loss reserves. At December 31, 2006, approximately $654 million in GAAP basis losses were ceded under the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement, leaving a remaining limit of coverage under that agreement of approximately $146 million. At December 31, 2005, the remaining limit of coverage under the agreement was $7 million. The increase in the remaining limit in 2006 was primarily related to the sale of the run-off reinsurance subsidiaries. While we believe ACE has no legal obligation to fund losses above the Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement limit of coverage, ACE’s consolidated results would nevertheless continue to report any losses above the limit of coverage for so long as the Brandywine companies remain consolidated subsidiaries of ACE.
 
Uncertainties Relating to ACE’s Ultimate Brandywine Exposure
In addition to the Dividend Retention Fund and Aggregate Excess of Loss Agreement commitments described above, certain ACE entities are primarily liable for asbestos, environmental and other exposures that they have reinsured to Century. Accordingly, if Century were to become insolvent and ACE were to lose control of Century, some or all of the recoverables due to these ACE companies from Century could become uncollectible, yet those ACE entities would continue to be responsible to pay claims to their insureds or reinsureds. Under such circumstances, ACE would recognize a loss in its consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2006, the aggregate reinsurance balances ceded by the active ACE companies to Century were approximately $1.5 billion. At December 31, 2006, Century’s carried gross reserves (including reserves ceded by the active ACE companies to Century) were $4.0 billion. The Company believes the intercompany reinsurance recoverables, which relate to liabilities payable over many years (i.e., 25 years or more), are not impaired at this time. A substantial portion of the liabilities ceded to Century by its affiliates have in turn been ceded by Century to NICO and, as of December 31, 2006, approximately $1.9 billion of cover remains on a paid basis. Should Century’s loss reserves experience adverse development in the future and should Century be placed into rehabilitation or liquidation, the reinsurance recoverables due to Century’s affiliates would be payable only after the payment in full of certain expenses and liabilities, including administrative expenses and direct policy liabilities. Thus, the intercompany reinsurance recoverables would be at risk to the extent of the shortage of assets remaining to pay these recoverables. As of December 31, 2006, reserves ceded by Century to the active ACE companies and other amounts owed to Century by the active ACE companies were approximately $550 million in the aggregate.
In a lawsuit filed in California state court in December 1999 (AICCO, Inc v. Insurance Company of North America, et al.), certain competitors of ACE USA challenged the validity of the Restructuring under California’s Unfair Competition Law, Business and Professions Code Section 17200 (UCL). The lawsuit claims that the Restructuring is not applicable to California policyholders under the UCL because it constituted a transfer of liabilities without the consent of the policyholders. The suit also claims that the notice of the Restructuring was misleading. In November 2004, the voters of California approved Proposition 64 amending the UCL by, among other things, requiring that lawsuits brought under the UCL be brought by plaintiffs who have suffered actual injury as a result of the challenged business practice. In response to a motion to dismiss brought by ACE USA, the court ruled in February 2005 that the competitors/plaintiffs who brought this suit have not alleged actual injury as required by Proposition 64 and dismissed the suit. Plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal on May 5, 2005. Oral argument over plaintiffs’ appeal was held on April 19, 2006. On May 10, 2006, the Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of AICCO’s lawsuit. AICCO filed a petition to appeal to the California Supreme Court, however, the California Supreme Court accepted review of another unrelated case that will ultimately decide the issue of whether Proposition 64 should be applied retroactively and which will be binding on this case. On July 24, 2006, the California Supreme Court announced its decision in Californians for Disability Rights v Mervyn’s et al., ruling that Proposition 64 applies to pending cases. The Supreme Court has entered an order denying leave to appeal and this case is concluded.
 
Sale of Certain Brandywine Companies
Refer to Note 3.
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries

11. Debt
 
The following table outlines the Company’s debt as of December 31, 2006 and 2005.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
Short-term debt	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
ACE Limited Senior Notes due 2007	 	$	500	 	 	 	$	–	
Australia Holdings due 2007	 	 	78	 	 	 	 	–	
ACE INA Notes due 2006	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	300	
 	 	$	578	 	 	 	$	300	
Long-term debt	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
ACE US Holdings Senior Notes due 2008	 	$	250	 	 	 	$	250	
ACE INA Subordinated Notes due 2009	 	 	202	 	 	 	 	200	
ACE European Holdings due 2010	 	 	197	 	 	 	 	174	
ACE INA Senior Notes due 2014	 	 	499	 	 	 	 	499	
ACE INA Debentures due 2029	 	 	100	 	 	 	 	100	
ACE INA Senior Notes due 2036	 	 	298	 	 	 	 	–	
Other	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	15	
ACE Limited Senior Notes due 2007	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	500	
Australia Holdings due 2007	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	73	
 	 	$	1,560	 	 	 	$	1,811	
Trust preferred securities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
ACE INA Capital Securities due 2030	 	$	309	 	 	 	$	309	
 
a) Short-term debt
At December 31, 2006, short-term debt consisted of $500 million of 6.0 percent senior notes due April 2007 as described in Note 11 f) below, and a $78 million, 6.15 percent note due December 2007, as described in Note 11 g) below. The Company has commercial paper programs that use revolving credit facilities as back-up facilities and provide for up to $600 million in commercial paper issuance for each of ACE Limited and ACE INA Holdings, Inc. (subject to the availability of back-up facilities, which currently total $600 million). At December 31, 2006, there was no commercial paper outstanding.
 
b) ACE US Holdings senior notes
In 1998, ACE US Holdings issued $250 million in aggregate principal amount of unsecured senior notes maturing in October 2008. The senior notes are callable subject to certain call premiums. Simultaneously, the Company entered into a notional $250 million swap transaction that has the economic effect of reducing the cost of debt to the consolidated group, excluding fees and expenses, to 6.47 percent for ten years. This rate may increase by up to 0.50 percent depending on certain financial ratios of ACE US Holdings. The minimum collateral in connection with the swap transaction is $88 million. The actual collateral can be higher depending on the credit quality of securities pledged. In the event that the Company terminates the swap prematurely, the Company would also be liable for certain transaction costs. The swap counterparty is a highly-rated major financial institution and the Company does not anticipate non-performance.
 
c) ACE INA subordinated notes
In 1999, ACE INA issued $300 million of 11.2 percent unsecured subordinated notes maturing in December 2009. The subordinated notes are callable subject to certain call premiums. Simultaneously, the Company entered into a notional $300 million swap transaction that has the economic effect of reducing the cost of debt to the consolidated group, excluding fees and expenses, to 8.41 percent for ten years. During 2002, the Company repaid $100 million of these notes and swaps, and incurred debt prepayment expenses of $25 million ($17 million, after-tax). The minimum collateral in connection with the swap transaction is $70 million. In the event that the Company terminates the swap prematurely, the Company would be liable for certain transaction costs. The swap counterparty is a highly-rated major financial institution and the Company does not anticipate non-performance.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
d) ACE European Holdings notes
In December 2005, ACE European Holdings No. 2 Ltd. entered into a £100 million (US$197 million) syndicated five-year term loan agreement due December 2010. The loan agreement is unsecured and repayable on maturity. The interest rate on the loan is 5.25 percent. The obligation of the borrower under the loan agreement is guaranteed by ACE Limited. The proceeds were used to retire indebtedness of ACE INA Holdings, Inc. and for general corporate purposes.
 
e) ACE INA notes and debentures
In 1999, ACE INA issued $300 million of 8.3 percent notes due in August 2006 and $100 million of 8.875 percent debentures due in August 2029. Subject to certain exceptions, the notes and debentures are not redeemable before maturity and do not have the benefit of any sinking fund. These unsecured notes and debentures are guaranteed on a senior basis by the Company and they rank equally with all of ACE INA’s other senior indebtedness. The $300 million, 8.3 percent notes due August 2006 were repaid from the proceeds of the $300 million, 6.7 percent notes issued in May 2006.
In June 2004, ACE INA issued $500 million of 5.875 percent notes due in June 2014. These notes are redeemable at any time at ACE INA’s option subject to a “make-whole” premium plus 0.20 percent. The notes are also redeemable at par plus accrued and unpaid interest in the event of certain changes in tax law. The notes do not have the benefit of any sinking fund. These senior unsecured notes are guaranteed on a senior basis by the Company and they rank equally with all of the Company’s other senior obligations. They also contain a customary limitation on lien provisions as well as customary events of default provisions which, if breached, could result in the accelerated maturity of such senior debt.
In May 2006, ACE INA issued $300 million of 6.7 percent notes due May 15, 2036. These notes are redeemable at any time at ACE INA’s option subject to a “make-whole” premium plus 0.20 percent. The notes are also redeemable at par plus accrued and unpaid interest in the event of certain changes in tax law. These notes do not have the benefit of any sinking fund. These senior unsecured notes are guaranteed on a senior basis by the Company and they rank equally with all of the Company’s other senior obligations. They also contain a customary limitation on lien provisions as well as customary events of default provisions which, if breached, could result in the accelerated maturity of such senior debt. The proceeds from this debt offering were used to repay the $300 million, 8.3 percent notes issued in 1999, which matured in August 2006.
 
f) ACE Limited senior notes
In March 2002, ACE Limited issued $500 million of 6.0 percent notes due April 2007. Subject to certain exceptions, the notes are not redeemable before maturity and do not have the benefit of any sinking fund. These senior unsecured notes rank equally with all of the Company’s other senior obligations and contain a customary limitation on lien provisions as well as customary events of default provisions which, if breached, could result in the accelerated maturity of such senior debt.
 
g) Australia Holdings PTY Ltd notes
In December 2005, Australia Holdings PTY Ltd. entered into an AUD $100 million (US$78 million) syndicated two-year term loan agreement due December 2007. The loan agreement is unsecured and repayable on maturity. The interest rate on the loan is 6.15 percent. The obligation of the borrower under the loan agreement is guaranteed by ACE Limited. The proceeds were used to retire indebtedness of ACE INA Holdings, Inc. and for general corporate purposes.
 
h) ACE INA capital securities
In 2000, ACE Capital Trust II, a Delaware statutory business trust, publicly issued $300 million of 9.7 percent Capital Securities (the “Capital Securities”). At the same time, ACE INA purchased $9.2 million of common securities of ACE Capital Trust II.
The Capital Securities mature in April 2030. Distributions on the Capital Securities are payable semi-annually. ACE Capital Trust II may defer these payments for up to ten consecutive semi-annual periods (but no later than April 1, 2030). Any deferred payments would accrue interest semi-annually on a compounded basis if ACE INA defers interest on the Subordinated Debentures due 2030 (as defined below).
The sole assets of ACE Capital Trust II consist of $309 million principal amount of 9.7 percent Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures (the “Subordinated Debentures due 2030”) issued by ACE INA. The Subordinated Debentures due 2030 mature in April 2030. Interest on the Subordinated Debentures due 2030 is payable semi-
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
annually. ACE INA may defer such interest payments (but no later than April 1, 2030), with such deferred payments accruing interest compounded semi-annually. ACE INA may redeem the Subordinated Debentures due 2030 in the event certain changes in tax or investment company law occur at a redemption price equal to accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date plus the greater of (i) 100 percent of the principal amount thereof, or (ii) the sum of the present value of scheduled payments of principal and interest on the debentures from the redemption date to April 1, 2030. The Capital Securities and the ACE Capital Trust II Common Securities will be redeemed upon repayment of the Subordinated Debentures due 2030.
The Company has guaranteed, on a subordinated basis, ACE INA’s obligations under the Subordinated Debentures due 2030, and distributions and other payments due on the Capital Securities. These guarantees, when taken together with the Company’s obligations under expense agreements entered into with ACE Capital Trust II, provide a full and unconditional guarantee of amounts due on the Capital Securities.
 
i) Long-term debt-other
In August 2005, due to favorable low-interest terms, ACE American borrowed $10 million from the Pennsylvania Industrial Development Authority (PIDA) at a rate of 2.75 percent due September 2020. The proceeds from PIDA were restricted for purposes of defraying construction costs on a new office building. Principal and interest are payable on a monthly basis. The current balance outstanding is $9 million.
In addition, in 1999, ACE American assumed a CIGNA loan of $8 million borrowed from the City of Philadelphia under the Urban Development Action Grant with an imputed rate of 7.1 percent due December 2019. The current amount outstanding is $5 million.
 
12. Commitments, contingencies and guarantees
 
a) Derivative instruments
The Company maintains investments in derivative instruments such as futures, options, interest rate swaps and foreign currency forward contracts for which the primary purposes are to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, yield enhancement, to obtain an exposure to a particular financial market, or to limit equity and interest rate exposure in the GMDB and GMIB block of business. In addition, the Company also purchases to be announced mortgage-backed securities as part of its investing activities. The Company records changes in market value of these instruments as realized gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations. None of the derivatives are used as hedges for accounting purposes. The following table outlines the notional values of the Company’s investment derivative instruments at December 31, 2006 and 2005.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
Foreign exchange forward contracts	 	$	970	 	 	 	$	704	
Future contracts on money market instruments	 	 	8,619	 	 	 	 	4,742	
Future contracts on notes and bonds	 	 	738	 	 	 	 	506	
Interest rate swaps	 	 	2,270	 	 	 	 	2,370	
Options on money market instruments	 	 	559	 	 	 	 	2,138	
Options on notes and bond futures	 	 	50	 	 	 	 	74	
Options on equity market futures	 	 	1,050	 	 	 	 	250	
Options on interest rate swaps	 	 	2,000	 	 	 	 	6,000	
Total notional value of derivatives	 	$	16,256	 	 	 	$	16,784	
 
Derivatives on money market instruments have a duration of approximately 3 months regardless of the maturity date of the derivative.
 
(i) Foreign currency exposure management
 
The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies. The forward currency contracts purchased are not specifically identifiable against cash, any single security or groups of securities denominated in those currencies, and therefore, do not qualify as hedges for financial reporting purposes.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
All realized and unrealized contract gains and losses are reflected in realized gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations. The contractual amount of the foreign currency forward contracts at December 31, 2006, was $968 million, the current fair value was $970 million and the unrealized gain was $2 million. The contractual amount of the foreign currency forward contracts at December 31, 2005, was $702 million, the current fair value was $704 million and the unrealized gain was $2 million.
 
(ii) Duration management and market exposure
 
Futures
Exchange traded bond and note futures contracts may be used in fixed maturity portfolios as substitutes for ownership of the bonds and notes without significantly increasing the risk in the portfolio. Investments in futures contracts may be made only to the extent that there are assets under management, not otherwise committed.
Futures contracts give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements, determined by the index or underlying security on which the futures contract is based. Settlement is made daily in cash by an amount equal to the change in value of the futures contract times a multiplier that scales the size of the contract. At December 31, 2006 and 2005, the contract notional amounts of $9.4 billion and $5.2 billion, respectively, with market values of ($3) million and ($4) million, respectively, reflect the net extent of involvement the Company had in bond and note futures. The fair value of these exchange traded contracts is based on the closing value of the respective exchanges.
 
Interest rate swaps
An interest rate swap is a contract between two counterparties in which interest payments are made based on a notional principal amount, which itself is never paid or received. At December 31, 2006 and 2005, the notional principal amounts were $2.3 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively, and the market values were $4 million and $6 million, respectively. Under the terms of an interest rate swap, one counterparty makes interest payments based on a fixed interest rate and the other counterparty’s payments are based on a floating rate. Interest rate swap contracts are used in the portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the fair value of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using swaps in the portfolio, the overall duration or interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced.
 
Options
Option contracts may be used in the portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would thereby affect the duration of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using options in the portfolio, the overall interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced. Option contracts may also be used as an alternative to futures contracts in the Company’s synthetic equity strategy as described above. Another use for option contracts may be to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and therefore reserves for GMDB and GMIB reinsurance business. An option contract conveys to the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a specified amount or value of an underlying security at a fixed price. The price of an option is influenced by the underlying security, expected volatility, time to expiration and supply and demand.
For long option positions, the maximum loss is the premium paid for the option. The maximum credit exposure is represented by the fair value of the options held. For short option positions, the potential loss is the same as having taken a position in the underlying security. Short call options are backed in the portfolio with the underlying, or highly correlated, securities and short put options are backed by uncommitted cash for the in-the-money portion. The current long options have a maximum loss of $70 million, of which $22 million has already been recognized as realized losses. The long options have a maximum credit exposure of $48 million as of December 31, 2006. The Company holds a notional amount of $1.7 billion and a market value of $48 million at December 31, 2006. The majority of the option positions held at December 31, 2006, have short-term expiration dates. In addition, the Company held option positions on interest rate swaps totaling $2 billion and a market value of $0.8 million at December 31, 2006. All options except those on interest rate swaps are exchange traded based on closing values of the relevant exchange.
The credit risk associated with the above derivative financial instruments relates to the potential for non-performance by counterparties. Although non-performance is not anticipated, in order to minimize the risk of loss, management monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties. The performance of exchange traded instruments is guaranteed by the exchange on which they trade. For non-exchange traded instruments, the counterparties
 
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are principally banks, which must meet certain criteria according to the Company’s investment guidelines. These counterparties are required to have a minimum credit rating of AA- by Standard and Poor’s or Aa3 by Moody’s. In addition, certain contracts require that collateral be posted once pre-determined thresholds are breached as a result of market movements.
 
(iii) To be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBA)
 
By acquiring a TBA, the Company makes a commitment to purchase a future issuance of mortgage-backed securities. For the period between purchase of the TBA and issuance of the underlying security, the Company’s position is accounted for as a derivative in the consolidated financial statements. At December 31, 2006 and 2005, the Company had TBA’s with market values of $1 billion and $222 million, respectively, and corresponding par amounts of $1.1 billion and $224 million, respectively.
 
(iv) Convertible Security Investment
 
A convertible bond is a debt instrument that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the issuer’s equity at certain times prior to the bond’s maturity. The convertible option is an embedded derivative which is marked to market with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. The debt host instrument is classified in the investment portfolio as available for sale. The Company purchases convertible bonds for their total return and not specifically for the conversion feature. As described in Note 2 p), effective January 1, 2007, the Company will adopt FAS 155 and elect to mark the entire convertible bond to market as one instrument rather than bifurcating the components. At December 31, 2006, the Company has recognized realized gains of $4 million. The value of the embedded derivative at December 31, 2006 is $50 million.
 
b) Concentrations of credit risk
The investment portfolio is managed following prudent standards of diversification. Specific provisions limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuer. The Company believes that there are no significant concentrations of credit risk associated with its investments.
The Company markets its insurance and reinsurance worldwide primarily through insurance and reinsurance brokers. The Company assumes a degree of credit risk associated with brokers with whom it transacts business. During the year ended December 31, 2006, approximately 20 percent and 11 percent, respectively, of the Company’s gross premiums written were generated from or placed by Marsh, Inc. and its affiliates and AON Corporation and its affiliates. Both of these entities are large, well established companies and there are no indications that either of them is financially troubled. No other broker and no one insured or reinsured accounted for more than ten percent of gross premiums written in the three years ended December 31, 2006, 2005, or 2004.
 
c) Other investments
The Company invests in limited partnerships with a carrying value of $247 million included in other investments. In connection with these investments, the Company has commitments that may require funding of up to $303 million over the next several years.
 
d) Credit facilities
In December 2005, the Company renewed its $600 million revolving credit facility until December 2010. This facility is available for general corporate purposes, commercial paper back-up and the issuance of letters of credit (LOCs). At December 31, 2006, the outstanding LOCs issued under the renewed facility were $264 million and there was no commercial paper outstanding. There were no other drawings or LOCs issued under these facilities.
In March 2006, the Company entered into a $50 million, 364 day credit facility. This facility is available to cover short-term aggregate net debit positions across the notional cash pooling accounts of the Company held with a bank provider. At December 31, 2006, there were no drawings outstanding under this facility.
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
e) Letters of credit
In July 2005, the Company entered into a $1 billion unsecured operational LOC facility and a $500 million secured operational LOC facility, both expiring in July 2010. These facilities replaced two LOC facilities permitting up to $1.35 billion of LOCs. Upon the effectiveness of the new LOC facilities, all outstanding LOCs issued under the replaced facilities were deemed to have been issued under the unsecured LOC facility and the replaced facilities terminated.
In November 2006, to satisfy funding requirements of the Company’s Lloyd’s of London (Lloyd’s) Syndicate 2488 through 2009, the Company renewed its syndicated, uncollateralized LOC facility in the amount of £380 million (approximately US$744 million). LOCs issued under this facility will expire no earlier than December 2012. This LOC facility requires that the Company and/or certain of its subsidiaries continue to maintain certain covenants, including a minimum consolidated net worth covenant and a maximum leverage covenant, which have been met at December 31, 2006. At December 31, 2006, £357 million of this facility was utilized (approximately US$699 million).
 
f) Legal proceedings
(i) Claims and Other Litigation
The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims on policies issued by the Company’s subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in the Company’s loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to claims litigation, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, amongst other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity or disputes arising from business ventures. In the opinion of ACE’s management, ACE’s ultimate liability for these matters is not likely to have a material adverse effect on ACE’s consolidated financial condition, although it is possible that the effect could be material to ACE’s consolidated results of operations for an individual reporting period.
 
(ii) Subpoenas
ACE and its subsidiaries and affiliates received numerous subpoenas, interrogatories, and civil investigative demands in connection with certain pending investigations of insurance industry practices. These inquiries have been issued by a number of attorneys general, state departments of insurance, and other authorities, including the New York Attorney General (NYAG), the Pennsylvania Department of Insurance, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These inquiries seek information concerning underwriting practices and non-traditional or loss mitigation insurance products. To the extent they are ongoing, ACE is cooperating and will continue to cooperate with such inquiries.
ACE conducted its own investigation that encompassed the subjects raised by the NYAG and the other state and federal regulatory authorities. The investigation was conducted by a team from the firm of Debevoise & Plimpton LLP headed by former United States Attorney Mary Jo White and operated under and at the direction of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. ACE’s internal investigations pertaining to underwriting practices and non-traditional or loss mitigation insurance products are complete.
 
(iii) The Assurance of Discontinuance
On April 26, 2006, ACE reached a settlement with the Attorneys General of New York, Illinois and Connecticut and the New York Insurance Department pursuant to which ACE received from these authorities an Assurance of Discontinuance (AOD). Under the AOD, these regulators agreed not to file certain litigation against ACE relating to their investigation of certain business practices, and ACE agreed to pay $80 million ($66 million after tax) without admitting any liability, and to adopt certain business reforms. Of that $80 million, $40 million was paid to the three settling Attorneys General as a penalty. The remaining $40 million was placed in a fund allocated for distribution to eligible policyholders who execute a release of certain claims they may have against ACE. In the event that the entire $40 million is not initially distributable to such policyholders, ACE first may use the sums remaining to settle these or similar types of policyholder claims, and then shall use any sums remaining after such settlements to provide additional amounts to those policyholders who initially executed the release. Both of these $40 million payments were recorded in administrative expenses in the year ended December 31, 2006.
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
(iv) Business Practice-Related Litigation
ACE Limited, ACE INA Holdings, Inc. and ACE USA, Inc., along with a number of other insurers and brokers, were named in a series of federal putative nationwide class actions brought by insurance policyholders. The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (JPML) consolidated these cases in the District of New Jersey. On August 1, 2005, plaintiffs in the New Jersey consolidated proceedings filed two consolidated amended complaints – one concerning commercial insurance and the other concerning employee benefit plans. The employee benefit plans litigation against ACE has been dismissed.
In the commercial insurance complaint, the plaintiffs named ACE Limited, ACE INA Holdings, Inc., ACE USA, Inc., ACE American Insurance Co., Illinois Union Insurance Co., and Indemnity Insurance Co. of North America. They allege that certain brokers and insurers, including certain ACE entities, conspired to increase premiums and allocate customers through the use of “B” quotes and contingent commissions. In addition, the complaints allege that the broker defendants received additional income by improperly placing their clients’ business with insurers through related wholesale entities that acted as intermediaries between the broker and insurer. Plaintiffs also allege that broker defendants tied the purchase of primary insurance to the placement of such coverage with reinsurance carriers through the broker defendants’ reinsurance broker subsidiaries. The complaint asserts the following causes of action against ACE: Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), federal antitrust law, state antitrust law, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, and unjust enrichment.
On November 29, 2005, ACE and other property and casualty insurer defendants filed motions to dismiss the commercial insurance complaint. On October 3, 2006, the Court ruled on defendants’ motions and held that the McCarran Ferguson Act did not apply as a defense to the allegations, but the Court also held that plaintiffs had not adequately alleged an antitrust conspiracy or a RICO enterprise and directed plaintiffs to submit supplemental pleadings. Plaintiffs filed their supplemental pleadings on October 25, 2006. On November 30, 2006, Defendants’ filed a renewed motion to dismiss, which is pending. On February 13, 2006, plaintiffs filed motions to certify a class in the commercial insurance case. This motion has been fully briefed and is pending.
In New Cingular Wireless Headquarters LLC et al. v. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. et al. (Case No. 06-5120; United States District Court for the District of New Jersey), a non-class-action lawsuit filed in the Northern District of Georgia on April 4, 2006, but later transferred to the District of New Jersey for coordination with the consolidated cases described above, the plaintiffs named the following entities: ACE Ltd., ACE American Ins. Co., ACE USA, Inc., ACE Bermuda Ins. Co. Ltd., Illinois Union Ins. Co., Pacific Employers Ins. Co., and Lloyd’s of London Syndicate 2488 AGM, along with a number of other insurers and brokers. The plaintiffs are insurance policyholders who allege that the defendants conspired to increase premiums and allocate customers through the use of “B” quotes and contingent commissions. The plaintiffs assert the following causes of action against ACE: Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), federal antitrust law, inducement to breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and fraud.
Illinois Union Insurance Company, an ACE subsidiary, has been named in a state court class action: Van Emden Management Corporation v. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., et al. (Case No. 05-0066A; Superior Court of Massachusetts) (filed January 13, 2005). The allegations in this case are similar to the allegations in the federal class actions identified above. The Van Emden case has been stayed pending resolution of the consolidated proceedings in the District of New Jersey or until further order of the Court.
ACE American Insurance Co., an ACE subsidiary, has been named in a state court lawsuit in Florida: Office Depot, Inc. v. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. et al . (Case No. 502005CA004396; Circuit Court of the 15th Judicial Circuit in Palm Beach County Florida) (filed June 22, 2005). The allegations in this case are also similar to the allegations in the federal class actions identified above. The trial court originally stayed the Office Depot case pending resolution of the consolidated proceedings in the District of New Jersey. The Florida Court of Appeals recently remanded the case to the trial court with instructions to reconsider whether a stay should be granted. On February 23, 2007, the trial court declined to grant another stay and ordered the defendants to respond to the complaint within the next twenty days.
ACE Ltd., ACE INA Holdings, Inc., ACE USA, Inc., and ACE American Ins. Co., along with a number of other insurers and brokers, have recently been named in Avery Dennison Corp. v. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. et al (Case No. 07-00757) (filed February 13, 2007). The allegations in this case are also similar to the allegations in the consolidated federal actions identified above. Defendants have filed a motion to have this case assigned to the same judge who is presiding over the consolidated federal actions in order to coordinate proceedings.
ACE was named in four putative securities class action suits following the filing of a civil suit against Marsh by the NYAG on October 14, 2004. The suits were consolidated by the JPML in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The Court has appointed as lead plaintiffs Sheet Metal Workers’ National Pension Fund and Alaska Ironworkers Pension Trust.
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on September 30, 2005, naming ACE Limited, Evan G. Greenberg, Brian Duperreault, and Philip V. Bancroft as defendants. Plaintiffs allege that ACE’s public statements and securities filings should have revealed that insurers, including certain ACE entities, and brokers allegedly conspired to increase premiums and allocate customers through the use of “B” quotes and contingent commissions and that ACE’s revenues and earnings were inflated by these practices. Plaintiffs assert claims solely under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act), Rule 10(b)-5 promulgated thereunder, and Section 20(a) of the Securities Act (control person liability).
On October 28, 2005, ACE Limited and the individual defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated securities actions. Defendants argued that plaintiffs had not adequately alleged any actionable misrepresentations under the securities laws, and that defendants could not be held liable for any failures to disclose information. Defendants also argued that the individual defendants could not be held liable for statements they did not make; that plaintiffs had not adequately pled defendants’ knowledge of any misstatements; and that plaintiffs had not adequately pled loss causation. Plaintiffs have filed a response and the motion remains pending.
ACE has been named as a defendant in a derivative suit filed in Delaware Chancery Court by shareholders of Marsh seeking to recover damages for Marsh and its subsidiary, Marsh, Inc., against officers and directors of Marsh, American International Group Inc. (AIG), AIG’s chief executive officer, and ACE. The suit alleges that the defendants breached their fiduciary duty to and thereby damaged Marsh and Marsh, Inc. by participating in a bid rigging scheme and obtaining “kickbacks” in the form of contingent commissions, and that ACE knowingly participated in the alleged scheme.
ACE Limited, ACE USA, Inc., ACE INA, Inc., and Evan G. Greenberg, as a former officer and director of AIG, have been named in one or both of two derivative cases brought by certain shareholders of AIG. The allegations against ACE concern the alleged bid rigging and contingent commission scheme as similarly alleged in the federal commercial insurance cases. Plaintiffs assert the following causes of action against ACE: breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, conspiracy, and fraud. Both of these cases are stayed until March 14, 2007.
In all of the above-referenced lawsuits, plaintiffs seek compensatory and in some cases special damages without specifying an amount. As a result, ACE cannot at this time estimate its potential costs related to these legal matters and accordingly no liability for compensatory damages has been established in the consolidated financial statements. Investigation related legal expenses for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005, and 2004 were $16 million, $45 million, and $10 million, respectively.
ACE’s ultimate liability for these matters is not likely to have a material adverse effect on ACE’s consolidated financial condition, although it is possible that the effect could be material to ACE’s consolidated results of operations for an individual reporting period.
 
g) Lease commitments
The Company and its subsidiaries lease office space in the countries in which they operate under operating leases which expire at various dates through December 2033. The Company renews and enters into new leases in the ordinary course of business as required. Total rent expense with respect to these operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, was approximately $72 million, $84 million and $84 million, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under the leases are expected to be as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	 	
Year ending December 31, 2007	 	$	59	
2008	 	 	52	
2009	 	 	49	
2010	 	 	41	
2011	 	 	38	
Later years	 	 	118	
Total minimum future lease commitments	 	$	357	
 
h) Acquisition of business entities
Pursuant to the restructuring order that created Brandywine, the active ACE INA insurance subsidiaries are obligated to provide reinsurance coverage to Century Indemnity in the amount of $800 million under an aggregate excess of loss
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
reinsurance agreement if the capital and surplus of Century Indemnity falls below $25 million or if Century Indemnity lacks liquid assets with which to pay claims as they become due. Refer to Note 10 for additional disclosure.
 
13. Preferred shares
 
In 2003, the Company sold in a public offering 20 million depositary shares, each representing one-tenth of one of its 7.8 percent Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares, for $25 per depositary share. Underwriters exercised their over-allotment option which resulted in the issuance of an additional three million depositary shares. Net proceeds from the sale of the preferred shares were $557 million.
The shares have an annual dividend rate of 7.8 percent with the first quarterly dividend paid on September 1, 2003. The shares are not convertible into or exchangeable for the Company’s Ordinary Shares. The Company may redeem these shares at any time after May 30, 2008, at a redemption value of $25 per depositary share or at any time under certain limited circumstances.
 
14. Shareholders’ equity
 
a) Shares issued and outstanding
Following is a table of changes in Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004:

 	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Opening balance	 	323,322,586	 	 	 	 	284,478,525	 	 	 	 	279,897,193	 	
Shares issued, net	 	947,373	 	 	 	 	33,899,576	 	 	 	 	790,984	 	
Exercise of stock options	 	1,982,560	 	 	 	 	4,727,981	 	 	 	 	3,550,572	 	
Shares issued under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	 	202,949	 	 	 	 	216,504	 	 	 	 	239,776	 	
Ending balance	 	326,455,468	 	 	 	 	323,322,586	 	 	 	 	284,478,525	 	
Ordinary Shares issued to employee trust	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Opening balance	 	(221,675	)	 	 	 	(462,175	)	 	 	 	(688,675	)	
Shares redeemed (issued)	 	55,250	 	 	 	 	240,500	 	 	 	 	226,500	 	
Ending balance	 	(166,425	)	 	 	 	(221,675	)	 	 	 	(462,175	)	
 
In October 2005, the Company completed a public offering of 32.91 million Ordinary Shares (which included the over-allotment option of 4.29 million Ordinary Shares) at a price per share of $45.58, for total gross proceeds of approximately $1.5 billion. The proceeds are being used for growth opportunities in the global insurance and reinsurance markets.
Ordinary Shares issued to employee trust are the shares issued by the Company to a rabbi trust for deferred compensation obligations as discussed below.
 
b) ACE Limited securities repurchase authorization
In November 2001, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of any ACE issued debt or capital securities, including ACE’s Ordinary Shares, up to an aggregate total of $250 million. These purchases may take place from time to time in the open market or in private purchase transactions. At December 31, 2006, this authorization had not been utilized.
 
c) General restrictions
The holders of the Ordinary Shares are entitled to receive dividends and are allowed one vote per share provided that, if the controlled shares of any shareholder constitute ten percent or more of the outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company, only a fraction of the vote will be allowed so as not to exceed ten percent. Generally, the Company’s directors have absolute discretion to decline to register any transfer of shares. All transfers are subject to the restriction that they may not increase to ten percent or higher the proportion of issued Ordinary Shares owned by any shareholder.
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
d) Dividends declared
Dividends declared on Ordinary Shares amounted to $0.98, $0.90 and $0.82 per Ordinary Share for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. Dividends declared on preferred shares amounted to $45 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.
 
e) Deferred compensation obligation
The Company maintains rabbi trusts for deferred compensation plans principally for employees and former directors. The shares issued by the Company to the rabbi trusts in connection with deferrals of share compensation are classified in shareholders’ equity and accounted for at historical cost in a manner similar to treasury stock. These shares are recorded in ordinary shares issued to employee trust and the obligations are recorded in deferred compensation obligation. Changes in the fair value of the shares underlying the obligations are recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities and the related expense or income is recorded in administrative expenses.
The rabbi trust also holds other assets, such as fixed maturities, equity securities, and life insurance policies. These assets of the rabbi trust are consolidated with those of the Company and reflected in other investments. Except for life insurance policies which are reflected at cash surrender value, these assets are classified as trading securities and reported at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in net investment income. Refer to Note 2 e). Except for obligations related to life insurance policies which are reflected at cash surrender value, the related deferred compensation obligation is carried at fair value and reflected in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities with changes reflected as a corresponding increase or decrease to administrative expenses.
 
15. Pension Plans
 
The Company provides pension benefits to eligible employees and their dependents through various defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans sponsored by the Company. The defined contribution plans include a capital accumulation plan (401(k)) in the United States. The defined benefit plans consist of various plans offered in certain jurisdictions outside of the United States and Bermuda.
 
Defined contribution plans (including 401(k))
Under these plans, employees’ contributions may be supplemented by ACE matching contributions based on the level of employee contribution. These contributions are invested at the election of each employee in one or more of several investment portfolios offered by a third party investment advisor. In addition, the Company may provide additional matching contributions, depending on its annual financial performance. Expenses for these plans totaled $65 million, $60 million and $60 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.
 
Defined benefit plans
The Company maintains non-contributory defined benefit plans that cover certain employees, principally located in Europe and Asia. The Company does not provide any such plans to U.S.-based employees. The Company accounts for pension benefits using the accrual method, consistent with the requirements of FAS No. 87, Employers’ Accounting for Pensions. Benefits under these plans are based on employees’ years of service and compensation during final years of service. All underlying defined benefit plans are subject to periodic actuarial valuation by qualified local actuarial firms using actuarial models in calculating the pension expense and liability for each plan. The Company uses December 31 as the measurement date for its defined benefit pension plans.
FAS 158 requires an employer to recognize the over-funded or under-funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan as an asset or liability in its balance sheet and to recognize changes in funded status in the year in which the changes occur through comprehensive income. The Company funds the plans at the amount required by local tax and legal requirements.
 
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ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
The status of the defined benefit pension plans at December 31, 2006 and 2005 is as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	
Change in projected benefit obligation	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Projected benefit obligation – beginning of year	 	$	404	 	 	 	 	$	413	 	
Service cost	 	 	5	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	
Interest cost	 	 	17	 	 	 	 	 	18	 	
Actuarial (gain) loss	 	 	(18	)	 	 	 	 	33	 	
Benefits and expenses paid	 	 	(12	)	 	 	 	 	(13	)	
Foreign currency losses (gains)	 	 	25	 	 	 	 	 	(41	)	
Curtailments	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(1	)	
Settlements	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(11	)	
Projected benefit obligation – end of year	 	$	421	 	 	 	 	$	404	 	
Change in plan assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fair value of plan assets – beginning of year	 	$	276	 	 	 	 	$	245	 	
Actual return on plan assets	 	 	22	 	 	 	 	 	44	 	
Employer contributions	 	 	21	 	 	 	 	 	37	 	
Benefits and expenses paid	 	 	(12	)	 	 	 	 	(13	)	
Foreign currency gains (losses)	 	 	19	 	 	 	 	 	(26	)	
Other transfers to defined contribution plan	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	(1	)	
Settlements	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(10	)	
Fair value of plan assets – end of year	 	$	324	 	 	 	 	$	276	 	
Funded status – end of year	 	$	(97	)	 	 	 	$	(128	)	
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Prepaid pension assets	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	34	 	
Accrued pension liability	 	 	(97	)	 	 	 	 	(150	)	
 	 	$	(97	)	 	 	 	$	(116	)	
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net actuarial loss	 	$	77	 	 	 	 	$	–	 	
Net prior service cost	 	 	9	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Additional minimum liability	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	91	 	
Intangible asset	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(1	)	
 	 	$	86	 	 	 	 	$	90	 	
Plans with under-funded or non-funded accumulated benefit obligation	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Aggregate projected benefit obligation	 	$	411	 	 	 	 	$	393	 	
Aggregate accumulated benefit obligation	 	$	400	 	 	 	 	$	381	 	
Aggregate fair value of plan assets	 	$	318	 	 	 	 	$	263	 	
 
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The components of net benefit cost for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 are as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Components of net benefit cost	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Service cost	 	$	5	 	 	 	 	$	6	 	 	 	 	$	7	 	
Interest cost	 	 	17	 	 	 	 	 	18	 	 	 	 	 	19	 	
Expected return on plan assets	 	 	(18	)	 	 	 	 	(13	)	 	 	 	 	(12	)	
Amortization of net actuarial loss	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	5	 	
Special termination benefit	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	2	 	
Net benefit cost	 	$	11	 	 	 	 	$	18	 	 	 	 	$	21	 	
 
Upon adoption of FAS 158, the Company derecognized the additional minimum pension liability (AML) and the related intangible asset through a net benefit to shareholders’ equity. The initial impact of the adoption of FAS 158 due to unrecognized prior service costs and net actuarial gains or losses are recognized by the Company as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. The following table summarizes the effect of required changes in the AML as of December 31, 2006, prior to adoption of FAS 158 as well as the impact of the initial adoption of FAS 158:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	  	Prior to AML
and FAS 158
Adjustments	  	AML
Adjustment	 	 	Adjustment
to initially
apply FAS
158	 	 	Post AML
and FAS 158
Adjustments	
Other assets	  	$	1,939	  	$	—	 	 	$	(1	)	 	$	1,938	
Deferred tax assets	  	$	1,167	  	$	(7	)	 	$	5	 	 	$	1,165	
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	  	$	1,546	  	$	(20	)	 	$	15	 	 	$	1,541	
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	  	$	714	  	$	13	 	 	$	(11	)	 	$	716	
 
The accrued pension liability of $97 million at December 31, 2006, is included in “Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities” in the table above and in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The amount of the accrued pension liability prior to the AML and the FAS 158 adjustments was $102 million.
Several assumptions and statistical variables are used in the models to calculate the expenses and liability related to the plans. The Company, in consultation with its actuaries, determines assumptions about the discount rate, the expected rate of return on plan assets and the rate of compensation increase. The table below includes disclosure of these rates on a weighted-average basis, encompassing all the international plans.

 	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	2004	
Net Benefit Cost	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted-average assumptions for the year ended December 31	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Discount rate	 	4.21%	 	 	 	4.22%	 	 	 	4.73%	
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	 	6.30%	 	 	 	6.29%	 	 	 	5.67%	
Rate of compensation increase	 	2.39%	 	 	 	2.27%	 	 	 	3.96%	

Benefit Obligation	  	2006	  	2005	
Weighted-average assumptions as of December 31	  	 	  	 	
Discount rate	  	4.53%	  	4.22%	
Rate of compensation increase	  	3.86%	  	2.27%	
 
The discount rate is determined at the annual measurement date for each of the various plans and is therefore subject to change each year. The rate reflects the prevailing market rate for high-quality fixed-income debt instruments with maturities corresponding to the expected duration of the benefit obligations on the measurement date. The rate is used to discount the future cash flows of benefit obligations back to the measurement date. A lower discount rate increases the present value of the benefit obligations and results in higher pension expense. A 0.5 percent decrease in the discount rate increases pension expense by approximately $1.7 million per year.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
The expected rate of return on plan assets represents the average rate of return to be earned by plan assets over the period that the benefits included in the benefit obligation are to be paid. Lower returns on the plan assets result in higher pension expense. The Company applies historic market return trends to current market conditions for each asset category to develop this rate of return. A 0.5 percent decrease in the estimated rate of return on plan assets increases pension expense by approximately $2.4 million per year.
The Company’s defined benefit pension plan asset allocation at December 31, 2006 and 2005, target allocation for 2007, and expected long-term rate of return by asset category are as follows:

Asset Category	 	Target
Allocation
2007	 	 	 	Percentage of
Plan Assets at
December 31,
2006	 	 	 	Percentage of
Plan Assets at
December 31,
2005	 	 	 	Weighted-
Average Long-
Term Rate of
Return
2006	
Equity Securities	 	56%	 	 	 	53%	 	 	 	54%	 	 	 	7.4%	
Debt Securities	 	42%	 	 	 	45%	 	 	 	42%	 	 	 	4.9%	
Other	 	2%	 	 	 	2%	 	 	 	4%	 	 	 	4.0%	
Total	 	100%	 	 	 	100%	 	 	 	100%	 	 	 	6.3%	
 
The Company’s strategy is to place all incoming funds into debt securities while allowing the equity portfolio to grow through market appreciation. Our investment strategy takes a long-term view and our investment portfolios are managed with an emphasis on earning sufficient returns to meet plan obligations.
Assumptions about long-term expected rates of return on debt securities are based on the yields available on AA-rated long-term bonds and long-term government bonds of the local market for each pension plan. For equity securities, the expected rate of return is comprised of a factor based on the historical rates of government bonds of the local market for each pension plan plus a factor for the historical out-performance of equity securities relative to government bonds. For cash and short-term investments, included in “Other” in the above table, the expected rate of return is also based on government bonds of the local market for each pension plan, with some adjustments to reflect historical performance of this class.
The expected rate of compensation increase is another key assumption. The Company determines this rate based on review of the underlying long-term salary increase trend characteristic of labor markets, historical experience, as well as comparison to peer companies.
The actuarial models also use assumptions on demographic factors such as retirement, mortality and turnover rates. The Company believes the actuarial assumptions are reasonable. However, these actuarial assumptions could vary materially from actual results due to economic events and different rates of retirement, mortality and turnover.
The defined benefit pension plan contribution for 2007 is expected to be $19 million. The estimated net actuarial loss for the defined benefit pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net benefit costs over the next year is $5 million.
Benefit payments were approximately $12 million during both 2006 and 2005. Expected future payments are as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	 	
Year ending December 31	 	 	 	
2007	 	$	15	
2008	 	 	15	
2009	 	 	16	
2010	 	 	17	
2011	 	 	18	
2012 – 2016	 	 	99	
 
16. Fair value of financial instruments
 
In the normal course of business, the Company invests in various financial assets, incurs various financial liabilities and enters into agreements involving derivative securities. Fair values are disclosed for all financial instruments, for
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
which it is practicable to estimate fair value, whether or not such values are recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. Fair values of financial instruments are based on quoted market prices where available. Fair values of financial instruments for which quoted market prices are not available are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rates and the estimated amounts and timing of future cash flows. In such instances, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a current market exchange. Certain financial instruments, particularly insurance contracts, are excluded from fair value disclosure requirements.
The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value of financial assets and liabilities:
(i) Fair values of fixed maturities with active markets are based on quoted market prices. For fixed maturities that trade in less active markets, fair values are obtained from independent pricing services. Fair values of fixed maturities are principally a function of current interest rates. Care should be used in evaluating the significance of these estimated market values which can fluctuate based on such factors as interest rates, inflation, monetary policy and general economic conditions.
(ii) Fair values of equity securities with active markets are based on quoted market prices. For other equity securities, fair values are based on external market valuations.
(iii) The carrying value of short-term investments approximates fair value due to the short maturities of these investments.
(iv) Fair values for other investments, principally other direct equity investments, investment funds and limited partnerships, are based on the net asset value or financial statements provided by the investment manager.
(v) Fair values for investments in partially-owned insurance companies are based on the financial statements provided by those companies used for equity accounting and for equity securities with active markets are based on quoted market prices.
(vi) Where practical, fair values for short-term debt, long-term debt and trust preferred securities are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations based upon the Company’s incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowings with maturities consistent with those remaining for the debt being valued.
(vii) For investment derivative instruments, including futures, options, and interest rate swaps, the Company is generally able to obtain quoted market prices to determine fair value.
(viii) The fair value of GMIB reinsurance is estimated using an internal valuation model. Inputs to the model include a number of factors such as valuation date yield curve, volatility assumptions, asset class correlations, allocation of investments underlying annuitant account value, and policyholder behavior assumptions. This model and the related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon improvements in modeling techniques and availability of more timely market information, such as market conditions and demographics of in-force annuities.
The carrying values and fair values of financial instruments at December 31, 2006 and 2005 were as follows:

 	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Carrying
Amount	 	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Carrying
Amount	
Financial assets:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed maturities available for sale	 	$	28,540	 	 	 	$	28,540	 	 	 	$	24,285	 	 	 	$	24,285	
Fixed maturities held to maturity	 	 	3,015	 	 	 	 	3,047	 	 	 	 	3,055	 	 	 	 	3,076	
Equity securities	 	 	1,713	 	 	 	 	1,713	 	 	 	 	1,507	 	 	 	 	1,507	
Short-term investments	 	 	2,456	 	 	 	 	2,456	 	 	 	 	2,299	 	 	 	 	2,299	
Other investments	 	 	845	 	 	 	 	845	 	 	 	 	675	 	 	 	 	675	
Investments in partially-owned insurance companies	 	 	830	 	 	 	 	789	 	 	 	 	949	 	 	 	 	876	
Investment derivative instruments	 	 	9	 	 	 	 	9	 	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	2	
Financial liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Short-term debt	 	 	579	 	 	 	 	578	 	 	 	 	305	 	 	 	 	300	
Long-term debt	 	 	1,645	 	 	 	 	1,560	 	 	 	 	1,933	 	 	 	 	1,811	
Trust preferred securities	 	 	409	 	 	 	 	309	 	 	 	 	415	 	 	 	 	309	
Guaranteed minimum income benefits	 	 	13	 	 	 	 	13	 	 	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	14	
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
17. Other (income) expense
 
The following table details the components of other (income) expense as reflected in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Equity in net income of partially-owned companies	 	$	(60	)	 	 	 	$	(60	)	 	 	 	$	(41	)	
Minority interest expense	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	16	 	 	 	 	 	22	 	
Federal excise tax	 	 	10	 	 	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	
Other	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	9	 	
Goodwill impairment	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	13	 	
Other (income) expense	 	$	(35	)	 	 	 	$	(25	)	 	 	 	$	9	 	
 
In 2006, 2005 and 2004, equity in net income of partially-owned companies includes $57 million, $68 million and $45 million, respectively, of income related to Assured Guaranty. Certain excise taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives are included in other (income) expense. As these are considered capital transactions, they are excluded from underwriting results. Other includes $2 million of pre-closing transactions for the sale of certain of the run-off reinsurance subsidiaries in 2006, $9 million of expense due to the write-off of intangible assets in 2005 and $8 million in compensation expense in connection with the settlement of ACE stock awards held by employees of Assured Guaranty in 2004. In 2004, the Company recognized $13 million of goodwill impairments, following a review of the goodwill balance during the first quarter of 2004.
 
18. Taxation
 
Under current Cayman Islands law, ACE Limited is not required to pay any taxes on its income or capital gains. If a Cayman Islands law were to be enacted that would impose taxes on income or capital gains, ACE Limited has received an undertaking from the Governor in Cabinet that would exempt it from such taxation until January 2026. Under current Bermuda law, ACE Limited and its Bermuda subsidiaries are not required to pay any taxes on its income or capital gains. If a Bermuda law were to be enacted that would impose taxes on income or capital gains, ACE Limited and the Bermuda subsidiaries have received an undertaking from the Minister of Finance in Bermuda that would exempt such companies from Bermudian taxation until March 2016.
Income from the Company’s operations at Lloyd’s is subject to United Kingdom corporation taxes. Lloyd’s is required to pay U.S. income tax on U.S. connected income (U.S. income) written by Lloyd’s syndicates. Lloyd’s has a closing agreement with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) whereby the amount of tax due on this business is calculated by Lloyd’s and remitted directly to the IRS. These amounts are then charged to the accounts of the Names/Corporate Members in proportion to their participation in the relevant syndicates. The Company’s Corporate Members are subject to this arrangement but, as U.K. domiciled companies, will receive U.K. corporation tax credits for any U.S. income tax incurred up to the value of the equivalent U.K. corporation income tax charge on the U.S. income.
ACE Group Holdings and its respective subsidiaries are subject to income taxes imposed by U.S. authorities and file a consolidated U.S. tax return. Should ACE Group Holdings pay a dividend to the Company, withholding taxes would apply. Currently, however, no withholding taxes are accrued with respect to such un-remitted earnings as management has no intention of remitting these earnings. The cumulative amount that would be subject to withholding tax if distributed, as well as the determination of the associated tax liability are not practicable to compute, however, such amount would be material to the Company. Certain international operations of the Company are also subject to income taxes imposed by the jurisdictions in which they operate.
The Company is not subject to income taxation other than as stated above. There can be no assurance that there will not be changes in applicable laws, regulations or treaties, which might require the Company to change the way it operates or become subject to taxation.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
The income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 is as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Current tax expense	 	$	465	 	 	 	$	288	 	 	 	 	$	296	 	
Deferred tax expense (benefit)	 	 	57	 	 	 	 	(15	)	 	 	 	 	(10	)	
Provision for income taxes	 	$	522	 	 	 	$	273	 	 	 	 	$	286	 	
 
The weighted-average expected tax provision has been calculated using pre-tax accounting income (loss) in each jurisdiction multiplied by that jurisdiction’s applicable statutory tax rate. A reconciliation of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the expected tax provision at the weighted-average tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, is provided below.

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Expected tax provision at weighted-average rate	 	$	484	 	 	 	 	$	322	 	 	 	 	$	254	 	
Permanent differences:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Tax-exempt interest and DRD, net of proration	 	 	(8	)	 	 	 	 	(7	)	 	 	 	 	(10	)	
Fines and penalties	 	 	18	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Sale of run-off reinsurance subsidiaries	 	 	(25	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net withholding taxes	 	 	21	 	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	
Other	 	 	32	 	 	 	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	(6	)	
Goodwill	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	 	 	5	 	
American Jobs Creation Act	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(69	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Sale of Assured Guaranty	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	35	 	
Total provision for income taxes	 	$	522	 	 	 	 	$	273	 	 	 	 	$	286	 	
 
The components of the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 are as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	
Deferred tax assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss reserve discount	 	$	751	 	 	 	$	734	
Unearned premiums reserve	 	 	137	 	 	 	 	135	
Foreign tax credits	 	 	672	 	 	 	 	508	
Investments	 	 	133	 	 	 	 	107	
Provision for uncollectible balances	 	 	106	 	 	 	 	116	
Loss carry-forwards	 	 	24	 	 	 	 	155	
Other, net	 	 	34	 	 	 	 	86	
Total deferred tax assets	 	 	1,857	 	 	 	 	1,841	
Deferred tax liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred policy acquisition costs	 	 	98	 	 	 	 	117	
Unrealized appreciation on investments	 	 	129	 	 	 	 	66	
Un-remitted foreign earnings	 	 	430	 	 	 	 	257	
Total deferred tax liabilities	 	 	657	 	 	 	 	440	
Valuation allowance	 	 	35	 	 	 	 	87	
Net deferred tax assets	 	$	1,165	 	 	 	$	1,314	
 
The valuation allowance of $35 million at December 31, 2006 and $87 million at December 31, 2005, reflects management’s assessment, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized due to the inability of certain foreign subsidiaries to generate sufficient taxable income or the inability to utilize foreign tax credits. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are made when there is a change in management’s assessment of the amount of deferred tax assets that are realizable. The $52 million reduction in the valuation allowance during the year is principally attributed to the sale of certain run-off reinsurance subsidiaries. Refer to Note 3b).
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
At December 31, 2006, the Company has a U.S. capital loss carry-forward of $60 million which, if unutilized, will expire in the year 2011 and a foreign tax credit carry-forward in the amount of $114 million which, if unutilized, will expire in the years 2011-2016.
The federal tax returns for 2002, 2003, and 2004 are currently under examination by the IRS. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of additional assessments resulting from this examination and other tax-related matters for all open tax years. Tax reserves have been established which the Company believes to be adequate in relation to the potential for additional assessments. Once established, reserves are adjusted when there is more information available or when an event occurs necessitating a change to the reserves.
 
19. Related party transactions
 
The ACE Foundation is an unconsolidated not-for-profit organization whose primary purpose is to fund charitable causes in Bermuda. The Trustees are principally comprised of ACE management. The Company maintains a non-interest bearing demand note receivable from the ACE Foundation, the balance of which at December 31, 2006 and 2005 was $37 million and $39 million, respectively. The receivable is included in “Other assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The borrower has used the related proceeds to finance investments in Bermuda real estate, some of which have been rented to ACE employees at rates established by independent, professional real estate appraisers, and intends to use income from the investments to both repay the note and fund future charitable activities. Accordingly, the Company reports the demand note at the lower of its principal value or the fair value of assets held by the borrower to repay the loan, including the real estate properties.
 
20. Statutory financial information
 
The Company’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate. These regulations include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends or other distributions, such as loans or cash advances, available to shareholders without prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities.
There are no statutory restrictions on the payment of dividends from retained earnings by any of the Bermuda subsidiaries as the minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements are satisfied by the share capital and additional paid-in capital of each of the Bermuda subsidiaries.
The Company’s U.S. subsidiaries file financial statements prepared in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance regulators.
Statutory accounting differs from GAAP in the reporting of certain reinsurance contracts, investments, subsidiaries, acquisition expenses, fixed assets, deferred income taxes and certain other items. The statutory capital and surplus of the U.S. subsidiaries met regulatory requirements for 2006, 2005 and 2004. The amount of dividends available to be paid in 2007, without prior approval from the state insurance departments, totals $668 million.
The combined statutory capital and surplus and statutory net income of the Bermuda and U.S. subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 are as follows:

 	 	Bermuda Subsidiaries	 	 	 	U.S. Subsidiaries	
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	2004	 	 	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	2004	
Statutory capital and surplus	 	$	7,692	 	 	 	$	6,486	 	 	 	$	5,421	 	 	 	$	4,431	 	 	 	$	3,374	 	 	 	$	2,399	
Statutory net income	 	$	1,420	 	 	 	$	670	 	 	 	$	1,833	 	 	 	$	724	 	 	 	$	412	 	 	 	$	34	
 
As permitted by the Restructuring discussed previously in Note 10, certain of the Company’s U.S. subsidiaries discount certain asbestos-related and environmental liabilities, which increased statutory capital and surplus by approximately $157 million, $255 million and $257 million as of December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively.
The Company’s international subsidiaries prepare statutory financial statements based on local laws and regulations. Some jurisdictions impose complex regulatory requirements on insurance companies while other jurisdictions impose fewer requirements. In some countries, the Company must obtain licenses issued by governmental authorities to conduct local insurance business. These licenses may be subject to reserves and minimum capital and solvency tests. Jurisdictions may impose fines, censure, and/or impose criminal sanctions for violation of regulatory requirements.
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
21. Condensed unaudited quarterly financial data

2006
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)	 	Quarter Ended
March 31,
2006	 	 	 	Quarter Ended
June 30,
2006	 	 	 	 	Quarter Ended
September 30,
2006	 	 	 	 	Quarter Ended
December 31,
2006	
Net premiums earned	 	$	2,805	 	 	 	$	2,906	 	 	 	 	$	3,088	 	 	 	 	$	3,026	
Net investment income	 	 	369	 	 	 	 	390	 	 	 	 	 	414	 	 	 	 	 	428	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	(7	)	 	 	 	 	(113	)	 	 	 	 	15	
Total revenues	 	$	3,181	 	 	 	$	3,289	 	 	 	 	$	3,389	 	 	 	 	$	3,469	
Losses and loss expenses	 	$	1,680	 	 	 	$	1,748	 	 	 	 	$	1,818	 	 	 	 	$	1,824	
Life and annuity benefits	 	$	28	 	 	 	$	34	 	 	 	 	$	29	 	 	 	 	$	32	
Income before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	$	485	 	 	 	$	573	 	 	 	 	$	578	 	 	 	 	$	665	
Net income	 	$	489	 	 	 	$	573	 	 	 	 	$	578	 	 	 	 	$	665	
Basic earnings per share before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	$	1.48	 	 	 	$	1.75	 	 	 	 	$	1.76	 	 	 	 	$	2.03	
Basic earnings per share	 	$	1.49	 	 	 	$	1.75	 	 	 	 	$	1.76	 	 	 	 	$	2.03	
Diluted earnings per share before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	$	1.45	 	 	 	$	1.72	 	 	 	 	$	1.73	 	 	 	 	$	1.99	
Diluted earnings per share	 	$	1.46	 	 	 	$	1.72	 	 	 	 	$	1.73	 	 	 	 	$	1.99	

2005
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)	 	Quarter Ended
March 31,
2005	 	 	 	 	Quarter Ended
June 30,
2005	 	 	 	Quarter Ended
September 30,
2005	 	 	 	 	Quarter Ended
December 31,
2005	 	
Net premiums earned	 	$	2,877	 	 	 	 	$	2,921	 	 	 	$	3,091	 	 	 	 	$	2,859	 	
Net investment income	 	 	285	 	 	 	 	 	305	 	 	 	 	320	 	 	 	 	 	354	 	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	(14	)	 	 	 	 	32	 	 	 	 	83	 	 	 	 	 	(25	)	
Total revenues	 	$	3,148	 	 	 	 	$	3,258	 	 	 	$	3,494	 	 	 	 	$	3,188	 	
Losses and loss expenses	 	$	1,789	 	 	 	 	$	1,843	 	 	 	$	2,804	 	 	 	 	$	2,135	 	
Life and annuity benefits	 	$	35	 	 	 	 	$	38	 	 	 	$	35	 	 	 	 	$	35	 	
Net income	 	$	437	 	 	 	 	$	467	 	 	 	$	(112	)	 	 	 	$	236	 	
Basic earnings (loss) per share	 	$	1.50	 	 	 	 	$	1.61	 	 	 	$	(0.43	)	 	 	 	$	0.71	 	
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	 	$	1.48	 	 	 	 	$	1.58	 	 	 	$	(0.43	)	 	 	 	$	0.69	 	
 
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
22. Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries
 
The following tables present condensed consolidating financial information at December 31, 2006 and 2005, and for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 for ACE Limited (the “Parent Guarantor”) and its “Subsidiary Issuer”, ACE INA Holdings, Inc. The Subsidiary Issuer is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Parent Guarantor. Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for by the Parent Guarantor under the equity method for purposes of the supplemental consolidating presentation. Earnings of subsidiaries are reflected in the Parent Guarantor’s investment accounts and earnings. The Parent Guarantor fully and unconditionally guarantees certain of the debt of the Subsidiary Issuer. In the condensed consolidating statement of cash flows, dividends received from subsidiaries, which were previously reported as an investing activity, have been appropriately classified as an operating activity beginning in 2006, with conforming changes to 2005 and 2004. Advances (to) / from affiliates (inter-company loans) for ACE Limited, which were previously reported as a financing activity, have been appropriately classified as an investing activity beginning in 2006, with conforming changes to 2005 and 2004.
 
Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at December 31, 2006

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	ACE Limited
(Parent Co.
Guarantor)	 	 	 	ACE INA
Holdings, Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)	 	 	 	Other ACE
Limited
Subsidiaries
and
Eliminations (1)	 	 	 	 	Consolidating
Adjustments (2)	 	 	 	 	ACE Limited
Consolidated	
Assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Investments	 	$	69	 	 	 	$	18,926	 	 	 	$	17,606	 	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	36,601	
Cash	 	 	13	 	 	 	 	213	 	 	 	 	339	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	565	
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	2,843	 	 	 	 	737	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	3,580	
Reinsurance recoverable	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	15,188	 	 	 	 	(608	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	14,580	
Goodwill	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	2,254	 	 	 	 	477	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	2,731	
Investments in subsidiaries	 	 	14,157	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(14,157	)	 	 	 	 	–	
Due from (to) subsidiaries and affiliates, net	 	 	714	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(714	)	 	 	 	 	–	
Other assets	 	 	26	 	 	 	 	6,245	 	 	 	 	2,807	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	9,078	
Total assets	 	$	14,979	 	 	 	$	45,669	 	 	 	$	21,358	 	 	 	 	$	(14,871	)	 	 	 	$	67,135	
Liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	 	$	–	 	 	 	$	26,864	 	 	 	$	8,653	 	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	35,517	
Unearned premiums	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	5,001	 	 	 	 	1,436	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	6,437	
Future policy benefits for life and annuity contracts	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	518	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	518	
Due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	467	 	 	 	 	(467	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	
Short-term debt	 	 	500	 	 	 	 	78	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	578	
Long-term debt	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	1,310	 	 	 	 	250	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,560	
Trust preferred securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	309	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	309	
Other liabilities	 	 	201	 	 	 	 	5,589	 	 	 	 	2,148	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	7,938	
Total liabilities	 	 	701	 	 	 	 	39,618	 	 	 	 	12,538	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	52,857	
Total shareholders’ equity	 	 	14,278	 	 	 	 	6,051	 	 	 	 	8,820	 	 	 	 	 	(14,871	)	 	 	 	 	14,278	
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	 	$	14,979	 	 	 	$	45,669	 	 	 	$	21,358	 	 	 	 	$	(14,871	)	 	 	 	$	67,135	
(1) Includes all other subsidiaries of ACE Limited and intercompany eliminations.
(2) Includes ACE Limited parent company eliminations.
 
F-64

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at December 31, 2005

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	ACE Limited
(Parent Co.
Guarantor)	 	 	 	ACE INA
Holdings, Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)	 	 	 	 	Other ACE
Limited
Subsidiaries
and
Eliminations (1)	 	 	 	Consolidating
Adjustments (2)	 	 	 	 	ACE Limited
Consolidated	
Assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Investments	 	$	100	 	 	 	$	16,448	 	 	 	 	$	15,294	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	31,842	
Cash	 	 	20	 	 	 	 	276	 	 	 	 	 	216	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	512	
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	2,521	 	 	 	 	 	822	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	3,343	
Reinsurance recoverable	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	14,469	 	 	 	 	 	994	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	15,463	
Goodwill	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	2,226	 	 	 	 	 	477	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	2,703	
Investments in subsidiaries	 	 	11,977	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	(11,977	)	 	 	 	 	–	
Due from (to) subsidiaries and affiliates, net	 	 	389	 	 	 	 	(307	)	 	 	 	 	307	 	 	 	 	(389	)	 	 	 	 	–	
Other assets	 	 	22	 	 	 	 	5,364	 	 	 	 	 	3,191	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	8,577	
Total assets	 	$	12,508	 	 	 	$	40,997	 	 	 	 	$	21,301	 	 	 	$	(12,366	)	 	 	 	$	62,440	
Liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	 	$	–	 	 	 	$	25,462	 	 	 	 	$	9,593	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	35,055	
Unearned premiums	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	4,427	 	 	 	 	 	1,457	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	5,884	
Future policy benefits for life and annuity contracts	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	521	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	521	
Short-term debt	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	300	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	300	
Long-term debt	 	 	500	 	 	 	 	1,061	 	 	 	 	 	250	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,811	
Trust preferred securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	309	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	309	
Other liabilities	 	 	196	 	 	 	 	4,302	 	 	 	 	 	2,250	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	6,748	
Total liabilities	 	 	696	 	 	 	 	35,861	 	 	 	 	 	14,071	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	50,628	
Total shareholders’ equity	 	 	11,812	 	 	 	 	5,136	 	 	 	 	 	7,230	 	 	 	 	(12,366	)	 	 	 	 	11,812	
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	 	$	12,508	 	 	 	$	40,997	 	 	 	 	$	21,301	 	 	 	$	(12,366	)	 	 	 	$	62,440	
(1) Includes all other subsidiaries of ACE Limited and intercompany eliminations.
(2) Includes ACE Limited parent company eliminations.
 
F-65

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Condensed Consolidating Statement of Operations

For the year ended December 31, 2006
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	ACE Limited
(Parent Co.
Guarantor)	 	 	 	ACE INA
Holdings, Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)	 	 	 	 	Other ACE
Limited
Subsidiaries
and
Eliminations (1)	 	 	 	 	Consolidating
Adjustments (2)	 	 	 	 	ACE Limited
Consolidated	 	
Net premiums written	 	$	–	 	 	 	$	6,609	 	 	 	 	$	5,421	 	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	12,030	 	
Net premiums earned	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	6,630	 	 	 	 	 	5,195	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	11,825	 	
Net investment income	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	805	 	 	 	 	 	790	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,601	 	
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	 	 	2,412	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(2,412	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	11	 	 	 	 	(58	)	 	 	 	 	(51	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(98	)	
Losses and loss expenses	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	4,199	 	 	 	 	 	2,871	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	7,070	 	
Life and annuity benefits	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	 	109	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	123	 	
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	 	 	115	 	 	 	 	1,812	 	 	 	 	 	1,281	 	 	 	 	 	(37	)	 	 	 	 	3,171	 	
Interest expense	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	156	 	 	 	 	 	(1	)	 	 	 	 	21	 	 	 	 	 	176	 	
Other (income) expense	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	 	(51	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(35	)	
Income tax expense (benefit)	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	425	 	 	 	 	 	89	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	522	 	
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	4	 	
Net income	 	$	2,305	 	 	 	$	759	 	 	 	 	$	1,637	 	 	 	 	$	(2,396	)	 	 	 	$	2,305	 	
 
Condensed Consolidating Statement of Operations

For the year ended December 31, 2005
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	ACE Limited
(Parent Co.
Guarantor)	 	 	 	 	ACE INA
Holdings, Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)	 	 	 	Other ACE
Limited
Subsidiaries
and
Eliminations (1)	 	 	 	 	Consolidating
Adjustments (2)	 	 	 	 	ACE Limited
Consolidated	 	
Net premiums written	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	6,893	 	 	 	$	4,899	 	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	11,792	 	
Net premiums earned	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	6,903	 	 	 	 	4,845	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	11,748	 	
Net investment income	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	649	 	 	 	 	609	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,264	 	
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	 	 	1,180	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(1,180	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	(6	)	 	 	 	 	30	 	 	 	 	52	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	76	 	
Losses and loss expenses	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	4,751	 	 	 	 	3,820	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	8,571	 	
Life and annuity benefits	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	5	 	 	 	 	138	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	143	 	
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	 	 	135	 	 	 	 	 	1,647	 	 	 	 	1,181	 	 	 	 	 	(39	)	 	 	 	 	2,924	 	
Interest expense	 	 	16	 	 	 	 	 	137	 	 	 	 	17	 	 	 	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	174	 	
Other (income) expense	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	10	 	 	 	 	(35	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(25	)	
Income tax expense (benefit)	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	 	303	 	 	 	 	(31	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	273	 	
Net income	 	$	1,028	 	 	 	 	$	729	 	 	 	$	416	 	 	 	 	$	(1,145	)	 	 	 	$	1,028	 	
(1) Includes all other subsidiaries of ACE Limited and intercompany eliminations.
(2) Includes ACE Limited parent company eliminations.
 
F-66

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Operations

For the year ended December 31, 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	ACE Limited
(Parent Co.
Guarantor)	 	 	 	ACE INA
Holdings, Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)	 	 	 	Other ACE
Limited
Subsidiaries
and
Eliminations (1)	 	 	 	Consolidating
Adjustments (2)	 	 	 	 	ACE Limited
Consolidated	
Net premiums written	 	$	–	 	 	 	$	6,738	 	 	 	$	4,758	 	 	 	$	–	 	 	 	 	$	11,496	
Net premiums earned	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	6,240	 	 	 	 	4,870	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	11,110	
Net investment income	 	 	10	 	 	 	 	492	 	 	 	 	515	 	 	 	 	(4	)	 	 	 	 	1,013	
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	 	 	1,287	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	(1,287	)	 	 	 	 	–	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	60	 	 	 	 	130	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	197	
Losses and loss expenses	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	4,547	 	 	 	 	3,143	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	7,690	
Life and annuity benefits	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	3	 	 	 	 	172	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	175	
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	 	 	125	 	 	 	 	1,502	 	 	 	 	1,211	 	 	 	 	(14	)	 	 	 	 	2,824	
Interest expense	 	 	25	 	 	 	 	136	 	 	 	 	26	 	 	 	 	(4	)	 	 	 	 	183	
Other (income) expense	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	9	
Income tax expense	 	 	1	 	 	 	 	189	 	 	 	 	96	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	286	
Net income	 	$	1,153	 	 	 	$	407	 	 	 	$	866	 	 	 	$	(1,273	)	 	 	 	$	1,153	
(1) Includes all other subsidiaries of ACE Limited and intercompany eliminations.
(2) Includes ACE Limited parent company eliminations.
 
F-67

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

For the year ended December 31, 2006
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	ACE Limited
(Parent Co.
Guarantor)	 	 	 	 	ACE INA
Holdings, Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)	 	 	 	 	Other ACE
Limited
Subsidiaries
and
Eliminations (1)	 	 	 	 	ACE Limited
Consolidated	 	
Net cash flows from (used for) operating activities	 	$	502	 	 	 	 	$	2,033	 	 	 	 	$	1,570	 	 	 	 	$	4,105	 	
Cash flows from (used for) investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(13,159	)	 	 	 	 	(28,036	)	 	 	 	 	(41,195	)	
Purchase of fixed maturities held to maturity	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(474	)	 	 	 	 	(59	)	 	 	 	 	(533	)	
Purchases of equity securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(508	)	 	 	 	 	(333	)	 	 	 	 	(841	)	
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	9,279	 	 	 	 	 	24,648	 	 	 	 	 	33,939	 	
Sales of equity securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	427	 	 	 	 	 	500	 	 	 	 	 	927	 	
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,836	 	 	 	 	 	1,573	 	 	 	 	 	3,409	 	
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	445	 	 	 	 	 	98	 	 	 	 	 	543	 	
Net proceeds from (payments made on) the settlement of investment derivatives	 	 	11	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(51	)	 	 	 	 	(40	)	
Capitalization of subsidiaries	 	 	(15	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	15	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Advances (to) from affiliates	 	 	(237	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	237	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Sale of subsidiary (net of cash sold of $2)	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(2	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(2	)	
Other	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	 	(134	)	 	 	 	 	155	 	 	 	 	 	23	 	
Net cash flows from (used for) investing activities	 	 	(227	)	 	 	 	 	(2,290	)	 	 	 	 	(1,253	)	 	 	 	 	(3,770	)	
Cash flows from (used for) financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dividends paid on Ordinary Shares	 	 	(312	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(312	)	
Dividends paid on Preferred Shares	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(45	)	
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	298	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	298	 	
Repayment of short-term debt	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(300	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(300	)	
Proceeds from exercise of options for Ordinary Shares	 	 	67	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	67	 	
Proceeds from Ordinary Shares issued under ESPP	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	
Net proceeds from issuance of Ordinary shares	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Advances (to) from affiliates	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	194	 	 	 	 	 	(194	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net cash flows from (used for) financing activities	 	 	(282	)	 	 	 	 	192	 	 	 	 	 	(194	)	 	 	 	 	(284	)	
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	2	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash	 	 	(7	)	 	 	 	 	(63	)	 	 	 	 	123	 	 	 	 	 	53	 	
Cash – beginning of year	 	 	20	 	 	 	 	 	276	 	 	 	 	 	216	 	 	 	 	 	512	 	
Cash – end of year	 	$	13	 	 	 	 	$	213	 	 	 	 	$	339	 	 	 	 	$	565	 	
(1) Includes all other subsidiaries of ACE Limited and intercompany eliminations.
 
F-68

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

For the year ended December 31, 2005
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	ACE Limited
(Parent Co.
Guarantor)	 	 	 	 	ACE INA
Holdings, Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)	 	 	 	 	Other ACE
Limited
Subsidiaries
and
Eliminations (1)	 	 	 	 	ACE Limited
Consolidated	 	
Net cash flows from (used for) operating activities	 	$	497	 	 	 	 	$	2,631	 	 	 	 	$	1,180	 	 	 	 	$	4,308	 	
Cash flows used for investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(14,767	)	 	 	 	 	(17,542	)	 	 	 	 	(32,309	)	
Purchases of equity securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(353	)	 	 	 	 	(301	)	 	 	 	 	(654	)	
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	22	 	 	 	 	 	10,279	 	 	 	 	 	14,140	 	 	 	 	 	24,441	 	
Sales of equity securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	279	 	 	 	 	 	213	 	 	 	 	 	492	 	
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,361	 	 	 	 	 	1,029	 	 	 	 	 	2,390	 	
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	138	 	 	 	 	 	36	 	 	 	 	 	174	 	
Net proceeds from (payments made on) the settlement of investment derivatives	 	 	(5	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	17	 	 	 	 	 	12	 	
Capitalization of subsidiaries	 	 	(1,279	)	 	 	 	 	125	 	 	 	 	 	1,154	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Advances (to) from affiliates	 	 	(503	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	503	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Sale of subsidiary (net of cash sold of $Nil)	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	7	 	
Other	 	 	(33	)	 	 	 	 	(28	)	 	 	 	 	(85	)	 	 	 	 	(146	)	
Net cash flows used for investing activities	 	 	(1,798	)	 	 	 	 	(2,966	)	 	 	 	 	(829	)	 	 	 	 	(5,593	)	
Cash flows from (used for) financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dividends paid on Ordinary Shares	 	 	(253	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(253	)	
Dividends paid on Preferred Shares	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(45	)	
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	262	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	262	 	
Repayment of short-term debt	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(146	)	 	 	 	 	(146	)	
Proceeds from exercise of options for Ordinary Shares	 	 	140	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	140	 	
Proceeds from Ordinary Shares issued under ESPP	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	
Repayment of trust preferred securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(103	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(103	)	
Net proceeds from issuance of Ordinary Shares	 	 	1,465	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,465	 	
Advances (to) from affiliates	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	247	 	 	 	 	 	(247	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net cash flows from (used for) financing activities	 	 	1,315	 	 	 	 	 	406	 	 	 	 	 	(393	)	 	 	 	 	1,328	 	
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(21	)	 	 	 	 	(8	)	 	 	 	 	(29	)	
Net increase (decrease) in cash	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	 	50	 	 	 	 	 	(50	)	 	 	 	 	14	 	
Cash – beginning of year	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	226	 	 	 	 	 	266	 	 	 	 	 	498	 	
Cash – end of year	 	$	20	 	 	 	 	$	276	 	 	 	 	$	216	 	 	 	 	$	512	 	
(1) Includes all other subsidiaries of ACE Limited and intercompany eliminations.
 
F-69

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

For the year ended December 31, 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	ACE Limited
(Parent Co.
Guarantor)	 	 	 	 	ACE INA
Holdings, Inc.
(Subsidiary
Issuer)	 	 	 	 	Other ACE
Limited
Subsidiaries
and
Eliminations (1)	 	 	 	 	ACE Limited
Consolidated	 	
Net cash flows from (used for) operating activities	 	$	422	 	 	 	 	$	2,828	 	 	 	 	$	1,689	 	 	 	 	$	4,939	 	
Cash flows used for investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	(39	)	 	 	 	 	(11,843	)	 	 	 	 	(13,512	)	 	 	 	 	(25,394	)	
Purchases of equity securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(508	)	 	 	 	 	(573	)	 	 	 	 	(1,081	)	
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	21	 	 	 	 	 	7,780	 	 	 	 	 	10,618	 	 	 	 	 	18,419	 	
Sales of equity securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	372	 	 	 	 	 	155	 	 	 	 	 	527	 	
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,063	 	 	 	 	 	807	 	 	 	 	 	1,870	 	
Net proceeds from the settlement of investment derivatives	 	 	7	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	25	 	 	 	 	 	32	 	
Capitalization of subsidiaries	 	 	(637	)	 	 	 	 	365	 	 	 	 	 	272	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Advances (to) from affiliates	 	 	385	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(385	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Sale of subsidiary (net of cash sold of $82 million)	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	959	 	 	 	 	 	959	 	
Other	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(112	)	 	 	 	 	(86	)	 	 	 	 	(198	)	
Net cash flows used for investing activities	 	 	(263	)	 	 	 	 	(2,883	)	 	 	 	 	(1,720	)	 	 	 	 	(4,866	)	
Cash flows from (used for) financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dividends paid on Ordinary Shares	 	 	(226	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(226	)	
Dividends paid on Preferred Shares	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(45	)	
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	499	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	499	 	
Net proceeds from issuance (repayment of) short-term debt	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(403	)	 	 	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	(399	)	
Proceeds from exercise of options for Ordinary Shares	 	 	83	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	83	 	
Proceeds from Ordinary Shares issued under ESPP	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	
Repayment of trust preferred securities	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(75	)	 	 	 	 	(75	)	
Advances (to) from affiliates	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	5	 	 	 	 	 	(5	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net cash flows from (used for) financing activities	 	 	(180	)	 	 	 	 	101	 	 	 	 	 	(76	)	 	 	 	 	(155	)	
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	15	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	21	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash	 	 	(21	)	 	 	 	 	61	 	 	 	 	 	(101	)	 	 	 	 	(61	)	
Cash – beginning of year	 	 	27	 	 	 	 	 	165	 	 	 	 	 	367	 	 	 	 	 	559	 	
Cash – end of year	 	$	6	 	 	 	 	$	226	 	 	 	 	$	266	 	 	 	 	$	498	 	
(1) Includes all other subsidiaries of ACE Limited and intercompany eliminations.

F-70

Table of Contents
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
23. Subsequent Event
 
In February 2007, ACE INA issued $500 million of 5.7 percent notes due in February 2017. These notes are redeemable at any time at ACE INA’s option subject to a “make-whole” premium plus 0.20 percent. The notes are also redeemable at par plus accrued and unpaid interest in the event of certain changes in tax law. These notes do not have the benefit of any sinking fund. These senior unsecured notes are guaranteed on a senior basis by the Company and they rank equally with all of the Company’s other senior obligations. They also contain a customary limitation on lien provisions as well as customary events of default provisions which, if breached, could result in the accelerated maturity of such senior debt.
 
F-71

Table of Contents
 SCHEDULE I
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries

SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS – OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

December 31, 2006
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Cost or
Amortized Cost	 	 	 	Fair Value	 	 	 	Amount at
which shown in
the
balance sheet	
Fixed maturities available for sale:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Bonds:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	 	$	2,513	 	 	 	$	2,524	 	 	 	$	2,524	
Foreign	 	 	6,406	 	 	 	 	6,403	 	 	 	 	6,403	
Corporate securities	 	 	8,757	 	 	 	 	8,843	 	 	 	 	8,843	
Mortgage-backed securities	 	 	10,331	 	 	 	 	10,384	 	 	 	 	10,384	
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	 	 	382	 	 	 	 	386	 	 	 	 	386	
Total fixed maturities	 	 	28,389	 	 	 	 	28,540	 	 	 	 	28,540	
Fixed maturities held to maturity:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Bonds:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
U.S. Treasury and agency	 	 	1,015	 	 	 	 	1,005	 	 	 	 	1,015	
Foreign	 	 	55	 	 	 	 	54	 	 	 	 	55	
Corporate securities	 	 	577	 	 	 	 	571	 	 	 	 	577	
Mortgage-backed securities	 	 	976	 	 	 	 	962	 	 	 	 	976	
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	 	 	424	 	 	 	 	423	 	 	 	 	424	
Total fixed maturities	 	 	3,047	 	 	 	 	3,015	 	 	 	 	3,047	
Equity securities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Common stock:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Public utilities	 	 	47	 	 	 	 	59	 	 	 	 	59	
Banks, trust and insurance companies	 	 	195	 	 	 	 	235	 	 	 	 	235	
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other	 	 	1,130	 	 	 	 	1,419	 	 	 	 	1,419	
Total equity securities	 	 	1,372	 	 	 	 	1,713	 	 	 	 	1,713	
Short-term investments	 	 	2,456	 	 	 	 	2,456	 	 	 	 	2,456	
Other investments	 	 	661	 	 	 	 	845	 	 	 	 	845	
Total investments – other than investments in related parties	 	$	35,925	 	 	 	$	36,569	 	 	 	$	36,601	
 
F-72

Table of Contents
 SCHEDULE II
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
 
BALANCE SHEETS (Parent Company Only)

December 31, 2006 and 2005
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	
Assets	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Investments in subsidiaries and affiliates on equity basis	 	$	14,157	 	 	 	 	$	11,977	 	
Short-term investments	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	17	 	
Other investments, at cost	 	 	63	 	 	 	 	 	83	 	
Total investments	 	 	14,226	 	 	 	 	 	12,077	 	
Cash	 	 	13	 	 	 	 	 	20	 	
Other assets	 	 	26	 	 	 	 	 	22	 	
Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net	 	 	714	 	 	 	 	 	389	 	
Total assets	 	$	14,979	 	 	 	 	$	12,508	 	
Liabilities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	 	$	120	 	 	 	 	$	122	 	
Dividends payable	 	 	81	 	 	 	 	 	74	 	
Short-term debt	 	 	500	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Long-term debt	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	500	 	
Total liabilities	 	 	701	 	 	 	 	 	696	 	
Shareholders’ equity	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Preferred Shares	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	 	2	 	
Ordinary Shares	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	 	13	 	
Additional paid-in capital	 	 	6,640	 	 	 	 	 	6,569	 	
Unearned stock grant compensation	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(69	)	
Retained earnings	 	 	6,906	 	 	 	 	 	4,965	 	
Deferred compensation obligation	 	 	4	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	
Accumulated other comprehensive income	 	 	716	 	 	 	 	 	332	 	
Ordinary Shares issued to employee trust	 	 	(4	)	 	 	 	 	(6	)	
Total shareholders’ equity	 	 	14,278	 	 	 	 	 	11,812	 	
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	 	$	14,979	 	 	 	 	$	12,508	 	
 
F-73

Table of Contents
SCHEDULE II (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
 
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Parent Company Only)

For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	
Revenues	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Investment income, including intercompany interest income (expense)	 	$	27	 	 	 	$	11	 	 	 	 	$	6	
Equity in net income of subsidiaries and affiliates	 	 	2,412	 	 	 	 	1,180	 	 	 	 	 	1,287	
Net realized gains (losses)	 	 	11	 	 	 	 	(6	)	 	 	 	 	7	
 	 	 	2,450	 	 	 	 	1,185	 	 	 	 	 	1,300	
Expenses	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Administrative and other expenses	 	 	124	 	 	 	 	136	 	 	 	 	 	126	
Interest expense	 	 	21	 	 	 	 	21	 	 	 	 	 	21	
 	 	 	145	 	 	 	 	157	 	 	 	 	 	147	
Net income	 	$	2,305	 	 	 	$	1,028	 	 	 	 	$	1,153	
 
F-74

Table of Contents
SCHEDULE II (continued)
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
 
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Parent Company Only)

For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	2006	 	 	 	 	2005	 	 	 	 	2004	 	
Cash flows used for operating activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net income	 	$	2,305	 	 	 	 	$	1,028	 	 	 	 	$	1,153	 	
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows used for operating activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Equity in net income of subsidiaries and affiliates	 	 	(2,412	)	 	 	 	 	(1,180	)	 	 	 	 	(1,287	)	
Dividends received from subsidiaries	 	 	616	 	 	 	 	 	580	 	 	 	 	 	486	 	
Net realized (gains) losses	 	 	(11	)	 	 	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	(7	)	
Amounts due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net	 	 	(8	)	 	 	 	 	41	 	 	 	 	 	131	 	
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	 	 	(18	)	 	 	 	 	9	 	 	 	 	 	(25	)	
Accrued interest on advances from affiliate	 	 	(4	)	 	 	 	 	(7	)	 	 	 	 	(4	)	
Other	 	 	34	 	 	 	 	 	20	 	 	 	 	 	(25	)	
Net cash flows used for operating activities	 	 	502	 	 	 	 	 	497	 	 	 	 	 	422	 	
Cash flows from (used for) investing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	(39	)	
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	 	 	12	 	 	 	 	 	22	 	 	 	 	 	21	 	
Net proceeds from (payments made on) the settlement of investment derivatives	 	 	11	 	 	 	 	 	(5	)	 	 	 	 	7	 	
Capitalization of subsidiaries	 	 	(15	)	 	 	 	 	(1,279	)	 	 	 	 	(637	)	
Advances (to) from affiliates	 	 	(237	)	 	 	 	 	(503	)	 	 	 	 	385	 	
Other	 	 	2	 	 	 	 	 	(33	)	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net cash flows from (used for) investing activities	 	 	(227	)	 	 	 	 	(1,798	)	 	 	 	 	(263	)	
Cash flows from financing activities	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dividends paid on Ordinary Shares	 	 	(312	)	 	 	 	 	(253	)	 	 	 	 	(226	)	
Dividends paid on Preferred Shares	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	 	 	 	 	(45	)	
Proceeds from exercise of options for Ordinary Shares	 	 	67	 	 	 	 	 	140	 	 	 	 	 	83	 	
Proceeds from Ordinary Shares issued under ESPP	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	 	 	 	 	8	 	
Net proceeds from issuance of Ordinary Shares	 	 	–	 	 	 	 	 	1,465	 	 	 	 	 	–	 	
Net cash flows from financing activities	 	 	(282	)	 	 	 	 	1,315	 	 	 	 	 	(180	)	
Net increase (decrease) in cash	 	 	(7	)	 	 	 	 	14	 	 	 	 	 	(21	)	
Cash – beginning of year	 	 	20	 	 	 	 	 	6	 	 	 	 	 	27	 	
Cash – end of year	 	$	13	 	 	 	 	$	20	 	 	 	 	$	6	 	
 
Dividends received from subsidiaries, which were previously reported as an investing activity, have been appropriately classified as an operating activity beginning in 2006, with conforming changes to 2005 and 2004. Advances (to) / from affiliates (inter-company loans), which were previously reported as a financing activity, have been appropriately classified as an investing activity beginning in 2006, with conforming changes to 2005 and 2004.
 
F-75

Table of Contents
 SCHEDULE IV
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION CONCERNING REINSURANCE
 
Premiums Earned

For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	Direct
Amount	 	 	 	Ceded To
Other
Companies	 	 	 	Assumed
From Other
Companies	 	 	 	Net Amount	 	 	 	Percentage
of Amount
Assumed
to Net	
2006	 	$	13,562	 	 	 	$	5,198	 	 	 	$	3,461	 	 	 	$	11,825	 	 	 	29%	
2005	 	$	13,106	 	 	 	$	5,012	 	 	 	$	3,654	 	 	 	$	11,748	 	 	 	31%	
2004	 	$	12,804	 	 	 	$	4,402	 	 	 	$	2,708	 	 	 	$	11,110	 	 	 	24%	
 
F-76

Table of Contents
 SCHEDULE VI
ACE Limited and Subsidiaries
 
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTY AND CASUALTY OPERATIONS

As of and for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	Deferred
Policy
Acquisition
Costs	 	 	 	Net Reserves
for Unpaid
Losses
and Loss
Expenses	 	 	 	Unearned
Premiums	 	 	 	Net
Premiums
Earned	 	 	 	Net
Investment
Income	 	 	 	Net Losses and Loss
Expenses
Incurred Related to	 	 	 	 	Amortization
of Deferred
Policy
Acquisition
Costs	 	 	 	Net Paid
Losses
and Loss
Expenses	 	 	 	Net
Premiums
Written	
 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	Current
Year	 	 	 	Prior
Year	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		
2006	 	$	1,074	 	 	 	$	22,008	 	 	 	$	6,434	 	 	 	$	11,551	 	 	 	$	1,559	 	 	 	$	7,082	 	 	 	$	(12	)	 	 	 	$	1,689	 	 	 	$	5,459	 	 	 	$	11,756	
2005	 	$	926	 	 	 	$	20,458	 	 	 	$	5,880	 	 	 	$	11,500	 	 	 	$	1,228	 	 	 	$	8,485	 	 	 	$	86	 	 	 	 	$	1,639	 	 	 	$	5,369	 	 	 	$	11,544	
2004	 	$	944	 	 	 	$	17,517	 	 	 	$	5,979	 	 	 	$	10,884	 	 	 	$	980	 	 	 	$	7,143	 	 	 	$	547	 	 	 	 	$	1,535	 	 	 	$	4,760	 	 	 	$	11,270	
 
F-77
 
Exhibit 10.9

	  	LIMITED   LIABILITY   PARTNERSHIP	
	  	CONFORMED COPY	
DATED 17 NOVEMBER 2006
ACE LIMITED
as Account Party
ACE BERMUDA INSURANCE LTD.
and
ACE TEMPEST REINSURANCE LTD.
as Guarantors
CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS LIMITED
and
BARCLAYS CAPITAL
as Lead Arrangers
ING BANK, N.V., LONDON BRANCH
as Co-Arranger
CITIBANK INTERNATIONAL plc
as Agent and Security Trustee
and
OTHERS

SEVENTH AMENDMENT AND RESTATEMENT
AGREEMENT RELATING TO A LETTER OF CREDIT
FACILITY AGREEMENT ORIGINALLY DATED 19
NOVEMBER 1999

 

CONTENTS

Clause	 	 	  	Page	
1.	 	Interpretation	  	2	
			
2.	 	Conditions Precedent	  	2	
			
3.	 	Transfer By Novation	  	2	
			
4.	 	Amendment And Restatement	  	6	
			
5.	 	Representations	  	7	
			
6.	 	Continuing Obligations And Further Assurance	  	7	
			
7.	 	Costs, Expenses And Fees	  	7	
			
8.	 	Designation As Finance Document	  	8	
			
9.	 	Governing Law	  	8	
			
10.	 	Incorporation Of Terms	  	8	
			
11.	 	Counterparts	  	8	
		
Schedule 1            The Banks	  	9	
		
Schedule 2            The Banks' Commitments	  	11	
		
Schedule 3            Conditions Precedent	  	12	

The Exhibit	 	Form of Amended Facility Agreement	

THIS AGREEMENT is dated 17 November 2006 and made between:
 
(1)	ACE LIMITED (the “ Account Party ”);	
 
(2)	ACE BERMUDA INSURANCE LTD . and ACE TEMPEST REINSURANCE LTD. (together the “ Guarantors ”);	
 
(3)	CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS LIMITED and BARCLAYS CAPITAL ( the investment banking division of Barclays Bank PLC) (the “ Lead Arrangers ”);	
 
(4)	ING BANK, N.V., LONDON BRANCH (the “ Co-Arranger ” and, together with the Lead Arrangers, the “ Arrangers ”);	
 
(5)	CITIBANK INTERNATIONAL plc (the “ Agent ” and “ Security Trustee ”);	
 
(6)	THE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS listed in Part I of Schedule 1 ( The Banks) as existing banks (the “ Existing Banks ”); and	
 
(7)	THE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS listed in Part II of Schedule 1 ( The Banks ) as new banks (the “ New Banks ”).	
WHEREAS:
 
(A)	By a dual currency letter of credit facility agreement originally dated 19 November 1999 (a) as amended and restated by an amendment agreement dated 17 November 2000, (b) as amended by an amendment agreement dated 23 October 2001, (c) as amended and restated by an amendment and restatement agreement dated 21 November 2001, (d) as amended and restated by an amendment and restatement agreement dated 19 November 2002, (e) as amended and restated by an amendment and restatement agreement dated 14 November 2003, (f) as amended and restated by an amendment and restatement agreement dated 15 November 2004 and (g) as amended and restated by an amendment and restatement agreement dated 9 December 2005 (the “ Original Facility Agreement ”) between (1) the Account Party, (2) the Guarantors, (3) the Arrangers, (4) the Agent and (5) the Banks, the Banks granted to the Account Party a letter of credit facility in an aggregate amount of £380,000,000.	
 
(B)	Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen Girozentrale, London Branch wishes to become a party to the Original Facility Agreement as a Bank.	
 
(C)	Citibank Ireland Financial Services plc wishes to transfer the whole of its Commitment to Citibank Europe plc.	
 
(D)	National Westminster Bank PLC wishes to transfer the whole of its Commitment to The Royal Bank of Scotland plc.	
 
(E)	The parties hereto wish to amend the Original Facility Agreement upon the terms and subject to the conditions set out below.	
 
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IT IS AGREED as follows:
 
1.	INTERPRETATION	
 
1.1	Incorporation of defined terms	
Terms defined in the Original Facility Agreement and not otherwise defined herein shall have the same meaning in this Agreement, and the principles of construction set out in the Original Facility Agreement shall apply to this Agreement as if set out in this Agreement in full.
 
1.2	Other defined terms	
In this Agreement:
“ Amended Facility Agreement ” means the Original Facility Agreement as amended by this Agreement.
“ Commencement Date ” means 29 November 2006.
 
1.3	Third Party Rights	
A person who is not a party to this Agreement has no right under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 to enforce any term of this Agreement.
 
2.	CONDITIONS PRECEDENT	
The provisions of Clause 3 ( Transfer by Novation ) and Clause 4 ( Amendment and Restatement ) shall automatically be effective as of the Commencement Date provided that not later than three Business Days before the Commencement Date, the Agent has received, in form and substance satisfactory to it, each of the documents and other items specified in Schedule 3 ( Conditions Precedent ) to this Agreement. The Agent shall notify the Account Party, the Existing Banks and the New Banks promptly upon being so satisfied.
 
3.	TRANSFER BY NOVATION	
 
3.1	Transfer by Novation: New Non-Affiliate Bank	
3.1.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this Clause 3.1, the following definitions apply:
“ New Non-Affiliate Bank ” shall mean Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen Girozentrale, London Branch.
3.1.2 Details of Transfer: New Non-Affiliate Bank
On the Commencement Date (whether or not a Default is continuing), the Existing Banks shall transfer by novation part of their Commitment, rights and obligations under the Finance Documents to the New Non-Affiliate Bank, so that:
 
 	(a)	the New Non-Affiliate Bank will become a Bank under the Amended Facility Agreement with a Commitment as set out opposite its name in Schedule 2 ( The Banks’ Commitments );	
 
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 	(b)	each Existing Bank’s Commitment shall be reduced to the respective amount set out opposite its name in Schedule 2 ( The Banks’ Commitments );	
 
 	(c)	the New Non-Affiliate Bank’s participation in each Letter of Credit shall be as notified to it by the Agent pursuant to paragraph (a) of Clause 3.5 ( Banks’ participations ); and	
 
 	(d)	each Existing Bank’s participation in each Letter of Credit shall be as notified to it by the Agent pursuant to paragraph (a) of Clause 3.5 ( Banks’ participations ).	
 
 	3.1.3	Procedure for Transfer by Novation: New Non-Affiliate Bank	
The transfer by novation set out in Clause 3.1 ( Transfer by novation: New Non-Affiliate Bank ) shall take effect on the Commencement Date so that:
 
 	(a)	to the extent that in Clause 3.1 ( Transfer by novation: New Non-Affiliate Bank ) each Existing Bank seeks to transfer by novation its rights and obligations under the Finance Documents each of the Obligors and each other Existing Bank shall be released from further obligations towards one another under the Finance Documents and their respective rights against one another under the Finance Documents shall be cancelled (being the “ Discharged Rights and Obligations ”);	
 
 	(b)	each of the Obligors and the New Non-Affiliate Bank shall assume obligations towards one another and/or acquire rights against one another which differ from the Discharged Rights and Obligations only insofar as that Obligor and the New Non-Affiliate Bank have assumed and/or acquired the same in place of that Obligor and that Existing Bank;	
 
 	(c)	the Agent, the Arrangers, the New Non-Affiliate Bank and other Banks shall acquire the same rights and assume the same obligations between themselves as they would have acquired and assumed had the New Non-Affiliate Bank been an Existing Bank with the rights and/or obligations acquired or assumed by it as a result of the transfer and to that extent the Agent, the Arrangers and the relevant Existing Bank shall each be released from further obligations to each other under the Finance Documents; and	
 
 	(d)	the New Non-Affiliate Bank shall become a Party as a “Bank”.	
 
 	3.1.4	Amounts due on or before the Commencement Date	
Any amounts payable to the Existing Banks by the Obligors pursuant to any Finance Document on or before the Commencement Date (including, without limitation, all interest, fees and commission payable on the Commencement Date) in respect of any
 
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period ending on or prior to the Commencement Date shall be for the account of the Existing Banks and the New Non-Affiliate Bank shall not have any interest in, or any rights in respect of, any such amount.
 
3.2	Transfer by Novation: New Affiliate Banks	
 
 	3.2.1	Definitions	
For the purposes of this Clause 3.2, the following definitions apply:
“ New Affiliate Bank ” shall mean Citibank Europe plc and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc; and
“ Outgoing Existing Banks ” shall mean Citibank Ireland Financial Services plc and National Westminster Bank PLC,
 
 	3.2.2  	Details of Transfer: New Affiliate Bank	
On the Commencement Date (whether or not a Default is continuing), the Outgoing Existing Banks shall transfer by novation all of their Commitment, rights and obligations under the Finance Documents to Citibank Europe plc, in the case of Citibank Ireland Financial Services plc, and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc, in the case of National Westminster Bank PLC, so that:
 
 	(a)	each New Affiliate Bank will become a Bank under the Amended Facility Agreement with a Commitment as set out opposite its name in Schedule 2 ( The Banks’ Commitments );	
 
 	(b)	each Outgoing Existing Bank’s Commitment shall be reduced to zero, and that Outgoing Existing Bank shall cease to be a Bank;	
 
 	(c)	each New Affiliate Bank’s participation in each Letter of Credit shall be as notified to it by the Agent pursuant to paragraph (a) of Clause 3.5 ( Banks’ participations ); and	
 
 	(d)	each Outgoing Existing Bank’s participation in each Letter of Credit shall be as notified to it by the Agent pursuant to paragraph (a) of Clause 3.5 ( Banks’ participations ).	
 
 	3.2.3	Procedure for Transfer by Novation: New Affiliate Banks	
The transfer by novation set out in Clause 3.2 ( Transfer by novation: New Affiliate Banks ) shall take effect on the Commencement Date so that:
 
 	(a)	to the extent that in Clause 3.2 ( Transfer by novation: New Affiliate Banks ) each Outgoing Existing Bank seeks to transfer by novation its rights and obligations under the Finance Documents each of the Obligors and each Outgoing Existing Bank shall be released from further obligations towards one another under the Finance Documents and their respective rights against one another under the Finance Documents shall be cancelled (being the “ Discharged Rights and Obligations ”);	
 
- 4 -

 	(b)	each of the Obligors and each New Affiliate Bank shall assume obligations towards one another and/or acquire rights against one another which differ from the Discharged Rights and Obligations only insofar as that Obligor and the relevant New Affiliate Bank have assumed and/or acquired the same in place of that Obligor and that Outgoing Existing Bank;	
 
 	(c)	the Agent, the Arrangers, each New Affiliate Bank and other Banks shall acquire the same rights and assume the same obligations between themselves as they would have acquired and assumed had the New Affiliate Bank been an Existing Bank with the rights and/or obligations acquired or assumed by it as a result of the transfer and to that extent the Agent, the Arrangers and the relevant Outgoing Existing Bank shall each be released from further obligations to each other under the Finance Documents; and	
 
 	(d)	each New Affiliate Bank shall become a Party as a “Bank”.	
 
 	3.2.4	Amounts due on or before the Commencement Date	
Any amounts payable to the Outgoing Existing Banks by the Obligors pursuant to any Finance Document on or before the Commencement Date (including, without limitation, all interest, fees and commission payable on the Commencement Date) in respect of any period ending on or prior to the Commencement Date shall be for the account of the Outgoing Existing Banks and none of the New Affiliate Banks shall have any interest in, or any rights in respect of, any such amount.
 
3.3	Limitation of responsibility of Existing Banks	
 
 	(a)	Each New Non-Affiliate Bank and New Affiliate Bank (together the “ New Banks ”) confirms to each Existing Bank and the other Finance Parties that it:	
 
 	(i)	has received a copy of the Original Facility Agreement together with such other information as it has required in connection with this transaction;	
 
 	(ii)	has made (and shall continue to make) its own independent investigation and assessment of the financial condition and affairs of each Obligor and its related entities in connection with its participation in this Agreement and the Amended Facility Agreement and has not relied exclusively on any information provided to it by any Existing Bank in connection with any Finance Document; and	
 
 	(iii)	will continue to make its own independent appraisal of the creditworthiness of each Obligor and its related entities whilst any amount is or may be outstanding under the Finance Documents or any Commitment is in force.	
 
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 	(b)	Unless expressly agreed to the contrary, the Existing Banks make no representation or warranty and assume no responsibility to the New Banks for:	
 
 	(i)	the legality, validity, effectiveness, adequacy or enforceability of the Finance Documents or any other documents;	
 
 	(ii)	the financial condition of any Obligor;	
 
 	(iii)	the performance and observance by any Obligor of its obligations under the Finance Documents or any other documents; or	
 
 	(iv)	the accuracy of any statements (whether written or oral) made in or in connection with the Finance Documents or any other document,	
and any representations or warranties implied by law are excluded.
 
 	(c)	Nothing in any Finance Document obliges any Existing Bank to:	
 
 	(i)	accept a re-transfer from any New Bank of any of the rights and obligations transferred by novation under this Agreement; or	
 
 	(ii)	support any losses directly or indirectly incurred by a New Bank by reason of the non-performance by any Obligor of its obligations under the Finance Documents or otherwise.	
 
3.4	Administrative Details	
Each New Bank confirms that it has delivered to the Agent its Facility Office details and address, fax number and attention details for the purposes of Clause 33 ( Notices ) of the Amended Facility Agreement.
 
3.5	Banks’ participations	
 
 	(a)	The Agent shall notify each Existing Bank and each New Bank of the amount and currency of each Letter of Credit to be issued on the Commencement Date and the amount of its participation in that new Letter of Credit not later than 10:00 a.m. two Business Days before the Commencement Date.	
 
 	(b)	The amount of each Existing Bank’s and each New Bank’s participation in each new Letter of Credit referred to in paragraph (a) of this Clause 3.5 ( Banks’ participations ) will be equal to the proportion borne by its Available Commitment to the Available Facility immediately prior to the making of the Letter of Credit.	
 
4.	AMENDMENT AND RESTATEMENT	
With effect on and from the Commencement Date, the Original Facility Agreement shall be amended and restated so that it shall be read and construed for all the purposes as set forth in the Exhibit hereto.
 
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5.	REPRESENTATIONS	
On the date of this Agreement and on the Commencement Date, the Account Party and the Guarantors shall make the Representations as if each reference in those Representations to “this Agreement” and “the Finance Documents” includes a reference to (a) this Agreement and (b) the Amended Facility Agreement.
 
6.	CONTINUING OBLIGATIONS AND FURTHER ASSURANCE	
 
6.1	Continuing Obligations	
The Original Facility Agreement and the Finance Documents and every clause thereof shall continue to be in full force and effect and binding on the parties thereto save as expressly amended and supplemented by this Agreement.
 
6.2	Further Assurance	
Each of the Account Party and the Guarantors shall, at the request of the Agent and at its own expense, do all such acts and things necessary or desirable to give effect to the amendments effected or to be effected pursuant to this Agreement.
 
7.	COSTS, EXPENSES AND FEES	
 
7.1	Transaction Expenses	
The Account Party shall promptly on demand pay the Banks the amount of all costs and expenses (including legal fees) reasonably incurred (together with any VAT thereon) by the Banks in connection with the negotiation, preparation, printing and execution of this Agreement and any other documents referred to in this Agreement and the completion of the transactions herein contemplated.
 
7.2	Enforcement Costs	
The Account Party shall, within three Business Days of demand, pay to each Bank the amount of all costs and expenses (including legal fees) on a full indemnity basis together with any VAT thereon incurred by that Bank in connection with the enforcement of, or the preservation of any rights under this Agreement and any other document referred to in this Agreement.
 
7.3	Stamp Taxes	
The Account Party shall pay and, within three Business Days of demand, indemnify each Bank against any costs, loss or liability that each such Bank incurs in relation to all stamp duty, registration and other similar taxes payable in respect of this Agreement and any other document referred to in this Agreement or any judgment given in connection with this Agreement.
 
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8.	DESIGNATION AS FINANCE DOCUMENT	
The Account Party and the Agent designate this Agreement as a Finance Document by execution of this Agreement for the purposes of the definition of Finance Document in the Original Facility Agreement.
 
9.	GOVERNING LAW	
This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with English law.
 
10.	INCORPORATION OF TERMS	
The provisions of clause 32 ( Remedies and Waivers, Partial Invalidity ) and clause 37 ( Jurisdiction ) of the Original Facility Agreement shall apply, mutatis mutandis , hereto and as if references therein to “this Agreement” or “the Finance Documents” are references to this Agreement.
 
11.	COUNTERPARTS	
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and this has the same effect as if the signatures on the counterparts were on a single copy of this Agreement.
This Agreement has been entered into on the date stated at the beginning of this Agreement.
 
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SCHEDULE 1
T HE B ANKS
Part I - The Existing Banks
ABN AMRO BANK N.V., LONDON BRANCH
BARCLAYS BANK PLC
CALYON NEW YORK BRANCH
CITIBANK IRELAND FINANCIAL SERVICES PLC
ING BANK N.V., LONDON BRANCH
LLOYDS TSB BANK PLC
NATIONAL WESTMINSTER BANK PLC
THE BANK OF TOKYO-MITSUBISHI UFJ, LTD., NEW YORK BRANCH
 
- 9 -

Part II - The New Banks
CITIBANK EUROPE PLC
LANDESBANK HESSEN-THÜRINGEN GIROZENTRALE, LONDON BRANCH
THE ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND PLC
 
- 10 -

SCHEDULE 2
T HE B ANKS ’ C OMMITMENTS

Bank	  	Commitment (£)	
Citibank Europe plc	  	58,000,000	
Barclays Bank PLC	  	58,000,000	
ING Bank N.V., London Branch	  	54,000,000	
ABN AMRO BANK N.V., London Branch	  	35,000,000	
Calyon New York Branch	  	35,000,000	
Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen Girozentrale, London Branch	  	35,000,000	
Lloyds TSB Bank plc	  	35,000,000	
The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., New York Branch	  	35,000,000	
The Royal Bank of Scotland plc	  	35,000,000	
	  	 	
TOTAL	  	380,000,000	

- 11 -

SCHEDULE 3
C ONDITIONS P RECEDENT
 
1.	In relation to each Obligor:	
 
 	(i)	a copy of the constitutional documents of each Obligor, certified as at the date of this Agreement as a true, accurate and correct copy by an Authorised Signatory of such Obligor;	
 
 	(ii)	a copy, certified as at the date of this Agreement as a true and up-to-date copy by an Authorised Signatory of such Obligors, of a board resolution of such Obligor approving the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the terms and conditions hereof and authorising a named person or persons to sign this Agreement and any documents to be delivered by such Obligor pursuant hereto;	
 
 	(iii)	a certificate of an Authorised Signatory of such Obligor setting out the names and signatures of the persons authorised to sign, on behalf of such Obligor, this Agreement, and any documents to be delivered by such Obligor pursuant hereto.	
 
2.	An opinion of Clifford Chance, solicitors to the Agent.	
 
3.	An opinion of Maples and Calder, Cayman Islands counsel to the Account Party addressed to the Finance Parties.	
 
4.	An opinion of Conyers, Dill and Pearman, Bermudian counsel to the Account Party addressed to the Finance Parties.	
 
5.	A copy, certified a true copy by an Authorised Signatory of the Account Party, of the financial statements of the Account Party referred to in sub-clauses 16.4.1 and 16.4.2 of Clause 16.4 ( Financial Information ) of the Amended Facility Agreement.	
 
6.	Evidence that ACE INA Services UK Limited of ACE Building, 100 Leadenhall Street, London EC3A 3BP has agreed to act as the agent of each Obligor for the service of process in England in respect of this Agreement and the Amended Facility Agreement.	
 
- 12 -

SIGNATURES

The Account Party	 		
		
ACE LIMITED	 		
			
By:	 	P Bancroft	 		
Position:	 	Chief Financial Officer	 		
Address:	 	ACE Global Headquarters, 17 Woodbourne Avenue, Hamilton, HM08, Bermuda	 		
			
By:	 	R F Cusumano	 		
Position:	 	General Counsel & Secretary	 		
Address:	 	ACE Global Headquarters, 17 Woodbourne Avenue, Hamilton, HM08, Bermuda	

The Guarantors	 		
		
ACE BERMUDA INSURANCE LTD.	 		
			
By:	 	G R Fletcher	 		
Position:	 	President, Chief Executive Officer & Deputy Chairman	 		
Address:	 	ACE Global Headquarters, 17 Woodbourne Avenue, Hamilton, HM08, Bermuda	 		

ACE TEMPEST REINSURANCE LTD.	 		
		
Executed as a deed	 		
			
By:	 	J Bonneau	 		
Position:	 	Director & Deputy Chairman	 		
Address:	 	ACE Global Headquarters, 17 Woodbourne Avenue, Hamilton, HM08, Bermuda	 		
 
- 13 -

					
 The Lead Arrangers	 		
	
CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS LIMITED	
			
By:	 	P Gibbs	 		
Position:	 	Vice President	 		
Address:	 	c/o Citigroup Centre, 33 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5LB	 		
		
 BARCLAYS CAPITAL	 		
			
By:	 	R Crosby	 		
Position:	 	Manager - Global Loans	 		
Address:	 	5 The North Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London E14 4BB	 		
		
 The Co-Arranger	 		
	
ING BANK, N.V., LONDON BRANCH	
			
By:	 	M E R Sharman	 		
Position:	 	Managing Director	 		
Address:	 	60 London Wall, London EC2M 5TQ	
			
By:	 	N J Marchant	 		
Position:	 	Director	 		
Address:	 	60 London Wall, London EC2M 5TQ	
	
 The Agent and Security Trustee	
	
CITIBANK INTERNATIONAL plc	
			
By:	 	P Gibbs	 		
Position:	 	Vice President	 		
Address:	 	c/o Citigroup Centre, 33 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5LB	
 
- 14 -

					
 The Existing Banks	 		
	
ABN AMRO BANK N.V., LONDON BRANCH	
			
By:	 	A Rouncivell	 		
Position:	 	Authorised Signatory	 		
Address:	 	250 Bishopsgate, London EC27 4AA	 		
			
By:	 	W Byrne	 		
Position:	 	Authorised Signatory	 		
Address:	 	250 Bishopsgate, London EC27 4AA	 		
		
 BARCLAYS BANK PLC	 		
			
By:	 	R Crosby	 		
Position:	 	Manager - Global Loans	 		
Address:	 	5 The North Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London E14 4BB	
		
 CALYON NEW YORK BRANCH	 		
			
By:	 	S Rocco	 		
Position:	 	Managing Director	 		
Address:	 	1301 Avenues of America, New York, NY 10019	
			
By:	 	W Denton	 		
Position:	 	Managing Director	 		
Address:	 	1301 Avenues of America, New York, NY 10019	 		
	
 CITIBANK IRELAND FINANCIAL SERVICES PLC	
			
By:	 	P Gibbs	 		
Position:	 	Vice President	 		
Address:	 	c/o Citigroup Centre, 33 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5LB	 		
 
- 15 -

					
 ING BANK N.V., LONDON BRANCH	
			
By:	  	M E R Sharman	  		
Position:	  	Managing Director	  		
Address:	  	60 London Wall, London EC2M 5TQ	
			
By:	  	N J Marchant	  		
Position:	  	Director	  		
Address:	  	60 London Wall, London EC2M 5TQ	
		
 LLOYDS TSB BANK PLC	  		
			
By:	  	W A Cooper	  		
Position:	  	Relationship Director	  		
Address:	  	25 Gresham Street, London EC2V 7HN	
	
 NATIONAL WESTMINSTER BANK PLC	
			
By:	  	Alan Hames	  		
Position:	  	Director	  		
Address:	  	135 Bishopsgate, London, EC2M 3UR	
	
 THE BANK OF TOKYO-MITSUBISHI UFJ, LTD., NEW YORK BRANCH	
			
By:	  	J A Reid, Jr	  		
Position:	  	Authorised Signatory	  		
Address:	  	1251 Avenue of the Americas, 12th Floor, New York NY10020-1104	  		
 
- 16 -

					
 The New Banks:	 		
		
CITIBANK EUROPE PLC	 		
			
By:	 	P Gibbs	 		
Position:	 	Vice President	 		
Address:	 	c/o Citigroup Centre, 33 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5LB	 		
	
 LANDESBANK HESSEN-THÜRINGEN GIROZENTRALE, LONDON BRANCH	
			
By:	 	James Lowe	 		
Position:	 	Marketing Manager - Financial Institutions & Public Finance	 		
Address:	 	95 Queen Victoria Street, London EC4V 4HN	 		
			
By:	 	P Harding	 		
Position:	 	Director - USA/UK Insurance	 		
Address:	 	95 Queen Victoria Street, London EC4V 4HN	 		
		
 THE ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND PLC	 		
			
By:	 	Alan Hames	 		
Position:	 	Director	 		
Address:	 	135 Bishopsgate, London, EC2M 3UR	 		
 
- 17 -
 
Exhibit 10.21
February 25, 2005
Mr. Robert Cusumano
525 Middlesex Road
Darien, CT 06820
Dear Bob,
Further to our recent discussions, please now find outlined below the main elements of compensation relative to our offer of employment to you as General Counsel, ACE Limited, subject to the formality of obtaining a Bermuda work permit.
Your total annual compensation target will be $2,000,000 and your gross salary will be $500,000 per annum, payable monthly on the 20 th day of each.
As a sign-on award, you will be recommended for a sign on bonus of $125,000 and an award of 5,000 Restricted Ordinary ACE Limited Shares to be granted on the 1 st business trading day of the month immediately following your start date. These shares will vest 25% per annum over 4 years provided you are employed by the Company on each vesting date. In addition, you will also be recommended for an award of 10,000 Options to purchase ordinary ACE Limited Shares to be granted at the New York Stock Exchange closing price for ACE Limited Ordinary Shares on the 1 st business trading day of the month immediately following your start date. These options will vest 33 1 / 3 % annually over 3 years provided you are employed on each vesting date. Should your employment with the Company terminate for reasons other than for cause, (i.e. termination without cause or voluntary resignation) prior to the second anniversary of your start date, all awards of restricted stock and options will vest immediately.
You will be eligible to participate in the ACE bonus program. Your bonus range will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors based on both individual contribution and the Company’s results with target being 100% of your annual base salary.
You will also be eligible to participate in the ACE Limited Long-Term Incentive Plan. Your award will again be at the discretion of the Board of Directors, with a target being 145%+ of your annual salary.
For the sake of clarity, I should point out that in accordance with the Bermuda Payroll Tax Act a standard 4.75% deduction will be made directly from your monthly payroll. All other local taxes are absorbed by the Company. As you would expect, ACE withholds income tax from US citizens and complies with all US reporting obligations.
Standard Company benefits include (a) life insurance (currently 4 x base salary) subject to satisfactory medical, (b) Disability Insurance at a level of 60% of salary after six months total disability – subject to medical, (c) Health (including Dental) & Major Medical Insurance - coverage is in accordance with ACE’s current plan. There is a standard to six month’s exclusion for any known pre-existing conditions, which can be waived.
You will also participate in all the benefit plans enjoyed by our senior executive group, which includes financial and tax planning as well as an executive medical program; details of these programs through E&Y and Exec-U-Care have already been forwarded to you.
One of ACE Group of Companies of Insurance & Reinsurance Companies

You will be eligible to participate in the Company’s defined contribution retirement plan, which is currently based on cash salary and annual incentive award. ACE currently contributes a 6% base contribution plus up to a 6% Company contribution to match your individual contribution with the potential for up to an additional 3% profit share contribution by the Company.
The Company will pay for the cost of renting suitable accommodations in Bermuda for you and your family. We will be pleased to assist you in securing a home and in your relocation needs. The services of a real estate agent will be made available to you and ACE will work with you in establishing a household locally.
As part of ACE’s car subsidy reimbursement plan, the Company will reimburse you $550 per month towards maintaining a car in Bermuda. Your new vehicle will be covered under ACE’s first-party policy with Bermuda Fire & Marine Insurance Company at no cost to you. We will assist you in establishing a banking relationship in order to secure a loan to purchase a car, should one be required.
You will be entitled to a local social club membership, with ACE covering initiation fees and annual dues.
Bob, I am really looking forward to having you join the senior management team at ACE and feel confident that you will make a significant contribution to the Company’s future success.
Yours sincerely,

Evan Greenberg	
President & Chief Executive Officer	
ACE Limited	
Encs.
I accept the offer of employment on the above-noted terms and conditions this              day of              , 2005.

 	
Robert Cusumano	
 
Exhibit 10.22

ACE Limited	 	PO Box HM 1015	 	441 295-5200 main	
ACE Global Headquarters	 	Hamilton HM DX	 	441 296-0087 fax	
17 Woodbourne Avenue	 	Bermuda	 		
Hamilton HM 08	 		 	www.acelimited.com	
Bermuda	 		 		
April 7, 2003
Mr. Paul Medini
Via e-mail
Dear Paul,
We are pleased to offer you the position of Chief Accounting Officer reporting directly to Phil Bancroft, Chief Financial Officer. The responsibilities of the position have been discussed with you previously.
This letter sets out the main terms of compensation in respect of your employment, which is expected to commence on or about June 23 rd , 2003, subject to receiving the necessary Temporary Work Permit from the Bermuda Immigration Department.
In addition, you will participate in all the benefit plans enjoyed by our senior executive group, which includes an executive medical program as well as financial planning program.
You will initially be entitled to receive a maximum of 24 months continuation of salary and benefits in the event of termination other than for cause – this will be described as the “severance period”. This “severance period” will reduce proportionately to 12 months after completion of the first 12 months and will remain at this level thereafter during the term of your employment with ACE Limited. However, any amount payable by ACE will be mitigated or reduced by any other compensation received from alternative employment or consultation during the “severance period”.
As you would expect, ACE withholds income tax from US citizens and complies with all US tax reporting obligations.
Paul, we are really looking forward to having you join the team at ACE and feel certain this position will enable you to contribute significantly to the future success of the Company.
Please indicate your formal acceptance of this offer letter by signing below and returning to Keith P. White, Chief Administration Officer, telephone: (441) 299-9252, fax: (441) 296-0088.
Yours sincerely,
Philip Bancroft
Chief Financial Officer

Accept:	 	 	 	Date:	 	 	

CHIEF ACCOUNTING OFFICER
ACE LIMITED

SALARY:	  	$ 375,000 per annum	
		
CASH INCENTIVE: (Sign-On)	  	$285,000 to be paid on joining. This includes a car allowance of $32,000 towards the purchase of an automobile while in Bermuda.	
		
SIGN ON LONG TERM INCENTIVE:	  	10,000 stock options to be awarded at the New York Stock Exchange closing price for ACE Ltd. ordinary shares on the 1 st day of the month immediately following start date. Vesting evenly over a three-year period. Options expire 10 years after date of award.	
		
	  	5,000 restricted ordinary ACE shares to be awarded on the 1 st day of the month immediately following start date. Vesting evenly over a four-year period.	
		
ANNUAL INCENTIVE (long-term):	  	At the discretion of the Board of Directors and based on individual contribution and company results. Expected range 0% - 150% of annual salary in accordance with awards to other similar level executives.	
		
ANNUAL INCENTIVE (cash award):	  	At the discretion of the Board of Directors based on individual contribution and the Company’s results. Expected range 0% - 80% of annual salary.	
		
DEFINED CONTRIBUTION:
RETIREMENT PLAN:	  	The Company’s Defined Contribution Retirement Plan is based on a minimum Company contribution of 6% of cash salary and cash incentive award, plus up to an additional 6% Company match of voluntary employee contribution with up to 3% additional discretionary matching Company contribution based on Company performance.	

BENEFITS	  	Standard company benefits for life insurance (currently 4 x base salary) subject to satisfactory medical.	
		
DISABILITY INSURANCE:	  	60% of salary after six months total disability – subject to medical.	
		
HEALTH (including DENTAL)
& MAJOR MEDICAL INSURANCE:	  	Coverage in accordance with ACE’s current plan subject to six month’s exclusion for any known pre-existing conditions.	
 
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GOVERNMENT LEVIES:
(Hospital Levies, Employment taxes)	  	In accordance with the Payroll Tax Act a standard 4.75% deduction will be made directly from your monthly payroll.	
		
HOUSING ALLOWANCE:	  	Reimbursement of up to $16,000 per month toward the cost of renting suitable accommodation in Bermuda. ACE will also be responsible for any necessary internal painting of the accommodation on termination of the lease	
		
CAR EXPENSES:	  	Reimbursement for expense of $350 per month towards the cost of running an automobile e.g. gas, repairs, licence, and insurance etc.	
		
RELOCATION EXPENSES:	  	Reasonable costs associated with the relocation to Bermuda. Plus similar costs associated with return to the US at the end of employment in Bermuda.	
		
VACATION:	  	20 days per calendar year exclusive of public holidays.	
		
INCOME TAX:	  	ACE will reimburse reasonable costs incurred in connection with the preparation of personal income tax statements.	
		
CLUB MEMBERSHIP:	  	Club membership in Bermuda - initiation and annual dues for a club to be mutually agreed.	
		
CODE OF CONDUCT:	  	All employees are expected to sign the Company’s operating Code of Conduct and comply with all other Bermuda Employment legislation.	
 
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Exhibit 10.24
ACE LIMITED
DESCRIPTION OF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CASH COMPENSATION
FOR 2006
Set forth below are the 2006 annual base salaries of the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer and each of the three other most highly compensated executive officers in 2006 who were executive officers as of December 31, 2006.
Evan Greenberg, President and Chief Executive Officer
$1,000,000
Philip Bancroft, Chief Financial Officer
$670,000
Robert Cusumano, General Counsel and Secretary
$500,000
Brian Dowd, Chief Executive Officer Insurance-North American
$625,000
Paul Medini, Chief Accounting Officer
$400,000
In addition to the above, these officers receive an annual bonus for 2006 that is determined in the first quarter of 2007 and perquisites and other personal benefits that may include housing allowances, personal use of the Company aircraft, relocation expenses, club memberships, private drivers, financial planning, car allowance or Company leased vehicle, home security, personal apartment costs and long service awards, tax gross ups and contributions to retirement plans. The annual base salaries for 2007 for these officers are determined during the first quarter of 2007.
 
Exhibit 10.25
Director Compensation
Our non-management directors receive $200,000 per year for their service as directors. We pay $120,000 of this fee in the form of restricted stock units, based on the fair market value of our Ordinary Shares at the date of award. These stock units are awarded at the Annual General Meeting and vest at the next Annual General Meeting. We pay the remaining $80,000 of the annual fee to directors in cash quarterly. Committee chairmen receive committee chair retainers as follows:
 
 	•	 	Audit Committee -$25,000,	
 
 	•	 	Compensation Committee-$15,000, and	
 
 	•	 	Other committees-$10,000.	
The Lead Director receives a retainer of $15,000, which is in addition to any retainer received as a committee chairman. All members of the Audit Committee, other than the chairman, receive a premium of $10,000 per year and all members of the Compensation Committee, other than the chairman, receive a premium of $5,000 per year. Directors are not paid fees for attending regular Board or committee meetings but, at the discretion of the Chairman of the Board and the Lead Director, we may pay an additional $2,000 fee for each special meeting attended by telephone and $3,000 for each special meeting attended in person. We pay the retainers for committee chairmanships and Lead Director, and premiums for Audit or Compensation Committee service and special Board meeting fees quarterly in cash. Directors may elect to receive all of their compensation, other than compensation for special meetings, in the form of stock units issued on an annual basis. We will issue Ordinary Shares for stock units six months after a director’s termination from the Board. Until we issue such Ordinary Shares, the director may not sell or transfer the stock units awarded to them. When we pay dividends on our stock, we will issue stock units to directors equivalent in value to the dividend payments that they would have received if they held stock rather than stock units.
In addition to the above described compensation, we have a matching contribution program for non-management directors pursuant to which we will match director charitable contributions to registered charities, churches or schools up to a maximum of $10,000 per year, with a $5,000 maximum per organization.
 
Exhibit 10.30
Second Amendment
of
ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan
WHEREAS, ACE INA Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”) maintains the ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (the “Plan”); and
WHEREAS, the Corporation wishes to amend the Plan to make certain technical and clarifying changes to the Plan.
NOW THEREFORE, RESOLVED, that by virtue and in exercise of the amending power reserved to the Corporation under the Plan, the Plan shall be, and hereby is, amended in the following particulars:
1. Effective as of January 1, 2004, by replacing paragraph (b) of subsection 3.1 with the following new paragraph (b):
“(b) his salary grade level is 30 or above (or such other comparable classification designated by the Employer); and”
2. Effective as of January 1, 2004, by replacing paragraph (b) of subsection 4.1 with the following new paragraph (b):
“(b) his salary grade level is 30 or above (or such other comparable classification designated by the Employer); and”
3. Effective October 1, 2004, by replacing subsection 5.9 with the following new subsection 5.9:
“5.9 Forfeiture of Certain Accounts . Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary, in no event shall any amount attributable to the Participant’s Supplemental Basic Plan Account, Supplemental Matching Contribution Account or Supplemental Discretionary Matching Contribution Account be payable to or on account of a Participant whose Termination Date occurs prior to the date as of which a Participant is vested in his employer matching contribution accounts under the ACE USA Employee Retirement Savings Plan (or would be vested if he were a Participant in the ACE USA Employee Retirement Savings Plan, based on his years of service with the Employers and Related Companies) for any reason other than the death of the Participant.”
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, ACE INA Holdings, Inc. has caused this amendment to be signed by its duly authorized officer this             day of September, 2004.

 
			
ACE INA Holdings, Inc.	
		
By	 	   	
		
Its	 	   	
 
Exhibit 10.31
THIRD AMENDMENT OF ACE USA SUPPLEMENTAL EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SAVINGS PLAN
WHEREAS , ACE INA Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), maintains the ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (the “Plan”); and
WHEREAS , employer contributions are credited to Participant accounts under the Plan based on participation in one or more of the ACE USA tax-qualified plans; and
WHEREAS , the Corporation desires to amend the ACE USA Employee Retirement Savings Plan, the ACE USA Basic Employee Retirement Savings Plan, the ACE USA Puerto Rico Employee Retirement Savings Plan and the ACE USA Basic Puerto Rico Employee Retirement Savings Plan (“ACE USA Qualified Plans”) to require employment on the last day of the Plan Year change to be eligible to receive for that year’s employer contributions. The Corporation further desires to amend the ACE USA Qualified Plans to exclude participation of employees of certain employers (or eliminate certain employer contributions) and add a “Performance-Based Contribution” for the employees of ESIS;
WHEREAS , Plan contributions to credit are determined by participation in and eligibility for contributions under the appropriate ACE USA Qualified Plans;
NOW, THEREFORE, RESOLVED, that by virtue and in exercise of the amending power reserved to the Corporation under the Plan, the Plan shall be, and hereby is, amended effective January 1, 2007 as follows:
1. The last sentence of Section 3.2 of the Plan is amended to read: “Credits of the Supplemental Basic Plan Benefit to the Participant’s Supplemental Basic Plan Account pursuant to this subsection 3.2 shall be made at the same time that Employer contributions would otherwise have been credited to his accounts under the ACE USA Basic Employee Retirement Savings Plan or the ACE USA Basic Puerto Rico Employee Retirement Savings Plan, as applicable, provided the eligibility requirements for Employer contributions under either said plan have been satisfied.”
2. The last sentence of Section 4.3 of the Plan is amended to read: “Credits to the Participant’s Accounts pursuant to this subsection 4.3 shall be made at the same time that matching contributions would otherwise have been credited to his accounts under either the ACE USA Employee Retirement Savings Plan or the ACE USA Puerto Rico Employee Retirement Savings Plan, as applicable, provided the eligibility requirements for matching contributions under either said plan have been satisfied.”
3. The last sentence of Section 4.4 of the Plan is amended to read: “Credits to the Participant’s Accounts pursuant to this subsection 4.4 shall be made at the same time that discretionary matching contributions would otherwise have been credited to his accounts under either the ACE USA Employee Retirement Savings Plan or the ACE USA Puerto

Rico Employee Retirement Savings Plan, as applicable, provided the eligibility requirements for contributions under either said plan have been satisfied.”
4. A new Section 4.5 is added to the Plan which reads:
“ Supplemental ESIS Performance-Based Contributions . For any Plan Year a Participant’s Supplemental ESIS Performance-Based Account shall be credited with an amount equal to the difference, if any, between (a) the ESIS Performance-Based Contributions that would have been contributed on behalf of the Participant for that Plan Year to the ACE USA Employee Retirement Savings Plan or under the ACE USA Puerto Rico Employee Retirement Savings Plan, as applicable, determined without regard to the limitations of sections 401(a)(17), 401(k)(3), 401(m), 402(g) or 415 of the Code, and (b) the amount of ESIS Performance-Based Contributions actually made to the ACE USA Employee Retirement Savings Plan or the ACE USA Puerto Rico Employee Retirement Savings Plan, as applicable, on behalf of the Participant. Credits to the Participant’s Accounts pursuant to this subsection 4.4 shall be made at the same time that discretionary matching contributions would otherwise have been credited to his accounts under either the ACE USA Employee Retirement Savings Plan or the ACE USA Puerto Rico Employee Retirement Savings Plan, as applicable, provided the eligibility requirements for contributions under either said plan have been satisfied.”
 
Exhibit 10.33
Conformed Copy
ACE LIMITED 1995
LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN
(As Amended Through the Third Amendment thereof, effective November 16, 2006)
SECTION 1
GENERAL
1.1. Purpose . The ACE Limited 1995 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) has been established by ACE Limited (the “Company”) to:
 
(a)	attract and retain Directors of the Company and employees of the Company and Related Companies;	
 
(b)	motivate participating employees and Directors, by means of appropriate incentives, to achieve long-range goals;	
 
(c)	provide incentive compensation opportunities that are competitive with those of other major corporations; and	
 
(d)	further identify Participants’ interests with those of the Company’s other shareholders through compensation that is based on the Company’s common stock;	
and thereby promote the long-term financial interest of the Company and the Related Companies, including the growth in value of the Company’s equity and enhancement of long-term shareholder return.
1.2. Participation . Subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, the Committee shall determine and designate, from time to time from among the employees of the Employers and from among the Directors of the Company those persons who will be granted one or more Awards under the Plan, and thereby become “Participants” in the Plan. In the discretion of the Committee, and subject to the terms of the Plan, a Participant may be granted any Award permitted under the provisions of the Plan, and more than one Award may be granted to a Participant. Except as otherwise agreed by the Committee and the Participant, or except as otherwise provided in the Plan, an Award under the Plan shall not affect any previous Award under the Plan or an award under any other plan maintained by the Company or the Related Companies.
1.3. Operation and Administration . The operation and administration of the Plan, including the Awards made under the Plan, shall be subject to the provisions of Section 6. Capitalized terms in the Plan shall be defined as set forth in Section 10 or elsewhere in the Plan.
SECTION 2
OPTIONS
2.1. Definitions . The grant of an Option under this Section 2 entitles the Participant to purchase shares of Stock at a price fixed at the time the Option is granted, or at a price

determined under a method established at the time the Option is granted, subject to the terms of this Section 2. Options granted under this Section 2 may be either Incentive Stock Options or Non-Qualified Stock Options, as determined in the discretion of the Committee, except that, to the extent required by the Code, a Director who is not an employee of the Company or a Related Company may not be granted an Incentive Stock Option. An “Incentive Stock Option” is an Option that is intended to satisfy the requirement applicable to an “incentive stock option” described in section 422(b) of the Code. A “Non-Qualified Option” is an Option that is not intended to be an “incentive stock option” as that term is described in section 422(b) of the Code.
2.2. Eligibility . The Committee shall designate the Participants to whom Options are to be granted under this Section 2 and shall determine the number of shares of Stock to be subject to each such Option. To the extent that the aggregate fair market value of Stock with respect to which Incentive Stock Options are exercisable for the first time by any individual during any calendar year (under all plans of the Company and all Related Companies) exceeds $100,000, such options shall be treated as Non-Qualified Stock Options, to the extent required by section 422 of the Code.
2.3. Price . The determination and payment of the purchase price of a share of Stock under each Option granted under this Section 2 shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	The purchase price shall be established by the Committee or shall be determined by a method established by the Committee at the time the Option is granted; provided, however, that in no event shall such price be less than the greater of (i) 100% of the Fair Market Value of a share of Stock as of the date on which the Option is granted; or (ii) the par value of a share of Stock on such date.	
 
(b)	Subject to the following provisions of this subsection 2.3, the full purchase price of each share of Stock purchased upon the exercise of any Option shall be paid at the time of such exercise and, as soon as practicable thereafter, a certificate representing the shares so purchased shall be delivered to the person entitled thereto.	
 
(c)	The purchase price shall be payable in cash or in shares of Stock (valued at Fair Market Value as of the day of exercise), or in any combination thereof, as determined by the Committee.	
 
(d)	A Participant may elect to pay the purchase price upon the exercise of an Option through a cashless exercise arrangement as may be established by the Committee.	
2.4. Exercise . Except as otherwise expressly provided in the Plan, an Option granted under this Section 2 shall be exercisable in accordance with the following terms of this subsection 2.4:
 
(a)	The terms and conditions relating to exercise of an Option shall be established by the Committee, and may include, without limitation, conditions relating to completion of a specified period of service, achievement of performance standards, or achievement of Stock ownership objectives by the Participant.	
 
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(b)	No Option may be exercised by a Participant: (i) prior to the date on which the Participant completes one Year of Service with the Company or any Related Company after the date as of which the Option is granted (provided, however, that the Committee may permit exercise following the Participant’s Date of Termination for any period, ending not later than the Expiration Date for the Option as the Committee determines, regardless of whether the Participant had completed one Year of Service at the Date of Termination); or (ii) after the Expiration Date applicable to that Option.	
 
(c)	The exercise of an Option will result in the surrender of the corresponding rights under a tandem Stock Appreciation Right, if any.	
2.5. Post-Exercise Limitations . The Committee, in its discretion, may impose such restrictions on shares of Stock acquired pursuant to the exercise of an Option (including stock acquired pursuant to the exercise of a tandem Stock Appreciation Right) as it determines to be desirable, including, without limitation, restrictions relating to disposition of the shares and forfeiture restrictions based on service, performance, Stock ownership by the Participant, and such other factors as the Committee determines to be appropriate.
2.6. Expiration Date . The “Expiration Date” with respect to an Option means the date established as the Expiration Date by the Committee at the time of the grant; provided, however, that the Expiration Date with respect to any Option shall not be later than the earliest to occur of:
 
(a)	the ten-year anniversary of the date on which the Option is granted;	
 
(b)	if the Participant’s Date of Termination occurs by reason of death or Disability, the one-year anniversary of such Date of Termination; or	
 
(c)	if the Participant’s Date of Termination occurs by reason of Retirement, the date on which the Expiration Date would expire if the Participant’s Date of Termination occurred on the ten-year anniversary of such date on which the Option is granted or, if earlier, the date of the Participant’s death; or	
 
(d)	if the Participant’s Date of Termination occurs for reasons other than Retirement, death or Disability, the three-month anniversary of such Date of Termination.	
Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary, the Committee may provide that, following a Participant’s Date of Termination, regardless of the reason for such Date of Termination, the Expiration Date with respect to any Option granted to such Participant shall be any date determined by the Committee, provided that such Expiration Date may not be later than the ten-year anniversary of the date on which the Option was granted.
2.7. Restoration Option . In the event the Participant exercises an Option and pays all or a portion of the purchase price in Common Stock, in the manner permitted by subsection 2.3, such Participant may, in the Committee’s discretion, be issued a new Option to purchase additional shares of Stock equal to the number of shares of Stock surrendered to the Company in such payment plus the number of shares surrendered to satisfy the Participant’s tax liability. Such new Option shall have an exercise price equal to the Fair Market Value per share on the date such new Option is granted, shall first be exercisable not less than six months from the date of grant of the new Option and shall have an Expiration Date that is the same as the Expiration Date of the original Option so exercised by payment of the purchase price in shares of Stock.
 
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2.8. Limited Stock Appreciation Rights . The Committee may award Limited Stock Appreciation Rights in tandem with an Option, regardless of whether the Option is in tandem with a Stock Appreciation Right. An award of Limited Stock Appreciation Rights entitles the Participant to receive, in connection with a Change in Control, a cash payment in cancellation of the tandem Options (and any Stock Appreciation Rights in tandem with such Options) which are outstanding on the date the Change in Control occurs (regardless of whether such Options are then presently exercisable). The payment amount shall be equal to the difference between the exercise price per share of any Stock covered by the tandem Option and the “Market Price” of a share of Stock. For purposes of this subsection 2.8, the term “Market Price” shall mean the greater of (a) the highest price per share of Stock paid in connection with the Change in Control and (b) the highest price per share of Stock as reported on the Composite Transaction Reporting System on the New York Stock Exchange (which includes other participating exchanges and over-the-counter markets) during the 30-day period ending on the date of the Change in Control.
SECTION 3
STOCK APPRECIATION RIGHTS
3.1. Definition . Subject to the terms of this Section 3, a Stock Appreciation Right granted under the Plan entitles the Participant to receive, in cash or Stock (as determined in accordance with subsection 3.4), value equal to all or a portion of the excess of: (a) the Fair Market Value of a specified number of shares of Stock at the time of exercise; over (b) a specified price which shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of the Stock at the time the Stock Appreciation Right is granted, or, if granted in tandem with an Option, the exercise price with respect to shares under the tandem Option.
3.2. Eligibility . Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Committee shall designate the Participants to whom Stock Appreciation Rights are to be granted under the Plan, shall determine the exercise price or a method by which the price shall be established with respect to each such Stock Appreciation Right, and shall determine the number of shares of Stock on which each Stock Appreciation Right is based. A Stock Appreciation Right may be granted in connection with all or any portion of a previously or contemporaneously granted Option or not in connection with an Option. If a Stock Appreciation Right is granted in connection with an Option, then, in the discretion of the Committee, the Stock Appreciation Right may, but need not be granted in tandem with the Option.
3.3. Exercise . The exercise of Stock Appreciation Rights shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	The terms and conditions relating to exercise of a Stock Appreciation Right shall be established by the Committee, and may include, without limitation, conditions relating to completion of a specified period of service, achievement of performance standards, or achievement of Stock ownership objectives by the Participant.	
 
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(b)	If a Stock Appreciation Right is not in tandem with an Option, then the Stock Appreciation Right shall be exercisable in accordance with the terms established by the Committee in connection with such rights; provided, however, that except as otherwise expressly provided in the Plan, no Stock Appreciation Right may be exercised by a Participant (i) prior to the date on which he completes one Year of Service with the Company or any Related Company after the date as of which the Stock Appreciation Right is granted (provided, however, that the Committee may permit earlier exercise following the Participant’s Date of Termination by reason of death or Disability); or (ii) after the Expiration Date applicable to that Stock Appreciation Right.	
 
(c)	If a Stock Appreciation Right is in tandem with an Option, then the Stock Appreciation Right shall be exercisable at the time the tandem Option is exercisable. The exercise of a Stock Appreciation Right will result in the surrender of the corresponding rights under the tandem Option.	
3.4. Settlement of Award . Upon the exercise of a Stock Appreciation Right, the value to be distributed to the Participant, in accordance with subsection 3.1, shall be distributed in shares of Stock (valued at their Fair Market Value at the time of exercise), in cash, or in a combination thereof, in the discretion of the Committee.
3.5. Post-Exercise Limitations . The Committee, in its discretion, may impose such restrictions on shares of Stock acquired pursuant to the exercise of a Stock Appreciation Right as it determines to be desirable, including, without limitation, restrictions relating to disposition of the shares and forfeiture restrictions based on service, performance, ownership of Stock by the Participant, and such other factors as the Committee determines to be appropriate.
3.6. Expiration Date . If a Stock Appreciation Right is in tandem with an Option, then the “Expiration Date” for the Stock Appreciation Right shall be the Expiration Date for the related Option. If a Stock Appreciation Right is not in tandem with an Option, then the “Expiration Date” for the Stock Appreciation Right shall be the date established as the Expiration Date by the Committee; provided, however, that subject to the following provisions of this subsection 3.6, the Expiration Date with respect to any Stock Appreciation Right shall not be later than the earliest to occur of:
 
(a)	the ten-year anniversary of the date on which the Stock Appreciation Right is granted;	
 
(b)	if the Participant’s Date of Termination occurs by reason of death or Disability, the one-year anniversary of such Date of Termination; or	
 
(c)	if the Participant’s Date of Termination occurs by reason of Retirement, the three-year anniversary of such Date of Termination; or	
 
(d)	if the Participant’s Date of Termination occurs for reasons other than Retirement, death or Disability, the three-month anniversary of such Date of Termination.	
 
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SECTION 4
RESTRICTED STOCK
4.1. Definition . Subject to the terms of this Section 4, Restricted Stock Awards under the Plan are grants of Stock to Participants, the vesting of which is subject to such conditions as may be established by the Committee, with some or all of those conditions relating to performance or events occurring after the date of grant.
4.2. Eligibility . The Committee shall designate the Participants to whom Restricted Stock is to be granted, and the number of shares of Stock that are subject to each such Award. The Award of shares under this Section 4 may, but need not be made in conjunction with a cash-based incentive compensation program maintained by the Company, and may, but need not, be in lieu of cash otherwise awardable under such program.
4.3. Terms and Conditions of Awards . Shares of Restricted Stock granted to Participants under the Plan shall be subject to the following terms and conditions:
 
(a)	Restricted Stock granted to Participants may not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise encumbered, except as hereinafter provided, for a period of not less than one year after the time of the grant of such Stock (the “Restricted Period”). Except for such restrictions, the Participant as owner of such shares shall have all the rights of a shareholder, including but not limited to the right to vote such shares and, except as otherwise provided by the Committee, the right to receive all dividends paid on such shares.	
 
(b)	Except as otherwise determined by the Committee, a Participant whose Date of Termination occurs prior to the end of the Restricted Period for any reason shall forfeit all shares of Restricted Stock remaining subject to any outstanding Restricted Stock Award.	
 
(c)	The Committee may, in its discretion, condition the vesting of shares of Restricted Stock on the achievement of performance goals.	
 
(d)	Each certificate issued in respect of such Stock shall be registered in the name of the Participant and deposited in a bank designated by the Committee. Each such certificate shall bear the following (or a similar) legend:	
“The transferability of this certificate and the shares of stock represented hereby are subject to the terms and conditions (including forfeiture) contained in the ACE Limited 1995 Long-Term Incentive Plan and an agreement entered into between the registered owner and ACE Limited. A copy of such plan and agreement is on file in the office of the General Counsel of ACE Limited, The ACE Building, 30 Woodbourne Avenue, Hamilton HM 08, Bermuda.”
 
(e)	Subject to the limitations of the Plan and the Award of Restricted Stock, at the end of the Restricted Period for Restricted Stock, such Restricted Stock will be transferred free of all restrictions to a Participant (or his or her legal representative, beneficiary or heir).	
 
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SECTION 5
STOCK PURCHASE PROGRAM
5.1. Purchase of Stock . The Committee may, from time to time, establish one or more programs under which Participants will be permitted to purchase shares of Stock under the Plan on a periodic basis, and shall designate the Participants eligible to participate under such Stock purchase programs. The purchase price for shares of Stock available under such programs, and other terms and conditions of such programs, shall be established by the Committee. The purchase price may not be less than the Fair Market Value of the Stock at the time of purchase (or, in the Committee’s discretion, the value of the Stock based on the average Fair Market Value for a number of days determined by the Committee); provided, however, that with respect to shares of Stock purchased under a program that do not result in an award of matching shares (as provided in subsection 5.2), the purchase price may not be less than 50% of the Fair Market Value of the Stock at the time of purchase (or, in the Committee’s discretion, the value of the Stock based on the average Fair Market Value for a number of days determined by the Committee).
5.2. Matching Shares . Except as otherwise provided in subsection 5.1, any Stock purchase program established by the Committee under this Section 5 may provide for the award of matching shares of Stock, except that in no event shall the matching rate exceed one share for each one share purchased by the Participant.
5.3. Restrictions on Shares . The Committee may impose such restrictions with respect to shares purchased under subsection 5.1, or matching shares awarded pursuant to subsection 5.2, as the Committee determines to be appropriate. Such restrictions may include, without limitation, restrictions of the type that may be imposed with respect to Restricted Stock under Section 4.
SECTION 6
OPERATION AND ADMINISTRATION
6.1. Effective Date . Subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Company at the Company’s 1996 annual meeting of its shareholders, the Plan shall be effective as of the date on which it is adopted by the Board; provided, however, that to the extent that Awards are made under the Plan prior to its approval by shareholders, they shall be contingent on approval of the Plan by the shareholders of the Company. The Plan shall be unlimited in duration and, in the event of Plan termination, shall remain in effect as long as any Awards under it are outstanding; provided, however, that no new Awards shall be made under the Plan after the tenth anniversary of the Effective Date.
6.2. Shares Subject to Plan . The shares of Stock with respect to which Awards may be made under the Plan shall be currently authorized but unissued shares, or shares purchased in the open market by a direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (as determined by the Chairman or any Executive Vice President of the Company). The Company may contribute to the subsidiary an amount sufficient to accomplish the purchase in the open market of the
 
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shares of Stock to be so acquired (as determined by the Chairman or any Executive Vice President of the Company). The number of shares of Stock available for Awards under the Plan during any fiscal year of the Company shall equal:
 
(a)	5% of the adjusted average of the outstanding Stock, as that number is determined by the Company to calculate fully diluted earnings per share for the preceding fiscal year;	
REDUCED BY
 
(b)	any shares of Stock granted pursuant to Awards under the Plan, and any shares of Stock subject to any outstanding award under the Plan;	
provided, however, that no reduction shall be made in the number of shares otherwise available under paragraph 6.2(a) for any shares of Stock subject to an Award under the Plan to the extent that such shares are not issued by reason of a lapse, forfeiture, expiration or termination of the Award for any reason without issuance of shares (whether or not cash or other consideration is paid to a Participant in respect of such shares); and further provided that no more than 2,300,000 shares of Common Stock shall be cumulatively available for issuance under the Plan for the Award of Incentive Stock Options.
6.3. Adjustments to Shares .
 
(a)	If the Company shall effect any subdivision or consolidation of shares of Stock or other capital readjustment, payment of stock dividend, stock split, combination of shares or recapitalization or other increase or reduction of the number of shares of Stock outstanding without receiving compensation therefor in money, services or property, then the Committee shall adjust (i) the number of shares of Stock available under the Plan; (ii) the number of shares available under any limits; (iii) the number of shares of Stock subject to outstanding Awards; and (iv) the per-share price under any outstanding Award to the extent that the Participant is required to pay a purchase price per share with respect to the Award.	
 
(b)	If the Company is reorganized, merged or consolidated or is party to a plan of exchange with another corporation, pursuant to which reorganization, merger, consolidation or plan of exchange the shareholders of the Company receive any shares of stock or other securities or property, or the Company shall distribute securities of another corporation to its shareholders, there shall be substituted for the shares subject to outstanding Awards an appropriate number of shares of each class of stock or amount of other securities or property which were distributed to the shareholders of the Company in respect of such shares, subject to the following:	
(i) If the Committee determines that the substitution described in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this paragraph (b) would not be fully consistent with the purposes of the Plan or the purposes of the outstanding Awards under the Plan, the Committee may make such other adjustments to the Awards to the extent that the Committee determines such adjustments are consistent with the purposes of the Plan and of the affected Awards.
 
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(ii) All or any of the Awards may be cancelled by the Committee on or immediately prior to the effective date of the applicable transaction, but only if the Committee gives reasonable advance notice of the cancellation to each affected Participant, and only if either: (A) the Participant is permitted to exercise the Award for a reasonable period prior to the effective date of the cancellation; or (B) the Participant receives payment or other benefits that the Committee determines to be reasonable compensation for the value of the cancelled Awards.
(iii) Upon the occurrence of a reorganization of the Company or any other event described in this paragraph (b), any successor to the Company shall be substituted for the Company to the extent that the Company and the successor agree to such substitution.
(iv) Notwithstanding the following provisions of this paragraph (b) or the provisions of paragraph (a), in the event of any equity restructuring (within the meaning of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123 (revised 2004)) that causes the per share value of shares of Stock to change, such as a stock dividend, stock split, spin off, rights offering, or recapitalization through a large, nonrecurring cash dividend, the Committee shall cause there to be made an equitable adjustment to (i) the number and kind of shares available for grant under the Plan, (ii) the number of shares or Awards that may be granted to any individual under the Plan or that may be granted pursuant to any provision or types of Awards and (iii) the number and kind of shares or units subject to and the Exercise Price of an Option or SAR of any then outstanding Awards of or related to shares of Stock. In the event of any other change in corporate capitalization, such as a merger, consolidation, any reorganization (whether or not such reorganization comes within the definition of such term in Section 368 of the Code) or any partial or complete liquidation of the Company, such equitable adjustments described in the foregoing sentence shall be made as may be determined to be appropriate and equitable by the Committee, in its sole discretion, to prevent dilution or enlargement of rights.
 
(c)	Upon (or, in the discretion of the Committee, immediately prior to) the sale to (or exchange with) a third party unrelated to the Company of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, all Awards shall be cancelled. If Awards are cancelled under this paragraph (c), then, with respect to any affected Participant, either:	
(i) the Participant shall be provided with reasonable advance notice of the cancellation, and the Participant shall be permitted to exercise the Award for a reasonable period prior to the effective date of the cancellation; or
(ii) the Participant shall receive payment or other benefits that the Committee determines to be reasonable compensation for the value of the cancelled Awards.
The foregoing provisions of this paragraph (c) shall also apply to the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company to a related party, if the Committee determines such application is appropriate.
 
(d)	In determining what action, if any, is necessary or appropriate under the foregoing provisions of this subsection 6.3, the Committee shall act in a manner that it determines	
 
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 	to be consistent with the purposes of the Plan and of the affected Awards and, where applicable or otherwise appropriate, in a manner that it determines to be necessary to preserve the benefits and potential benefits of the affected Awards for the Participants and the Employers.	
 
(e)	The existence of this Plan and the Awards granted hereunder shall not affect in any way the right or power of the Company or its shareholders to make or authorize any or all adjustments, recapitalizations, reorganizations or other changes in the Company’s capital structure or its business, any merger or consolidation of the Company, any issue of bonds, debentures, preferred or prior preference stocks ahead of or affecting the Company’s Stock or the rights thereof, the dissolution or liquidation of the Company, any sale or transfer of all or any part of its assets or business, or any other corporate act or proceeding, whether of a similar character or otherwise.	
 
(f)	Except as expressly provided by the terms of this Plan, the issue by the Company of shares of stock of any class, or securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, for cash or property or for labor or services, either upon direct sale, upon the exercise of rights or warrants to subscribe therefor or upon conversion of shares or obligations of the Company convertible into such shares or other securities, shall not affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to Awards then outstanding hereunder.	
 
(g)	Awards under the Plan are subject to adjustment under this subsection 6.3 only during the period in which they are considered to be outstanding under the Plan. For purposes of this subsection 6.3, an Award is considered “outstanding” on any date if the Participant’s ability to obtain all benefits with respect to the Award is subject to limits imposed by the Plan (including any limits imposed by the Agreement reflecting the Award). The determination of whether an Award is outstanding shall be made by the Committee.	
6.4. Limit on Distribution . Distribution of shares of Stock or other amounts under the Plan shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, the Company shall have no liability to issue any shares of Stock under the Plan or make any other distribution of benefits under the Plan unless such delivery or distribution would comply with all applicable laws and the applicable requirements of any securities exchange or similar entity.	
 
(b)	In the case of a Participant who is subject to Section 16(a) and 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Committee may, at any time, add such conditions and limitations to any Award to such Participant, or any feature of any such Award, as the Committee, in its sole discretion, deems necessary or desirable to comply with Section 16(a) or 16(b) and the rules and regulations thereunder or to obtain any exemption therefrom.	
 
(c)	To the extent that the Plan provides for issuance of certificates to reflect the transfer of shares of Stock, the transfer of such shares may, at the direction of the Committee, be effected on a non-certificated basis, to the extent not prohibited by the provisions of Rule 16b-3, applicable local law, the applicable rules of any stock exchange, or any other applicable rules.	
 
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6.5. Liability for Cash Payments . Subject to the provisions of this Section 6, an Employer shall be liable for payment of cash due under the Plan with respect to any Participant to the extent that such benefits are attributable to the services rendered for that Employer by the Participant and the Company shall be liable for payment of cash due under the Plan with respect to any Participant to the extent that such benefits are attributable to the services rendered for the Company as a Director. Any disputes relating to liability of Employers and the Company for cash payments shall be resolved by the Committee.
6.6. Withholding . All Awards and other payments under the Plan are subject to withholding of all applicable taxes, which withholding obligations may be satisfied, with the consent of the Committee, through the surrender of shares of Stock which the Participant already owns, or to which a Participant is otherwise entitled under the Plan.
6.7. Distributions to Disabled Persons . Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, if, in the Committee’s opinion, a Participant or other person entitled to benefits under the Plan is under a legal disability or is in any way incapacitated so as to be unable to manage his financial affairs, the Committee may direct that payment be made to a relative or friend of such person for his benefit until claim is made by a conservator or other person legally charged with the care of his person or his estate, and such payment or distribution shall be in lieu of any such payment to such Participant or other person. Thereafter, any benefits under the Plan to which such Participant or other person is entitled shall be paid to such conservator or other person legally charged with the care of his person or his estate.
6.8. Transferability . Awards under the Plan are not transferable except as designated by the Participant by will or by the laws of descent and distribution or pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order as defined by the Code, Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, or the rules thereunder (a “QDRO”). To the extent that the Participant who receives an Award under the Plan has the right to exercise such Award, the Award may be exercised during the lifetime of the Participant only by the Participant. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this subsection 6.8, the Committee may permit Awards under the Plan to be transferred to or for the benefit of the Participant’s family (including, without limitation, to a trust for the benefit of a Participant’s family), subject to such limits as the Committee may establish. In no event shall an Incentive Stock Option be transferable to the extent that such transferability would violate the requirements applicable to such option under Code section 422.
6.9. Administration . The authority to control and manage the operation and administration of the Plan shall be vested in a committee (the “Committee”) in accordance with Section 8.
6.10. Notices . Any notice or document required to be filed with the Committee under the Plan will be properly filed if delivered or mailed by registered mail, postage prepaid, to the Committee, in care of the Company, at its principal executive offices. The Committee may, by advance written notice to affected persons, revise such notice procedure from time to time. Any notice required under the Plan (other than a notice of election) may be waived by the person entitled to notice.
 
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6.11. Form and Time of Elections . Unless otherwise specified herein, each election required or permitted to be made by any Participant or other person entitled to benefits under the Plan, and any permitted modification or revocation thereof, shall be in writing filed with the Committee at such times, in such form, and subject to such restrictions and limitations, not inconsistent with the terms of the Plan, as the Committee shall require.
6.12. Agreement With Company . At the time of an Award to a Participant under the Plan, the Committee will require a Participant to enter into an agreement with the Company in a form specified by the Committee, agreeing to the terms and conditions of the Plan and to such additional terms and conditions, not inconsistent with the Plan, as the Committee may, in its sole discretion, prescribe.
6.13. Limitation of Implied Rights.
 
(a)	Neither a Participant nor any other person shall, by reason of the Plan, acquire any right in or title to any assets, funds or property of the Employers whatsoever, including, without limitation, any specific funds, assets, or other property which the Employers, in their sole discretion, may set aside in anticipation of a liability under the Plan. A Participant shall have only a contractual right to the amounts, if any, payable under the Plan, unsecured by any assets of the Employers. Nothing contained in the Plan shall constitute a guarantee by any of the Employers that the assets of the Employers shall be sufficient to pay any benefits to any person.	
 
(b)	The Plan does not constitute a contract of employment, and neither the Plan nor Awards granted under the Plan, nor selection as a Participant, shall confer any right upon a Participant to be retained in the employ of an Employer or any Related Company or to be retained as a Director of the Company, nor any right or claim to any benefit under the Plan, unless such right or claim has specifically accrued under the terms of the Plan. Except as otherwise provided in the Plan, no Award under the Plan shall confer upon the holder thereof any right as a shareholder of the Company prior to the date on which he fulfills all service requirements and other conditions for receipt of such rights.	
6.14. Benefits Under Qualified Retirement Plans . Awards to a Participant (including the grant and the receipt of benefits) under the Plan shall be disregarded for purposes of determining the Participant’s benefits under any Qualified Retirement Plan.
6.15. Evidence . Evidence required of anyone under the Plan may be by certificate, affidavit, document or other information which the person acting on it considers pertinent and reliable, and signed, made or presented by the proper party or parties.
6.16. Action by Employers . Any action required or permitted to be taken by any Employer shall be by resolution of its board of directors, or by action of one or more members of the board (including a committee of the board) who are duly authorized to act for the board, or (except to the extent prohibited by the provisions of Rule 16b-3, applicable local law, the applicable rules of any stock exchange, or any other applicable rules) by a duly authorized officer of the Employer.
 
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6.17. Gender and Number . Where the context admits, words in any gender shall include any other gender, words in the singular shall include the plural and the plural shall include the singular.
SECTION 7
CHANGE IN CONTROL
Subject to the provisions of subsection 6.3 (relating to the adjustment of shares), and except as otherwise provided in the Plan or the Agreement reflecting the applicable Award, upon the occurrence of a Change in Control:
 
(a)	All outstanding Options (regardless of whether in tandem with Stock Appreciation Rights) shall become fully exercisable, except to the extent that the right to exercise the Option is subject to any restrictions established in connection with a Limited Stock Appreciation Right that is in tandem with the Option.	
 
(b)	All outstanding Stock Appreciation Rights (regardless of whether in tandem with Options) shall become fully exercisable, except that if Stock Appreciation Rights are in tandem with an Option, and the Option is in tandem with a Limited Stock Appreciation Right, the right to exercise the Stock Appreciation Right shall be subject to any restrictions established in connection with the Limited Stock Appreciation Right.	
 
(c)	All shares of Restricted Stock shall become fully vested.	
 
(d)	All vesting restrictions imposed under subsection 5.3 (relating to restrictions on shares purchased by the Participants, and matching shares awarded to Participants) shall cease to apply, and the Participant shall become fully vested in those shares.	
SECTION 8
COMMITTEE
8.1. Selection of Committee . The Committee shall be selected by the Board, and shall consist of not less than two members of the Board, or such greater number as may be required for compliance with SEC Rule 16b-3.
8.2. Powers of Committee . The authority to manage and control the operation and administration of the Plan shall be vested in the Committee, subject to the following:
 
(a)	Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Committee will have the authority and discretion to select employees and Directors to receive Awards, to determine the time or times of receipt, to determine the types of Awards and the number of shares covered by the Awards, to establish the terms, conditions, performance criteria, restrictions, and other provisions of such Awards, and to cancel or suspend Awards. In making such	
 
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 	Award determinations, the Committee may take into account the nature of services rendered by the respective employee or Director, his present and potential contribution to the Company’s success and such other factors as the Committee deems relevant.”	
 
(b)	The Committee will have the authority and discretion to interpret the Plan, to establish, amend, and rescind any rules and regulations relating to the Plan, to determine the terms and provisions of any agreements made pursuant to the Plan, and to make all other determinations that may be necessary or advisable for the administration of the Plan.	
 
(c)	Any interpretation of the Plan by the Committee and any decision made by it under the Plan is final and binding on all persons.	
 
(d)	Except as otherwise expressly provided in the Plan, where the Committee is authorized to make a determination with respect to any Award, such determination shall be made at the time the Award is made, except that the Committee may reserve the authority to have such determination made by the Committee in the future (but only if such reservation is made at the time the Award is granted and is expressly stated in the Agreement reflecting the Award).	
8.3. Delegation by Committee . Except to the extent prohibited by the provisions of Rule 16b-3, applicable local law, the applicable rules of any stock exchange, or any other applicable rules, the Committee may allocate all or any portion of its responsibilities and powers to any one or more of its members and may delegate all or any part of its responsibilities and powers to any person or persons selected by it. Any such allocation or delegation may be revoked by the Committee at any time.
8.4. Information to be Furnished to Committee . The Employers and Related Companies shall furnish the Committee with such data and information as may be required for it to discharge its duties. The records of the Employers and Related Companies as to an employee’s or Participant’s employment, a Director’s term of service, termination of employment, termination as a Director, leave of absence, reemployment and compensation shall be conclusive on all persons unless determined to be incorrect. Participants and other persons entitled to benefits under the Plan must furnish the Committee such evidence, data or information as the Committee considers desirable to carry out the terms of the Plan.
8.5. Liability and Indemnification of Committee . No member or authorized delegate of the Committee shall be liable to any person for any action taken or omitted in connection with the administration of the Plan unless attributable to his own fraud or willful misconduct; nor shall the Employers be liable to any person for any such action unless attributable to fraud or willful misconduct on the part of a director or employee of the Employers. The Committee, the individual members thereof, and persons acting as the authorized delegates of the Committee under the Plan, shall be indemnified by the Employers, to the fullest extent permitted by law, against any and all liabilities, losses, costs and expenses (including legal fees and expenses) of whatsoever kind and nature which may be imposed on, incurred by or asserted against the Committee or its members or authorized delegates by reason of the performance of a Committee function if the Committee or its members or authorized delegates did not act dishonestly or in willful violation of the law or regulation under which such liability, loss, cost or expense arises. This indemnification shall not duplicate but may supplement any coverage available under any applicable insurance.
 
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SECTION 9
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION
The Board may, at any time, amend or terminate the Plan, provided that, subject to subsection 6.3 (relating to certain adjustments to shares), no amendment or termination may adversely affect the rights of any Participant or beneficiary under any Award made under the Plan prior to the date such amendment is adopted by the Board.
SECTION 10
DEFINED TERMS
For purposes of the Plan, the terms listed below shall be defined as follows:
 
(a)	Award . The term “Award” shall mean any award or benefit granted to any Participant under the Plan, including, without limitation, the grant of Options, Stock Appreciation Rights, Restricted Stock, or Stock acquired through purchase or through matching allocations under Section 5.	
 
(b)	Board . The term “Board” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Company.	
 
(c)	Change in Control . The term “Change in Control” shall mean the occurrence of any one of the following events:	
(i) any “person,” as such term is used in Sections 3(a)(9) and 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, becomes a “beneficial owner,” as such term is used in Rule 13d-3 promulgated under that act, of 50% or more of the Voting Stock (as defined below) of the Company;
(ii) the majority of the Board consists of individuals other than Incumbent Directors, which term means the members of the Board on the date of this Agreement; provided that any person becoming a director subsequent to such date whose election or nomination for election was supported by three-quarters of the directors who then comprised the Incumbent Directors shall be considered to be an Incumbent Director;
(iii) the Company adopts any plan of liquidation providing for the distribution of all or substantially all of its assets;
(iv) all or substantially all of the assets or business of the Company is disposed of pursuant to a merger, consolidation or other transaction (unless the shareholders of the Company immediately prior to such merger, consolidation or other transaction beneficially own, directly or indirectly, in substantially the same proportion as they owned the Voting Stock of the Company, all of the Voting Stock or other ownership interests of the entity or entities, if any, that succeed to the business of the Company); or
 
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(v) the Company combines with another company and is the surviving corporation but, immediately after the combination, the shareholders of the Company immediately prior to the combination hold, directly or indirectly, 50% or less of the Voting Stock of the combined company (there being excluded from the number of shares held by such shareholders, but not from the Voting Stock of the combined company, any shares received by Affiliates (as defined below) of such other company in exchange for stock of such other company).
For the purpose of this definition of “Change in Control”, (I) an “Affiliate” of a person or other entity shall mean a person or other entity that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the person or other entity specified and (II) “Voting Stock” shall mean capital stock of any class or classes having general voting power under ordinary circumstances, in the absence of contingencies, to elect the directors of a corporation.
 
(d)	Code . The term “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. A reference to any provision of the Code shall include reference to any successor provision of the Code.	
 
(e)	Date of Termination . A Participant’s “Date of Termination” shall be, with respect to an employee, the date on which his employment with all Employers and Related Companies terminates for any reason, and with respect to a Director, the date immediately following the last day on which he serves as a Director; provided that a Date of Termination shall not be deemed to occur by reason of a Participant’s transfer of employment between the Company and a Related Company (including an Employer) or between two Related Companies (including Employers); further provided that a Date of Termination shall not be deemed to occur by reason of a Participant’s cessation of service as a Director if immediately following such cessation of service he becomes or continues to be employed by the Company or a Related Company, nor by reason of a Participant’s termination of employment with the Company or a Related Company if immediately following such termination of employment he becomes or continues to be a Director; and further provided that a Participant’s employment shall not be considered terminated while the Participant is on a leave of absence from an Employer or a Related Company approved by the Participant’s employer.	
 
(f)	Director . The term “Director” means a member of the Board, who may or may not be an employee of the Company or a Related Company.”	
 
(g)	Disability . A Participant shall be considered to have a “Disability” during the period in which he is unable, by reason of a medically determinable physical or mental impairment, to engage in any substantial gainful activity, which condition, in the opinion of a physician selected by the Committee, is expected to have a duration of not less than 120 days.	
 
(h)	Dollars . As used in the Plan, the term “dollars” or numbers preceded by the symbol “$” shall mean amounts in United States Dollars.	
 
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(i)	Effective Date . The “Effective Date” shall be the date on which the Plan is adopted by the Board.	
 
(j)	Employer . The Company and each Related Company which, with the consent of the Company, adopts the Plan for the benefit of its eligible employees are referred to collectively as the “Employers” and individually as an “Employer”.	
 
(k)	Fair Market Value . The “Fair Market Value” of a share of Stock of the Company as of any date shall be the closing market composite price for such Stock as reported for the New York Stock Exchange - Composite Transactions on that date or, if Stock is not traded on that date, on the next preceding date on which Stock was traded.	
 
(l)	Option . The term “Option” shall mean any Incentive Stock Option or Non-Qualified Stock Option granted under the Plan.	
 
(m)	Qualified Retirement Plan . The term “Qualified Retirement Plan” means any plan of the Company or a Related Company that is intended to be qualified under section 401(a) of the Code.	
 
(n)	Related Companies . The term “Related Company” means any company during any period in which it is a “subsidiary corporation” (as that term is defined in Code section 424(f)) with respect to the Company.	
 
(o)	Retirement . “Retirement” of a Participant shall mean with respect to an employee of the Company or a Related Company, the occurrence of a Participant’s Date of Termination with the consent of the Participant’s employer after the Participant is eligible for early retirement or normal retirement under the ACE Limited Employee Retirement Plan (or any other retirement plan maintained by the Company or the Related Companies) and with respect to a Director, the Participant’s Date of Termination with the consent of the Company after the Participant would be eligible for retirement under any retirement plan maintained by the Company or a Related Company if the Director were an employee of the Company or a Related Company; provided, however, that the Committee may impose such additional or alternative conditions or restrictions on Retirement as it determines to be appropriate.	
 
(p)	SEC . “SEC” shall mean the Securities and Exchange Commission.	
 
(q)	Stock . The term “Stock” shall mean shares of common stock of the Company.	
 
(r)	Year of Service . The term “Year of Service” means one continuous year of employment with the Company or a Related Company, one continuous year of service as a Director of the Company, or one continuous year of any combination of employment with the Company or a Related Company and service as a Director.	
 
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Exhibit 10.34
Conformed Copy
ACE LIMITED 1998
LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN
(As Amended Through the Fourth Amendment thereof, effective November 16, 2006)
SECTION 1
GENERAL
1.1. Purpose . The ACE Limited Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) has been established by ACE Limited (the “Company”) to (i) attract and retain persons eligible to participate in the Plan; (ii) motivate Participants, by means of appropriate incentives, to achieve long-range goals; (iii) provide incentive compensation opportunities that are competitive with those of other similar companies; and (iv) further identify Participants’ interests with those of the Company’s other shareholders through compensation that is based on the Company’s ordinary shares of stock; and thereby promote the long-term financial interest of the Company and the Subsidiaries, including the growth in value of the Company’s equity and enhancement of long-term shareholder return.
1.2. Participation . Subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, the Committee shall determine and designate, from time to time, from among the Eligible Individuals (including transferees of Eligible Individuals to the extent the transfer is permitted by the Plan and the applicable Award Agreement), those persons who will be granted one or more Awards under the Plan, and thereby become “Participants” in the Plan. In the discretion of the Committee, a Participant may be granted any Award permitted under the provisions of the Plan, and more than one Award may be granted to a Participant. Awards may be granted as alternatives to or replacement of awards granted or outstanding under the Plan, or any other plan or arrangement of the Company or a Subsidiary (including a plan or arrangement of a business or entity, all or a portion of which is acquired by the Company or a Subsidiary).
1.3. Operation, Administration, and Definitions . The operation and administration of the Plan, including the Awards made under the Plan, shall be subject to the provisions of Section 4 (relating to operation and administration). Capitalized terms in the Plan shall be defined as set forth in the Plan (including the definition provisions of Section 8 of the Plan).
SECTION 2
OPTIONS AND SARS
2.1. Definitions .
 
(a)	The grant of an “Option” entitles the Participant to purchase shares of Stock at an Exercise Price established by the Committee. Any Option granted under this Section 2 may be either an incentive stock option (an “ISO”) or a non-qualified option (an “NQO”), as determined in the discretion of the Committee. An “ISO” is an Option that is intended to satisfy the requirements applicable to an “incentive stock option” described in section 422(b) of the Code. An “NQO” is an Option that is not intended to be an “incentive stock option” as that term is described in section 422(b) of the Code.	

(b)	A stock appreciation right (an “SAR”) entitles the Participant to receive, in cash or Stock (as determined in accordance with subsection 2.5), value equal to (or otherwise based on) the excess of: (a) the Fair Market Value of a specified number of shares of Stock at the time of exercise; over (b) an Exercise Price established by the Committee.	
2.2. Exercise Price . The “Exercise Price” of each Option and SAR granted under this Section 2 shall be established by the Committee or shall be determined by a method established by the Committee at the time the Option or SAR is granted; except that the Exercise Price shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of a share of Stock on the date of grant (or, if greater, the par value of a share of Stock).
2.3. Exercise . An Option and an SAR shall be exercisable in accordance with such terms and conditions and during such periods as may be established by the Committee.
2.4. Payment of Option Exercise Price . The payment of the Exercise Price of an Option granted under this Section 2 shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	Subject to the following provisions of this subsection 2.4, the full Exercise Price for shares of Stock purchased upon the exercise of any Option shall be paid at the time of such exercise (except that, in the case of an exercise arrangement approved by the Committee and described in paragraph 2.4(c), payment may be made as soon as practicable after the exercise).	
 
(b)	The Exercise Price shall be payable in cash or by tendering, by either actual delivery of shares or by attestation, shares of Stock acceptable to the Committee, and valued at Fair Market Value as of the day of exercise, or in any combination thereof, as determined by the Committee.	
 
(c)	The Committee may permit a Participant to elect to pay the Exercise Price upon the exercise of an Option by irrevocably authorizing a third party to sell shares of Stock (or a sufficient portion of the shares) acquired upon exercise of the Option and remit to the Company a sufficient portion of the sale proceeds to pay the entire Exercise Price and any tax withholding resulting from such exercise.	
2.5. Settlement of Award . Shares of Stock delivered pursuant to the exercise of an Option or SAR shall be subject to such conditions, restrictions and contingencies as the Committee may establish in the applicable Award Agreement. Settlement of SARs may be made in shares of Stock (valued at their Fair Market Value at the time of exercise), in cash, or in a combination thereof, as determined in the discretion of the Committee. The Committee, in its discretion, may impose such conditions, restrictions and contingencies with respect to shares of Stock acquired pursuant to the exercise of an Option or an SAR as the Committee determines to be desirable.
 
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SECTION 3
OTHER STOCK AWARDS
3.1. Definitions .
 
(a)	A “Stock Unit” Award is the grant of a right to receive shares of Stock in the future.	
 
(b)	A “Performance Share” Award is a grant of a right to receive shares of Stock or Stock Units which is contingent on the achievement of performance or other objectives during a specified period.	
 
(c)	A “Performance Unit” Award is a grant of a right to receive a designated dollar value amount of Stock which is contingent on the achievement of performance or other objectives during a specified period.	
 
(d)	A “Restricted Stock” Award is a grant of shares of Stock, and a “Restricted Stock Unit” Award is the grant of a right to receive shares of Stock in the future, with such shares of Stock or right to future delivery of such shares of Stock subject to a risk of forfeiture or other restrictions that will lapse upon the achievement of one or more goals relating to completion of service by the Participant, or achievement of performance or other objectives, as determined by the Committee.	
3.2. Restrictions on Awards . Each Stock Unit Award, Restricted Stock Award, Restricted Stock Unit Award, Performance Share Award and Performance Unit Award shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	Any such Award shall be subject to such conditions, restrictions and contingencies as the Committee shall determine.	
 
(b)	The Committee may designate whether any such Award being granted to any Participant is intended to be “performance-based compensation” as that term is used in section 162(m) of the Code. Any such Awards designated as intended to be “performance-based compensation” shall be conditioned on the achievement of one or more Performance Measures, to the extent required by Code section 162(m). The Performance Measures that may be used by the Committee for such Awards shall be based on any one or more of the following Company, Subsidiary, operating unit or division performance measures, as selected by the Committee: gross premiums written; net premiums written; net premiums earned; net investment income; losses and loss expenses; underwriting and administrative expenses; operating expenses; cash flow(s); operating income; earnings before interest and taxes; net income; stock price; dividends; strategic business objectives, consisting of one or more objectives based on meeting specified cost targets, business expansion goals, and goals relating to acquisitions or divestitures; or any combination thereof. Each goal may be expressed on an absolute and/or relative basis, may be based on or otherwise employ comparisons based on internal targets, the past performance of the Company and/or the past or current performance of other companies, and in the case of earnings-based measures, may use or employ comparisons relating to capital, shareholders’ equity and/or shares outstanding, investments or to assets or net assets. For Awards under this	
 
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 	Section 3 intended to be “performance-based compensation,” the grant of the Awards and the establishment of the Performance Measures shall be made during the period required under Code section 162(m).	
 
(c)	If the right to become vested in a Restricted Stock Award or Restricted Stock Unit Award granted under this Section 3 is conditioned on the completion of a specified period of service with the Company or the Subsidiaries, without achievement of Performance Measures or other performance objectives being required as a condition of vesting, and without it being granted in lieu of other compensation, then the required period of service for full vesting shall be not less than three years (subject to acceleration of vesting, to the extent permitted by the Committee, in the event of the Participant’s death, disability, retirement, change in control or involuntary termination).	
SECTION 4
OPERATION AND ADMINISTRATION
4.1. Effective Date . Subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Company at the Company’s 1999 annual meeting of its shareholders, the Plan shall be effective as of November 13, 1998 (the “Effective Date”); provided, however, that to the extent that Awards are granted under the Plan prior to its approval by shareholders, the Awards shall be contingent on approval of the Plan by the shareholders of the Company at such annual meeting. The Plan shall be unlimited in duration and, in the event of Plan termination, shall remain in effect as long as any Awards under it are outstanding; provided, however, that no Awards may be granted under the Plan after the ten-year anniversary of the Effective Date.
4.2. Shares Subject to Plan . The shares of Stock for which Awards may be granted under the Plan shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	The shares of Stock with respect to which Awards may be made under the Plan shall be currently authorized but unissued shares, or shares purchased in the open market by a direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (as determined by the Chairman or any Executive Vice President of the Company). The Company may contribute to the subsidiary an amount sufficient to accomplish the purchase in the open market of the shares of Stock to be so acquired (as determined by the Chairman or any Executive Vice President of the Company).	
 
(b)	Subject to this subsection 4.2, the number of shares of Stock available for Awards under the Plan shall be 21,252,007.	
 
(c)	To the extent provided by the Committee, any Award may be settled in cash rather than Stock. To the extent any shares of Stock covered by an Award are not delivered to a Participant or beneficiary because the Award is forfeited or canceled, or the shares of Stock are not delivered because the Award is settled in cash or used to satisfy the applicable tax withholding obligation, such shares shall not be deemed to have been delivered for purposes of determining the maximum number of shares of Stock available for delivery under the Plan.	
 
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(d)	If the exercise price of any Option granted under the Plan is satisfied by tendering shares of Stock to the Company (by either actual delivery or by attestation), only the number of shares of Stock issued net of the shares of Stock tendered shall be deemed delivered for purposes of determining the maximum number of shares of Stock available for delivery under the Plan.	
 
(e)	Subject to paragraph 4.2(f), the following additional maximums are imposed under the Plan:	
(i) The maximum number of shares of Stock that may be issued by Options intended to be ISOs shall be 8,000,000 shares.
(ii) The maximum number of shares that may be covered by Awards granted to any one individual pursuant to Section 2 (relating to Options and SARs) shall be 6,000,000 shares during any one-calendar-year period.
(iii) The maximum number of shares of Stock that may be issued in conjunction with Awards granted pursuant to Section 3 (relating to Other Stock Awards) shall equal the sum of 2,500,000 shares plus the number of shares of Stock subject to Awards granted in replacement of awards given up by persons who became employed by the Company and the Subsidiaries in connection with the acquisition described in the acquisition agreement dated as of January 11, 1999 by and among the Company, CIGNA Corporation, and CIGNA Holdings, Inc.
(iv) For Stock Unit Awards, Restricted Stock Awards, Restricted Stock Unit Awards and Performance Share Awards that are intended to be “performance-based compensation” (as that term is used for purposes of Code section 162(m)), no more than 2,000,000 shares of Stock may be subject to such Awards granted to any one individual during any one-calendar-year period (regardless of when such shares are deliverable).
(v) For Performance Unit Awards that are intended to be “performance-based compensation” (as that term is used for purposes of Code section 162(m)), no more than $5,000,000 may be subject to such Awards granted to any one individual during any one-calendar-year period (regardless of when such amounts are deliverable).
 
(f)	Notwithstanding the following provisions of this paragraph (f), in the event of any equity restructuring (within the meaning of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123 (revised 2004)) that causes the per share value of shares of Stock to change, such as a stock dividend, stock split, spin off, rights offering, or recapitalization through a large, nonrecurring cash dividend, the Committee shall cause there to be made an equitable adjustment to (i) the number and kind of shares available for grant under the Plan, (ii) the number of shares or Awards that may be granted to any individual under the Plan or that may be granted pursuant to any provision or types of Awards and (iii) the number and kind of shares or units subject to and the Exercise Price of an Option or SAR of any then outstanding Awards of or related to shares of Stock. In the event of any other change in corporate capitalization, such as a merger, consolidation, any reorganization (whether or not such reorganization comes within the definition of such term in Section 368 of the	
 
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 	Code) or any partial or complete liquidation of the Company, such equitable adjustments described in the foregoing sentence shall be made as may be determined to be appropriate and equitable by the Committee, in its sole discretion, to prevent dilution or enlargement of rights. Action by the Committee may include: (i) adjustment of the number and kind of shares which may be delivered under the Plan; (ii) adjustment of the number and kind of shares subject to outstanding Awards; (iii) adjustment of the Exercise Price of outstanding Options and SARs; and (iv) any other adjustments that the Committee determines to be equitable.	
4.3. General Restrictions . Delivery of shares of Stock or other amounts under the Plan shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, the Company shall have no liability to deliver any shares of Stock under the Plan or make any other distribution of benefits under the Plan unless such delivery or distribution would comply with all applicable laws (including, without limitation, the requirements of the United States Securities Act of 1933), and the applicable requirements of any securities exchange or similar entity.	
 
(b)	To the extent that the Plan provides for issuance of stock certificates to reflect the issuance of shares of Stock, the issuance may be effected on a non-certificated basis, to the extent not prohibited by applicable law or the applicable rules of any stock exchange.	
4.4. Tax Withholding . All distributions under the Plan are subject to withholding of all applicable taxes, and the Committee may condition the delivery of any shares or other benefits under the Plan on satisfaction of the applicable withholding obligations. Except as otherwise provided by the Committee, such withholding obligations may be satisfied (i) through cash payment by the Participant, (ii) through the surrender of shares of Stock which the Participant already owns, or (iii) through the surrender of shares of Stock to which the Participant is otherwise entitled under the Plan; provided, however, that such shares under this clause (iii) may be used to satisfy not more than the Company’s minimum statutory withholding obligation (based on minimum statutory withholding rates for Federal and state tax purposes, including payroll taxes, that are applicable to such supplemental taxable income).
4.5. Use of Shares . Subject to the overall limitation on the number of shares of Stock that may be delivered under the Plan, the Committee may use available shares of Stock as the form of payment for compensation, grants or rights earned or due under any other compensation plans or arrangements of the Company or a Subsidiary, including the plans and arrangements of the Company or a Subsidiary assumed in business combinations.
4.6. Dividends and Dividend Equivalents . An Award (including without limitation an Option or SAR Award) may provide the Participant with the right to receive dividend payments or dividend equivalent payments with respect to Stock subject to the Award (both before and after the Stock subject to the Award is earned, vested, or acquired), which payments may be either made currently or credited to an account for the Participant, and may be settled in cash or Stock as determined by the Committee. Any such settlements, and any such crediting of dividends or dividend equivalents or reinvestment in shares of Stock, may be subject to such
 
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conditions, restrictions and contingencies as the Committee shall establish, including the reinvestment of such credited amounts in Stock equivalents.
4.7. Payments . Awards may be settled through cash payments, the delivery of shares of Stock, the granting of replacement Awards, or combination thereof as the Committee shall determine. Any Award settlement, including payment deferrals, may be subject to such conditions, restrictions and contingencies as the Committee shall determine. The Committee may permit or require the deferral of any Award payment, subject to such rules and procedures as it may establish, which may include provisions for the payment or crediting of interest, or dividend equivalents, including converting such credits into deferred Stock equivalents. Each Subsidiary shall be liable for payment of cash due under the Plan with respect to any Participant to the extent that such benefits are attributable to the services rendered for that Subsidiary by the Participant. Any disputes relating to liability of a Subsidiary for cash payments shall be resolved by the Committee.
4.8. Transferability . Except as otherwise provided by the Committee, Awards under the Plan are not transferable except as designated by the Participant by will or by the laws of descent and distribution.
4.9. Form and Time of Elections . Unless otherwise specified herein, each election required or permitted to be made by any Participant or other person entitled to benefits under the Plan, and any permitted modification, or revocation thereof, shall be in writing filed with the Committee at such times, in such form, and subject to such restrictions and limitations, not inconsistent with the terms of the Plan, as the Committee shall require.
4.10. Agreement With Company . An Award under the Plan shall be subject to such terms and conditions, not inconsistent with the Plan, as the Committee shall, in its sole discretion, prescribe. The terms and conditions of any Award to any Participant shall be reflected in such form of written document as is determined by the Committee. A copy of such document shall be provided to the Participant, and the Committee may, but need not require that the Participant sign a copy of such document. Such document is referred to in the Plan as an “Award Agreement” regardless of whether any Participant signature is required.
4.11. Action by Company or Subsidiary . Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Company or any Subsidiary shall be by resolution of its board of directors, or by action of one or more members of the board (including a committee of the board) who are duly authorized to act for the board, or (except to the extent prohibited by applicable law or applicable rules of any stock exchange) by a duly authorized officer of such company.
4.12. Gender and Number . Where the context admits, words in any gender shall include any other gender, words in the singular shall include the plural and the plural shall include the singular.
4.13. Limitation of Implied Rights .
 
(a)	Neither a Participant nor any other person shall, by reason of participation in the Plan, acquire any right in or title to any assets, funds or property of the Company or any Subsidiary whatsoever, including, without limitation, any specific funds, assets, or other	
 
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 	property which the Company or any Subsidiary, in their sole discretion, may set aside in anticipation of a liability under the Plan. A Participant shall have only a contractual right to the Stock or amounts, if any, payable under the Plan, unsecured by any assets of the Company or any Subsidiary, and nothing contained in the Plan shall constitute a guarantee that the assets of the Company or any Subsidiary shall be sufficient to pay any benefits to any person.	
 
(b)	The Plan does not constitute a contract of employment, and selection as a Participant will not give any participating employee or other individual the right to be retained in the employ of the Company or any Subsidiary or the right to continue to provide services to the Company or any Subsidiary, nor any right or claim to any benefit under the Plan, unless such right or claim has specifically accrued under the terms of the Plan. Except as otherwise provided in the Plan, no Award under the Plan shall confer upon the holder thereof any rights as a shareholder of the Company prior to the date on which the individual fulfills all conditions for receipt of such rights.	
4.14. Benefits Under Qualified Retirement Plans . Except as otherwise provided by the Committee, Awards to a Participant (including the grant and the receipt of benefits) under the Plan shall be disregarded for purposes of determining the Participant’s benefits under any Qualified Retirement Plan and other plans maintained by the Participant’s employer. The term “Qualified Retirement Plan” means any plan of the Company or a Subsidiary that is intended to be qualified under section 401(a) of the Code.
4.15. Evidence . Evidence required of anyone under the Plan may be by certificate, affidavit, document or other information which the person acting on it considers pertinent and reliable, and signed, made or presented by the proper party or parties.
SECTION 5
CHANGE IN CONTROL
Subject to the provisions of paragraph 4.2(f) (relating to the adjustment of shares), and except as otherwise provided in the Plan or the Award Agreement reflecting the applicable Award, upon the occurrence of a Change in Control:
 
(a)	All outstanding Options (regardless of whether in tandem with SARs) shall become fully exercisable.	
 
(b)	All outstanding SARs (regardless of whether in tandem with Options) shall become fully exercisable.	
 
(c)	All Stock Units, Restricted Stock, Restricted Stock Units, Performance Shares, and Performance Units shall become fully vested.	
 
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SECTION 6
COMMITTEE
6.1. Administration . The authority to control and manage the operation and administration of the Plan shall be vested in a committee (the “Committee”) in accordance with this Section 6. The Compensation Committee of the Board shall serve as the “Committee” under the Plan, except as otherwise determined by the Board. If the Committee does not exist, or for any other reason determined by the Board, the Board may take any action under the Plan that would otherwise be the responsibility of the Committee.
6.2. Powers of Committee . The Committee’s administration of the Plan shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Committee will have the authority and discretion to select from among the Eligible Individuals those persons who shall receive Awards, to determine the time or times of receipt, to determine the types of Awards and the number of shares covered by the Awards, to establish the terms, conditions, performance criteria, restrictions, and other provisions of such Awards, and (subject to the restrictions imposed by Section 7) to cancel or suspend Awards.	
 
(b)	To the extent that the Committee determines that the restrictions imposed by the Plan preclude the achievement of the material purposes of the Awards in jurisdictions outside the United States, the Cayman Islands, and Bermuda, the Committee will have the authority and discretion to modify those restrictions as the Committee determines to be necessary or appropriate to conform to applicable requirements or practices of jurisdictions outside of the United States, the Cayman Islands, and Bermuda.	
 
(c)	The Committee will have the authority and discretion to interpret the Plan, to establish, amend, and rescind any rules and regulations relating to the Plan, to determine the terms and provisions of any Award Agreement made pursuant to the Plan, and to make all other determinations that may be necessary or advisable for the administration of the Plan.	
 
(d)	Any interpretation of the Plan by the Committee and any decision made by it under the Plan is final and binding on all persons.	
 
(e)	In controlling and managing the operation and administration of the Plan, the Committee shall take action in a manner that conforms to the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company, and applicable corporate law.	
6.3. Delegation by Committee . Except to the extent prohibited by applicable law or the applicable rules of a stock exchange, the Committee may allocate all or any portion of its responsibilities and powers to any one or more of its members and may delegate all or any part of its responsibilities and powers to any person or persons selected by it. Any such allocation or delegation may be revoked by the Committee at any time.
6.4. Information to be Furnished to Committee . The Company and Subsidiaries shall furnish the Committee with such data and information as it determines may be required for it to
 
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discharge its duties. The records of the Company and Subsidiaries as to an employee’s or Participant’s employment (or other provision of services), termination of employment (or cessation of the provision of services), leave of absence, reemployment and compensation shall be conclusive on all persons unless determined to be incorrect. Participants and other persons entitled to benefits under the Plan must furnish the Committee such evidence, data or information as the Committee considers desirable to carry out the terms of the Plan.
SECTION 7
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION
The Board may, at any time, amend or terminate the Plan, provided that no amendment or termination may, in the absence of written consent to the change by the affected Participant (or, if the Participant is not then living, the affected beneficiary), adversely affect the rights of any Participant or beneficiary under any Award granted under the Plan prior to the date such amendment is adopted by the Board; provided that adjustments pursuant to subject to paragraph 4.2(f) shall not be subject to the foregoing limitations of this Section 7.
SECTION 8
DEFINED TERMS
In addition to the other definitions contained herein, the following definitions shall apply:
 
(a)	Award . The term “Award” shall mean any award or benefit granted under the Plan, including, without limitation, the grant of Options, SARs, Stock Unit Awards, Restricted Stock Awards, Restricted Stock Unit Awards, Performance Share Awards, and Performance Unit Awards.	
 
(b)	Board . The term “Board” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Company.	
 
(c)	Change in Control . The term “Change in Control” shall mean the occurrence of any one of the following events:	
(i) any “person,” as such term is used in Sections 3(a)(9) and 13(d) of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, becomes a “beneficial owner,” as such term is used in Rule 13d-3 promulgated under that act, of 50% or more of the Voting Stock (as defined below) of the Company;
(ii) the majority of the Board consists of individuals other than Incumbent Directors, which term means the members of the Board on the Effective Date; provided that any person becoming a director subsequent to such date whose election or nomination for election was supported by three-quarters of the directors who then comprised the Incumbent Directors shall be considered to be an Incumbent Director;
(iii) the Company adopts any plan of liquidation providing for the distribution of all or substantially all of its assets;
 
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(iv) all or substantially all of the assets or business of the Company is disposed of pursuant to a merger, consolidation or other transaction (unless the shareholders of the Company immediately prior to such merger, consolidation or other transaction beneficially own, directly or indirectly, in substantially the same proportion as they owned the Voting Stock of the Company, all of the Voting Stock or other ownership interests of the entity or entities, if any, that succeed to the business of the Company); or
(v) the Company combines with another company and is the surviving corporation but, immediately after the combination, the shareholders of the Company immediately prior to the combination hold, directly or indirectly, 50% or less of the Voting Stock of the combined company (there being excluded from the number of shares held by such shareholders, but not from the Voting Stock of the combined company, any shares received by Affiliates (as defined below) of such other company in exchange for stock of such other company).
For the purpose of this definition of “Change in Control,” (I) an “Affiliate” of a person or other entity shall mean a person or other entity that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the person or other entity specified and (II) “Voting Stock” shall mean capital stock of any class or classes having general voting power under ordinary circumstances, in the absence of contingencies, to elect the directors of a corporation.
 
(d)	Code . The term “Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. A reference to any provision of the Code shall include reference to any successor provision of the Code.	
 
(e)	Dollars . As used in the Plan, the term “dollars” or numbers preceded by the symbol “$” shall mean amounts in United States dollars.	
 
(f)	Eligible Individual . For purposes of the Plan, the term “Eligible Individual” shall mean any employee of the Company or a Subsidiary, and any consultant, director, or other person providing services to the Company or a Subsidiary. An Award may be granted to an employee or other individual providing services, in connection with hiring, retention or otherwise, prior to the date the employee or service provider first performs services for the Company or the Subsidiaries, provided that such Awards shall not become vested prior to the date the employee or service provider first performs such services.	
 
(g)	Fair Market Value . Except as otherwise provided by the Committee, the “Fair Market Value” of a share of Stock as of any date shall be the closing market composite price for such Stock as reported for the New York Stock Exchange—Composite Transactions on that date or, if Stock is not traded on that date, on the next preceding date on which Stock was traded.	
 
(h)	Subsidiaries . For purposes of the Plan, the term “Subsidiary” means any corporation, partnership, joint venture or other entity during any period in which at least a fifty percent voting or profits interest is owned, directly or indirectly, by the Company (or by any entity that is a successor to the Company), and any other business venture designated by the Committee in which the Company (or any entity that is a successor to the Company) has a significant interest, as determined in the discretion of the Committee.	
 
(i)	Stock . The term “Stock” shall mean ordinary shares of stock of the Company.	
 
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Exhibit 10.37
Conformed Copy
ACE LIMITED 2004
LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN
(As amended through the Second Amendment thereof, effective November 16, 2006)
SECTION 1
GENERAL
1.1. Purpose . The ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) has been established by ACE Limited (the “Company”) to (i) attract and retain persons eligible to participate in the Plan; (ii) motivate Participants, by means of appropriate incentives, to achieve long-range goals; (iii) provide incentive compensation opportunities that are competitive with those of other similar companies; and (iv) further identify Participants’ interests with those of the Company’s other shareholders through compensation that is based on the Company’s ordinary shares of stock; and thereby promote the long-term financial interest of the Company and the Subsidiaries, including the growth in value of the Company’s equity and enhancement of long-term shareholder return.
1.2. Participation . Subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, the Committee shall determine and designate, from time to time, from among the Eligible Individuals (including transferees of Eligible Individuals to the extent the transfer is permitted by the Plan and the applicable Award Agreement), those persons who will be granted one or more Awards under the Plan, and thereby become “Participants” in the Plan.
1.3. Operation, Administration, and Definitions . The operation and administration of the Plan, including the Awards made under the Plan, shall be subject to the provisions of Section 5 (relating to operation and administration). Capitalized terms in the Plan shall be defined as set forth in the Plan (including the definition provisions of Section 9).
SECTION 2
OPTIONS AND SARS
2.1. Definitions .
 
(a)	The grant of an “Option” entitles the Participant to purchase shares of Stock at an Exercise Price established by the Committee. Any Option granted under this Section 2 may be either an incentive stock option (an “ISO”) or a non-qualified option (an “NQO”), as determined in the discretion of the Committee. An “ISO” is an Option that is intended to satisfy the requirements applicable to an “incentive stock option” described in section 422(b) of the Code. An “NQO” is an Option that is not intended to be an “incentive stock option” as that term is described in section 422(b) of the Code.	
 
(b)	A stock appreciation right (an “SAR”) entitles the Participant to receive, in cash or Stock (as determined in accordance with subsection 2.5), value equal to (or otherwise based on) the excess of: (a) the Fair Market Value of a specified number of shares of Stock at the time of exercise; over (b) an Exercise Price established by the Committee.	

2.2. Exercise Price . The “Exercise Price” of each Option and SAR granted under this Section 2 shall be established by the Committee or shall be determined by a method established by the Committee at the time the Option or SAR is granted. The Exercise Price shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of a share of Stock on the date of grant (or, if greater, the par value of a share of Stock); provided, however, that the Committee, in its discretion, may establish an Exercise Price of an Option or SAR granted under this Section 2 that varies based on the stock price of a comparator group of companies or such other index as is selected by the Committee (resulting in an Exercise Price that may at times be less than the Fair Market Value of a share of Stock on the date of grant); and further provided that such variable price shall not be used if the Committee intends that the Options or SARs be Performance-Based Compensation and/or the Options be Incentive Stock Options, and the use of such variable pricing would preclude such treatment.
2.3. Exercise . An Option and an SAR shall be exercisable in accordance with such terms and conditions and during such periods as may be established by the Committee. In no event, however, shall an Option or SAR expire later than ten years after the date of its grant.
2.4. Payment of Option Exercise Price . The payment of the Exercise Price of an Option granted under this Section 2 shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	Subject to the following provisions of this subsection 2.4, the full Exercise Price for shares of Stock purchased upon the exercise of any Option shall be paid at the time of such exercise (except that, in the case of an exercise arrangement approved by the Committee and described in paragraph 2.4(c), payment may be made as soon as practicable after the exercise).	
 
(b)	Subject to applicable law, the Exercise Price shall be payable in cash, by promissory note, or by tendering, by either actual delivery of shares or by attestation, shares of Stock acceptable to the Committee, and valued at Fair Market Value as of the day of exercise, or in any combination thereof, as determined by the Committee; provided that, except as otherwise provided by the Committee, payments made with shares of Stock in accordance with this paragraph (b) shall be limited to shares held by the Participant for not less than six months prior to the payment date.	
 
(c)	Subject to applicable law, the Committee may permit a Participant to elect to pay the Exercise Price upon the exercise of an Option by irrevocably authorizing a third party to sell shares of Stock (or a sufficient portion of the shares) acquired upon exercise of the Option and remit to the Company a sufficient portion of the sale proceeds to pay the entire Exercise Price and any tax withholding resulting from such exercise.	
2.5. Settlement of Award . Settlement of Options and SARs is subject to subsection 5.7.
2.6. No Repricing . Except for either adjustments pursuant to paragraph 5.2(f) (relating to the adjustment of shares), or reductions of the Exercise Price approved by the Company’s shareholders, the Exercise Price for any outstanding Option may not be decreased after the date of grant nor may an outstanding Option granted under the Plan be surrendered to the Company as consideration for the grant of a replacement Option with a lower Exercise Price.
 
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2.7. Grants of Options and SARs . An Option may but need not be in tandem with an SAR, and an SAR may but need not be in tandem with an Option. If an Option is in tandem with an SAR, the Exercise Price of both the Option and SAR shall be the same, and the exercise of the Option or SAR with respect to a share of Stock shall cancel the corresponding tandem SAR or Option right with respect to such share. If an SAR is in tandem with an Option but is granted after the grant of the Option, or if an Option is in tandem with an SAR but is granted after the grant of the SAR, the later granted tandem Award shall have the same Exercise Price as the earlier granted Award, but the Exercise Price for the later granted Award may be less than the Fair Market Value of the Stock at the time of such grant.
SECTION 3
FULL VALUE AWARDS
3.1. Definition . A “Full Value” Award is a grant of one or more shares of Stock or a right to receive one or more shares of Stock in the future, with such grant subject to one or more of the following, as determined by the Committee:
 
(a)	The grant shall be in consideration of a Participant’s previously performed services, or surrender of other compensation that may be due.	
 
(b)	The grant shall be contingent on the achievement of performance or other objectives during a specified period.	
 
(c)	The grant shall be subject to a risk of forfeiture or other restrictions that will lapse upon the achievement of one or more goals relating to completion of service by the Participant, or achievement of performance or other objectives.	
The grant of Full Value Awards may also be subject to such other conditions, restrictions and contingencies, as determined by the Committee.
3.2. Restrictions on Awards .
 
(a)	The Committee may designate a Full Value Award granted to any Participant as “performance-based compensation” as that term is used in section 162(m) of the Code. To the extent required by Code section 162(m), any Full Value Award so designated shall be conditioned on the achievement of one or more performance objectives. The performance objectives shall be based on Performance Measures selected by the Committee. For Awards under this Section 3 intended to be “performance-based compensation,” the grant of the Awards and the establishment of the performance objectives shall be made during the period required under Code section 162(m).	
 
(b)	If the right to become vested in a Full Value Award is conditioned on the completion of a specified period of service with the Company or the Subsidiaries, without achievement of Performance Measures or other performance objectives (whether or not related to the Performance Measures) being required as a condition of vesting, and without it being granted in lieu of other compensation, then the required period of service for full vesting shall be not less than three years (subject to acceleration of vesting, to the extent permitted by the Committee, in the event of the Participant’s death, disability, retirement, change in control or involuntary termination).	
 
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SECTION 4
CASH INCENTIVE AWARDS
A Cash Incentive Award is the grant of a right to receive a payment of cash (or in the discretion of the Committee, Stock having value equivalent to the cash otherwise payable) that is contingent on achievement of performance or other objectives over a specified period established by the Committee. The grant of Cash Incentive Awards may also be subject to such other conditions, restrictions and contingencies, as determined by the Committee. The Committee may designate a Cash Incentive Award granted to any Participant as “performance-based compensation” as that term is used in section 162(m) of the Code. To the extent required by Code section 162(m), any such Award so designated shall be conditioned on the achievement of one or more performance objectives. The performance objectives shall be based on Performance Measures as selected by the Committee. For Awards under this Section 4 intended to be “performance-based compensation,” the grant of the Awards and the establishment of the performance objectives shall be made during the period required under Code section 162(m).
SECTION 5
OPERATION AND ADMINISTRATION
5.1. Effective Date . Subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Company at the Company’s 2004 annual meeting of its shareholders, the Plan shall be effective as of February 25, 2004 (the “Effective Date”); provided, however, that, to the extent not prohibited by applicable law or the applicable rules of any stock exchange, Awards may be granted contingent on approval of the Plan by the shareholders of the Company at such annual meeting. The Plan shall be unlimited in duration and, in the event of Plan termination, shall remain in effect as long as any Awards under it are outstanding; provided, however, that no Awards may be granted under the Plan after the ten-year anniversary of the Effective Date.
5.2. Shares and Other Amounts Subject to Plan . The shares of Stock for which Awards may be granted under the Plan shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	The shares of Stock with respect to which Awards may be made under the Plan shall be (i) shares currently authorized but unissued; (ii) to the extent permitted by applicable law, currently held or acquired by the Company as treasury shares, including shares purchased in the open market or in private transactions; or (iii) shares purchased in the open market by a direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (as determined by the Chairman, the Chief Executive Officer or any executive officer of the Company). The Company may contribute to the subsidiary an amount sufficient to accomplish the purchase in the open market of the shares of Stock to be so acquired (as determined by the Chairman, the Chief Executive Officer or any executive officer of the Company).	
 
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(b)	Subject to the following provisions of this subsection 5.2, the maximum number of shares of Stock that may be delivered to Participants and their beneficiaries under the Plan shall be equal to the sum of: (i) 15,000,000 shares of Stock; and (ii) any shares of Stock that are represented by awards granted under the ACE Limited 1995 Long-Term Incentive Plan, the ACE Limited 1995 Outside Directors Plan, the ACE Limited 1998 Long-Term Incentive Plan, and the ACE Limited 1999 Replacement Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Prior Plans”) that are forfeited, expire or are canceled after the Effective Date without delivery of shares of Stock or which result in the forfeiture of the shares of Stock back to the Company to the extent that such shares would have been added back to the reserve under the terms of the applicable Prior Plan.	
 
(c)	To the extent provided by the Committee, any Award may be settled in cash rather than Stock.	
 
(d)	Only shares of Stock, if any, actually delivered to the Participant or beneficiary on an unrestricted basis with respect to an Award shall be treated as delivered for purposes of the determination under paragraph (b) above, regardless of whether the Award is denominated in Stock or cash. Consistent with the foregoing:	
 
 	(i)	To the extent any shares of Stock covered by an Award are not delivered to a Participant or beneficiary because the Award is forfeited or canceled, or the shares of Stock are not delivered on an unrestricted basis (including, without limitation, by reason of the Award being settled in cash or used to satisfy the applicable tax withholding obligation), such shares shall not be deemed to have been delivered for purposes of the determination under paragraph (b) above.	
 
 	(ii)	If the exercise price of any Option granted under the Plan or any Prior Plan, or the tax withholding obligation with respect to any Award granted under the Plan or any Prior Plan, is satisfied by tendering shares of Stock to the Company (by either actual delivery or by attestation), only the number of shares of Stock issued net of the shares of Stock tendered shall be deemed delivered for purposes of determining the number of shares of Stock available for delivery under the Plan.	
 
(e)	Subject to paragraph 5.2(f), the following additional maximums are imposed under the Plan.	
 
 	(i)	The maximum number of shares of Stock that may be delivered to Participants and their beneficiaries with respect to ISOs granted under the Plan shall be 15,000,000 shares; provided, however, that to the extent that shares not delivered must be counted against this limit as a condition of satisfying the rules applicable to ISOs, such rules shall apply to the limit on ISOs granted under the Plan.	
 
 	(ii)	The maximum number of shares that may be covered by Awards granted to any one Participant during any one calendar-year period pursuant to Section 2 (relating to Options and SARs) shall be 1,000,000 shares. For purposes of this paragraph (ii), if an Option is in tandem with an SAR, such that the exercise of the Option or SAR with respect to a share of Stock cancels the tandem SAR or	
 
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 	Option right, respectively, with respect to such share, the tandem Option and SAR rights with respect to each share of Stock shall be counted as covering but one share of Stock for purposes of applying the limitations of this paragraph (ii).	
 
 	(iii)	The maximum number of shares of Stock that may be issued in conjunction with Awards granted pursuant to Section 3 (relating to Full Value Awards) shall be 10,000,000 shares.	
 
 	(iv)	For Full Value Awards that are intended to be “performance-based compensation” (as that term is used for purposes of Code section 162(m)), no more than 500,000 shares of Stock may be delivered pursuant to such Awards granted to any Participant during any one-calendar-year period; provided that Awards described in this paragraph (iv), that are intended to be performance-based compensation, shall be subject to the following:	
 
 	(A)	If the Awards are denominated in Stock but an equivalent amount of cash is delivered in lieu of delivery of shares of Stock, the foregoing limit shall be applied based on the methodology used by the Committee to convert the number of shares of Stock into cash.	
 
 	(B)	If delivery of Stock or cash is deferred until after shares of Stock have been earned, any adjustment in the amount delivered to reflect actual or deemed investment experience after the date the shares are earned shall be disregarded.	
 
 	(v)	For Cash Incentive Value Awards that are intended to be “performance-based compensation” (as that term is used for purposes of Code section 162(m)), the maximum amount payable to any Participant with respect to an performance period shall equal $500,000 multiplied by the number of calendar months included in that performance period; provided that Awards described in this paragraph (v), that are intended to be performance-based compensation, shall be subject to the following:	
 
 	(A)	If the Awards are denominated in cash but an equivalent amount of Stock is delivered in lieu of delivery of cash, the foregoing limit shall be applied to the cash based on the methodology used by the Committee to convert the cash into shares of Stock.	
 
 	(B)	If delivery of Stock or cash is deferred until after cash has been earned, any adjustment in the amount delivered to reflect actual or deemed investment experience after the date the cash is earned shall be disregarded.	
 
(f)	Notwithstanding the following provisions of this paragraph (f), in the event of any equity restructuring (within the meaning of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123 (revised 2004)) that causes the per share value of shares of Stock to change, such as a stock dividend, stock split, spin off, rights offering, or recapitalization through a large, nonrecurring cash dividend, the Committee shall cause there to be made an equitable	
 
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 	adjustment to (i) the number and kind of shares available for grant under the Plan, (ii) the number of shares or Awards that may be granted to any individual under the Plan or that may be granted pursuant to any provision or types of Awards and (iii) the number and kind of shares or units subject to and the Exercise Price of an Option or SAR of any then outstanding Awards of or related to shares of Stock. In the event of any other change in corporate capitalization, such as a merger, consolidation, any reorganization (whether or not such reorganization comes within the definition of such term in Section 368 of the Code) or any partial or complete liquidation of the Company, such equitable adjustments described in the foregoing sentence shall be made as may be determined to be appropriate and equitable by the Committee, in its sole discretion, to prevent dilution or enlargement of rights. Action by the Committee may include: (i) adjustment of the number and kind of shares which may be delivered under the Plan; (ii) adjustment of the number and kind of shares subject to outstanding Awards; (iii) adjustment of the Exercise Price of outstanding Options and SARs; and (iv) any other adjustments that the Committee determines to be equitable (which may include, without limitation, (I) replacement of Awards with other Awards which the Committee determines have comparable value and which are based on stock of a company resulting from the transaction, and (II) cancellation of the Award in return for cash payment of the current value of the Award, determined as though the Award is fully vested at the time of payment, provided that in the case of an Option, the amount of such payment may be the excess of value of the Stock subject to the Option at the time of the transaction over the exercise price).	
5.3. General Restrictions . Delivery of shares of Stock or other amounts under the Plan shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, the Company shall have no obligation to deliver any shares of Stock or make any other distribution of benefits under the Plan unless such delivery or distribution complies with all applicable laws (including, without limitation, the requirements of the United States Securities Act of 1933), and the applicable requirements of any securities exchange or similar entity.	
 
(b)	To the extent that the Plan provides for issuance of stock certificates to reflect the issuance of shares of Stock, the issuance may be effected on a non-certificated basis, to the extent not prohibited by applicable law or the applicable rules of any stock exchange.	
5.4. Tax Withholding . All distributions under the Plan are subject to withholding of all applicable taxes, and the Committee may condition the delivery of any shares or other benefits under the Plan on satisfaction of the applicable withholding obligations. Except as otherwise provided by the Committee, such withholding obligations may be satisfied (i) through cash payment by the Participant; (ii) through the surrender of shares of Stock which the Participant already owns (provided, however, that to the extent shares described in this clause (ii) are used to satisfy more than the minimum statutory withholding obligation, as described below, then, except as otherwise provided by the Committee, payments made with shares of Stock in accordance with this clause (ii) shall be limited to shares held by the Participant for not less than six months prior to the payment date); or (iii) through the surrender of shares of Stock to which the Participant is otherwise entitled under the Plan, provided, however, that such shares under this clause (iii) may be used to satisfy not more than the Company’s minimum statutory withholding obligation (based on minimum statutory withholding rates for Federal and state tax purposes, including payroll taxes, that are applicable to such supplemental taxable income).
 
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5.5. Grant and Use of Awards . In the discretion of the Committee, a Participant may be granted any Award permitted under the provisions of the Plan, and more than one Award may be granted to a Participant. Awards may be granted as alternatives to or replacement of awards granted or outstanding under the Plan, or any other plan or arrangement of the Company or a Subsidiary (including a plan or arrangement of a business or entity, all or a portion of which is acquired by the Company or a Subsidiary). Subject to the overall limitation on the number of shares of Stock that may be delivered under the Plan, the Committee may use available shares of Stock as the form of payment for compensation, grants or rights earned or due under any other compensation plans or arrangements of the Company or a Subsidiary, including the plans and arrangements of the Company or a Subsidiary assumed in business combinations. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection 2.2, Options and SARs granted under the Plan in replacement for awards under plans and arrangements of the Company or a Subsidiary assumed in business combinations may provide for Exercise Prices that are less than the Fair Market Value of the Stock at the time of the replacement grants, if the Committee determines that such Exercise Price is appropriate to preserve the economic benefit of the award.
5.6. Dividends and Dividend Equivalents . An Award (including without limitation an Option or SAR Award) may provide the Participant with the right to receive dividend or dividend equivalent payments with respect to Stock subject to the Award (both before and after the Stock subject to the Award is earned, vested, or acquired), which payments may be either made currently or credited to an account for the Participant, and may be settled in cash or Stock, as determined by the Committee. Any such settlements, and any such crediting of dividends or dividend equivalents or reinvestment in shares of Stock, may be subject to such conditions, restrictions and contingencies as the Committee shall establish, including the reinvestment of such credited amounts in Stock equivalents.
5.7. Settlement of Awards . The obligation to make payments and distributions with respect to Awards may be satisfied through cash payments, the delivery of shares of Stock, the granting of replacement Awards, or combination thereof as the Committee shall determine. Satisfaction of any such obligations under an Award, which is sometimes referred to as “settlement” of the Award, may be subject to such conditions, restrictions and contingencies as the Committee shall determine. The Committee may permit or require the deferral of any Award payment, subject to such rules and procedures as it may establish, which may include provisions for the payment or crediting of interest or dividend equivalents, and may include converting such credits into deferred Stock equivalents. Each Subsidiary shall be liable for payment of cash due under the Plan with respect to any Participant to the extent that such benefits are attributable to the services rendered for that Subsidiary by the Participant. Any disputes relating to liability of a Subsidiary for cash payments shall be resolved by the Committee.
5.8. Transferability . Except as otherwise provided by the Committee, Awards under the Plan are not transferable except as designated by the Participant by will or by the laws of descent and distribution.
 
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5.9. Form and Time of Elections . Unless otherwise specified herein, each election required or permitted to be made by any Participant or other person entitled to benefits under the Plan, and any permitted modification, or revocation thereof, shall be in writing filed with the Committee at such times, in such form, and subject to such restrictions and limitations, not inconsistent with the terms of the Plan, as the Committee shall require.
5.10. Agreement With Company . An Award under the Plan shall be subject to such terms and conditions, not inconsistent with the Plan, as the Committee shall, in its sole discretion, prescribe. The terms and conditions of any Award to any Participant shall be reflected in such form of written (including electronic) document as is determined by the Committee. A copy of such document shall be provided to the Participant, and the Committee may, but need not require that the Participant sign a copy of such document. Such document is referred to in the Plan as an “Award Agreement” regardless of whether any Participant signature is required.
5.11. Action by Company or Subsidiary . Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Company or any Subsidiary shall be by resolution of its board of directors, or by action of one or more members of the board (including a committee of the board) who are duly authorized to act for the board, or (except to the extent prohibited by applicable law or applicable rules of any stock exchange) by a duly authorized officer of such company.
5.12. Gender and Number . Where the context admits, words in any gender shall include any other gender, words in the singular shall include the plural and the plural shall include the singular.
5.13. Limitation of Implied Rights .
 
(a)	Neither a Participant nor any other person shall, by reason of participation in the Plan, acquire any right in or title to any assets, funds or property of the Company or any Subsidiary whatsoever, including, without limitation, any specific funds, assets, or other property which the Company or any Subsidiary, in its sole discretion, may set aside in anticipation of a liability under the Plan. A Participant shall have only a contractual right to the Stock or amounts, if any, payable under the Plan, unsecured by any assets of the Company or any Subsidiary, and nothing contained in the Plan shall constitute a guarantee that the assets of the Company or any Subsidiary shall be sufficient to pay any benefits to any person.	
 
(b)	The Plan does not constitute a contract of employment, and selection as a Participant will not give any participating employee or other individual the right to be retained in the employ of the Company or any Subsidiary or the right to continue to provide services to the Company or any Subsidiary, nor any right or claim to any benefit under the Plan, unless such right or claim has specifically accrued under the terms of the Plan. Except as otherwise provided in the Plan, no Award under the Plan shall confer upon the holder thereof any rights as a shareholder of the Company prior to the date on which the individual fulfills all conditions for receipt of such rights.	
 
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5.14. Benefits Under Qualified Retirement Plans . Except as otherwise provided by the Committee, Awards to a Participant (including the grant and the receipt of benefits) under the Plan shall be disregarded for purposes of determining the Participant’s benefits under any Qualified Retirement Plan and other plans maintained by the Participant’s employer. The term “Qualified Retirement Plan” means any plan of the Company or a Subsidiary that is intended to be qualified under section 401(a) of the Code.
5.15. Evidence . Evidence required of anyone under the Plan may be by certificate, affidavit, document or other information which the person acting on it considers pertinent and reliable, and signed, made or presented by the proper party or parties.
SECTION 6
CHANGE IN CONTROL
Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5.2(f) (relating to the adjustment of shares), the occurrence of a Change in Control shall have the effect, if any, with respect to any Award as set forth in the Award Agreement or, to the extent not prohibited by the Plan or the Award Agreement, as provided by the Committee.
SECTION 7
COMMITTEE
7.1. Administration . The authority to control and manage the operation and administration of the Plan shall be vested in a committee (the “Committee”) in accordance with this Section 7. The Committee shall be selected by the Board, and shall consist solely of two or more members of the Board. If the Committee does not exist, or for any other reason determined by the Board, and to the extent not prohibited by applicable law or the applicable rules of any stock exchange, the Board may take any action under the Plan that would otherwise be the responsibility of the Committee.
7.2. Powers of Committee . The Committee’s administration of the Plan shall be subject to the following:
 
(a)	Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Committee will have the authority and discretion to select from among the Eligible Individuals those persons who shall receive Awards, to determine the time or times of receipt, to determine the types of Awards and the number of shares covered by the Awards, to establish the terms, conditions, performance criteria, restrictions, and other provisions of such Awards, and (subject to the restrictions imposed by Section 8) to cancel or suspend Awards.	
 
(b)	To the extent that the Committee determines that the restrictions imposed by the Plan preclude the achievement of the material purposes of the Awards in jurisdictions outside the United States, the Cayman Islands, and Bermuda, the Committee will have the authority and discretion to modify those restrictions as the Committee determines to be necessary or appropriate to conform to applicable requirements or practices of jurisdictions outside of the United States, the Cayman Islands, and Bermuda.	
 
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(c)	The Committee will have the authority and discretion to interpret the Plan, to establish, amend, and rescind any rules and regulations relating to the Plan, to determine the terms and provisions of any Award Agreement made pursuant to the Plan, and to make all other determinations that may be necessary or advisable for the administration of the Plan.	
 
(d)	Any interpretation of the Plan by the Committee and any decision made by it under the Plan is final and binding on all persons.	
 
(e)	In controlling and managing the operation and administration of the Plan, the Committee shall take action in a manner that conforms to the Memorandum and Articles of Association, and applicable corporate law.	
7.3. Delegation by Committee . Except to the extent prohibited by applicable law or the applicable rules of a stock exchange, the Committee may allocate all or any portion of its responsibilities and powers to any one or more of its members and may delegate all or any part of its responsibilities and powers to any person or persons selected by it. Any such allocation or delegation may be revoked by the Committee at any time.
7.4. Information to be Furnished to Committee . The Company and Subsidiaries shall furnish the Committee with such data and information as it determines may be required for it to discharge its duties. The records of the Company and Subsidiaries as to an employee’s or Participant’s employment (or other provision of services), termination of employment (or cessation of the provision of services), leave of absence, reemployment and compensation shall be conclusive on all persons unless determined to be incorrect. Participants and other persons entitled to benefits under the Plan must furnish the Committee such evidence, data or information as the Committee considers desirable to carry out the terms of the Plan.
SECTION 8
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION
The Board may, at any time, amend or terminate the Plan, and may amend any Award Agreement, provided that no amendment or termination may, in the absence of written consent to the change by the affected Participant (or, if the Participant is not then living, the affected beneficiary), adversely affect the rights of any Participant or beneficiary under any Award granted under the Plan prior to the date such amendment is adopted by the Board; and further provided that adjustments pursuant to paragraph 5.2(f) shall not be subject to the foregoing limitations of this Section 8; and further provided that the provisions of subsection 2.6 (relating to Option repricing) cannot be amended unless the amendment is approved by the Company’s shareholders. Approval by the Company’s shareholders will be required for any material revision to the terms of the Plan, with the Committee’s determination of “material revision” to take into account the exemptions under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange.
SECTION 9
DEFINED TERMS
In addition to the other definitions contained herein, the following definitions shall apply:
 
(a)	Award . The term “Award” means any award or benefit granted under the Plan, including, without limitation, the grant of Options, SARs, Full Value Awards, and Cash Incentive Awards.	
 
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(b)	Board . The term “Board” means the Board of Directors of the Company.	
 
(c)	Change in Control . The term “Change in Control” shall mean the occurrence of any one of the following events:	
 
 	(i)	any “person,” as such term is used in Sections 3(a)(9) and 13(d) of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, becomes a “beneficial owner,” as such term is used in Rule 13d-3 promulgated under that act, of 50% or more of the Voting Stock (as defined below) of the Company;	
 
 	(ii)	the majority of the Board consists of individuals other than Incumbent Directors, which term means the members of the Board on the Effective Date; provided that any person becoming a director subsequent to such date whose election or nomination for election was supported by three-quarters of the directors who then comprised the Incumbent Directors shall be considered to be an Incumbent Director;	
 
 	(iii)	the Company adopts any plan of liquidation providing for the distribution of all or substantially all of its assets;	
 
 	(iv)	all or substantially all of the assets or business of the Company is disposed of pursuant to a merger, consolidation or other transaction (unless the shareholders of the Company immediately prior to such merger, consolidation or other transaction beneficially own, directly or indirectly, in substantially the same proportion as they owned the Voting Stock of the Company, all of the Voting Stock or other ownership interests of the entity or entities, if any, that succeed to the business of the Company); or	
 
 	(v)	the Company combines with another company and is the surviving corporation but, immediately after the combination, the shareholders of the Company immediately prior to the combination hold, directly or indirectly, 50% or less of the Voting Stock of the combined company (there being excluded from the number of shares held by such shareholders, but not from the Voting Stock of the combined company, any shares received by Affiliates (as defined below) of such other company in exchange for stock of such other company).	
For the purpose of this definition of “Change in Control,” (I) an “Affiliate” of a person or other entity shall mean a person or other entity that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the person or other entity specified and (II) “Voting Stock” shall mean capital stock of any class or classes having general voting power under ordinary circumstances, in the absence of contingencies, to elect the directors of a corporation.
 
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(d)	Code . The term “Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. A reference to any provision of the Code shall include reference to any successor provision of the Code.	
 
(e)	Dollars . As used in the Plan, the term “dollars” or numbers preceded by the symbol “$” shall mean amounts in United States dollars.	
 
(f)	Eligible Individual . For purposes of the Plan, the term “Eligible Individual” means any employee of the Company or a Subsidiary, and any consultant, director, or other person providing services to the Company or a Subsidiary; provided, however, that an ISO may only be granted to an employee of the Company or a Subsidiary. An Award may be granted to an employee or other individual providing services, in connection with hiring, retention or otherwise, prior to the date the employee first performs services for the Company or the Subsidiaries, provided that such Awards shall not become vested prior to the date the employee or service provider first performs such services.	
 
(g)	Fair Market Value . Except as otherwise provided by the Committee, the “Fair Market Value” of a share of Stock as of any date shall be the closing market composite price for such Stock as reported for the New York Stock Exchange - Composite Transactions on that date or, if Stock is not traded on that date, on the next preceding date on which Stock was traded.	
 
(h)	Performance Measures . The “Performance Measures” shall be based on any one or more of the following Company, Subsidiary, operating unit or division performance measures: gross premiums written; net premiums written; net premiums earned; net investment income; losses and loss expenses; underwriting and administrative expenses; operating expenses; cash flow(s); operating income; earnings before interest and taxes; net income; stock price; dividends; strategic business objectives, consisting of one or more objectives based on meeting specified cost targets, business expansion goals, and goals relating to acquisitions or divestitures; or any combination thereof. Each goal may be expressed on an absolute and/or relative basis, may be based on or otherwise employ comparisons based on internal targets, the past performance of the Company and/or the past or current performance of other companies, and in the case of earnings-based measures, may use or employ comparisons relating to capital, shareholders’ equity and/or shares outstanding, investments or to assets or net assets.	
 
(i)	Subsidiary . For purposes of the Plan, the term “Subsidiary” means any corporation, partnership, joint venture or other entity during any period in which at least a fifty percent voting or profits interest is owned, directly or indirectly, by the Company (or by any entity that is a successor to the Company), and any other business venture designated by the Committee in which the Company (or any entity that is a successor to the Company) has a significant interest, as determined in the discretion of the Committee.	
 
(j)	Stock . The term “Stock” means mean ordinary shares of stock of the Company.	
 
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Exhibit 12.1
Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Preferred Share Dividends

 	  	Fiscal year ended December 31	 	
 	  	2006	  	2005	  	2004	  	2003	  	2002	 	 	2001	 	
Earnings per Financial Statements	  	$	2,305,169	  	$	1,028,241	  	$	1,152,686	  	$	1,482,923	  	$	99,882	 	 	$	(180,819	)	
Add (deduct):	  			  			  			  			  				 				
Provision for income taxes	  	 	523,267	  	 	272,557	  	 	286,443	  	 	310,707	  	 	(111,542	)	 	 	(100,831	)	
Fixed charges	  	 	199,811	  	 	201,885	  	 	211,035	  	 	205,758	  	 	215,161	 	 	 	219,849	 	
	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Earnings for Computation	  	$	3,028,247	  	$	1,502,683	  	$	1,650,164	  	$	1,999,388	  	$	203,501	 	 	$	(61,801	)	
	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Fixed Charges	  			  			  			  			  				 				
Interest Expense	  	$	175,698	  	$	174,029	  	$	182,984	  	$	177,425	  	$	193,494	 	 	$	199,182	 	
One third of payments under operating leases	  	 	24,113	  	 	27,856	  	 	28,051	  	 	28,333	  	 	21,667	 	 	 	20,667	 	
	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total Fixed Charges	  	$	199,811	  	$	201,885	  	$	211,035	  	$	205,758	  	$	215,161	 	 	$	219,849	 	
	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges	  	 	15.2	  	 	7.4	  	 	7.8	  	 	9.7	  	 	(1)	 	 	 	(2)	 	
	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Preferred Share Dividends	  	$	44,851	  	$	44,850	  	$	44,972	  	$	36,009	  	$	25,662	 	 	$	25,594	 	
							
Total Fixed Charges and Preferred Share Dividends	  	$	244,662	  	$	246,735	  	$	256,007	  	$	241,767	  	$	240,823	 	 	$	245,443	 	
	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and	  			  			  			  			  				 				
Preferred Share Dividends	  	 	12.4	  	 	6.1	  	 	6.4	  	 	8.3	  	 	(1)	 	 	 	(2)	 	

(1)	Earnings for the year ended December 31, 2002 were insufficient to cover fixed charges by $12 million and combined fixed charges and preferred share dividends by $37 million.	

(2)	Earnings for the year ended December 31, 2001 were insufficient to cover fixed charges by $282 million and combined fixed charges and preferred share dividends by $307 million.	
 
Exhibit 21.1
Each of the named subsidiaries is not necessarily a significant subsidiary as defined in Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X, and the Company has several additional subsidiaries not named below. The unnamed subsidiaries, considered in the aggregate as a single subsidiary, would not constitute a significant subsidiary at the end of the year covered by this report.
Subsidiaries of the Registrant

Name	  	Jurisdiction of
Organization	  	Percentage
Ownership	
ACE Limited	  	Cayman Islands	  	Publicly held	
ACE Bermuda Insurance Ltd.	  	Bermuda	  	100%	
Paget Reinsurance International Ltd.	  	Bermuda	  	100%	
ACE Capital Title Reinsurance Company
(EI# 06-1434264, NAIC # 50028, NY)	  	New York	  	100%	
ACE Financial Solutions International, Ltd.	  	Bermuda	  	100%	
ACE European Markets Reinsurance Limited	  	Ireland	  	100%	
ACE European Markets Insurance Limited	  	Ireland	  	100%	
CJSC ACE Insurance Company	  	Russia	  	100%	
Corporate Officers & Directors Assurance Ltd. (CODA)	  	Bermuda	  	100%	
Oasis Real Estate Company Ltd.	  	Bermuda	  	100%	
Sovereign Risk Insurance Limited	  	Bermuda	  	100%	
Tripar Partnership	  	Bermuda	  	98%
2% (CODA)	
ACE Realty Holdings Limited	  	Bermuda	  	100%	
Oasis Personnel Limited	  	Cayman Islands	  	100%	
Assured Guaranty Ltd.	  	Bermuda	  	28%	
ACE Global Markets Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Group Holdings Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Tarquin	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Capital V Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Leadenhall Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Underwriting Agencies Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE London Group Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Capital Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Capital III Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Capital IV Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE London Holdings Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Capital II Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE London Investments Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE London Aviation Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE London Underwriting Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Underwriting Services Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE London Services Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Capital VI Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE UK Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	71.4%
28.6% (ACE (PM)
Limited)	
ACE UK Holdings Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE (PM) Limited	  	United Kingdom	  	100%	
ACE Services Limited	  	Cayman Islands	  	100%	
ACE Holdings (Gibraltar) Limited	  	Gibraltar	  	100%	
ACE Gibraltar Limited	  	Gibraltar	  	100%	
Oasis Insurance Services Ltd.	  	Bermuda	  	100%	

					
ACE Tempest Life Reinsurance Ltd.	  	Bermuda	 	100%	
ACE Europe Life Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	100%	
ACE Tempest Reinsurance Ltd.	  	Bermuda	 	100%	
Oasis Investments Limited	  	Bermuda	 	67%	
Oasis Investments 2 Ltd.	  	Bermuda	 	67%	
ACE Group Holdings Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ACE Life Insurance Company (formerly Hart Life Insurance Company)	  	USA (Connecticut)	 	100%	
ACE INA Holdings Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	80%	
    Huatai Insurance Company of China, Limited	  	China	 	6.129%
10% (ACE Tempest
Reinsurance Ltd.)
6% (ACE U.S
Holdings Inc.)	
        Huatai Life Insurance Company, Limited	  	China	 	75.993%
20% (ACE INA
Holdings Inc.)	
INA Corporation	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
ACE INA Properties, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
Conference Facilities, Inc.	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
INA Tax Benefits Reporting, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
INA Financial Corporation	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
Brandywine Holdings Corporation	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
Cravens, Dargan & Company, Pacific Coast	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
Cravens, Dargan & Company, Pacific Coast of Illinois, Inc.	  	USA (Illinois)	 	100%	
Century Indemnity Company
(EI# 06-6105395, NAIC #20710, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
Century Reinsurance Company
(EI# 06-0988117, NAIC #35130, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
Century International Reinsurance Company Ltd.	  	Bermuda	 	100%	
INA Holdings Corporation	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
INATrust, fsb	  	Chartered by Office
of Thrift
Supervision	 	100%	
INA Reinsurance Company, Ltd.	  	Bermuda	 	100%	
ACE INA Financial Institution Solutions, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
American Lenders Facilities, Inc.	  	USA (California)	 	100%	
ESIS, Inc.	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
ESIS Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.	  	Singapore	 	100%	
NewMarkets Insurance Agency, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ACE INA Excess and Surplus Insurance Services, Inc.	  	USA (Georgia)	 	100%	
ACE INA Excess and Surplus Insurance Services, Inc.	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
ACE INA Excess and Surplus Insurance Services, Inc.	  	USA (California)	 	100%	
ACE INA Excess and Surplus Insurance Services, Inc.	  	USA (Illinois)	 	100%	
Excess and Surplus Insurance Services, Inc.	  	USA (Texas)	 	100%	
ACE Financial Solutions, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	

					
ACE Risk Solutions, Inc.	  	USA (New York)	 	100%	
Indemnity Insurance Company of North America
(EI# 06-1016108, NAIC #43575, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
ACE Indemnity Insurance Company
(EI#92-0040526, NAIC #10030, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
ACE American Insurance Company
(EI#95-2371728, NAIC# 22667, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
Pacific Employers Insurance Company
(EI#95-1077060, NAIC# 22748, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
Illinois Union Insurance Company
(EI# 36-2759195, NAIC #27960, IL)	  	USA
(Illinois)	 	100%	
INAMAR Insurance Underwriting Agency, Inc.	  	USA (New Jersey)	 	100%	
INAMAR Insurance Underwriting Agency, Inc. of Massachusetts	  	USA
(Massachusetts)	 	100%	
INAMAR Insurance Underwriting Agency, Inc. of Texas	  	USA (Texas)	 	100%	
INAMAR Insurance Underwriting Agency, Inc. of Ohio	  	USA (Ohio)	 	100%	
Insurance Company of North America
(EI# 23-0723970, NAIC #22713, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
Bankers Standard Insurance Company
(EI# 75-1320184, NAIC #18279, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
Bankers Standard Fire and Marine Company
(EI#75-6014863, NAIC #20591, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
ACE Property and Casualty Insurance Company
(EI# 06-0237820, NAIC, #20699, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
ACE Fire Underwriters Insurance Company
(EI# 06-6032187, NAIC #20702, PA)	  	USA
(Pennsylvania)	 	100%	
Atlantic Employers Insurance Company
(EI# 23-2173820, NAIC #38938, NJ)	  	USA (New Jersey)	 	100%	
ALIC, Incorporated	  	USA (Texas)	 	100%	
ACE Insurance Company of Illinois
(EI# 36-2709121, NAIC #22691, IL)	  	USA (Illinois)	 	100%	
ACE Insurance Company of the Midwest
(EI# 06-0884361, NAIC #26417, IN)	  	USA (Indiana)	 	100%	
ACE Tempest Re USA, LLC	  	USA (Connecticut)	 	100%	
ACE Structured Products, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
Recovery Services International, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
RSI Health Care Recovery, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ACE INA International Holdings, Ltd. (AIIH)	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ACE Australia Holdings Pty Limited	  	Australia	 	100%	
ACE Insurance Limited	  	Australia	 	100%	
ACE INA Superannuation Pty Limited	  	Australia	 	100%	
ACE Insurance Company Limited	  	Vietnam	 	100%	
ACE Life Insurance Company Limited	  	Vietnam	 	100%	
ACE Seguradora S.A.	  	Brazil	 	99.99%
0.01% (AFIA Finance
Corporation)	
ESIS Canada Inc.	  	Canada	 	100%	
Servicios ACE INA S.A. de C.V.	  	Mexico	 	99.998%
one share (AFIA
Finance Corporation)	
ACE Seguros S.A.	  	Argentina	 	94.62%
4.73% (AFIA Finance
Corporation)	

					
ACE INA International Holdings, Ltd Agencia Chile	  	Chile	 	100%	
ACE Seguros de Vida S.A.	  	Chile	 	99.5%
0.5%(AFIA Finance
Corporation Agencia
en Chile)	
ACE INA Overseas Holdings, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ACE European Holdings Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	100%	
ACE European Group Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	30.8723%
69.1277% (ACE
Insurance S.A. –
N.V.)	
ACE European Group Holdings No 2 Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	100%	
ACE Insurance S.A. – N.V.	  	Belgium	 	99.9492%
(0.0507% AIIH)	
ACE European Group Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	69.1277%
30.8723% (ACE
European Holdings
Limited)	
ACE Life Insurance	  	Russia	 	100%	
ACE Insurance S.A.	  	Macau	 	99.94%	
ACE Holdings Limited (formerly ACE CIIC Holdings Limited)	  	Cayman Islands	 	100%	
ACE Insurance Company Egypt S.A.E. (formerly CIIC Insurance Company Egypt S.A.E.)	  	Egypt	 	96.41%	
ACE Life Insurance Company S.A.E.	  	Egypt	 	100%	
ACE Synergy Insurance Berhad	  	Malaysia	 	51%	
ACE Seguros S.A.	  	Chile	 	78.125% (AIIH)
12.235% (AFIA
Finance Corporation)
9.095% - (AFIA
Finance Corp. Chile
Limitada)	
ACE Seguros S.A.	  	Colombia	 	99.958%	
ACE Seguros S.A.	  	Ecuador	 	100%	
ACE Seguros S.A.	  	Mexico	 	99.9%	
Atlas Cumbres Compania de Seguros de Vida	  	Peru	 	99.99%
(0.01% AFIA
Finance Corporation)	
ACE Life Assurance Co. Ltd.	  	Thailand	 	75%
25% (Oriental Equity
Holdings Limited)	
ACE Insurance Limited	  	South Africa	 	100%	
ACE Insurance Limited	  	New Zealand	 	100%	
ACE International Management Corporation	  	Pennsylvania	 	100%	
Cover Direct, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ACE INA G.B. Holdings, Ltd.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ACE INA Services U.K. Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	100%	
Century Inversiones, S.A.	  	Panama	 	100%	
ACE Arabia Insurance Company Limited E.C.	  	Bahrain	 	50%	
ACE Insurance Limited	  	Pakistan	 	100%	
ACE INA Overseas Insurance Company Ltd.	  	Bermuda	 	100%	
ACE Canada Holdings, Inc.	  	Delaware	 	100%	
INACAN Holdings, Inc.	  	Delaware	 	100%	
ACE INA Insurance	  	Canada	 	100%	
ACE INA Life Insurance	  	Canada	 	100%	
ACE Tempest Re Canada Inc.	  	Canada	 	100%	
ACE Insurance Limited	  	Singapore	 	100%	
ACE Insurance	  	Japan	 	100%	
ACE Songai Service Kabushikigaisha	  	Japan	 	100%	
ACE Marketing Group C.A.	  	Venezuela	 	100%	

					
ACE Insurance Company
(EI# 66-0437305, NAIC #30953, PR)	  	Puerto Rico	 	100%	
ACE Insurance Agency, Inc.	  	Puerto Rico	 	100%	
ACE Insurance Limited	  	Hong Kong	 	100%	
ACE Risk Management International Ltd.	  	Bermuda	 	100%	
DELPANAMA S.A.	  	Panama	 	100%	
INAMEX S.A.	  	Mexico	 	100%	
Oriental Equity Holdings Limited	  	British Virgin
Islands	 	100%	
AFIA Finance Corporation	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
AFIA Finance Corporation Agencia en Chile	  	Chile	 	100%	
AFIA Venezolana C.A.	  	Venezuela	 	100%	
ACE ICNA Italy Societa a Responsabilita Limitata	  	Italy	 	99.7%
0.3% (AIIH)	
Siam Liberty Company Limited	  	Thailand	 	49% (AFC)
50.7%(Nam EK)	
ACE Servicios, S.A.	  	Argentina	 	100%	
AFIA Finance Corp. Chile Limitada	  	Chile	 	98%
2% (AIIH)	
PT. ACE INA Insurance	  	Indonesia	 	80%
(20% PT. Adi Citra
Mandiri)	
RIYAD Insurance Co. Ltd.	  	Bermuda	 	80%	
Safire Private Ltd.	  	Singapore	 	100%	
AFIA (INA) Corporation, Limited	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
AFIA	  	Unincorporated
Association	 	60%	
AFIA (ACE) Corporation, Limited	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
INAVEN, C.A. “Venezuela”	  	Venezuela	 	100%	
ACE U.S. Holdings, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ACE Financial Services International, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ACE USA, Inc.	  	USA (Delaware)	 	100%	
ASI Administrative Services Holdings Inc	  	Canada (Yukon)	 	100%	
Rhea International Marketing (L), Inc.	  	Malaysia	 	60%	
Westchester Fire Insurance Company
(EI# 13-5481330, NAIC# 21121, NY)	  	USA
(New York)	 	100%	
Westchester Surplus Lines Insurance Co.
(EI# 58-2139927, NAIC #10172, GA)	  	USA (Georgia)	 	100%	
Westchester Specialty Services, Inc.	  	USA (Florida)	 	100%	
Westchester Specialty Insurance Services Inc.	  	USA (Nevada)	 	100%	
ACE Financial Services Inc.	  	Delaware	 	100%	
ACE (CR) Holdings	  	United Kingdom	 	100%	
ACE Capital VII Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	100%	
ACE (RGB) Holdings Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	100%	
ACE (CIDR) Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	100%	
Ridge Underwriting Agencies Limited	  	United Kingdom	 	100%	
ACE Asset Management Inc.	  	Delaware	 	100%	
ACE ( Barbados) Holdings Limited	  	Barbados	 	100%	
 
Exhibit 23.1
 
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements of ACE Limited on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-130378, 333-118722, 333-78841, 333-60985 and 333-88482), S-4 (No. 333-90927) and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-116532, 33-86146, 333-1400, 333-1402, 333-1404, 333-46301, 333-72299, 333-82175, 333-93867, 333-72301, 333-61038, 333-86102, 333-134504 and 333-103701) of our report dated February 28, 2007 relating to the financial statements, financial statement schedules, management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K.
 
P RICEWATERHOUSE C OOPERS LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
			
February 28, 2007	 	 	
 
Exhibit 31.1
 
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
I, Evan G. Greenberg, certify that:
 
 	1)	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of ACE Limited;	
 
 	2)	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	
 
 	3)	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	
 
 	4)	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:	
 
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
 
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
 
 	5)	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	
 
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date February 28, 2007	
	
/s/    Evan G. Greenberg	
President and Chief Executive Officer	
 
Exhibit 31.2
 
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
SECTION 302 OF
THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
I, Philip V. Bancroft, certify that:
 
 	1)	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of ACE Limited;	
 
 	2)	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;	
 
 	3)	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;	
 
 	4)	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:	
 
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
 
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
 
 	5)	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):	
 
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date February 28, 2007	
	
/s/    Philip V. Bancroft	
Chief Financial Officer	
 
Exhibit 32.1
 
CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
The undersigned officer of ACE Limited (the Corporation) hereby certifies that the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, fully complies with the applicable reporting requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m(a)) and that the information contained in the Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of ACE Limited.

Dated: February 28, 2007	 	 	 	 	 	/s/    Evan G. Greenberg	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Evan G. Greenberg
President and Chief Executive Officer	

Exhibit 32.2
CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
The undersigned officer of ACE Limited (the Corporation) hereby certifies that the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, fully complies with the applicable reporting requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m(a)) and that the information contained in the Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of ACE Limited.

Dated: February 28, 2007	 	 	 	 	 	/s/    Philip V. Bancroft	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	Philip V. Bancroft
Chief Financial Officer